Quality of

Service Over IP
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
Jain@[Link]
[Link]
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Overview

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Integrated services
Resource Reservation Protocol: RSVP
Differentiated Services
QoS routing
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) CoS
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Multimedia
Application Video Conferencing, Telephony, Fax
Transport Timing Sync, payload id, error recovery
Network

QoS, Multicast, Signaling

Datalink

Access Control, Multicast, signaling

Multiple channels via SDM, FDM, TDM

Physical

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

IETF Groups
Application Iptel, fax
Transport Avt (RTP), mmusic (RTSP)
Network

Qosr, MPLS, IntServ, Issl, Diff-serv, RSVP

Datalink

IEEE 802.1p
Broadband Ethernet 10Broad36

Physical

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

QoS Triangle
Low Capacity
Carrier
High Traffic Sender
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Receiver

High QoS

Senders want to send traffic any time with high load,

high burstiness
Receivers expect low delay and high throughput
Since links are expensive, providers want to minimize
the infrastructure
If one of the three gives in no problem
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Components of QoS
Architecture
1. Services with different QoS: Service definitions
2. Ways for users to communicate what they need:
Signaling or admission control
3. Ways for providers to ensure that users are following
their commitment: Policing/shaping
4. Ways for providers to find the routes:
QoS based routing
5. QoS based forwarding: Buffer Allocation and Drop
Policy, Queueing Discipline and Service Policy,
Traffic Management of elastic traffic
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
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ATM vs IP
QoS Component ATM
Services
CBR, VBR,
ABR, UBR
Signaling
UNI 4.0
Policing/Shaping Leaky bucket
Forwarding
Per-VC/per-class
queueing
Elastic Traffic
ABR
Mgmt
Routing
PNNI

IP
Integrated
Services
RSVP
Token bucket
Differentiated
Services
RED, Slow-start
QoS routing
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Integrated Services
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Best Effort Service

Controlled-Load Service: Performance as good as in
an unloaded datagram network. No quantitative
assurances. (Min throughput)
Guaranteed Service: rt-VBR
m Firm bound on data throughput and delay.
m Delay jitter or average delay not guaranteed or
minimized.
m Every element along the path must provide delay
bound.
m Is not always implementable, e.g., Shared Ethernet.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Flow Specification
Traffic Spec Network Traffic Spec
Sender
Receiver
QoS Spec
Available Resources
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TSpec: Token bucket parameters

RSpec (QoS): Allocated Rate (R) and delay slack (S)
S = Extra acceptable delay over that obtainable with R
Zero slack Reserve exactly R.
RSpec specified only for guaranteed rate service.
Not for controlled load service.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

RSVP
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Resource ReSerVation Protocol

Internet signaling protocol
Carries resource reservation requests through the
network including traffic specs, QoS specs, network
resource availability
Sets up reservations at each hop
RSVP does not find routes.
Multicast routing protocols do.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Path Messages
S1

R1

R4

H5
H4

S2

R2

R3

H3

Sources send quasi-periodic PATH messages to

multicast address
q Path message contain:
m Sender Template: Data format, Src Address, Src Port
m Sender TSpec: Traffic Characteristics. Not changed.
m ADSpec: Network path resource/service availability
Accumulated along the path.
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
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Reservation Requests
S1

R1

R4

H5
H4

S2

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R2 R3
H3
Receivers must join multicast address to receive path
messages
Receivers generate reservation (RESV) requests
RESV messages contain resources to be reserved
RESV messages are forwarded along the reverse path
of PATH messages
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Reservation (Cont)
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Requests are checked for resource

availability (admission control) and
administrative permissions (policy control)
Two or more RESV messages for the same source
over the same link are merged.
Routers maintain a soft state.
The receivers have to refresh periodically.
Heterogeneous Receivers: Sources divide traffic into
several flows. Each flow is a separate RSVP flow.
Receivers join one or more flows. Each RSVP flow is
homogeneous.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Problems with RSVP and

Integrated Services
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Complexity in routers: packet classification,

scheduling
Per-Flow State: O(n) Not scalable.
Number of flows in the backbone may be large.
Suitable for small private networks
Need a concept of Virtual Paths or aggregated flow
groups for the backbone
Need policy controls: Who can make reservations?
Support for accounting and security.
RSVP admission policy (rap) working group.
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Problems (Cont)
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Receiver Based:
Need sender control/notifications in some cases.
Which receiver pays for shared part of the tree?
Soft State: Need route/path pinning (stability).
Limit number of changes during a session.
Throughput and delay guarantees require support of
lower layers. Shared Ethernet IP cant do GS or
CLS. Need switched full-duplex LANs.
Cant easily do RSVP on ATM either
Most of these arguments also apply to integrated
services.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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COPS Protocol
Policy
Policy
COPS
Enforcement
Decision
TCP
Point
Point
Client
Server
Common Open Policy Service Protocol
When the routers (clients) receive a RSVP message,
they send the request the server and obtain authorization
Will work with other (non-RSVP) signaling
Routers can make local decisions but should keep
servers informed
Servers can send unsolicited responses for changes later
Local
Decision
Point

