Element-1

Health & Safety Foundations

Health:The Protection Of The Bodies And Minds Of People From Illness Resulting From The Materials,Processes
Or Procedures Used In The Workplace.
Safety:The Protection Of The People From Physical Injury.
Difference B/W Health & Safety:Safety

Slips,Trips,Falls
Falls From Height
Struck By Vehicle
Contact With Electricity
Contact With Moving Parts.

Health
Exposure To Hazardous Chemicals.
Exposure To Asbestos,Dusts Etc.
Repetitive Strain Injuries.

Welfare:Looking After Peoples Basic Needs.

Environment:The Surroundings In Which An Organisation Operates Including Land,Air And Water,Natural
Resources,Flora,Fauna,Humans And Their Inter-Relationships.
An Accident:An Unwanted,Unforeseen And Unplanned Event Which Results In A Loss Of Some Kind.
Near Miss(An Incident):An Unwanted,Unforeseen And Unplanned Event That Had The Potential To Result In A Loss Of Some
Kind.
Dangerous Occurance(High Potential Near Miss):A Near Miss With Serious Injury Potential.

Ill Health Definitions

Acute:Short Term Exposure With Immediate Effect,Usually Reversible.

Chronic:Repeated Or Long Term Exposure, Often Irreversible.

Hazard:Something With The Potential To Cause Harm.It May Be:

Physical
Chemical
Biological
Ergonomic
Psychological

Risk:Risk Is The Likelihood That Harm Will Occur And The Severity Of The Harm.
Environmental Protection:These Are The Arrangements To Cover Those Activities In The Workplace Which Affect The Environment
(In The Form Of Flora,Fauna,Water,Air And Soil)And,Possibly,The Health And Safety Of Employees And
Others.
Reasons For Good Health And Safety Practice:

Humanitarian/Maral:Ethical And Responsible Behaviour.

Legal:Criminal And Civil Liability.

Cost:The Costs Of Accident And Ill Health.

Costs Of Accident:1. Direct Costs:These Are The Costs Which Are Directly Related To The Accident And May Be Insured Or
Uninsured.
Insured Direct Costs Normally Include:

Claims On Employers And Public Liability Insurance;

Damage To Buildings,Equipement Or Vehicle;
The Absence Of Employees;
Any Attributale Production And/Or General Business Loss.

Uninsured Direct Costs Include:

Fines Resulting From Prosecution By The Enforcement Authority;

Sick Pay;
Some Damage To Product,Equipement,Vehivle, Or Process Not Directly Attributable To The
Accident(E.G.Caused By Replacement Staff);
Increases In Insurance Premiumsresulting From The Accident;
Legel Representation Following Any Compensation Claim.

2. Indirect Costs:These Are Costs Which May Not Be Directly Attributable To The Accident But May
Result From A Series Of Accidents.
Insured Indirect Costs Include:

A Cumulative Business Loss;

Product Or Process Liability Claims;
Recruitement Or Replacement Staff.

Uninsured Indirect Cost(Hidden Costs Of Accidents) Include:

Accident Investigation;
Payments To Injured Person;
Payments Non Productive Time;
Replacement Labour;
Training For Replacement Labour;
Business Interruption;
Loss Of Reputation;

Repair Or Replacement Of Damaged Plant;

Compensation;
Legel Fees;
Insurance.

Employers Liability Insurance:This Ensures That An Employee,Who Successsfully Sues His/Her Employer Following An Accident,Is
Assured Of Receiving Compensation Irrespective Of The Financial Position Of The Employer.
Five Principles Of Any National Compensation System:

Community Responsibility;
Comprehensive Entitlement Irrespective Of Income Or Job Status;
Complete Rehabilitation For The Injiured Party;
Real Compensation For The Injured Party;And
Administrative Efficiency Of The Compensation Scheme.

Principles On Which The Ilo Is Based Are:1.

2.
3.
4.

Labour Is Not A Commodity

Freedom Of Expression And Of Association Are Essential To Sustained Progress
Poverty Anywhere Constitutes A Danger To Prosperity Everywhere
The War Against Want Is Required To Be Carried Out With Unrelating Vigour Within Each
Nation,And By Continuous And Concerted International Effort In Which The Representatives Of
Workers And Employers,Enjoying Equal Status With Those Of Governments,Join With Them In
Free Discussion And Democraticdecision With A View To The Promotion Of The Common
Welfare.

Benefits Of Good Health And Safety Practice:

Improved Production
Improved Staff Morale
Improved Company Reputation
Reduced Accidents
Reduced Ill Health
Reduced Damaged To Equipement
Reduced Staff Complaints
Reduced Staff Turnover
Reduced Insurance Premiums
Reduced Fines And Compensation Claims
Increased Level Of Compliance.

Health And Safety Law:A Rule Of Human Conduct Imposed Upon And Enforced Among The Members Of A Given State.
Purpose Of Law:

Control Of Anti Social Behaviour

Regulate Relationships
Resolution Of Conflict
Setting Standards Of Behavior.

Types Of Law:1. Civil Law:The Aim Of Civil Law Is To Compenste An Injured Party For Loss Suffered As A Result Of An
Accident Or Ill-Health,Or Family For Death.
2. Criminal Law:The Aim Of Criminal Law Is To Punish And Deter Individuals/Organisations From Behaving In A
Way That Society Has Decided Is Unacceptable.
Enforcement Of Health And Safety (By Audit):1. Informal:Verbal And Written Advise.
2. Formal: Issuing Legal Mendates To Comply With The Law And Put Right The Breach.
Issuing Legal Mandates To Stop Dangerous Activities Immediately
Prosecution With The Intent Of Punishing The Company Or Individual Which Can Lead To Fines
Or Imprisonment.
Issuing A Caution(Warning),That Can Be Used In Evidence At A Later Date,Often For Minor
Repeat Offences.
Barriers B/W Implementation Of Legislation:

Differences In Legislative Systems

Different Powers Granted To The Enforcing Authority
The Abilty And Knowledge Of Enforcing Authority
Different Penalities For Breaches
Religious Beliefs And Cultural Issues
Level Of Reporting To Enforcing Authorities
Public Reaction And Interest
Political Pressure

Sources Of Information:-

1.

2.

Internal Sources:Risk Assessments

Inspection Reports
Accident/Incident Records
Medical Reports
Safety Representatives
Safety Committee Reports
Company Safety Policy
Maintenance Reports
External Sources:Govt. Organisations E.G. Enforcing Authorities
National Safety Organisations/Professional Institutions
Various Standards Organisation Such As Iso And British Standards Institute(Bsi)
Suppliers And Manufacturers
Consultants And Specialists
Insurance Companies And Workers Unions.

Element-2

Health And Safety Management Systems-Policy

Principle Of Management Systems

Plan
Establish Standards For Health And Safety Management Based On Risk Assessment And Legal
Requirements.
Do
Implement Plans To Achieve Objectives And Standards.
Check
Measure Progress With Plans And Compliance With Standards.
Act
Review Against Objectives And Standards And Take Appropriate Action.
Safety Management Systems
Hseg65,2003:Successful Healtth And Safety Management Systems.
Ilo-Osh,2001:Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health Management Systems.
Ohsas 18001,2007:Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems.

Hseg65 Safety Management Systems

Elements Of Hseg65:

Policy:Sets Out The Health And Safety Aims And Objectives Of The Organisation,And Management
Commitment.Sets The Organisation And Arrangements For Identifying Hazards,Assessing Risks
And Preventing Or Controlling Them.

