Solutions to Exercises of Complex Analysis
MECH 2007
Note: The remarks in this document are just for the purpose of interpretation, and should not be
considered as part of the solutions mistakenly. Any typos or errors in this solution set can be reported to
me at fshizhou@[Link].
(P1) Verify that the real and imaginary parts of these functions satisfy the Cauthy-Riemann equations:
(a) f (z) = z 4
(b) f (z) = sin z
(c) f (z) = cosh z
(d) f (z) = ez
Solution to (P1):
(a) Since z = x + iy, f (z) = z 4 ,
f (z) = (x + iy)4
= C40 x4 (iy)0 + C41 x3 (iy)1 + C42 x2 (iy)2
+ C43 x1 (iy)3 + C44 x0 (iy)4
= x4 + 4x3 yi 6x2 y 2 4xy 3 i + y 4
= (x4 6x2 y 2 + y 4 ) + (4x3 y 4xy 3 )i.
Then u(x, y) = x4 6x2 y 2 + y 4 , v(x, y) = 4x3 y 4xy 3 . To check the Cauchy-Riemann equations,
note that
ux =
vy =
uy =
vx =
u
= 4x3 12xy 2 ,
x
v
= 4x3 12xy 2 ,
y
u
= 12x2 y + 4y 3 ,
y
v
= 12x2 y 4y 3 .
x
It is seen that ux = vy , uy = vx , thus the Cauthy-Riemann equations are verified.
Trigonometric functions
exp z = exp x(cos y + i sin y),
exp (iz) + exp (iz)
cos z =
,
2
exp (iz) exp (iz)
sin z =
,
2i
exp z + exp (z)
cosh z =
,
2
exp z exp (z)
sinh z =
,
2
and thus
cos z = cosh (iz),
sinh (iz) = i sin z.
(b) Since z = x + iy, f (z) = sin z and cos z = cosh iz, sinh iz = i sin z, we have
f (z) = sin z = sin(x + iy)
= sin (x) cos (iy) + cos (x) sin (iy)
= sin (x) cosh (y) + i cos (x) sinh (y).
Thus, u(x, y) = sin (x) cosh (y), v(x, y) = cos (x) sinh (y), and it has
ux = cos (x) cosh (y), vy = cos (x) cosh (y);
uy = sin (x) sinh (y), vx = sin (x) sinh (y).
The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied.
(c) Since f (z) = cosh (z) and cosh (z) =
exp (z)+exp (z)
,
2
we have
exp (z) + exp(z)
2
exp (x + iy) + exp (x iy)
2
1
[exp (x)(cos (y) + i sin (y))
2
exp (x)(cos (y) i sin (y))]
1
[(exp (x) + exp (x)) cos (y)
2
i(exp (x) exp (x)) sin (y)]
f (z) = cosh (z) =
=
=
+
=
+
= cosh (x) cos (y) + i sinh (x) sin (y).
(1)
Thus, u(x, y) = cosh (x) cos (y), v(x, y) = sinh (x) sin (y), we have
ux = sinh (x) cos (y), vy = sinh (x) cos (y)
uy = cosh (x)sin(y), vx = cosh (x) sin (y),
which shows that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied.
2
(2)
(d) Since z = x + iy, f (z) = ez , we have
f (z) = ez = ex+iy
= ex (cos y + i sin y)
= ex cos y + iex sin y.
(3)
Thus, u(x, y) = ex cos y, v(x, y) = ex sin y, we have
ux = ex cos y, vy = ex cos y
uy = ex sin y, vx = ex sin y,
which shows that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied.
(P2) Solve the following equations using polar forms
(a) z 3 = 8
(b) z 4 + 1 = 0
(c) z 6 = 1
Solution to (P2):
(a) Note that the polar representation is z = r(cos + i sin ), and the N -th root of z is
+ 2n
+ 2n
1/N
1/N
) + i sin(
) ,
z
= r
cos(
N
N
n = 0, 1, . . . , (N 1).
For z 3 = 8,
z 3 = 8 [cos (2n) + i sin (2n)], n = 0, 1, 2.
Then,
z = 81/3 [cos (
2n
2n
) + i sin (
)], n = 0, 1, 2.
3
3
(b) Since z 4 = 1 = 1 (cos ( + 2n) + i sin ( + 2n)), then,
( + 2n)
( + 2n)
+ i sin
)
4
4
( + 2n)
( + 2n)
= cos
+ i sin
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4
4
z = 11/4 (cos
(c) Since z 6 = 1 = 1 (cos (0 + 2n) + i sin (0 + 2n)), then,
(2n)
(2n)
+ i sin
)
6
6
(2n)
(2n)
= cos
+ i sin
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
6
6
z = 11/6 (cos
(P3) Evaluate the integral by
(a) parametric representations and
3
(4)
(b) indefinite integration
Z
z 2 dz
C is the line segment jointing 0 and 1 + i. Verify that the two methods agree.
Solution to (P3)
(a) We take the parametric representation as x = t, y = t, dx/dt = 1, dy/dt = 1, and get
Z
(t + it)2 (1 + i)dt
0
Z 1
3
t2 dt
= (1 + i)
z 2 dz =
1
= (1 + i)3 t3 |10
3
1
3
=
(1 + i)
3
2(i 1)
=
.
3
(b) Infefinite integration. We have
Z
z 3 1+i
|
3 0
(1 + i)3
3
2(i 1)
.
