Problem Solutions for Chapter 6

6-1. From Eqs. (6-4) and (6-5) with Rf = 0, η = 1 - exp(-αsw)

To assist in making the plots, from Fig. P6-1, we have the following representative
values of the absorption coefficient:

λ (µ
µ m) αs (cm-1)
.60 4.4×103
.65 2.9×103
.70 2.0×103
.75 1.4×103
.80 0.97×103
.85 630
.90 370
.95 190
1.00 70

w
w ⌠ -αsx
6-2. Ip = qA ⌠
⌡ G(x) dx = qA Φ0 αs ⌡ e dx
0 0

 -αsw P0(1 - Rf)  -αsw

= qA Φ0 1 - e  = qA 1 - e 
hνA

ηq ηqλ
6-3. From Eq. (6-6), R= = hc = 0.8044 ηλ ( in µm)
hν

Plot R as a function of wavelength.

6-4. (a) Using the fact that Va ≈ VB, rewrite the denominator as

Va - IMRMn VB - VB + Va - IMRMn

1-  = 1 -  
 VB   VB 

 VB - Va + IMRMn
= 1 - 1 - 
 VB 

VB - Va + IMRM
Since VB << 1, we can expand the term in parenthesis:

1
  VB - Va + IMRMn  n( VB - Va + IMRM) 
1 - 1 -  ≈ 1 - 1 - 
 VB   VB 

n( VB - Va + IMRM) nIMRM
= VB ≈ VB

IM VB VB
Therefore, M0 = I ≈ ≈ nI R
p n( VB - Va + IMRM) M M

IM VB 2 IpVB  VB 1/2
(b) M0 = I = nI R implies IM = nR , so that M0 = nI R 
p M M M  p M

T 2π/ω
2 1⌠ 2 ω ⌠ 2 2
6-5. < > is (t) = T ⌡ is (t)dt = R P (t) dt
2π ⌡ 0
(where T = 2π/ω),
0 0

2π/ω
ω 2 2
= R0 P0 ⌠
⌡ (1 + 2m cos ωt + m2 cos2 ωt) dt
2π
0

Using
2 π/ω
1
∫
t = 2π / ω
cos ωt dt = sin ωt t=0 =0
0 ω

2π
2π/ω
1 ⌠ 1 1  π
and ⌠
⌡ cos2 ωt dt = ω  2 + 2cos 2x dx =
⌡  ω
0 0

2 2 m2
we have < i2s(t)> = R0 P0 1 + 2 
 

6-6. Same problem as Example 6-6: compare Eqs. (6-13), (6-14), and (6-17).

ηqλ
(a) First from Eq. (6-6), I p = P0 = 0.593 µA
hc

Then σ Q = 2qI p B = 2(1.6 × 10 C)(0.593 µA)(150 × 10 Hz) = 2.84 × 10

2 −19 6 −17 2
A

2
 (b) σ 2DB = 2qID B = 2(1.6 × 10−19 C)(1.0 nA)(150 × 10 6 Hz) = 4.81× 10 −20 A 2

4k B T 4(1.38 × 10 −23 J / K)(293 K)

(c) σ =2
T
RL
B=
500 Ω
(
150 × 10 Hz) = 4.85 × 10 A
6 −15 2

ηqλ
6-7. Using R0 = hc = 0.58 A/W, we have from Eqs. (6-4), (6-11b), (6-15), and (6-
17)

1
 
S (R0 P0 m) M 2
2
R0P0m2
N = 2 = = 6.565×1012 P0
 Q 2qI p BM M
1/ 2 2
4qBM1/2

2
S ( R0P0m) 2
N = = 3.798×1022 P0
 DB 4qIDBM1/2

2 2
 
S ( R0 P 0 m) M 2
N = = 3.798×1026 P0
 DS 4qILB

1 2
( R0P0m) M2
 
S 2 2
N = 4k TB/R = 7.333×1022 P0
 T B L

 P0 
where P0 is given in watts. To convert P0 = 10-n W to dBm, use 10 log  -3 =
10 
10(3-n) dBm

6-8. Using Eq. (6-18) we have

1 2 2
S 2 ( R0 P 0 m) M
N = 2qB(R0P0 + ID)M5/2 + 2qILB + 4kBTB/RL

1.215 × 10 −16 M 2
=
2.176 × 10−23 M 5/ 2 + 1.656 × 10 −19

The value of M for maximum S/N is found from Eq. (6-19), with x = 0.5:
Moptimum = 62.1.

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  1 2 2 
d S d  2 IpM 
0 = dM N = dM 
+ 2qIL + 4kBT/RL
6-9.
  2q(Ip + ID)M2+x

1 2
2 (2+x)M1+x 2q(Ip + ID)2 IpM2
0 = Ip M -
2q(Ip + ID)M2+x + 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

2+x 2qIL + 4kBT/RL

Solving for M: Mopt = xq(Ip + ID)

6-10. (a) Differentiating pn, we have

∂p n 1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp -αsx

= L pn0 + Be  e - αsBe
∂x p

∂ 2 pn 1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp
 e 2 -αsx
2 = - 2 pn0 + Be + αs Be
∂x Lp

∂ 2 pn
Substituting pn and into the left side of Eq. (6-23):
∂x2

Dp  -αsw (w-x)/Lp -αsx

- 2 pn0 + Be  e 2
+ Dp αs Be
Lp

1  -αsw (w-x)/Lp
 e B -αsx -αsx
+ pn0 + Be - e + Φ0 αs e
τp τp

  2 1  -αsx
= BDp αs -  + Φ0 αs e
τp
   

2
where the first and third terms cancelled because Lp = Dpτp .