Organising:-Organisation
Clear Roles And Lines Of Responsibility,Competence,Commitment And Control,Co-Operation
And Communication.

Planning And Implementation:Identifying Hazards,Assessing Risks And Decide How Risks Can Be Eliminated Or
Controlled.Setstandards Against Which Performance Can Be Measured.

Measuring Performance:A Means Of Determining Extent To Which Health And Safety Policy And Objectives Are Being
Implemented And Should Be Both Reactive And Proactive.

Reviewing Performance And Auditing:Reviewing:-

Analysing Data Gathered Through Monitoring To See Whether Performance Is Adequate.

Audit:Systematic Critical Examination Of Each Stage Of An Organisation Management Systems And
Procedures.Improvement Will Be Obtained By Continuos Reviewing And Auditing Of
Performance.

Ilo-Osh,2001(I

Ohsas 18001,2007(Bsi)
The Elements Of The System Are:1.

2.

Oh & Policy
Ambition Continuos Improvement
Commitment Compliance Legel Requirements
Planning
Inventarisation Of Health And Safety Issuess
Setting Priorities
Objectives And Targets
Programme
3. Implementation And Operation
Responsibilities
Training And Competence
Internal And External Communication

 Emergency Response
4. Checking And Corrective Actions
Monitoring And Mesurement
Corective Mechanisms
Registrations
Internal Audits
5. Management Review
Functioning System
Adjustment Objectives And Tergets

Purpose Of Safety Policy

To Set Out:

Management Commitment To Safety

Organisation And Arrangements For Controlling Work Related Hazards
Protect People From Injury And Ill Health
Comply With Legel Requirements
Manage Health And Safety On A Cost Effective Basis

Safety Policy Consists:1. General Statement

Declaration Of Intent
What
2. The Organisation
Responsibilities
Who
3. Arrangements
Procedures
How
Statement Of Intent
Demonstrates Managements Commitment To Health And Safety And Sets Goal And
Objectives.Signed By Most Senior Person In An Organisation Because:-

1. Shows Management Commitment

2. Gives Policy Authority
3. Person Who Signs It Has Ultimate Responsibility
Organisation
To Identify Health And Safety Responsibilities And Reporting Lines Within The Company

Directors And Senior Managers:Setting Policy And Objectives

Line Managers:Implementing Policy In Their Department

Supervisors:Checking Compliance With The Company

Safety Advisor:Advising Company On Accident And Safety Compliance

Employees:Responsibility For Own And Other Safety

Fire Marshalls:Ensure Evacuation Of Building And Roll Calls

First Aiders:To Provide First Aid

Arrangements
Set Out In Detail The Specific Systems And Procedures For Implementing The Safety Policy

Risk Assements

Coshh Assesments
Safe System Of Work
Permits To Work
Policies And Procedures
Maintenance Of Plant
Housekeeping
Radiation;Dust;Noise And Fume
Confined Spaces
Manual Handling
Ppe
Training Programmes

Review/Revision Of Safety Policy Consists

Accidents/Incidents
Changes In Organisation
Procedures
Materials
Premises
Legislation
Work Patterns
Risk Assesments
Prosecution
Enforcement Action
Compensation Claims
Policy Review
Professional Advise

Communicating The Policy

Employers Must Bring The Policy To Employees Attention.This Can Be Done By:

Displaying It On Notice Boards

Introducing It On Induction And Training Session

Considering It At Team Briefings And Tool Box Talks

Using Newsletters
Insert It In Wage Slips
Posters
Build Into Safe Systems And Codes Of Practice
Managers To Discuss With Workforce

Objectives And Targets

Objectives Are-General Goals

Targets Are-Specific Performance Requirements

Importance To An Organisation Of Setting Targets:Gives Evidence Of Management Commitment And Motivates Staff By Giving Them Something To
Aim For.
Targets In Health And Safety

Reduce/Zero Accidents
Zero Prosecutions
Reduced Sickness Absence
Reduction In Compensation Claims
Improve Reporting Of Minor Accidents
Increase Numbers Trained In Health And Safety
Improve Audit Scores

Targets Should Follow Smart Goal Setting

S-Specific
M-Measurable
A-Achievable
R-Realstic
T-Timescale

Benchmarking
Advantages:

Identifies Key Performance Indicators

Insures Monitoring Procedures Are Effective

Feeds Back Into Continuos Improvement

Helps By Learning Lessons From Others

Essential To:

Choose A Suitable Organisation To Benchmark

Ensure Accuracy Of Data Used
Both Organisations Used Common Definitions
Accessing Data
Commitment To The Proces

Issues For Benchmark

Existence And Quality Of Health And Safety Policy

Acccident/Near Miss Records
Staff Roles And Responsibilities Clearly Outlined
Decomented Health And Safety Plans Measured
The Quality Of Risk Assessments
Type And Quality Of Training Provided
Level Of Monitoring
Ineffective Health And Safety Policies

No Commitment Or Leadership
No Annual Objectives
Health And Safety Not Given Enough Priority
Insufficient Resources Provided
Personal Dont Understand Aims
Too Much Emphasis On Employee Responsibilty
No Measurement Of Performance
Management Unaware Of Their Role
No Training Of Management In Their Responsibilities

Element-3

Organising
Roles And Responsibilities:-

Employer
Employees
Self-Employed
Designers And Manufacturers

Employers Responsibilities To Employees:

Safe Plant And Equipment

Information,Instruction And Training
Supervision
Safe Place Of Work,Access And Egress
Safe Environment And Welfare Facilities
Safety Policy And Risk Assessments
Consult And Inform Employees
Effective Health & Safety Management
Competent Health And Safety Assistance
Health And Surveillence
Inform On Serious And Imminent Danger
Informing And Consulting

Informing:Informing Is A One Way Process And Means Of Providing Information To Employees.

Consulting:Consulting Is A Two Way Process Which Means Listening To Employees Views.
Non Employees
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Contractors
Visitors
General Public
Other Employers Employees
Trespassers

Precautions For Visitors Safety:

Signing In
Providing Identification Badges

Providing Ppe
Site Induction E.G. Fire Precautions
Escorting Visitor To Area Of Work
Remain With Visitor And Regular Monitoring
Escorting Visitor Bac K To Reception Area
Signing Out Visitor And Removing Badge
Duties Of Employees

Not To Endanger Themselves And Others

Co-Operation With Their Employer
Not To Interface With Anything Provided For Safety
Follow Instructions And Training Given
Inform Employer Of Danger And Problems With Health And Safety Arrangements
Designers,Manufacturers,Suppliers And Importers

Articles Must Be Designed And Constructed To Be Safe When Being

Set,Used,Cleaned,Maintained.
Substances Must Be Safe When Being Used,Handeled,Processed,Stored Or Transported
Carry Out And Arrange Tests
Provide Revisions If Necessary
Installers And Errectors Must Be Competent

Practitioners
Safety Practioner Should Have:

Knowledge And Understanding Of The Work Involved

Understand Principles Of Risk Assesments

Knowledge Of Current Health And Safety Applications
Capacity To Apply To Tasks Required
Ability To Identify Problems
Ability To Assessing The Need For Action
Ability To Design And Develop Strategies
Promoting And Communication Health And Safety
Understanding Of Current Best Practice
Awareness Of Own Limitations
Willingness To Learn
Membership Of A Professional Body
Competence Based Qualifications

Role Of Safety Practitioner

Provide Information And Advice

Support Line Management With Co-Ordination Of Health And Safety Effort
Monitor Effectiveness Of Actions To Meet Responsibilities

Functions Of Safety Practioner

Advise Management
Carry Out Inspections
Investigate Accidents
Records/Analyse Accident Data
Assist With Training
Contact With External Bodies
Liaison With Workforce
Upto Date With New Safety Literature

Contacts Of Safety Practitioner

The Enforcing Authority

Fire Rescue Service
Insurance Company
Contractors
Consultants/Engineers
Manufacturers/Suppliers
Clients/Customers
Police
Specialist Health Practitioners
Public

Media
Contractor Terms

Client:The Party For Whom The Work Or Project Is Being Carried Out.

