Online Reservation

System
UNDERTAKEN BY:
Rameez Ashraf
PGD-102
[Link] 02
Hussain Hameed
PGD-102
[Link] 05
Munazza Parveen
PGD-105
[Link] 17
SUPERVISED BY:
Muhammad Azeem Irshad
A PR!"#$ R"PR$ %&'M($$"D A% PAR$(AL
)&LL)(LM"N$ ) $H" R"*&(R"M"N$% )R
$H" D"GR"" ) PGD.
Centre for Information Technology
[Link] OF SCIECE
U!TAN"
1
Online Reservation
System
Tran#lation: In the name of A!!A$% the o#t ercif&l% the
o#t Kin'"

2
Online Reservation
System
)(NAL APPR+AL
$his is ,o -er,if. ,ha, /e have read ,his disser,a,ion ,i,0ed
1n0ine Reserva,ion %.s,em2
%u3mi,,ed 3. Ramee( A#hraf% $&##ain $amee' and &na((a
Par)een" (, is our 4ud5emen, ,ha, ,his disser,a,ion is of suffi-ien,
s,andard ,o /arran, i,s a--e6,an-e 3. ,he #en,re for (nforma,ion
$e-hno0o5. Gov,. #o00e5e of %-ien-e7 Mu0,an for ,he De5ree of
Pos, Gradua,e Di60oma in (nforma,ion $e-hno0o5..
#ommi,,ee8
*" E+ternal E+aminer 999999999999999999999
," S&-er)i#or 999999999999999999999
Muhammad Azeem Irshad
Centre for Information Technology
[Link] OF SCIECE
:
Online Reservation
System
PR./ECT BRIE0
PR./ECT TIT!E: !Online Reservation System"
NAE .0 T$E .R1ANI2ATI.N : #. I. A
UNDERTAKEN BY : Rameez Ashra$%
&ussain &ameed%
Munazza #arveen
SUPERVISED BY: Muhammad Azeem Irshad
Le'turer( IT Centre Govt.
Colle)e o$ S'ien'e% Multan.
[Link] !AN1UA1E: &TML% CSS% #&#% My S*L
T..! USED ( +am, Server%
;
Online Reservation
System
-ream .eaver 's/
5
Online Reservation
System
A'[Link])ement
/e /ou0d 0i<e ,o e=6ress our s6e-ia0 ,han<s ,o Mr. (mran %a>i37 6ro4e-,
Mana5er #en,re for (nforma,ion $e-hno0o5. Gov,. #o00e5e of %-ien-e and
)a-u0,. #oordina,or Mr. Ma0i< !amshaid (>3a07 for ,heir ,heir ,ire0ess
effor,s for 6rovidin5 /or<in5 environmen, and a00 o,her fa-i0i,ies ,ha, /ere
needed ,hrou5hou, ,he a-ademi- session.?e are 0u-<. enou5h ,o have a
su6ervisor7 0i<e Muhammad Azeem (rshad7 for his ,ime0. and va0ua30e he067
a0on5 /i,h hea0,h. -ri,i-ism7 durin5 a00 6hases of deve0o6men, of ,his 6ro4e-,.
?e /ou0d 0i<e ,o sa. ,han<s ,o a00 of our ,ea-hers as ,he. have 3een ,he
sour-e of 5uidan-e and ins6ira,ion ,hrou5h ou, ,he 6eriod of ,his de5ree7 for
us.?e /ou0d 0i<e ,o e=6ress our s6e-ia0 ,han<s7 from ,he -ore of hear,7 ,o our
idea07 0ovin57 and -arin5 6aren,s.$he. are rea00.7 a 5rea, 5if, of
a0mi5h,. ALLAH7 6rovidin5 end0ess @ mu0,i dimension ,ransmission of
0ove on a00 ,he modes of 0ife7 6rovidin5 ins6ira,ion7 mo,iva,ion and
en-oura5emen,.?i,hou, ,hese 6rere>uisi,e7 ,his /as no, 6ossi30e for us ,o
a-hieve ,his 5oa0.
