1

SESSION 4
FRAMING (SHEAR)
CONNECTIONS
CONTINUED
2
Bolted / Bolted Double Angles
1
1
4
"
3"
3"
1
1
4
"
W14x30 A992
t
w
= 0.27 in.
1
2
"
1
2
"
3"
2L 5 x 3 x 5/16 x 0'-8 1/2A36
3/4 A325-N Bolts
3
Bolted / Bolted Double Angles
Eccentricity not considered in these
connections
No New Limit States
4
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
2L 3 x 3 x 5/16 x 0'-8 1/2"
W14x30
A992
tw = 0.27 in.
A36
8
1
2
"
2"
4"
Return
@ Top
1/4"
3/4 A325-N Bolts
E70XX
Knife Connection
5
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
Knife Connection
Beam to Column Flange
Bottom Cope to Permit Erection
New Limit States:
Coped Beam Web Strength at
Tension Flange
Weld Strength on OSLs (OutStanding Legs)
6
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
Coped Beam Web Strength at
Tension Flange
V
n
=
b
F
y
S
net
/ e

b
= 0.9
S
net
from Table 9-2
4"
2"
W14x30
7
Vn /2
L/6
e
L
CL
Web
O
Tension, ft
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
Weld Strength on OSLs(use elastic method of analysis)
8
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
( (( ( ) )) )
2
n
t
n
t
o
n
v
L
e V
1.8 f
e
2
V
L
3
2
L
6
5
f
2
1
0 M
L
2 V
f



, ,, ,
_ __ _




, ,, ,
_ __ _






Vn /2
L/6
e
L
CL
Web
O
Tension, f
t
9
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
2 2
2
n
2 2
2
n
2
v
2
t w
e 12.9 L
D) (1.392 L 2
V
e 12.9 L
L 2
V

f f f
+ ++ +

+ ++ +
+ ++ +
Vn /2
L/6
e
L
CL
Web
O
Tension, f
t
10
Bolted / Welded Double Angles
Example: Calculate V
n
based on the weld
fracture strength of the OSLs
e = 3 + 0.27/2 =3.135 in.
L = 8.5 in.
3/4 A325-N Bolts
E70XX
2L 3 x 3 x 5/16 x 0'-8 1/2"
W14x30
A992
t
w
= 0.27 in.
A36
8
1
2
"
2"
e
Return
@ Top
1/4"
11
Bolted / Welded Double Angles Example
Note: Weld returns at top of angles have
been neglected
k 57.0
(3.135) 12.9 5 . 8
4) (1.392 (8.5) 2