Contractor:The Person Engaged By The Client To Undertake The Work.

Principal Contractor:A Managing Contractor Who Has Been Formly Appointed By A Client Under The Cdm
Regulations 2007.

Sub Contractor:Usually Defined As A Contractor Who Has Been Engaged By Another Contractor Rather Than The
Client.

Problems Associated With Contract Work Can Include:

Contractors Often Involved In High Risk In Work

Unsuitable Selection Methods,Poor Planning And Little Agreement
Lack Of Communication,Monitoring And Suprvision

Management Strategy For Contractors:

Identification Of Suitable Bidders

Identificataion Of Hazards Of Job
Checking(Health & Safety Aspects)Of Bids
Contractors Agree To Clients Rules
Managing Contractors On Site
Checking Contractors Work

Identification Of Suitable Contractor:

Experience With The Type Of Work

Reputation

Suitable References Or Recommendation

Previous Work Record
Adequacy Of Safety Policy
Enforcement History
Accident And Ill Health Data
Membership Of Trade Organisations
Suitable Training For Employees
Arrangements For Sub Contractors
Suitable Risk Assessments Etc.

Managing Of Contractor On Site:

Appointment Of Co-Ordinator
Pre-Contract Meeting
Progress Meetings
Regular Inspections
Safety Committee
Accident/Incident Reporting
Client Set Example
Safety Propaganda
Plant Documentation
Training/Competency

Safety Representative Functions:

Investigate Potential Hazards And Dangerous Occurances

Investigate Complaints From Employees
Make Representations On General Matters Of Health And Safety To Employer
Carry Out Workplace Inspections
Examine Causes Of Accidents
Consult With Enforcement Authorities
Attend Safety Committee

Matters On Which Employees To Be Consulted ,Introduction Of Measures That Affect Their Health
And Safety:

New Processes And Technology

New Organisation Of Work Patterns

New Personal Protective Equipments

The Planning And Organisation Of Any Training Required

Employer Not Expected To Disclose:

Information Against National Security

Contravene A Statutary Duty On Employer
Information On An Individual
Information Relating To Safety
Damage Business Interests
Information In Connection With Legel Proceedings

Ilo-Rights For Safety Representatives Convention:

Have Access To All Parts Of The Workplace

Protection From Dismissal
Contribute To Decision Making
Be Free To Contact Inspectors
Contribute To Negotiations
Be Given Appropriate Training
Reasonable Time Off With Pay To Exercise Functions

Safety Committee Agenda Consists Of:

Study Of Accident/Incident/Near Miss Statics

Examination Audit Reports
Consideration Of Safety Representatives Reports
Development And Monitoring Of Work Safety Rules And Safe Systems Of Work
Constant Appraisal Of Effectiveness Of Safety Training
Monitor Adequacy Of Health And Safety Communications
Establish A Link With The Appropriate Inspectors
Any Workplace Complaints From Staff Or Workers
Next Meeting Date And Time
Corrective And Implementation Updates From Last Meeting

Safety Culture
Definition:-Safety Culture Of An Organisation Is The Product Of Individual And Group
Values,Attitudes,Competencies And Patterns Of Behaviour That Determine The Commitment To,And
Proficiency Of An Organisations Health And Safety Performance.

Internal Influences(Safety Culture)

Production Demands
Management Commitment
Communication
Competence
Employee Representation

External Influences(Safety Culture)

Economic
Social Expectations
Legislation
Enforcement
Insurance Companies
Trade Unions

Effectiveness Of Committee

Clear Terms Of Reference

Balanced Representations
Influence In Decision Making
Respect Of Management/Workforce
Commitment From Members
Good Leadership And Chairmanship
Good Communication Channels
Access To Information/Specialist Advice
Formalised Procedures With Agenda
Relevent(Non Trivial) Agenda Items
Agenda Not Led By Industrial Functions

Elements Of A Safety Culture

1. Control:Policies,Organisational Development,Planning,Auditing,Monitoring,Reviewing.

2. Co-Operation:Health And Safety Metings,Team Briefings,Problem Solving Meetings.

3. Communication:Management Involvement,Information Systems,Documentation,Liaison,Team Briefings.
4. Competence:Staff Selection,Training,Supervision.
Culture Indicators:

Attitude
Morale
Accidents
Absenteeism/Sickness Rates
Staff Turnover
Compliance With Rules
Complaints About Working Conditions

Factors That Can Cause To Decline:

Lack Of Effective Communication

Perception Of Growing Blame Culture
Lack Of Ledership And Commitment
Lack Of Monitoring
Failure To Implement Remedial Action
Lack Of Consultation And Employee Involvement
Poor Working Environment
External Influences
Health And Safety Seen As Low Priority
Lack Of Supervision

Promoting A Positive Safety Culture

Management Can Achieve This By:

Senior Management Commitment

Ownership Of Health And Safety At Every Level

Effectiveness Communication And Consultation

Training For All Level Of Employees
Shared Perception Of Risks
Standards Of Acceptable Behaviour
Learning From Experience Through Monitoring And Review
Balance B/W Health,Safety And Production

Benefits Of A Positive Safety Culture:

Increased Level Of Compliance With Health And Safety Rules And Procedures
Improved Production
Improved Staff Morale
Improved Company Reputation
Reduced Ill Health
Reduced Accidents
Reduced Damage To Equipment
Reduced Staff Complaints
Reduced Absenteeism And Turnover
Reduced Insurance Premiumms
Reduced Fines And Compensation Claims

Influences On Behaviour At Work:

Individual
Organisation
Job

The Organisation

Planning(Health And Safety Equal Priority)

Organising(Leadership,Competence,Conultation And Communication)
Control(Good Working Environment)
Monitoring(Targets,Proactive Monitoring)
Review And Audit(Learning From Mistakes)

Practical Measures By Which Managers Can Do To Ensure Health And Saffety Include:

Setting Good Example&Showing Commitment To Health And Safety

Involving Employees In Risk Assessments,Drawing Up Safe Systems,Procedures Etc
Encouraging Hazard Spotting And Suggestion Schemes
Organising Training Courses
Active Involvement In Safety Committee Meetings

Accompnied By Employees On Safety Tours And Inspections

Giving Staff Responsibilities I.E. Monitoring Young Workers
The Individual

Factors Affecting Individual Behaviour:

Age,Health,Gender
Training And Education
Education,Experience
Home Life
Peer Group Pressure
Job Satisfaction And Security
Motivation
Perception
Attitude

Personal That Might Place An Individual At A Risk Of Harm In Work:1. Poor Attitude To Work
2. Low Motivation
3. Medical Conditions Affecting:a. Physical Capabilities
b. Mental Capabilities
4. Poor Perception Or Risk(Alcohol,Drugs)
5. Age Related Behaviour E.G. Immaturity
6. Lack Of Training And Experience
Areas Affecting The Individual:

Motivation
Attitude
Perception

Motivation
Motivation May Be Defined As The Drive A Person Has To Achieve A Particular Goal.
Employers Can Motivate Their Workforce By:

Recognition Of Good Health And Safety Performance (E.G.Praise Or Financial Incentives)

Disciplining Employees Who Fail To Follow Rules

Involving Employees In Risk Assessments,Drawing Up Safe Systems Of Work,Procedures Etc.

