1
Implementation
CRM, SAP, SCM.
Multi user
Information
Access & Quick
Access to
information
Internet and
Multimedia
2
Drivers: quality data
and superior data
management
Volume
Velocity
Variety
Value
Standard Disk
Mirrored Disk
1991
Remote Mirror
1994
Data are split onto
different disks for
performance increase:
performances depend
on information unit
size vs stripe size
No redundancy added
Cost is limited (no
additional hardware)
Data are replicated on
multiple disks for
redundancy
Increase of cost
proportional to the
amount of
redundancy
More complex
algorithm to manage
multiple copies
6
2b
4b
6b
8b
1b
3b
5b
6b
Mirroring with Striping
Good fault tolerance
Disk Space Available = Disk Drives / 2
1a
5a
9a
13a
2a
6a
10a
14a
2b
4b
6b
8b
3a
7a
11a
15a
2b
4b
6b
8b
4a
8a
12a
16a
Data protection via
ECC (Error Correction
Control code)
Good redundancy
Performance not
changed for reads
but lower for writes
since the ECC need
to be calculated
Cost is only 1 extra
disk for the entire
logical array
8
RAID-0; stripping
No Protection
Best Performance
Least Cost
RAID-1 ; Mirroring
Best Protection
Good Performance
Most Expensive
9
Direct Attached Storage storage
hardware that connects to a single
server
10
Drawback of DAS
For servers, is usually implemented using SCSI
(small computer system interface):
SCSI commands can be issued over Ethernet, Fibre Channel, or
over standard SCSI parallel cables
SCSI cables have a 25-meter length limitation
Server capacity can be bottleneck when too
many users try to access the same data.
Access speed: Slow
11
12
Network
Attached
Storage -
connects
multiple servers
to a pool of
storage over a
network
13
14
NAS (Network Attached Storage)
NAS has disk array & other devices connected to
the network through traditional LAN interface.
Highly scalable especially in heterogeneous
environment
Is relatively easy to install
Advantage: no distance limitation
Drawbacks: Speed and Latency, Network
Constraints if any (like Bandwidth : limitation)
Weakness: Security
15
More flexible and dynamic
16
Storage Area
Network -
connects
multiple servers
to a pool of
storage over a
private network
17
Is itself a network
Is composed of storage devices that other
computers--servers or clients--can access
Interface used is Fibre Channel (FC)
Maximum 16 million devices can be connected
Data Transfer rates up to 2Gbps
Highly reliable & Provides a single point of
control
18
19
19
NAS IP-SAN (iSCSI)
Internal Access File Level Block Level
Flexibility Bad Good
Scalability Poor High
Protocol NFS/CIFS/AFP iSCSI
Performance Low High
Suitability Small Files Big Files
Share Concept Data Sharing Storage Sharing
Difference of iSCSI , NAS - 2
INDIAN SCENARIO 2000
NETWORK
STORAGE
DIRECT
STORAGE
INDIAN SCENARIO 2005
NETWORK
STORAGE
DIRECT
STORAGE
20
Movement towards Network Storage
Source: Express Computer, J uly 31st
84%
43%
21
22
Uses two lasers on a liquid-crystal panel
When two beams intersect, they create a hologram
with data on the overlap region of the storage
medium
Capacity of upto 1TB in sugar cube size crystal
Transfer rates expected to go as high as 1GB/sec
Used Blue-Green argon laser to read and write
Leads to faster access time (about 1GB/sec)
IBM Research has tested lithium niobate as a
potential candidate for making media
23
http://www.colossalstorage.net/
24
Developed by Blu-ray Disc Association and Sony for
high definition movie and video recording
Short blue-violet 405nm wavelength encoding
High storage capacity 25-50GB
Disc Life of 10-15 years
Low cost per GB
Other Competitors are Forward Versatile Disc
(Taiwan-9.8 GB), Enhanced Video Disc (China)
25
Blu-Ray DVD/ HD-DVD
Very High data capacity, single
layer 27GB, double layer 50GB
Uses Blue laser (405nm) to
read and write against red
laser (650nm)
26
BD/DVD/CD Format Comparison
Characteristic BD DVD CD
Capacity
12 cm: 25GB (SL), 50
GB (DL), 8cm:
7.79(SL), 15.58
(DL)
12 cm: 4.7 GB (SL), 8.5
GB (DL), 8 cm:
1.46 (SL), 2.66 GB
(DL)
12 cm: 700 MB
8cm: 185 MB
Wavelength (nm) 405 (blue) 650 (red) 780 (infared)
Numerical aperture
(NA)
0.85 0.60 0.50
Laser spot size (m) 0.58 1.32 2.11
Track pitch (m) 0.32 0.74 1.6
Minimum pit/mark
length (m)
0.149 0.4 0.8
Areal density (Gb/in
2
) 14.73 2.77 0.41
Channel bit rate
(Mbps/sec)
66.000 26.16 4.3218
User data rate
(Mbps/sec)
35.965 (data), 53.948
(movie)
11.08 (data), 10.08
(video)
1.2288
Application formats
ROM, BD-R/RE AV,
BD-ROM
AV (HDMV,
BD-J )
ROM, DVD-V, DVD-A,
DVDVR, DVD-
AR, DVD-SR,
DVD-ENAV
ROM, DA, VCD, SVCD,
CD-i, CD+G/M
27
Idea is store a bit on a single molecule
Rotaxane is researched as a potential molecule
Technology promises areal density of 1 10 GB/in
2