e 12.9 L
D) (1.392 L 2
V
2 2
2
2 2
2
n

+ ++ +


+ ++ +

12
Single Plate
SHEAR TAB OR SINGLE
PLATE
13
M
w
= V
u
e
w
M
b
= V
u
e
b
Shear Tab or Single Plate
M
w
M
b
Bolt
Line
e
b
e
w
a
14
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Rotation is obtained by
bolts plowing the
plate (bearing
deformation in plate),
which requires limiting
the plate thickness
Single Plate
15
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Geometric Limitations:
t
p
< d
b
/2 + 1/16
L
h
> 1 1/2 in.
L
v
> 1 1/2 in.
2 1/2 in. < a < 3 1/2 in.
2 < n = No. of Bolts < 9
L > T/2
Plate Material: A36 Steel
a
L
L
v
2@3"
L
h
16
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Eccentricities depend on:
i) Connected Element
Rigid
Flexible
ii) Hole Type
Standard
Short Slots
17
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Rigid Elements:
Column Flange
Girder w/ Plates on Both Sides
Concrete Wall
Flexible Elements
Girder Web on One Side
Note: Not recommended for column webs.
18
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Flexible Support /
Standard Holes
e
b
= |(n - 1) a| > a
Flexible Support /
Short Slotted Holes
e
b
= |(2n/3) a| > a
a
e
b
Bolt
Line
19
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Rigid Support /
Standard Holes
e
b
= |(n - 1) a|
Rigid Support /
Short Slotted Holes
e
b
= |(2n/3) a|
a
e
b
Bolt
Line
20
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Weld Strength
E70XX Electrode
Weld Size > 3/4 t
p
on each side
Weld size is then sufficient to develop plate
in tension yielding
21
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Plate Limit States:
Shear Yielding
Shear Rupture
Block Shear
Bearing / Tear Out
Plate Buckling
22
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Plate Buckling
t
p
> L / 64 1/4 in.
L
Compression
23
Shear Tab or Single Plate
Example: Determine required plate and
weld sizes.
W14x30
tw = 0.27 in
T = 12 in.
Vu = 40 k
E70XX
3/4 in. A325-N Bolts
24
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
Try 3 3/4 in. A325-N Bolts
V
n
= (0.75 x 48 x 0.4418) (3)
= 15.9 x 3
= 47.7 k > V
u
= 40 k
Try 1/4 in. plate
Maximum Plate Thickness
= d/2 + 1/16 = 3/8 + 1/16 = 0.4375 in.
25
Plate Geometry
Check Plate
Buckling
L / 64 = 9 / 64
= 0.14 < 1/4 OK
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
2@3"
9" > T/2
1
1
2
"
1
1
2
"
3"
1
1
2
"
26
Check bolts for eccentric loading:
Rigid Support / Standard Holes
e
b
= |(n - 1) a| = |(3 1) 3| = 1.0 in.
Using Table 7-17 with
s = 3 in. e
x
= 1.0 in. n = 3
By extrapolation: C = 2.71
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
27
Table 7-17
28
V
n
= C x r
v
= 2.71 x 15.9
= 43.1 k > V
u
= 40 k OK
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
29
Plate Limit States
t = 1/4 in.
Shear Yielding:
V
n
= 0.9 (0.6 F
y
) A
g
= 0.9 (0.6 x 36) (0.25 x 9)
= 43.7 k > 40 k OK
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
30
Shear Fracture:
V
n
= 0.75 (0.6 F
u
) A
n
= 41.6 k OK
Block Shear: 44.8 k OK
Bearing: 53.4 k OK
Use PL 1/4 x 4 1/2 x 0-9 A36
with (3) 3/4 in. A325-N Bolts
(see also Table 10-9)
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
31
Required Weld Size
t
weld
= 3/4 (1/4) = 3/16 in.
Notes: - Min. weld requirements may
control (depends on column
flange thickness)
- Beam web (t
w
= 0.27 in.) will not
control bearing
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
32
Shear Tab or Single Plate Example
1
1
2
"
2@3"
1
1
2
"
1
1
2
"
9"
3"
3/16
PL 1/4 x 4 1/2 x 0'-9"
33
SINGLE ANGLE
CONNECTIONS
Bolted and Welded Alternatives
One Angle
Horizontal short slots
may be used in angle
@ Top
Return
34
Eccentricity Assumptions for OSL
Single Row Double Row
Single Angle Connections
e
a
=e
b
b
e
a
CL Web
CL Web
Bolts
Angle
35
Eccentricity Assumptions for OSL
Welded
Single Angle Connections
e
w
2 t
weld
Return
CL Web
+
c.g.
weld
36
Single Angle Connections
Notes:
Eccentricity is ignored on the beam side
when the connection is a single row.
Standard holes or short slots can be used
on the beam side.
Only standard holes should be used on
the supporting member side.
37
Single Angle Connections
Additional Limit States for Bolted
Connections
Flexural Yielding
V
n
= 0.9 F
y
S
g
/ e
a
S
g
= t
p
L
2
/6
L
e
a
38
Single Angle Connections
Flexural Fracture
V
n
= 0.75 F
u
S
net
/ e
a
S
net
:
See LRFD Manual, Table 15-2
L
e
a
39
Table 15-2
40
Eccentric Shear of Bolt Group
(Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method)
Table 7-17 Table 7-18
V
n
= C ( r
v
)

V
n
V
n
Single Angle Connections
41
Single Angle Connections
Bearing
V
n
= C ( r
vb
)
where r
vb
is the bearing strength at the
outermost bolt
42
Single Angle Connections
d
b
(in.) Min. t (in.)
3/4 3/8
7/8 3/8
1 1/2
43
Additional Limit States for Welded
Connections
Eccentric Shear Strength of Weld
Table 8-11
2 t
weld
Return

V
n

V
n
Single Angle Connections
44
Table 8-11
45
Welded Unstiffened Seat
Connections
Stabilizing
Angle
L4x4x1/4
Alternate
Location
46
Welded Unstiffened Seat
Connections
Limit States:
Beam Local Web
Yielding
Beam Local Web
Crippling
Seat Angle Bending
Seat Angle Shear
Yielding
Weld Fracture
47
Beam Local Web Yielding
N+2.5k
N
48
Beam Local Web Yielding
Section K1.3
Web Local Yielding
= 1.0
R
n
= (2.5k
design
+ N)F
yw
t
w
N+2.5k
N
49
Beam Local Web Crippling
50
Beam Local Web Crippling
Section K1.4 Web Local Crippling Force @ <d/2
w
f y
5 . 1
f
w
2
w n
t
t F

t
t
d
N
3 1 t 68 R
0.2 d N
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1