Improving The Companys Health And Safety Culture
Demonstratting High Level Of Managemet Commitment
Ensuring Good Working Envronment
Providing Good Training And Communication
Setting A Good Example And Realstic Goals
Attitude

Attitude May Be Defined As The Tendency To Behave In A Particular Way In A Certain Situation.
What Affects Attitude?

Culture
Experience
Peer Groups
Management Commitment
Home Influence
Prception

The Way The People Interpret And Make Sense Of Presented Information E.G. In Relation To Their
Ssurroundings.

Perception Can Be Affected By:

Sensory Input
Ppe

The Nature Of The Hazard

Previous Experience

Familarity With The Situation

Feeling Of Being In Control

Level Of Training
Peer Group Influences

Confidence In Others
Personal Characteristics

Improving Employees Perception:

Increasing Awareness Of Hazards

Involving Employees In Risk Assessment Process
Increasing Knowledge E.G. Training
Identifying Reasons For Misperceptions
Addressing Environmental Factors

Why Employees Fail To Comply With Safety Procedure Even When Competent:

Lack Of Motivation
Unrealstic Working Procedures
Lack Of Management Commitment
Over Familiarisation With The Task
Repetitive Work Leading Boredom
Peer Group Pressure
Willful Disregard Of Laid Down Procedures
Fatigue And Stress
Lack Of Information,Consultation
Job Insecurity

Human Failure
Human Failure May Be Defined As Failure On The Part Of Human Operator To Performed An Assigned
Task Within Specified Limits Of Tolerance,With Such Limits Generally Being Defined In Terms Of
Accuracy,Sequence Or Time.
Factors Contributing To Human Error:

Slips
Lapses Of Attention
Mistaken Actions

Misperceptions
Mistaken Priorities
Wilfullness
Inadequate Design
Inadequate Information

Slips:

Performing An Action Too Early/Late

Ommiting Steps From A Procedure
Turning Knob In Wrong Direction
Doing Right Thing On Wrong Object
Reading The Wrong Dial

Lapse Of Attention:

Forget What We Set Out To Do

Competing Demands For Attention
Loss Of Concentration Due To Tiredness

Mistaken Actions:Doing The Wrong Thing Under The Impression It Is Right.(Digger)

Misperceptions:Competing Information Procedures-Tunnel Vision.
Mistaken Priorities:Organisations Objectives Not Clearly Conveyed Or Understood.
Wilfullness:Wilfully Disregarding Safety Lines.
Inadequate Design:Failure To Consider Human Activity.
Inadequate Information:Ignorance Of Process,Poor Communication.
Violations
Simply Put:Breaking Rules

1) Routine
2) Situational
3) Exceptional
Routine And Situational Violations
1. Routine:-Become Normal Way Of Working
Desire To Cut Corners/Save Time
Rules Perceived To Be Too Restrictive
Lack Of Supervision And Enforcement
New Workers Taught Bad Habits
2. Situational:-Braeking Rules Due To Pressure
Time Pressure
Insufficient Staff Or Workload
Correct Equipment Not Available
Extreme Weather Conditions
3. Exceptional:Rare Occurances Happen When Something Has Gone Wrong And Decision Is Made To Put Things
Right Even If It Means Taking Risks That Are Known To Be Unsuitable Or Inappropriate.

Reducing Likelihood Of Human Work

Skilled,Competent And Trained Employees

Well Motivated Employees
Avoiding Monotonous Work
Breaks To Counter Fatigue
Clear Roles And Lines Of Responsibility
Good Lines Of Communication
Clarity Of Instructions
Good Supervision
Good Environment
Drugs And Alcohol Policy

Why Hazards May Be Underestimated?

Over-Familarity/Complacency
Lack Of Instruction,Information And Training
Lack Of Experience
Sensory Impairment
Hazards Invisible/Intagible
Routine,Repetitive Tasks

Inadequate Design
The Job

Task Analysis
Decision Making
Ergonomics (Man-Machine Interface)
Procedures,Instructions And Information
The Working Environment
Tools And Equipment
Work Patterns
Communication
Maintenance
Boredom And Monotonous Work
Peer Pressure

Communication
Communication Is The Passing On And Receiving Of Information,Ideas,Thoughts And Feelings So That
Understanding Is Achieved.It Is A Two Way Process.

Principles Of Communication:-

Objectives Of Communication:

To Understand Others
Clear Understanding Of Message
Acceptance Of Our Ideas
Get Required Action

Purpose:

Promote Understanding
Transmission Of Policies
Collecting Opinions
Co-Operation
Instructions

Methods Of Communication
1. Written
2. Verbal
3. Visual
Written Communication:Advantages

Permanent Record
Reference
Consistent Message

Accurate Detail
Wide Audience
Autoritative

Disadvantages

May Be Unread
One Way
Often No Feedback
Time Consuming
Cost
Misinterpretation

Barriers To Written Communication:

Illiteracy
Competency
Level Of Written Material
Presentation
Quality Of Information
Quantity
Attitude

Verbal Communication:Advantages

Direct-Two Way
Quick
Instant Feedback
Easy To Do
Flexible

Disadvantages

No Record
No References
Unstructured
Inconsistent Message
Too Much For Memory
Limited Audience

Barriers To Verbal Communication

Hearing/Speech Defects
Noise
Distance
Language
Lack Of Knowledge
Attitude
Duration/Speed

Visual Communication:Advantages

Consistent Message
Large Groups

Disadvantages

Boring
No Feedback,Too Much For Memory

Barriers To Visual Communication

Relevance
Volume
Environment
Knowledge Of Personal

Why Different Methods Of Communication Are Necessory?

People Respond Differently To Different Situations

Variety Prevents Over Familiarisation With One Method And Helps Reinforce Message
The Need To Overcome Language Barriers And The Inability Of Some Employees To Read
The Need To Motivate,Stimulate,Interest And Gain Involvement And Feedback
The Acceptance That Different Types Of Information Require Different Methods Of
Communicataion
Health And Safety Notice Board

Information Should Include:

Information For Employes Regulation Poster

Health And Safety Policy
Evacuation Procedures
First-Aid Arrangements
Contacts Detail For Safety Representatives

Targets For Accident Reduction

To Maximise Effectiveness Of Notice Baord:

Locate Common/Prominent Area

Dedicated To Health And Safety Only
Information Displayed Relevent And Current
Keep Information In Neat Orderly State
Make Boards Eye Catching By Use Of Colour And Graphics

Posters
Advantages

Low Cost
Flexibilty
Brevity
Reinforce Verbal Instructions
Constant Message
Involve Employees

Disadvantages

Regularly Changed
Sioled
Defaced
Out Of Date
Over Reliance
Easy Way

Safety Compaigns
To Ensure Compaigns Are Effectively Communicated To Employees Organisations Should:

Have Clear Aims,Objectives And Targets

Allocate Sufficient,Funds,Time And Other Resources
Show Total Management Commitment
Workforce Made Fully Aware By Tool Box Talks Etc
Clear Language