Rameez Ashraf
PGD-102
[Link] 02
Hussain Hameed
PGD-102
[Link] 05
Munazza Parveen
A
Online Reservation
System
PGD-105
[Link] 17
7
Online Reservation
System
TAB!E .0 [Link]
Pa5eB
No
*"Intro'&ction to .nline Re#er)ation Sy#tem" 7
,"Intro'&ction to .rgani(ation" 1:
3" Intro'&ction E+i#ting Sy#tem" 1C
4" Intro'&ction -ro-o#e' Sy#tem" 27
5" De#ign Tool" :1
6" Co'ing" ;5
7" U#er interface A5
C
Online Reservation
System
C&A#TER


ITRO-1CTIO TO Online Reservation System.
D
Online Reservation
System
Introdu'tion to Online Reservation System(
An Air0ine Reserva,ion %.s,em is 6ar, of ,he so--a00ed Passen5er %ervi-e
%.s,ems EP%%F7 /hi-h are a660i-a,ions su66or,in5 ,he dire-, -on,a-, /i,h ,he
6assen5er.
$he Airline Re#er)ation# Sy#tem 8ARS9 /as

one of ,he ear0ies, -han5es ,o
im6rove effi-ien-.. AR% even,ua00. evo0ved in,o ,he #om6u,er Reserva,ions
%.s,em E#R%F. A #om6u,er Reserva,ion %.s,em is used for ,he reserva,ions
of a 6ar,i-u0ar air0ine and in,erfa-es /i,h a G0o3a0 Dis,ri3u,ion
%.s,em EGD%F /hi-h su66or,s ,rave0 a5en-ies and o,her dis,ri3u,ion -hanne0s
in ma<in5 reserva,ions for mos, ma4or air0ines in a sin50e s.s,em.
Air0ine reserva,ion s.s,ems ori5ina,ed in ,he mid-1D50s as re0a,ive0.
unso6his,i-a,ed in,erna0 s.s,ems ,o he06 /i,h ,as<s su-h as sea, assi5nmen,s7
main,enan-e s-hedu0in57 and air-raf, 0oadin5. Modern air0ine reserva,ion
s.s,ems are mu0,i-fa-e,ed7 fu00-servi-e s.s,ems ,ha, assis, /i,h a varie,. of
air0ine mana5emen, ,as<s and servi-e -us,omer needs from ,he ,ime of ini,ia0
reserva,ion ,hrou5h -om60e,ion of ,he f0i5h,.
First Com,uterized Systems(
Ameri-an Air0ines7 an ear0. 6ioneer in
,he use of -ommer-ia0 -om6u,er ,e-hno0o5.7 deve0o6ed a semi-au,oma,ed
10
Online Reservation
System
-us,omer reserva,ion s.s,em -a00ed Reservisor 3. 1DA0. (, re>uired
-onsidera30e manua0 in,erven,ion and had a reserva,ion error ra,e of ei5h,
6er-en,7 /hi-h /as ,he 0o/es, in ,he indus,r. a, ,he ,ime. Re-o5nizin5 ,ha,
semi-au,oma,i- s.s,ems /ou0d no, 3e -a6a30e of hand0in5 ,he ra6id0.
in-reasin5 demand for air ,rave07 Ameri-an Air0ines had a0read. 3e5un
/or<in5 /i,h ('M7 in ,he 0a,e 1D50s7 ,o deve0o6 ,he firs, au,oma,ed7 on0ine7
rea0-,ime -om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,em E#R%F. $he 4oin, 6ro4e-, /ou0d
use in,era-,ive7 rea0-,ime -om6u,in5 ,e-hno0o5. deve0o6ed for a &.%.
5overnmen, air defense 6ro4e-, referred ,o as %emi-Au,oma,i- Ground
"nvironmen, E%AG"F.
Air0ine ,i-<e, a5en,sG a--ess -om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems ,o ma<e f0i5h,
arran5emen,s7 vie/ -urren, reserva,ions7 and -he-< 6assen5er 0is,s7 amon5
o,her ,hin5s. %e-ure and s,a30e s.s,ems are vi,a0 ,o ,he air0ine indus,r..
