Class 5: Waves
January 31, 2014
Physics 1402, Spring 2014
Standing Wave: review
How to make a standing
wave with a string?
Nodes at both ends
caused by boundary
conditions
Traveling wave and
reflected wave add
(superpose) to create
intermediate nodes if
length is nl/2
Problem
Consider a string with a length of 1.00 m, a tension
of 200.0 N and a mass density of 10.0 g/m. What is
the fundamental frequency?
(a) 35.4 Hz
(b) 70.7 Hz
(c) 141.4 Hz
(d) 282.8 Hz
(e) 379.1 Hz
Problem
Consider a string with a length of 1.00 m, a tension
of 200.0 N and a mass density of 10.0 g/m. What is
the fundamental frequency?
chapter 22
Interference
Superposition
t
+1
-1
t
+1
-1
t
+2
-2
+
Constructive Interference
In Phase
Superposition
t
+1
-1
t
+1
-1
t
+2
-2
+
Destructive Interference
Out of Phase
180 degrees
Superposition?
+
Different f
1) Constructive 2) Destructive 3) Neither
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Superposition
+
Different f
1) Constructive 2) Destructive 3) Neither
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Requirements for Interference
Need two (or more) waves
same frequency
coherent
(i.e. waves must have definite phase relation)
Interference for Light
Difficult to produce coherent light from
separate sources. (f ! 10
14
Hz)
Single source
Two different paths
Interference possible here
Usual: two waves from single source taking
two different paths, for example:
Two slits
Reflection (thin films)
Double Slit (Young)
Screen a distance L from slits
Single source of
monochromatic light "
d
2 slits separated by d
1) Constructive
2) Destructive
3) Depends on L
The rays start in phase, and travel
the same distance, so they will
arrive in phase.
L
Light waves from a single source travel through 2 slits
before meeting on a screen. The interference will be:
Screen a distance
L from slits
Single source of
monochromatic
light "
d
2 slits-
separated by d
1) Constructive
2) Destructive
3) Depends on L
The rays start out of phase, and
travel the same distance, so they
will arrive out of phase.
L
! " shift
The experiment is modified so that one of the waves has
its phase shifted by ! ". Now, the interference will be:
Double Slit Concept
Screen a distance L from slits
Single source of
monochromatic light "
d
2 slits-separated by d
L
At points where the
difference in path
length is 0, ",2", ,
the screen is bright.
(constructive)
At points where the difference in
path
length is
the screen is dark. (destructive)
!
2
5
,
2
3
,
2
! ! !
Double Slit Key Idea
L
Two rays travel almost exactly the same distance. (usually very
far away: L >> d)
Bottom ray travels a little farther.
Key for interference is this small extra distance.
d
Path length difference =
d
!
Youngs Double Slit Quantitative
!
!
Destructive interference
dsin! = (m+
1
2
)"
Constructive interference
dsin! = m"
where m = 0, or 1, or 2, ...
d sin #
Need " < d
d
Destructive interference
dsin! = (m+
1
2
)"
Constructive interference
dsin! = m"
where m = 0, or 1, or 2, ...
y
sin(#) ! tan(#) = y/L
d
L m
y
!
=
d
L m
y
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
+
=
2
1
!
L
!
Geometry:
d
L
!
y
!
!
A double slit experiment is placed under water.
The separation y between minima and maxima
1) increases
2) same
3) decreases
d
L
!
y
!
!
A double slit experiment is placed under water. The
separation y between minima and maxima
1) increases 2) same 3) decreases
Under water " decreases so y decreases
27% 21% 52%
In the Young double slit experiment, is it possible to see
interference maxima when the distance between slits is
smaller than the wavelength of light?
1) Yes 2) No
Need: d sin # = m " => sin # = m " / d
If " > d then " / d > 1
so sin # > 1
Not possible!
Thin Film Interference
n
1
(thin film)
n
2
n
0
=1.0 (air)
t
1
2
Get two waves by reflection off of two
different interfaces.
Ray 2 travels approximately 2t further than ray 1.
Reflection + Phase Shifts
n
1
n
2
Upon reflection from a boundary between two
transparent materials, the phase of the reflected light
may change.