Key Responsibilitiies Allocated And Accepted

Feed Back To Ensure Employee Understanding

Apart From Lack Of Or Poor Communication,Other Factors That Can Affect Compaigns Include:

Lack Of Management Commitment

Production Or Other Pressure Take Priority
Insufficient Time And Funds Made Available
Poor Working Conditions Creating Lack Of Interest
Poor Industrial Relations
Work Patterns Some Sections Not Involved
Training

Induction (On Joining The Job)

Job Specific (Before Starting Work)
Refresher Training (Regular Intervals)

Induction Training Is Important For A Number Of Reasons:

Establishes Safety Culture

Shows Mangement Commitment
Identified Responsibilities
Identifies Hazards And Precautions
Employee Is Aware Of Hazards
Imparts Knowledge
Employee Recognises/Report Hazards
Sets Scene For Future Performance

Induction Training Programme

Management Commitment To Safety

Company Safety Policy
Consultative Procedures
Role Of Safety Representatives
Emergency Procedures
First-Aid Arrangements
Welfare And Amenity Provisions

Specific Hazards
Health Surveillance Procedures
How To Report Accidents
Ppe
Company Drink And Drugs Policy

Additional Health And Safety Training

Result Of Accident Investigation

Dangerous Occurances
New Technology/Process
Job Change
Changes In Working Procedures
Changes In Work Patterns
Promotion Or Re-Organisation
New Legislation
Enforcement Action
Results Of Inspections/Audits
Result Of Risk Assessments
Insurance Company Requirements

Young Persons Training

Precautions For Young Workers Should Include:

Provision Of Suitable Work Equipment

Organisation Of Work Processes
Health And Safety Training
Monitoring
Supervision
Limiting Hours Of Work

Job Specific Training

Safe System Of Work,Permit To Work Procedure

Equipment Training
Ppe Training
Fire Training
Safety Inspections

Levels Of Supervision

Depend On The Following Factors:

The Age Of The Employee

Their Experience In The Type Of Work
Nature And Complexity Of The Task
Persons Skills And Qualifications For The Work
Their Attitude And Aptitude
Systems Of Work And Any Specific Requirements
Employees Communication Skills And Any Special Needs Employee May Have

Benefits Of Training
For Employee:

Less Suffering
Quality Of Life
Job Satisfaction
Reach Standards
Flexibility Of Staff
Improve Safety
Attitude

For Employer:

Less Accidents
Less Absenteeism
Less Claims And Premiums
Less Legal
Improve Morale
Less Product Damage
Greater Productivity
Improved Eficiency

Consideration For Training Session:

What Employee Need To Know And What They Do Know?

Employees Responsibilities
Activities Carried Out
Risks Associated With Activities
Actions Required By Employees
Employees Existing Knowledge/Experience
Types Of Training Already Received

Different Requirements For Various Staff

Numbers Involved
Resources Needed
Competence Of Trainers
Communicating To Employees And Getting Their Commotment

Assessing Training Effectiveness

Post Evaluation By:

The Trainers
The Delegates
Their Supervisors
Accident Rates
Sickness Absences
Compliance And Procedures
Concerns Raised By Employees
Results Of Attitude Surveys
Quality Of Suggestions Made

Employer Keeps Training Records Because:

Proof Of Employees Competence

Identify When Refresher Training Needed
Review Effectiveness Of Training
Assessing Progress Against Targets
Provide Evidence In Investigations
Provide Evidence In Legal Actions

Competent Persons
Mhswr Competent Person Definition:A Person Shall Be Regarded As Competent When He Has Sufficient Training And Experiance Or
Knowledge And Other Qualities To Enable Him To Carry Out The Measures Required Of Him And
Knowledge Of His Own Limitations.
Factors To Be Considered:-

Evidence Of Qualifications
Level Of Training
Membership Of Professional Arganisation
Undertaking Written Or Practical Assessments
References Or Recommendations

Element-4
Planning
Risk Assessment:A Careful Examination Of What Could Harm To People,So That You Can Way Up Wheather You Have
Taken Enough Precautions Or Should Do More.

The Aim Is To Make Sure That No One Gets Hurt Or Becomes Ill

It Is A Legal Requirement

Risk=Severity*Probability
Five Steps To Risk Assessment
Step 1.)Identify Hazards
Step 2.)Decide Who Might Be Harm And How
Step 3.)Evalute The Risks And Decide On Precautions
Step 4.)Record Your Findings And Implement Them
Step 5.)Review Your Findings And Update If Necessary
Step 1. Identify The Hazards

Walk Around The Workplace And Look Afresh At What Could Cause Harm I.E. Workplace
Inspection
Ask Their Employee What They Think
Use Manufactures Instructions For Data
Refet To Accident/Incident Records
Near Miss Reports
Combined Techniques I.E. Hazop
Non Inspection Techniques

Step 2. Decide Who Can Be Harmed And How

Employees Are The Main Group But Dont Forget:Young Workers,Trainees,New And Expectant
Mothers,Cleaners,Visitors,Contractors,Maintenance Workers,Members Of The Public Etc. May
Be At Particular Risk.

What Are The Hazards And How Likely To Occur?

Consequences And Number Of People?
Frequency/Duration Of Exposure?
Effects Of Exposure,Response To Exposure And Competency Of Exposed?
Existing Controls?

Step 3. Evalute The Risk

Severity
5=Fatality

Likelihood
5=Certain,Imminent

4=Disabling Injury

4=Very Likely

3=Over Three Days

3=Likely

2=Under Three Days

2=Unlikely

1=Minor To Lost Time

1=Very Unlikely

Risk=S*L
1 To 7 Low Risk

8 To 14 Medium Risk

15 To 25 High Risk

Consider How Likely It Is That Each Hazard Could Cause You Harm
Even After All Precautions Have Been Taken,Some Risks Usually Remains
Decide For Each Significant Hazard Whether This Remaining Risk Is High,Medium Or Low
Have You Done All The Things The Law Requires You To Do?
Are There Industry Standards?
The Aim Is To Make All Risks Small
When Controlling Risks,You Need To Follow The Principles Of Prevention

Step 4. Record The Findings

The Significant Hazards To Be Recorded:

People Affected
A Proper Check Was Made
Adequacy Of Controls
Further Precautions Required
If You Employ Five Or More People Then You Must Record The Significant Findings Of Your
Assessment

Step 5. Review

Sooner Or Later,New Machines,Substance Or Procedures Will Be Introduced Which Could Lead

To New Hazards
If There Is Any Significant Change To Workplace And Patterns,Add To The Assessment To Take
Acount Of The New Hazard
It Is The Good Practice To Review The Assessment From Time To Time
Any Accidents/Incidents Happens
Changes In Legislation
Enforcement Action
Compensation Claims
Any Prosecution/Enforcement Notice Served

Reasons For Error In A Risk Assessment:-

Out Of Date Documents

Poor Knowledge Of Changes In Equipment
Limited Understanding Of The Effectiveness,Performance Or Even Identify Of Control Measures
Differences Of Opinion Between Employees Regarding How A Specific Hazard Or Dangerous
Condition Should Dealt With
Disagreement In Prioritisation Of Risks
Lack Of Information On The Underlying Reasons For Specific Procedures,Measures,Training Etc.
Absence Of Process Or Safety Related Information

Hazard Control Strategy

Hierachy Of Control Definition:A Preffered Series Of Measures To Control Risks In Order Of Priority Starting With Elimination And
Ending With Discipline.
E-Liminate:-Remove Trailing Role
R-Eduction:-Use Lower Voltage Tools
I-Solate:-Guard Dangerous Machinery
C-Ontrol:-Reduce Time/Frequency Of Exposure
P-Ersonal Protective Equipmant:-Issue Ppes
D-Iscipline:-Enforce Rules And Procedures

Safe System Of Work

An Analysis Of A Task Or Process Which Considers The Hazards Likely To Be Present And Details The
Precautions Necessary To Avoid Or Minimise The Risks To The Health And Safety Of Individuals.
When Is A Safe System Needed?
A Safe System Of Work Is Needed When The Hazards Cannot Be Physically Eliminated.