, ,, ,
_ __ _





, ,, ,
_ __ _



+ ++ +
< << <
w
f y
5 . 1
f
w
2
w n
t
t F

t
t
0.2 -
d
N 4
1 t 68 R
0.2 d N
1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1






, ,, ,
_ __ _





, ,, ,
_ __ _



+ ++ +
> >> >
51
Design Model for Angle Flexure
The N-distance is
determined from the
limit states of web
yielding and web
crippling, but not less
than k
detailing
.
3
4
"
N
Critical Section
for Bending, Shear
Supported Beam
Supporting Column
r
a
= 3/8"
t
a
52
Design Model for Angle Flexure
Setback = 1/2 in.
Beam Tolerance = 1/4 in.
Use 3/4 in. setback
in calculations
3
4
" N
Critical Section
for Bending, Shear
Supported Beam
Supporting Column
r
a
= 3/8"
t
a
53
Design Model for Angle Flexure
The maximum value of
N is then used to
determine the
eccentricity:
e = N/2 + (3/4 3/8) t
a
= N/2 + 3/8 -t
a
3
4
"
N
Critical Section
for Bending, Shear
Supported Beam
Supporting Column
r
a
= 3/8"
t
a
54
Design Model for Angle Flexure
For the Limit State of Web Yielding
design
w y
u
min
k 5 . 2
t F 0 . 1
R
N
55
Design Model for Angle Flexure
For the Limit State of Web Crippling
when N/d < 0.2
when N/d > 0.2



) )) )




' '' '

+ ++ +


, ,, ,
_ __ _




1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1




0.2
t
t
1
t F
t
) (68t 0.75
R
4
d
N
1.5
w
f
f y
w
2
w
u
min
5 . 1
w
f
f y
w
2
w
u
min
t
t
1
t F
t
) (68t 0.75
R
3
d
N