Substituting in for B:

Φ 2  -α x
 0 αsLp  2 1
Dp αs -  + Φ0 αs e
s
Left side = D 2 2  τ
 1 - αs Lp 
p
p 

4
 Φ0  αsLp αs Lp - 1  -α x
2 2
+ Dpαs e
s
=D   
p 1-α L2 2 τ
 s p p  

Φ0 -αsx
= D ( -Dpαs + Dpαs) e =0 Thus Eq. (6-23) is satisfied.
p

 ∂pn 
(b) Jdiff = qDp
 ∂x  x =w

1  -αsw -α w
= qDp L pn0 + Be  - αsBe s 
 p 

-αsw
= qDp BL - αs e
1 Dp
+ qpn0 L
 p  p

 αsL2  1 - α L
p  s p -αsw Dp
= qΦ0  
2 2  Lp   e + qp n0 Lp
1 - αs Lp

αsLp -αsw Dp
= qΦ0 e + qpn0 L
1 + αsLp p

c) Adding Eqs. (6-21) and (6-25), we have

 -αsw  αsLp  -αsw Dp

Jtotal = Jdrift + Jdiffusion = qΦ0 1 - e + e  + qpn0 L
 1 + αsLp  p

 -αsw 
 e  -αsw Dp
= qΦ0 1 -  e + qpn0 L
 1 + αsLp p

6-11. (a) To find the amplitude, consider

-jωtd
J J*  1/2 = qΦ ( S S*) 1/2 where S =
1-e
 tot tot 0
jωtd
sc

1/2 1
We want to find the value of ωtd at which ( S S*) = .
2

1/2
Evaluating ( S S*) , we have

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  -jωtd +jωtd1/2
1/2 1 - e 1 - e 
( S S*) =   
 jωtd  -jωtd 

1/2
  +jωtd -jωtd  1/2
1 - e +e  + 1 ( 2 - 2 cos ωtd)
= =
ωtd ωtd

1/2 ωtd
[ ( 1 - cos ωtd) /2] sin  2 
  ωtd
= = = sinc  2 
ωtd/2 ωtd  
2

1/2 1
We want to find values of ωtd where ( S S*) = .
2

x sinc x x sinc x
0.0 1.000 0.5 0.637
0.1 0.984 0.6 0.505
0.2 0.935 0.7 0.368
0.3 0.858 0.8 0.234
0.4 0.757 0.9 0.109

By extrapolation, we find sinc x = 0.707 at x = 0.442.

ωtd
Thus 2 = 0.442 which implies ωtd = 0.884

w 1
(b) From Eq. (6-27) we have td = v = . Then
d αsvd

1
ωtd = 2πf3-dB td = 2πf3-dB = 0.884 or
αsvd

f3-dB = 0.884 αsvd/2π

6-12. (a) The RC time constant is

Rε0KsA (10 4 Ω)(8.85 × 10 −12 F / m)(11.7)(5 × 10 −8 m 2 )

RC = = = 2.59 ns
w 2 × 10 −5 m

(b) From Eq. (6-27), the carrier drift time is

6
 w 20 × 10 −6 m
td = v = = 0.45 ns
d 4.4 × 10 4 m / s

1 1
c) = 10-3 cm = 10 µm = 2 w
αs

Thus since most carriers are absorbed in the depletion region, the carrier diffusion
time is not important here. The detector response time is dominated by the RC
time constant.

6-13. (a) With k1 ≈ k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-10), we have

2 2
k1(1 - k1) k1 - k1 k2 - k1
(1) 1- 1-k =1- 1-k ≈1- 1-k = 1 – keff
2 2 2

2 2
(1 - k1)2 1 - 2k1 + k1 1 - 2k2 + k1
(2) 1 - k2 = 1 - k2 ≈ 1 - k2

2
1 - k2 k2 - k1
=1-k - 1-k = 1 - keff
2 2

Therefore Eq. (6-34) becomes Eq. (6-38):

Fe = keffMe + 2(1 - keff) - M (1 - keff) = keffMe + 2 - M (1 - keff)

1 1
e  e

'
(b) With k1 ≈ k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-40), we have

2
k2(1 - k1) k2 - k1 '
(1) 2 ≈ 2 = keff
k1(1 - k2) k1(1 - k2)

2
(1 - k1)2k2 k2 - 2k1k2 + k2k1
(2) 2 = 2
k1(1 - k2) k1(1 - k2)

k2 - k2 - k2 - k2k2

 1  1 1 '
≈ 2 = keff - 1
k1(1 - k2)

7
 '  1  '
Therefore Eq. (6-35) becomes Eq. (6-39): Fh = keff Mh - 2 - M (keff - 1)
 h

6-14. (a) If only electrons cause ionization, then β = 0, so that from Eqs. (6-36) and (6-
37), k1 = k2 = 0 and keff = 0. Then from Eq. (6-38)

1
Fe = 2 - M ≈ 2 for large Me
e

(b) If α = β, then from Eqs. (6-36) and (6-37), k1 = k2 = 1 so that

keff = 1. Then, from Eq. (6-38), we have Fe = Me.