Cleaning And Maintenance Operations

Changes To Work Layouts,Materials Etc.
Employees Working Away From Base/Alone
Breakdown/Emergencies

Contractors On Your Premises

Loading,Unloading And Movement Of Vehicles

The Five Steps Of Safe System Of Work

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Assess The Task

Identify The Hazards
Define The Method
Implement The Safe System
Monitor The Safe System
Assessing The Task

Purpose Of Task
People Involved
Equipments And Materials
Work Methods
The Environment
Legel Requirements
Standars
Existing Controls
Identify The Hazards

Working At Heights
Electricity
Machinery
Working Below Ground
Vehicles
Chemicals Hazards
Environment
Designing A Safe System

People (Behaviour,Knowledge,Skills)
Equipment And Machinery (Design,Specification,Ergonomics)
Materials (Raw,Unfinished,Disposal)
Environment (Heat,Light,Noise,Space Etc.)
Implement The Safe System

Describe Or Briefing The Safe System You Have Designed To All The Workers And Implement Throughly.
Monitor The Safe System

Monitor The Safe System Constantly For Continues Improvement.

Permits To Work
A Permit To Work Procedure Is A Formal Written System Used To Control Certain Types Of Work Which
Are Potentially Hazardous.
Work Requiring Permits:

Confined Space
Hot Work
Electrical
Confined Space

Any Enclosed Space,Where There Is A Reasonably Foreseeable Specified Risk Associated With That
Enclosed Space.Includes Chambers,Pipes,Sewers,Flues,Wells Or Other Similar Spaces.
Risks Of Confined Space

Serious Injury From Fire Or Explosion

Increased Body Temperature Resulting In Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness Or Asphyxiation Resulting From Work Exposure To Gas,Fume,Vapour,Lack Of
Oxygen
Drowning From Using Liquid Level
Asphyxiation From Free Flowing Solid

Undertaking Work In Confined Spaces

The Hazards
The Safe System Of Work
The Emergency Arrangements

Confined Space Hazards

Chemical/Biological Hazards
Are There Any Residues
What Cleaning Materials Are Being Used
Reactions Between Residues And Cleaning Materials
Could Be There An Oxygen Deficient/Enrichment Atmosphere
What Are The Access And Egress Facilities
What Tools And Equipment Need To Be Used
What Are The Physical Dimensions Of Confined Space
Structural Collapse

Safe System For Work In Confined Space

Permit To Work
Emptying
Isolation
Atmospheric Tests
Suitable Access And Egress
Suitable Tools/Equipments
Lighting
Ppe
Communication
Competent Staff
Supervision
Emergency Arrangements

Emergency Arrangements In Confined Space

Rescue/Resuscitation Equipment
Medical Arrangements
Raising The Alarm And Rescue
Safe Guarding The Rescuers
Safe Guarding Third Parties
Fire Fighting
Control Of Plant
First Aid
Liaison With Emergency Services

Ppe:Anything Worn Or Held To Protect Against Hazards

Best Ppe?
That Which Is Worn
Remember:Ppe Is A Last Resort
Reasons Why Employees May Not Wear Ppe:

Poor Selection/Fit
Lack Of Comfort

Incompatibility With Other Ppe

Fails To Danger
Contamination
Misuse Or Non-Use
Relies On Action Being Taken By User
May Create Additional Hazards
Difficulty In Obtaining Equipment
Relies On Management Commitment

Selection Of Ppe

Identify Hazards
Type Of Equipment
Bs/En Standards
Comfort
Compatibility
Costs
Replacement
Training Needs
Hygiene Problems
Supervision
Storage

Respiratory Ppes

Respirator

Breathing Apparatus

Self Contained

Airline B.A. Set

Open Circuit

Close Circuit

Limitations On Use Of Respiratory Ppe:

Cannot Be Used In Oxygen Deficient

Limited Skin Causes
Incorrect Selection
Require Regular Cleaning And Maintenance
Storage Problems
Ergonomic Limitations
Time Limit

Limitations On Open Circuit B.A. Airline:

The Weight Of The Equipment

Limited Time
Skilled Maintenance Required
Training Required
Users Must Used Correctly
Limitations In Mobility In Confined Space

Limitations On Airline B.A. Set:

The Hose Can Cause Obstructions And Become Trapped

Skilled Maintenance Required
Limited Hose Length
Compressor Breakdown
Overconfidence

Training In Use Of Ppes

Legel Requirement
Limitations Of Ppes
For Proper Protection
Compatibility With Other Ppes
How To Keep Clean
Correct Storage Arrangements
When And How Replace

Safety Signs And Signals

Hand Signals

Verbal Signals
Acoustic Signals
Eliminated Signals
Signs To Mark Abstacles

Hand Signals:

Signalar Should Be A Competent And Trained Person.

Use One Signal Time At One Time
Signal Should Be Simple,Presible,Understandable
Signalar Needs To Be To See All The Manoeuvers Activities

Acoustic Signals:

Easily Recognisable From Other Noises

It Should Remain Continue Untill Manually Switch Off
Use One Signal At One Time
Set A Level Which Is Higher Than The Other Noises Without Being Excessive Or Painfull
Lone Workers

Control Measures For Lone Workers:

Worker Should Be Properly Trained And Experienced

Employer Set Limit On What Can/Cant Be Done
Regular Contact Between Worker And Base
Automatic Warning Devices
Devices To Raise The Alarm
Periodically Visitn By The Supervisor
Check The Workers Has Returned To Base And Home
Training And First Aid Kit
Emergency Actions To Be Taken If Worker Become Ill

Risk Assessment For Lone Workers:

Where Is The Location Of The Work?

What Are The Workplace Hazards?
What Potential Injuries Canoccur And How They Can Controlled Or Treat By The Emergency
Services
Safe Access And Egress
Can Equipment Needed For The Job,Be Handed By One Worker
Are Young Workers Especially At Risk?
Is Their Any Requirement To Lift Too Heavy Objects?
Medical Condition Of The Worker

Is There Any Special Risk?

First Aid

Aim:

To Preserve Life
Promote Recovery
Provide Treatment Of Minor Injuries That Do Not Require Medical Attention

Assessment Of First Aid Need Checklist:

Size Of The Organisation

Nature Of The Work
Types Of Hazards And Risk
The Nature And Distribution Of The Workforce
Past Accidents And Injuries Types
Travelling,Remote And Lone Workers
Need To Cover Absensce Of Firstaiders
Need To Train Person In Special Procedures

Workplace Emergencies
Types:

Fire
Hazardious Chemicals Spillage
Blast
Leakage Of Toxic Gases Etc.

