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Stack Design & Natural Draft

This document summarizes key concepts about stack effect and natural draft. It defines stack effect as the phenomenon where temperature differences between hot gases inside a chimney and colder ambient air causes the hot gases to rise due to differences in air density. Natural draft is the draft, or pressure difference, created solely by differences in air density without mechanical means. The document explains how draft is measured using manometers and derived based on air density differences and chimney height. It provides equations showing the relationship between draft, density differences, and chimney height under static conditions.

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348 views3 pages

Stack Design & Natural Draft

This document summarizes key concepts about stack effect and natural draft. It defines stack effect as the phenomenon where temperature differences between hot gases inside a chimney and colder ambient air causes the hot gases to rise due to differences in air density. Natural draft is the draft, or pressure difference, created solely by differences in air density without mechanical means. The document explains how draft is measured using manometers and derived based on air density differences and chimney height. It provides equations showing the relationship between draft, density differences, and chimney height under static conditions.

Uploaded by

karthikraja21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture25

Designofstack
Contents:
Whatisstackeffect
Whatisdraft?
Naturaldraft

Keywords:stack,chimney,draft,naturaldraft
Whatisstackeffect
Thephenomenoninducedbythedensitydifferencebetweenahotandcoldaircolumnthatcreatesa
naturalflowthroughachimneyiscalledstackeffectorchimneyeffect.
Thefunctionofthestackistodispersethehotgases,emissionsandparticlesthatleavethefurnace.The
gastemperatureinsidethestackisgreaterthantheoutsideambientairtemperature.Ifthesetwoair
columnsareconnectedatthebottom,denseairwillpushthelightgasesupthechimney.Higheristhe
temperaturedifference,greaterwillbethebuoyancyforcecausingthelightergasestomoveup.
Flowofgasesinfurnaces,stacksandotherequipmentsoperatingatatmosphericpressuresinvolvesmall
differenceinpressuresP1 P thatshouldbeusedinmechanicalenergybalanceequation(lecture21,
equation7).Thissmallpressuredifferencecanbeconvenientlyhandledintermsofdraft.
Whatisdraft
Draft d atanypointinthegasflowsystemis
d
Absolute pressure in the systems absolute pressure of the surrounding atmosphere at the same level
FigureshowsthechimneyorstackinwhichhotgasesareflowingattemperatureT.Wemounttwo
watermanometersatpositionsZ
Z and Z
Z .Onelegofthemanometerisfixedwiththe
chimneywhereastheotherlegisopentotheatmosphereasshowninthefigure


Figure1:Acolumnofthechimneywiththemanometerpositionedat

and

Atpoint1and2inthegascolumn
d1

P andd2

P (1)

Whered andd representdraftatpoint1and2inthegascolumn.P and.P aretheatmospheric


pressuresandP andP absolutepressuresatpoints1and2respectively.
Variationsofpressurewithheightinagascolumnareimportant.Inastaticcolumnoffluidatconstant
temperaturethepressuredecreaseswithheightduetogravity:
dP

dZ(2)

NeglectingtheeffectofdensitywithZ,itfollowsforstaticsystems
P

(3)

Pispressureatheight ZandP ispressureatarbitrarydatumplaneofzeroheight.isthegasdensity.


Naturaldraft
Itisthedraftproducedbydensitydifferencebetweenthetwofluids.Considerthehotgascolumn
showninthefigure.Thehotgascolumnissurroundedbyatmosphericcoldair.Amonometermounted
atpoint1and2readsthedraftd1 andd2 .Therelationbetweendraftanddensitydifferencecanbe
obtainedasfollows:

P
P

Z (4)
Z (5)

Byequation1and4andweget.(6)
d

isdensityofairand isdensityofhotgas.Eq6isthedraftproducedinastaticcolumnofgas.Ifthe
chimneyisopentoatmospherethend2 0sothatdraftorsuctionatthebottomsis
d

(7)

Duetoflowofgases,thedraftisreducedbyfrictionallosses,sothatthestaticdraftisthemaximum
draftwhichthestackofagivenheightcanproduceunderlimitingcondition.
Byusingmechanicalenergybalanceequation(equation7oflecture21)andusingequation7
(expressP P inequation7intermsofd andd )wegetthemechanicalenergybalanceequation
expressedintermsanddraft:
g Z

0.(8)

Reference
R.Schuhmann:MetallurgicalEngineering,Volume1EngineeringPrinciples

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