If n
1
> n
2
- no phase change upon reflection.
If n
1
< n
2
- phase change of 180 upon reflection.
(equivalent to the wave shifting by "/2.)
Incident wave
Reflected wave
Thin Film Summary
n
1
(thin film)
n
2
n = 1.0 (air)
t
1
2
Ray 1: $
1
= 0 or !
Determine $, number of extra wavelengths for each ray.
If |($
2
$
1
)| = ! , 1 !, 2 ! . (m + !) destructive
If |($
2
$
1
)| = 0, 1, 2, 3 . (m) constructive
Note: this is
wavelength in
film! ("
film
= "
o
/n
1
)
+ 2 t/ "
film
Reflection
Distance
Ray 2: $
2
= 0 or !
+ 0
This is important!
Did you know?
You should never get immersion oil on
microscope lenses that arent designed for it!
The oil is a thin film that can create light and dark spots all
over your image!
(and it is really hard to clean off ! )
Thin Film Practice
n
glass
= 1.5
n
water
= 1.3
n = 1.0 (air)
t
1
2
$
1
= !
$
2
= 0 + 2t / "
glass
= 2t n
glass
/ "
0
= 1
Blue light ("
%
= 500 nm) incident on a glass (n
glass
= 1.5) cover slip (t = 167
nm) floating on top of water (n
water
= 1.3).
Is the interference constructive or destructive or neither?
Phase shift = $
2
$
1
= ! wavelength
Reflection at air-film interface only
CT: Thin Film
n
glass
=1.5
n
plastic
=1.8
n=1 (air)
t
1
2
$
1
= !
$
2
= ! + 2t / "
glass
= ! + 2t n
glass
/ "
0
= ! + 1
Blue light " = 500 nm
incident on a thin film
(t = 167 nm) of glass
on top of plastic. The
interference is:
(1) constructive
(2) destructive
(3) neither
Phase shift = $
2
$
1
= 1 wavelength
Reflection at both interfaces!
Q: interference from two slits
diffraction (another form of interference) from a single slit.
Can we see both interference and diffraction from a pair of slits?
Answer: Yes!
one slit,
diffraction
two slits,
interference
& diffraction
Central max
Diffraction Grating:
An interference device with N equally spaced slits
Successive slits have path difference d sin# to a point on the screen
Bright fringes occur for m" = d sin#
Effect of large N is to make the fringes very narrow (and bright!)
dsin#
d
Measure # -> find "
Addition of E fields: (N slits)
E
m
sin (kx - &t)
0
a
d
d+a
2d
2d+a
3d
3d+a
(N-1)d
(N-1)d+a
"
y
r
o
r(y)
ysin#
y
P
(slits are very far from the screen!)
) sin( ) ( ! "
#
+ = t E P E
final result :
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
!
"
#
$
%
&
=
'
'
(
(
)
sin
sin sin N
N
E
E
m
X Ray diffraction
History:
Lawrence Bragg
The Braggs:
Nobel Prize 1915
X Ray diffraction
Bragg law:
Constructive
interference
at some
angles
Bragg law: n " = 2 d Sin #
n = number of layers (order)
d = distance between plates
" = wavelength of X ray
# = Angle of constructive interference
X Ray diffraction
Example: The smallest angle of Bragg scattering in
KCl is 28.4
o
, for 0.3 nm x rays. Find the distance
between atomic plates in potassium chloride.
Solution: m " = 2 d Sin #
m = number of layers (order) = 1
" = wavelength of X ray = 0.30 x 10
-9
m
# = Angle of constructive interference = 28.4
d = distance between plates = ?
d = m " / 2 Sin # = 0.32 x 10
-9
m
X-ray crystallography
Max Perutz!
Photonic crystal demo
Electron crystallography
d
Constructive interference
dsin! = m"
where m = 0, or 1, or 2, ...
y
d
L m
y
!
=
!
L
!
d
green light: f = 560 THz.
what is the slit spacing?
A) 1 mm
B) 1 yoctometer
C) 0.25 mm
D) 0
y
!
L
!