Factors Of Erp (Emergency Response Plan):

Emergency Services Contact And Response Time

Appointed Persons To Deal With Emergency
Communication System
First Aid Or Medical Facilities
Evacuation Procedures
Effects On Surroundings Communities

Past Emergency Actions E.G. Media,Repair,Investigation

Element-5
Measuring,Audit And Review
Reasons For Monitoring:

Identify Sub-Standards Health And Safety Practices

Identify Trends
Compare Actual Performance Against Targets
To Benchmark
Identify Use And Effectiveness Of Control Measures
Make Decisions On Suitable Remedial Measures
Set Priorities And Establish Realistic Timescales
Assess Compliance With Legel Requirements
Provide Information To Board,Committee

Types Of Monitoring
1. Reactive Or Negative Monitoring
2. Proactive Or Positive Or Active Monitoring
Ro-Active Mopnitoring:

Safety Audit
Safety Inspections
Safety Surveys
Safety Tour
Safety Sampling
Benchmarking
Hazops
Health Surveillance
Performance Review

Re-Active Monitoring:a.) Examining Accident Figures

b.) Claims Records
c.) Other Reactive Monitoring Methods: Number Of Defects Reported Following Safety Inspection
Any Enforcement Action Against The Company
Prosecutions
Legel Mandates

Safety Audit
A Safety Audit Is A Thorough,Critical Examination Of An Organisations Safety Management Systems And
Procedures.It Is Normally A Lengthy Process Carried Out By A Trained Auditor,Often Someone Outside
The Organisation,Looking At The Strengths And Weakness Of The Organisation.
It Is A Structured Way Of Assessing The Health And Safety Performance Of An Organisation By Supplying
Answers To A Series Of Questions And Often Involves A Scoring System So That Improvements Can Be
Made.
Pre-Audit Preparation And Procedure:

Setting Audit Objectives

Selecting The Audit Team
Contact With Organisation Being Audited
Undertaking The Audit

Draw Conclusions
Report And Presentation
Actions By The Organisation

Safety Audit Documents

Documents Looked At During Audits Include:

Safety Policy
Risk Assessment Procedures
Safety Monitoring Procedures
Maintenance Records
Accident And Incident Reports
Health Surveillance Records
Training Records
Inspection Records
Previous Audit Reports

Internal Audits
Advantages:

Easier To Arrange
Lower Cost As The Organisation
Employees They May Not Feel So Threatened

Disadvantages:

Could Be Influenced By Internal Relationships

Conclusions May Not Be Taken Seriously
The Auditor May Make Assumptions

External Audits
Advantages:

Auditor Will Be Completely Independent

Auditor Will Ask Questions And Not Make Assumptions
Auditor In Indipendent And Unbaised
More Weight May Be Given To Their Conclusions

Disadvantages:

Require More Time To Organise

Be More Expensive
Employees May Feel More Threatened
Safety Inspections

A Safety Inspection Involves:

The Straightforward Observation Of A Workplace Or The Activities Or Equipment Within It

A Safety Inspection Is Usually Carried Out By A Manager,Employee,Representative And Safety
Advisor And Is Often Aided (Helped) By The Use Of A Checklist
It May Be Carried Out Routinely And Has The Aim Of Identifying Hazards And Assessing The Use
And Effectiveness Of Control Measures

Workplace Inspections
Limitations:

It Is Only A Snapshot In Time

Some Hazards Not Visible
Some Hazards Not Always Present During The Inspections And May Occur Later In The Process
Unsafe Practices May Not Occur During The Inspection If The Employees Know The Inspection Is
Taking Place

Types Of Inpections:

General Workplace Inspection

Statutory Inspection

Frequency Of Inspections:Depend Upon Purpose And Level Of Risk.

Competence Of Inspectors:

Knowledge Of Workplaceinspection And The Hazards Associated With The Procedures Etc.
Knowledge Of Hazards And Controls In The Workplace
Experience Of The Process
Training In Inspection Techniques
Good Communication And Writing Skills

Safety Inspection Checklist

Housekeeping

Electrical Safety
Provision And Use Of Ppe
Use And Storage Of Hazardous Substances
Manual Handling
Traffic Routes
Machinery
Internal Transport
Emergency Equipment
Welfare Facilities
Systems Of Work
Working Environment

Strenghts Of Using Checklists To Complete A Health And Safety Inspection

Enables Prior Preparation And Planning

More Structured And Systematic
Prevents Issues Being Overlooked
Ensures Consistent Approach
Immediate Record
Easy Method For Comparison And Audit

Weakness Of Checklist

Blinkered (Inflexible) Approach

Not Reviewed Or Updated To Account For Changes
Inspections Become Routine No Follow-Up Questions Asked
No Scope For Secondary Issues To Be Considered
Untrained Person Conducting Inspection
Inspection Procedure Leading To Human Error Or Abuse

In Summary Inspection Reports Can:

Identify Workplace Hazards

Introduce Control Measures
Involve Consultation With The Workforce
Benchmarking Improvements
Cover All Aspects Of The Workplace

Other Proactive Methods

Safety Surveys (Focusing On Particular Activities) May Be Carried Out By Specialists

Safety Tours (Where Unscheduled,Less Formal Workplace Inspections Are Carried Out To
Check On Issues Such As Housekeeping Or The Use Of Personal Protective Equipment)
Safety Sampling
Benchmarking
Hazard And Operability Studies (Formal Critical Examination Of The Process At The Design
State
Performance Review

Does The Organisation?

Achieve Its Health And Safety Objectives

Implement Effective Risk Controls
Ensure The Effectiveness Of Training,Communication And Consultation Programmes
Learn From Management System Failures
Meet Legal Standards
Reduce The Risk Of Accidents And Ill Health

Incident Investigation,Recording And Reporting

Direct Cause:Immediate:The Unsafe Act Or Condition That Results In An Accident Or Incident.

Root/Underlying Cause:The Failure Of Procedures,Management Systems That Have Resulted In The Unsafe Act Or
Condition.

Ilo Definitions

Occupational Accident:An Occurance Arrising Out Of Or In The Course Of Work That Results In A Fatal Or Non-Fatal
Occupational Injury.

Occupational Injury:Death,Any Personal Injury Or Disease Resulting From An Occupational Accident.

Commuting (Travel) Accident:-

An Accident Resulting In Occupational Injury Involving Loss Of Working Time Occuring On

The Direct Way Between The Place Of Work.

Accidents:All Accidents Have Causes And Effects.Causes Can Generally Be Controlled But Effects Are As
A Result Of Luck.

Types Fo Causes

Fork Lift Truck Scenario Immediate/Direct Causes:

Cornering Too Fast

Hitting Obstructions
Driving On Uneven Gruond
Turning On Slopes
Moving With Load Elevated
Driving With Unstable Load/Excessive Load
Collision With Another Vehicle
Faulty Truck
Poor Road Surface/Lighting
Driving Under The Influence Of Drink Or Drugs

Causes Of Accidents
1.

2.

3.

Individual And Job Factors:Unclear Lines Of Responsibility

Poor Supervision
Lack Of Information,Instruction And Training
Ineffective Communication
Unsafe Acts:Misuse Of Equipment
Not Following Safe Procedures
Unsafe Conditions:Poor Housekeeping
Poor Design And Construction

Categories Of Accidents:

Slips,Trips,Falls On Same Level

Falls Fromheight
Struck By Moving /Falling Object
Collision With Objects
Trapping/Crushing Under Or Between Objects
Manual Handling
Electricity
Using Hand Tools
Struck By Vehicles
Contact With Chemicals
Amphyxiation/Drowning
Violence
Accident Prevention

Accident Prevention Is The Technique Of Anticipating And Controlling Events So That Accidents Are
Eliminated And The Subsequent Costs In Time And Money Are Avoided.