, ,, ,
_ __ _




1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





56
Design Model for Angle Flexure
Required angle thickness
from OSL bending
with L
a
= angle length
e = N/2 + 3/8 - t
a
a y
u
req
L F 9 . 0
e R 4
t
3
4
"
N
Critical Section
for Bending, Shear
Supported Beam
Supporting Column
r
a
= 3/8"
t
a
57
Angle Shear Yielding
Therefore
angle a y n u
t L ) F 6 . 0 ( 9 . 0 R R
a y
u
req
L ) F 6 . 0 ( 9 . 0
R
t
58
Weld Fracture
The weld is subjected
to eccentric shear.
Table 8-5 of LRFD
Vol. II will be used to
determine required
weld size.
3
4
"
N
Critical Section
for Bending, Shear
Supported Beam
Supporting Column
r
a
= 3/8"
t
a
59
Weld Fracture
Table 8-5
60
4"
Alternate
Clip Position
Stabilizer
Clip
Seat Plate
Stiffener
Optional
Trim Lines
2"
Stiffened Seated Connections
61
Stiffened Seated Connections
Limit States:
Beam Web Yielding
Beam Web Crippling
Strength of Stiffener Plate
Eccentric Shear of Connecting Side Weld
or Bolts
Column Web Failure
62
Stiffened Seated Connections
Notes:
1/2 in. setback but 3/4 in. for calculations
Seat plate > 3/8 in.
For unstiffened beam webs, the seat
stiffener thickness is a function of the
beam and seat stiffener yield stresses and
the weld size.
63
Stiffened Seated Connections
For Unstiffened Beams:
Seat Stiffener
Beam, F
y
F
y
t
s
36 36 t
w
50 36 1.4 t
w
50 50 t
w
For Stiffened and Unstiffened Beams
Seat Stiffener: t
s
(36 ksi) > 2 t
weld
t
s
(50 ksi) > 1.5 t
weld
64
Stiffened Seated Connections
Column Web Failure
Stress concentration requires stiff web.
Stress Concentration
65
Column Web Failure
Also need to prevent flange rotation.
Stiffened Seated Connections
66
Stiffened Seated Connections
LRFD has a simplified approach
for sections heavier than:
43 lb/ft for W14 ( > W14x43)
40 lb/ft for W12 ( > W12x40)
30 lb/ft for W10 ( > W10x30)
24 lb/ft for W8 ( > W8x24)
67
Stiffened Seated Connections
Rules:
Beam must be bolted to seat with A325 or
A490 bolts within the greater of W/2 or
2 5/8 in. from the column web.
Special rules for W14x43
Seat plate is not welded to the beam
Weld size is limited to shear yield
strength of the column web
68
Stiffened Seated Connections
69
Additional
Design Examples
70
Single Angle Connections
Example: Is the connection adequate?
W21x50
A992
t
w
= 0.38 in.
V
u
= 90 k
V
u
= 90 k
1
1
2
"
2"
1
1
2
"
4@3"
3"
3"
3"
1
3
4
"
1
1
4
"
OSL
L8 x 6 x 3/8 x 1-3 A36
3/4 in.
A325N Bolts
71
Single Angle Connection Example
Angle Flexural Yield
Supporting Side OSL Controls
V
n
= 0.9 F
y
S
g
/ e
a
S
g
= (3/8) (15.0)
2
/ 6 = 14.06 in
3
e
a
= 0.38 / 2 + 3 = 3.19 in.
V
n
= 0.9 F
y
S
g
/ e
a
= 0.9 (36) (14.06) / 3.19
= 142.9 k > 90 k OK
V
u
a
72
Angle Flexural Fracture
From Table 15-2
S
net
= 10.1 in
3
Single Angle Connection Example
73
Table 15-2
74
V
n
= 0.75 F
u
S
net
/ e
a
= 0.75 (58) (10.1) / 3.19
= 137.7 k > 90 k OK
Single Angle Connection Example
75
Bolt Fracture
e
b
= 0.38 / 2 + 3 + 1.5 = 4.69 in.
Table 7-18
n = 5 b = 3 in. s = 3 in.
By interpolation: C = 6.29
Single Angle Connection Example
Vu
e
b
3"
3"
76
Table 7-18
77
3/4 in. A325-N
r
v
= 0.75 x 48 x 0.4418
= 15.9 k
V
n
= C ( r
v
) = 6.29 x 15.9
= 100 k > 90 k OK
Single Angle Connection Example
78
Bearing
Critical Bolts
Elong. = 2.4 (58) (3/4 x 3/8)
= 39.2 k
T.O. = 1.2 (58) (1.5 13/32) (3/8)
= 28.5 k
r
bv
= 0.75 (28.5)
= 21.4 k > r
v
= 15.9 k OK
V
u
Single Angle Connection Example
79
Beam Web
t
w
= 0.38 in > 3/8 in.
will not control
Connection is adequate if supporting
element thickness is
> (15.9 / 39.2) (3/8) = 0.15 in.
Single Angle Connection Example
80
Single Angle Design Example
Example: Outstanding leg of previous
connection welded. Determine required
weld size. Column, t
f
= 0.710 in.
2 t
weld
Return
Vu = 90 k
E70XX
L6 x 6 x 3/8 x 1'-3"
81
Table 8-11 with l = 15 in.
kl = 6 in.
k = 6 / 15 = 0.4 !x = 0.057
xl = 0.057 x 15 = 0.855 in.
al = 0.38/2 + 6 0.855
= 5.34 in.
a = 5.34 / 15 = 0.356
Single Angle Connection Example
15"
0.19"
al
xl
V
u
= 90 k
82
Table 8-11
83
C = 1.64 by interpolation
D
reqd
= V
u
/ (C C
1
l)
= 90 / (1.64 x 1.0 x 15)
= 3.65 !4/16 = 1/4 in.
Min. weld = 1/4 in. (Column t
f
= 0.710 in.)
Max weld = 5/16 in.
Use 1/4 in. Fillet weld
Single Angle Connection Example
84
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
W18x46 A992
W14x90 Column
L4 x 4 x 5/8 x 0'-8"
?
0.440"
V
u
= 35 k
Web
CL
W18x46
b
f
= 6.06 in.
t
f
= 0.605 in.
d = 18.06 in.
t
w
= 0.360 in.
k
detailing
= 1 1/4 in.
k
design
= 1.01in.
Example:
85
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
Example: Determine
(1) if seat angle is adequate, and
(2) required weld size.
A36 Angle E70xx Electrode
86
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
For the Limit State of Web Yielding
design
w y
u
min
k 5 . 2
t F 0 . 1
R
N
01 . 1 x 5 . 2
360 . 0 x 50 x 0 . 1
35

detailing
k 58 . 0 < << <
87
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
For the Limit State of Web Crippling
assuming N/d < 0.2
5 . 1
w
f
f y
w
2
w
u
min
t
t
1
t F
t
) t 68 ( 75 . 0
R
3
d
N