3
z 2 dz =
=
=
The results obtained by two different methods agree.
(P4) (Cauchys theorem and integral formula)
Evaluate the integrals
(a) C is the circle |z| = 2, counterclockwise
I
C
dz
zi
(b) C consists of |z| = 1 (counterclockwise) and |z| = 3 (clockwise)
I
cos zdz
z
C
(c) C is |z + i| = 1 (counterclockwise)
I
C
dz
+1
z2
(d) C is |z| = 1/4 (clockwise)
I
C
(e) C is the circle |z| = 1/2 (counterclockwise)
I
C
(2z + 1)dz
z2 + z
(3z + 1)dz
z3 z
4
Solution to (a): Since the point z = i is inside the closed circle C, we have, by the Cauchys formual,
that
I
dz
= 2i 1 = 2i.
C zi
Solution to (b): Denote |z| = 1 (counterclockwise) as C1 , and |z| = 3 (counterclockwise) as C2 . Since
the point z = 0 is inside the closed circle C1 , C2 , we have, by the Cauchys formula, that
I
I
I
cos zdz
cos zdz
cos zdz
=
z
z
z
C1
C2
C
= 2i cos 0 2i cos 0 = 0.
(5)
Solution to (c):
1
1
1
=
,
z2 + 1
zi z+i
Here z0 = i, so that z z0 = z + i, thus f (z) =
I
1
zi
dz
= 2i f (i)
z+i
1
zi
= 2i
1
= .
2i
(6)
Solution to (d):
(2z + 1)
(2z + 1) 1
=
,
2
z +z
z+1
z
Here z0 = 0, so that z z0 = z, thus f (z) =
I
C
(2z+1)
z+1
f (z)dz
z0
= 2i f (0)
= 2i 1 = 2i.
(7)
Solution to (e):
(3z + 1)
(3z + 1) 1
= 2
,
3
z z
z 1 z
Here z0 = 0, so that z z0 = z, thus f (z) =
I
C
(3z+1)
z 2 1
f (z)dz
z
= 2if (0)
= 2i (1) = 2i.
(P5) (Cauthys integral formula)
Evaluate
I
C
(z 2 + 1)dz
z2 1
when C is circle (counterclockwise sense) with radius 1 and centre at
(a) z = 1
(b) z = 1/2
(c) z = 1 + i/2
(d) z = i
5
(8)
Solution to (P5):
Solution to (a):
(z 2 + 1)
z2 + 1
1
=
2
z 1
z+1 z1
Here z0 = 1, so that z z0 = z 1, thus f (z) =
I
C
z 2 +1
z+1
(z 2 + 1)dz
z2 1
= 2i f (1)
= 2i 1 = 2i.
(9)
Solution to (b): As the case of (a), the point z = 1 is also inside the closed circle C centre at z = 1/2,
then by the Cauchys integral formula
(z 2 + 1)
z2 + 1
1
=
2
z 1
z+1 z1
Here z0 = 1, so that z z0 = z 1, thus f (z) =
I
C
z 2 +1
z+1
(z 2 + 1)dz
z2 1
= 2i f (1)
= 2i 1 = 2i.
(10)
Solution to (c): The point z = 1 is inside the closed circle C centre at z = 1 + i/2, then by the
Cauchys integral formula
z2 + 1
1
(z 2 + 1)
=
2
z 1
z1 z+1
z 2 +1
z1
Here z0 = 1, so that z z0 = z + 1, thus f (z) =
I
C
(z 2 + 1)dz
z2 1
= 2i f (1)
= 2i (1) = 2i.
(11)
Solution to (d): Both the point z = 1 and z = 1 are outside the closed circle C centre at z = i,
then by the Cauchys theorem
I
C
(z 2 + 1)dz
= 0.
z2 1
(P6) Evaluate
(a) C is any contour enclosing i
I
C
cos zdz
(z i)2
(b) C is any contour enclosing i
I
C
(z 4 3z 2 + 6)dz
(z + i)3
(c) C is any contour enclosing 1 but excludes 2i
I
C
ez dz
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 4)
6
Solution to (P6):
R
Solution to (a): By the Cauthys formula for derivatives, (i. e., C
f (z)
dz
(zz0 )n+1
2i
n!
have
I
C
d
cos zdz
= 2i (cos z)|z=i = 2 sinh .
2
(z i)
dz
Solution to (b): By the Cauthys formula for derivatives, we have
I
(z 4 3z 2 + 6)dz
2i d2 4
=
(z 3z 2 + 6)|z=i
3
2
(z
+
i)
2!
dz
C
2i
=
(12z 2 6)|z=i
2
= 18i.
Solution to (c): By the Cauthys formula for derivatives, we have
z
I
ez dz
e
2i d
=
2
2
2
1! dz z + 4 z=1
C (z 1) (z + 4)
2i ez (z 2 2z + 4)
=
1
(z 2 + 4)2
z=1
6ei
=
.
25
(P7) Evaluate
I
I=
C
ez dz
(z 2)(z + 4)
where C is the circle with centre 0, radius 3 and in a counterclockwise direction.
ez
Solution to (P7): Take f (z) = (z+4)
, then by the Cauthys integral formula, we have
I
I=
C
ez dz
(z 2)(z + 4)
= 2i f (2)
= 2i
=
e2
6
e2 i
.
3
dn f
dz n z=z
) we
0
(12)