Fank Birds Theory

Out Of 641 Accidents
1=Major Injury
10=Minor Injury
30=Property Damage
600=Critical Incidents (Near Misses)
Benefits Of Collecting Near Miss Data

To Identify Underlying Causes Which May Allow Preventative Action To Be Taken Before
Something More Serious Occurs
Gives Message To Workforce That All Failures Are Taken Seriously Not Just Those Leading To
Injury
Generally Accepted Near Misses Greatly Out Number Accidents And Con Therfore Produce More
Data From Which A Greater Understanding Of The Deficiencies In Manegement Systems Can Be
Identified And Rectified.

Principles Of Prevention

Avoid Risk
Evaluate Risks
Combat Risks At Source
Adapt To Individual
Avoid Piecework
Adapt To Technical Progress
Replacing The Dangerous
Developing A Coherent Overall Prevention Policy

Preventive Strategy

Safe Place Strategy:Equipment/Access/Egress

Materials (Articles/Substances)/Environment
Safe Person Strategy:Information,Instruction And Training
Safe Behaviour
Awareness,Knowledge,Competence
Supervision
Health Surveillance

Safe Systems Strategy

Policies And Standards

Rules
Procedures
Safe System Of Work
Permits To Work
Clear Lines Of Responsibility
Accident Investigation And Analysis
Emergency Preparedness

Aims Of Accident Investigation

Determine Cause To Prevent Recurrence

Identify Weakness In Management Systems
Identify Weakness In Risk Assessment
Demonstrate Manegement Commitment
Comply With Countrys Legal Requirements
Collect Data To Establish Trends
Prevent Future Business Losses
Provide Information For Civil/Criminal Actions
Provide Information To Insurance Company

Immediate And Longer Term Actions After An Accident

First Aid For Injured Party

Calling Medical Assistance If Necessary
Make Area Safe
Isolation Of The Accident Scene
Implement Emergency Plan
Report To Enforcing Authority If Necessary
Identification Of Witness
Full Invetigation To Determine Root Cause
Making Reccomendations
Implementing Corrective Action

Preparation Before Investigation

Who Should Be Involved And Depth Of Investigation

Accident Scene Untouched
Collect Relevant Existing Documents
Identifying Who Are Witness
Have Legal Requirements Been Met?

Any Equipment Needed?

Method To Be Adopted
Style Of Report And Who Should Receive It.

Investigation Team

Line Managers:Knowledge Of The Process.

Supervisor:Also Has The Knowledge Of The Process.

Safety Representative:Has Legel Right.

Safety Practitioner:To Advise On Health And Safety.

Engineer:Advice On Technical Matters.

Senoir Managers From Different Departments

Invetigation Equipments

Camera
Writing Materials
Investigation Forms
Measuring Tape
Area Plans
Protective Equipment
A Check List

Four Steps To Investigation

1.
2.
3.
4.

Gather The Information

Analyse The Information
Identify The Risk Control Measures
The Action Plan And Its Implementation

Gather The Information

What Activities Were Being Carried Out?

Was There Anything Unusual?
Were There Adequate Safe Working Procedures?
Were They Being Followed?
Was The Risk Known?If So Why No Controlled?
Did The Organisation And Arrangement Of The Work Influence The Accident?
Was Maintenance And Cleaning Sufficient?
Was The Safety Equipment Sufficient?

Gather The Information

Materials:- Materials Or Substances.

Equipment:- Tools,Vehicles,Machinery Etc.
Environment:- Lighting,Temperature Etc.
People:- Human Error,Inexperience,Training.

Other Factors:

Nature Of The Work E.G. Routine

Specialist Examination
Medical Reports
Interviews/Witness Statement
Dont Dismiss Contradictory Evidence

Documents:

Risk Assessments
Safety Systems Of Work
Incident/Accident History
Training Records
Maintenance Records
Euipment Instructions
Monitoring,E.G. Dust,Noise
Supervision
Inspection Reports

Analyse The Information

Analysis Should Determine:

Cause Of Injury
Immediate/Direct Causes
Root/ Underlying Causes
Root Cause Analysis:Entire Chain Of Events Is Evaluated To Find Root Causes As Well As The Immediate Cause

Root Causes Are Safety System Inadequacies

Personal Factors
Physical Or Mental Condition,Skills,Knowledge Etc.
Job Factors
Equipment,Workplace Conditions
Recommendation May Include:Policies
Equipment
Training

Identify The Risk Control Mesures

There May Be:

Control Measures In Place That Were Not Used

Control Measures Inplace That Failed
Combinations Of The Above

Measures Shoul Be Evaluated For:

Their Ability To Prevent Recurrences

Whether They Are Practical
Whether They Will Remain Effective
Whether They Will Be Used

Take Action

Involve Senior Management

Highest Priority Risks Control Measures Implemented First
Lower Risks Control Measure In Order Of Priority
Specific Senior Manager In Charge Of Implementation

Report To Management

The Investigation Is Not Complete Until A Report Is Prepared And Submitted With Follwing Information:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Who-The Injured Person

When-Date And Time
Where-Location Details
What-Type Of Accident And Nature Of Injury
How-Details Of Events
Why-Analysis Of Cause
Recommendations
Documentation
Reference To Possible Breaches Of Law

Collecting And Recording Data

Incidents/Accidents
Incident/Accident Or Near Miss Reports
Reports To Enforcing Authorities
Riddor (Reporting Of Injuries,Diseases And Dangerous Occurances Regulations) Reports

Work Related Ill Health

Sickness Absence Reports
Health Surveillance
Medical Diagnosis From Outside Organisation

Analysing Data

Category Of Person Affected

Injury Type
Part Of Body Injured
Severity Of Injury
Age/Sex Of Person
Work Activity
Shift/Time Of Day
Location Of Accident

Severity Rate:The Average Length Of Time Taken Off Work As The Result Of Accidents.
Communicating Data

Safety Committees
Team Briefings
Company Magazines
Board Meetings
Performance Reviews For Mangers
Annual Reports

Benefits Of Using Accident Data

a) Shows Patterns And Tends
Pattern=Repeated Events
Trend= A Line Of General Direction
b)
c)
d)
e)

Identify Weakness In Procedures

Prioritise Safety Measures
Identify Areas For Improvement
Set Targets For Reduction
Reporting Of Accidents

Ilo Require Each Govt. To Nominate:Competent Authority Who Should Implement A Polciy For:

The Recording,Notification And Investigation Of Occupational Accidents And Diseases

Thre Recording,Notification And Investigation Of Commuting Accidents,Dangerous Occurances
And Incidents
Compilation,Analyse And Publication Of Statistics Or Such Accidents,Diseases And Dangerous
Occurances
Establish Procedure For Employees To Ensure Information On Accidents Is Maintained

Also Many Countries Require Reporting Of Certain Types Of Injury,Diseases, Dangerous

Occurances And Commuting Accidents.

Example Of Reportable Events

Injuries:Death,Fracture,Armputations Etc.

Diseases:Dermatitis,Asthma,Lung Diseases

Dangerous Occurances:Collapse Of Cranes,Contact With Overhead Power Lines Etc.

Commuting Accidents

Reasons For Failure To Report Accidents

Ignorance Of Procedures
Peer Pressure
Preserve Accident Record
Over Complicated Procedures
Lack Of Management Response
Avoid Receiving First Aid/Medical
Management Retribution