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Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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IP ToS Field
Ver Hdr Len Precedence ToS Unused Tot Len
4b
4b
3b
4b
1b
16b
q IPv4: 3-bit precedence + 4-bit ToS
q RFC791: ToS determines packet treatment and
monitory considerations
q RFC1349: bit1 min delay, bit2 max throughput,
bit3 max reliability, bit4 min cost
q OSPF and integrated IS-IS can compute paths for each
ToS

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Differentiated Services
Working Group
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August 97: BOF started

Feb 98: Working group formed
Dec 98: Final document
Email: majordomo@[Link] in body:
subscribe diff-serv
Archive: [Link]
Charter: define ds byte (IPv4 ToS or IPv6 traffic class
octets)
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Diff-Serv Terminology
Service: Offered by the protocol layer
m Application: Mail, FTP, WWW, Video,...
m Transport: Delivery, Express Delivery,...
Best effort, controlled load, guaranteed service
q Per-Hop Behavior (PHB): Mechanisms - Drop
threshold, Queue assignment, Service priority, Service
Rate
q Flow: Packets with specific header fields, Destination
Address, Source Address, Port, Flow Label
q Aggregates: Stream of packets with the same DS byte
pattern
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
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Initial proposals
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Assured service (Jacobson): traffic profile (VBR or

CLS like), in-profile and out-profile
Premium Service (Clark): Peak rate (CBR or GS like),
Virtual leased line
Two-bit Service: A-bit (CLP) and P-bit (Priority)
2 Priority bits, 1 drop bit
Bits for delay class: 2 bits 4 classes
Bits for Drop preference: 3 bits 8 classes

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Latest PHB Allocation

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ppp i 00
ppp = Precedence (Higher is generally better)
i = in/out bit In profile/out Profile
Drop preference. Allows in/out pkts in same Queue
Compatible with current usage
Precedence is used as an index to select a queue, or
VC, ...
In IEEE-802 switches, only 1, 2, or 3 msbs used
Unrecognized code points Default forwarding
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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PHB Allocation (Cont)

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Plan: 32 code points standard,

16 Experimental/local use, 16 reserved
xxxxx0 Standard
xxxx11 Experimental/Local Use
xxxx01 Reserved for future

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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End-to-end QoS
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IntServ
Diff
IntServ
R
R R
R R
R
RSVP
Serv
RSVP

Hosts may mark DS byte or use RSVP signaling or

both or none.
Why hosts? 1. Encryption, 2. Hosts know the
importance of info even if the header fields are same
Routers may mark DS byte if necessary.
Routers at the intserv diff-serv boundary accept/reject
RSVP requests based on current load
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Service between intserv and diff-serv regions can be

statically or dynamically provisioned
Current integrated services (CLS, GS) may or may not
be practical
DS byte may be modified at network boundary

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Issues
S1
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S2
Standard code points (behaviors)
Receiver control over incoming low-speed link
Signaling: Should users signal
or network managers set resource allocations
Dynamic or Static management controls?
Billing: Bit for receiver billing. If receiver billing, the
receiver should be able to deny/drop packets received.
Congestion Check Bit: If set, network indicates
highest priority for which packets are being dropped
in the ToS byte.

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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QoS Extensions to OSPF

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Open shortest path first

Separate metric can be specified for each ToS
supported
OSPF options field has a T-bit
T-bit = 1 Router can compute routes for each ToS
Work to extend OSPF is currently underway
QoS Frequent updates
Instability: Underloaded links become overloaded
Also, complexity
Ref: Z. Zhang, et al, QoS Extensions to OSPF, Sep. 97,
[Link]
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Inter-Domain QoS
Routing
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Domains want to limit the frequency and amount of

information exchanged Stability
QoS based routing may cause frequent changes and
instability
QoS extensions to Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
proposed but may or may not happen
Need hierarchical aggregation for scalability
Crank-back
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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MPLS
Prefix
[Link]/16
[Link]/24

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Label
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Out-Port
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Out-Label
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Multiprotocol Label Switching

Current: Longest prefix match on the dest address
With Labels: Search can be replaced by indexing
MPLS labels contain 3-bit CoS
Ethernet Header Label L3 Header

Label
20b
The Ohio State University

CoS Stack Indicator Time to Live

3b
1b
8b
Raj Jain
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Summary

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Internet protocols suite is being extended to allow QoS