, ,, ,
_ __ _




1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





5 . 1
2
360 . 0
605 . 0
1
605 . 0 x 50
360 . 0
) 360 . 0 x 68 ( 75 . 0
35
3
06 . 18

, ,, ,
_ __ _



1 11 1
1 11 1
] ]] ]
1 11 1





in. 5 . 5
88
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
For the Limit State of Web Crippling,
N = -5.5 in. < k
detailing
Therefore
N = k
detailing
= 1.25 in.
Check
N/d = 1.25/18.06 = 0.069 < 0.2 OK
89
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
Required angle thickness from OSL bending
e = N/2 + 3/8 t
a
= 1.25/2 + 3/8 5/8
= 0.375 in.
3
4
"
N
Critical Section
for Bending, Shear
Supported Beam
Supporting Column
r
a
= 3/8"
t
a
90
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
With L
a
= 8 in.
= 0.45 in. < 5/8 in. OK
a y
u
req
L F 9 . 0
e R 4
t
0 . 8 x 36 x 9 . 0
375 . 0 x 35 x 4

91
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
Required angle thickness from
OSL Shear Yielding:
a y
u
req
L ) F 6 . 0 ( 9 . 0
R
t
< << <

. in 225 . 0
0 . 8 ) 36 x 6 . 0 ( 9 . 0
35
5/8 in. OK
92
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
Determine required weld size.
Using Table 8-5 with
angle = 0 degrees
k = 0.0
e = 3/4 + N/2 = 3/4 + 1.25/2 = 1.375 in.
a = e/L = 1.375/4.0 = 0.344
Find C = 2.18
93
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
Table 8-5
94
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
D
min
= R
u
/CC
1
L = 35/(2.18x1.0x4.0)
= 4.0 1/16ths
Min. Weld = in.
Use in. fillet weld both sides of angle legs.
Returns at top.
95
Unstiffened Seat Connection Ex.
Web
CL
W18x46 A992
L4 x 4 x 5/8 x 0'-8"
1/4
W14x90 Column
0.440"
V
u
= 35 k
96
Stiffened Seat Example
Determine: 1. A36 stiffener thickness
2. E70XX weld size.
W24x68
A36
t
wb
= 0.415 in.
t
wc
W14x90
A992
= 0.440 in.
W
L
t
s
R
u
= 80 k
97
Stiffened Seat Example
W14x90 Satisfies column web requirement.
W24x68
A992
t
wb
= 0.415 in.
t
wc
W14x90
A992
= 0.440 in.
W
L
t
s
98
Stiffened Seat Example
Web Crippling
Using Table 9-5 assuming N/d < 0.2
Check N/d = 1.20 / 23.73 = 0.05 < 0.2 OK
in. 88 . 1 0.75 13 . 1 0.75
59 . 5
7 . 73 80

setback
4
3
min
+ +

R
R R
W
u
99
Web Yielding
Use W = 4 in. and t = 3/8 in.
Bolt location rule will be satisfied.
in. 17 . 1 0.75 418 . 0 0.75
8 . 20
3 . 71 80

setback
R
R R
W
2
1 u
min
+ ++ + + ++ +


+ ++ +



Stiffened Seat Example
100
With: W = 4 in.
1/4 in. Weld
Using Table 10-8:
L = 10 in.
R
n
= 82.3 > R
u
= 80 k
Stiffened Seat Example
3
4
"
R
u
= 80 k
10"
4"
101
Stiffened Seat Example
Table 10-8
102
Column Web Strength at Weld:
R
n
= 0.9 (0.6 F
y
) L t
wc
x 2
= 0.9 (0.6 x 50) (10) (0.440) (2)
= 237.6 k > 80 k OK
Stiffened Seat Example
103
Stiffener Plate (W24x68 t
wb
= 0.415 in.)
t
s
(36 ksi) > 1.4 t
wb
(50 ksi)
> 1.4 x 0.415 = 0.581 in.
t
s
> 2 t
weld
= 2 x 1/4 = 1/2 in.
Use 5/8 in. plate
Stiffened Seat Example
104
Stiffened Seat Example
<
3
4
"
10"
4"
PL 5/8 x 5 x 0'-10"
PL 3/8 x 5 x 0'-8"
1/4