Indonesia
Indonesia : a meeting place of the major plates
modified from Press and Siever (1998)
Hall (1997)
Present Tectonic Configuration of Indonesia
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Sukamto (2000)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Sukamto (2000)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Simandjuntak & Barber (1996)
Basement geology and structural setting of Southeast Asia
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Katili (1973)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Indonesia : Tectonic Boundary
West : Great Sumatra and Mentawai
duplex mega-shears, Sumatra Trench
South : Java Trench-Timor-Aru Trough
East : Arafura Platform (Australia Craton)
North : Sorong Fault, North Sulawesi
Trench, SCS (South China Sea)
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Making of Indonesia (1)
Indonesia archipelago is a jigsaw puzzle of
tectonically derived pieces, including
microplates, continental fragments, miniocean basins, accretionary prisms, and
island arc systems that have been jostled
and squeezed together as a result of the
complex interaction of three major tectonic
plates.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
The Making of Indonesia
Hall (1995)
Making of Indonesia (2)
Convergence of the Asian Plate (Sunda Shield)
with the continental part (Australian craton) of
the Australian Plate ultimately defined two major
geological provinces.
Western Indonesia : southeast margin of the
Sunda Shield.
Eastern Indonesia : highly fragmented and
tectonized northern margin of the Australian
craton.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Pre-Cretaceous Evolution (1)
Contribution from terrane tectonics.
The evolution of Indonesia (East and SE Asian terranes)
should be looked in the framework of the evolution of
Gondwanaland, Laurasia, Pangaea, and Tethys.
Detailed information on the movements (particularly
cross-latitudinal) of continental blocks and the changing
spatial distribution of seas and oceans provides a basis
for investigating globally important problems.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Terranes
and sutures
of SE Asia
Metcalfe (1996)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Pre-Cretaceous Evolution (2)
It is now well established that continental SE Asia
comprises a complex assembly of continental terranes.
The pre-Cretaceous terranes now constitute mainland
SE Asia.
All the SE Asian terranes are interpreted to have been
derived directly or indirectly from Gondwanaland.
Their Palaeozoic and Mesozoic history involved the
rifting of terranes from the northern margin of
Gondwanaland,
their
northwards
drift
and
amalgamation/accretion to form proto-SE asia (rift-driftsuturing).
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Tectonic
reconstruction of
Eastern
Gondwanaland :
Cambrium to Late
Devonian
Metcalfe (1996)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Tectonic
reconstruction of
Tethyan Region :
Carboniferous to
Late Triassic
Metcalfe (1996)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Tectonic
reconstruction of
Eastern Tethyan
Region : Late
Jurassic to Late
Cretaceous
Metcalfe (1996)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Cretaceous and Cenozoic Evolution
The Cretaceous and Cenozoic evolution of the small
terranes distributed around the SCS and in Eastern
Indonesia.
These include : West Irian Jaya, Buru-Seram, Buton,
Banggai-Sula, Obi-Bacan, North Palawan, Spratley
Islands-Dangerous Ground, Reed Bank, Luconia,
Macclesfield Bank, Paracel Islands, Kelabit-Longbowan,
Mangkalihat, Paternoster, West Sulawesi, East
Sulawesi, and Sumba.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Cenozoic SE Asia Reconstruction
Four Major Regional Subsets
1.
India-Eurasia collision and its possible displacement of the
constituent blocks of Sundaland (50 Ma, middle Eocene).
2.
Development of SCS (32-21 Ma, early Oligocene-Early
Miocene).
3.
Motion of the Philippine Sea plate and the Philippine
Islands, collsion of Luzon Arc with the Asian Plate (5 Ma,
basal Pliocene).
4.
Development of the Banda Sea region and northern New
Guinea and arc collisions with the Australian craton (8-3
Ma, late Miocene-Pliocene).
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Longley (2002)
Tectonic Evolution (1)
50-43 Ma (middle Eocene) :
Slowing of convergence as the Indian subcontinent approached
the Asian plate.
Initiation of continental collision.
Initial stage of rifting along the Sundaland margin.
The Birds Head of Papua was probably a micro-continental
fragment on the northwest edge of the Australia plate.
New Guinea represented the passive northern margin of the
Australia craton.
Halmahera Island was still thousands of kms to the east and part
of the Philippine Sea plate.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Tectonic Evolution (2)
43-25 Ma (middle Eocene-latest late Oligocene) :
Final collision of the Indian subcontinent to the Asian plate (43.5 or
42.0 Ma).
Slowing of convergence and change of subduction vector from
northwards to north-northeastwards along the Sunda trench.
North-south oriented rifting at the edge of the Sunda shield due to
relaxation of compressional forces.
Isolated rifts in forearc setting and in East Java filled with
transgressive and then open marine sediments.
Fluvio-lacustrine sediments developed in NW
Kalimantan, west Sulawesi, and Natuna Sea rifts.
Java,
Sumatra,
Opening of the SCS (32-21 Ma).
Opening of the West Philippine basin, Celebes Sea, and Makassar
Strait.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Tectonic Evolution (3)
25-8 Ma (latest late Oligocene-late Miocene) :
Collision of New Guinea passive margin with the Philippine-HalmaheraNew Guinea arc system.
The Birds Head microcontinental fragment was close to collision with the
margin of the Sundaland near west Sulawesi. Ophiolites were emplaced
along the eastern edge of this western Sulawesi arm.
Oceanic crust trapped between Sulawesi and Halmahera was rotated
clockwise and subducted beneath the eastern margin of Sulawesi.
Continued northward motion of the Indo-Australian plate.
Counter-clockwise rotation of the entire Sunda shield promontory
including peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
Right-lateral movement along the Great Sumatra Fault.
Separation of West Java from South Sumatra due to rotation and halfgraben development in the Sunda Strait.
Subduction of Halmahera and Philippine plate below north Sulawesi.
Opening of the Sulu Sea.
Accretion of fragments of the Australian continental crust along the
Sorong Fault to eastern Sulawesi.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Tectonic Evolution (4)
8-0 Ma (late Miocene-Present) :
Extensive inversion and the formation of compressional anticlines
due to northward subduction of Indian oceanic plate, collision of
the Australian craton, and continuous movement along the Great
Sumatra fault.
Accretion of the Tukang Besi platform to Sulawesi locked strands
of the Sorong fault, causing new splays to develop south of the
Sula platform and the collision of the Sula platform with Sulawesi.
Rotation of the east and north arms of Sulawesi to their present
position.
Southward subduction of Sulawesi Sea beneath north Sulawesi
arm.
Continued subduction of the northward moving Indo-Australian
plate along the Sunda trench system, extending from northwest
Sumatra to south Papua.
Awang H. Satyana (2005)
Plate tectonic
reconstructions for SE
Asia and Indonesia region
from 50 Ma to 10 Ma
Hall (1995), Hall (1997)
Tectonic periods in SE Asia region
Schereus (1996)
Katili (1974)
AWANG H. SATYANA - BPMIGAS
Simplified tectonic
elements and crustal
distribution for Indonesia
Coffield et al. (1993), Nugrahanto and Noble (1997), Netherwood (2000)
Tectonics of
Indonesia :
constraints from
mantle tomography
Maruyama (1999)
vertical section of P wave
speed to a depth of 2000 km
Hall and Spakman (2005)