Integrated Services: GS = rtVBR, CLS = nrt-VBR
Signaling protocol: RSVP
Differentiated Services will use the DS byte
QoS Routing: QOSPF
Multiprotocol Label Switching has 3-bit CoS
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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References
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For a detailed list of references see:

[Link]
refs/ipqs_ref.htm
P. Ferguson and G. Huston, "Quality of Service:
Delivering QoS on the Internet and in Corporate
Networks," Wiley 1998.
RFC 2212, "Specification of Guaranteed Quality of
Service", 9/97
RFC 2211 "Specification of the Controlled-Load
Network Element Service", 9/97
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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References (Cont)
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RFC 2205, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)

-- Version 1 Functional Specification", 11/97
"The COPS (Common Open Policy Service)
Protocol", 03/16/1998, [Link]
"A Framework for Multiprotocol Label Switching",
11/26/1997, [Link]
"MPLS Label Stack Encoding", 02/18/1998, [Link]
"A Framework for QoS-based Routing in the
Internet", 04/09/1998, [Link]

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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References (Cont)
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Diff-Serv Mail Thread index, [Link]

"Definition of Differentiated Services Field (DS Byte)
in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers," 5/1998, [Link]
"Differentiated Services Operational Model and
Definitions", 02/11/1998, [Link]
"IP Precedence in Differentiated Services Using the
Assured Service", 04/10/1998, [Link]
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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References (Cont)
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"A Framework for End-to-End QoS Combining

RSVP/IntServ and Differentiated Services",
03/16/1998, [Link]

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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IETF Working Groups

Internet Fax (fax)

q IP Telephony (iptel)
q Audio/Video Transport (avt)
q MBONE deployment working group (mboned)
q Multiparty Multimedia Session Control (mmusic)
q Multicast Extensions to OSPF (mospf)
q Inter-Domain Multicast Routing (idmr)
q Large Scale Multicast Applications (lsma)
q Integrated Services (intserv)
q Integrated Services over Specific Link Layers (issll)
q Resource Reservation Setup Protocol (rsvp)
q QoS-based Routing (qosr)
q Differentiated services (diff-serv)
The Ohio State University
Raj Jain
q

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List of Acronyms
ABR
ATM
BA
BGP
BOF
CBR
CDV
CFI
CLP
CLS
COPS

Available Bit Rate

Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Behavior Aggregate
Border Gateway Protocol
Birds of a Feather
Constant Bit Rate
Cell Delay Variation
Canonical Format Indicator
Cell Loss Priority
Controlled Load Service
Common Open Policy Service Protocol
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms (Cont)
CoS
DA
DQDB
DSBM
DVMRP
FCS
FDDI
FIFO
FTP
GS
ICMP

Class of Service
Destination Address
Distributed Queue Dual Bus
Designated Subnet Bandwidth Manager
Distance Vector Routing Multicast Protocol
Frame Check Sequence
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
First in First out
File Transfer Protocol
Guaranteed Service
Internet Control Message Protocol
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms (Cont)
IEEE
IETF
IGMP
IP
IPv4
IPv6
IS
IntServ
LANs
LLC
LU

Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Group Management Protocol
Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol Version 4
Internet Protocol Version 6
Internal System
Integrated Services
Local Area Networks
Logical Link Control
Local Use
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms (Cont)
MAC
MBONE
MBS
MF
MPLS
MTU
NHRP
OOPS
OSPF
PASTE

Media Access Control

Multicast Backbone
Maximum Burst Size
Multi-field
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Maximum Transmission Unit
Next Hop Resolution Protocol
Open Outsourcing Policy Service
Open Shortest Path First
Provider Architecture for Differentiated Services
and Traffic Engineering
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms (Cont)
PCR
PHB
PIM
PT
QOSPF
QoS
RED
ResV
RFC
RIF
RSVP

Peak Cell Rate

Per-Hop Behavior
Protocol Independent Multicast
Protocol Type
QoS-OSPF
Quality of Service
Random Early Discard
Reservation Request
Request for Comment
Routing Information Field
Resource Reservation Protocol
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms (Cont)
RSpec
RTP
SBM
SONET
TCP
TPID
TR
TSpec
ToS
UBR
UDP

QoS Specification
Real-time Transport Protocol
Subnet Bandwidth Manager
Synchronous Optical Network
Transmission Control Protocol
Tag Protocol ID
Token Ring
Traffic Specification
Type of Service
Unspecified Bit Rate
User Datagram Protocol
Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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Acronyms (Cont)
UNI
VBR
VC
VLAN
WAN
WFQ

User-Network Interface
Variable Bit Rate
Virtual Circuit
Virtual Local Area Network
Wide Area Network
Weighted Fair Queueing

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

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