(n 1DA; ,he %emi-Au,oma,ed 'usiness Resear-h "nvironmen, E%a3reF
%.s,em /as in,rodu-ed. %a3re7 a -oas,-,o--oas, ,e0e-ommuni-a,ions ne,/or<7
/as ,he 0ar5es,7 6riva,e7 on0ine7 rea0-,ime da,a 6ro-essin5 s.s,em in ,he
&ni,ed %,a,es. n0. ,he &.%. 5overnmen, had a 0ar5er /or<in5 s.s,em. Mos,
of ,he -om6u,in5 s.s,ems ,ha, e=is,ed in ,he 1DA0s /ere :atch -roce##ing
s.s,ems7 3u, %a3re /as an ear0. e=am60e of a tran#action
-roce##ing s.s,em. (, modified ,he -on,en, of ,he 0ar5e da,a3ases -on,ainin5
f0i5h, and 6assen5er informa,ion as a dire-, resu0, of informa,ion en,ered
dire-,0. from da,a ,ermina0s. )or ,he firs, ,ime7 an air0ine /as a30e ,o ,ra-<
6assen5er names on a00 -onne-,ions of ,heir f0i5h,s.
11
Online Reservation
System
(n 1D7A %a3re and A6o00o 3e5an 60a-in5 ,heir -om6u,erized reserva,ion
s.s,ems in ,rave0 a5en-ies. $hrou5h offi-e au,oma,ion offered 3. ,he
s.s,ems7 ,rave0 a5en,s -ou0d 6rin, 3o,h ,i-<e,s and 3oardin5 6asses for ,heir
-us,omers. $rave0 a5en,s /ere ,ransformed in,o an e=,ension of ,he air0ine
indus,r.7 /hi-h si5nifi-an,0. s,ream0ined ,he ,i-<e,in5 6ro-ess.
12
Online Reservation
System
E2,andin) Reservations Servi'es(
)o00o/in5 'ereg&lation of ,he
air0ine indus,r. in 1D7C7 ,he ma4or -om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems su-h as
%a3re and A6o00o 3e5an 0is,in5 air0ine reserva,ions for a00 -om6e,in5 ma4or
-arriers as /e00 as for ,heir hos, air0ines. $his ne,/or<ed a 0ar5e num3er
of ,rave0 a5en,s /i,h ,he ma4or air0ines and .ie0ded a ver. 6rofi,a30e 6er
,i-<e, 3oo<in5 fee for ,he hos, air0ine.
A--usa,ions of favori,ism ,o/ard ,he hos, air0ine7 3ased on ,he order in
/hi-h avai0a30e f0i5h,s /ere 0is,ed on ,ermina0 s-reens7 surfa-ed ear0. in ,he
1DC0s. %in-e s,udies revea0 ,ha, D0 6er-en, of f0i5h,s are 3oo<ed from ,he
firs, reserva,ion s-reen7 a favora30e 6osi,ion -an drama,i-a00. affe-, ,i-<e,
sa0es. $he &.%. De6ar,men, of $rans6or,a,ion inves,i5a,ed ,his a00e5a,ion and
issued a ru0in5 ,o 6rohi3i, favori,ism ,o/ard ,he hos, air0ine 3. re>uirin5 ,ha,
f0i5h, informa,ion 3e 6resen,ed in a neu,ra0 order. 'e-ause of ,he 6rohi3i,ive
-os, of deve0o6in5 ,heir o/n -om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems7 ,he air0ines
u0,ima,e0. a5reed ,o 6a. ,he 6er ,i-<e, 3oo<in5 fee ,o ,he ma4or -om6u,erized
reserva,ions 6roviders7 and a -ode-sharin5 s-heme /as deve0o6ed ,o he06
a00evia,e ,he s-reen order 3ias. %a3re7 one of ,he mos, /ide0. re-o5nized
informa,ion s.s,ems ever deve0o6ed7 /as s6un off as a 6riva,e -om6an. 3.
AMR #or6ora,ion in 2000.
Full3Servi'e Travel Mana)ement(
#om6u,erized reserva,ion
s.s,ems have 5ro/n in so6his,i-a,ion and are a30e ,o offer -us,omer servi-es
1:
Online Reservation
System
su-h as e0e-,roni- ,i-<e,s7 /ire0ess da,a3ase a--ess7 ho,e0 room reserva,ions7
ren,a0 -ar reserva,ions7 fre>uen, [Link] 6ro5ram mi0ea5e7 and 6rovision for
s6e-ia0 mea0 re>ues,s. $he s.s,ems a0so 6rovide air0ine mana5emen,
assis,an-e 3. addressin5 finan-ia07 adminis,ra,ive7 and s,affin5 issues. $hese
in-0ude -re/ mana5emen,7 f0i5h, o6era,ions7 60annin5
and s-hedu0in5 air60ane main,enan-e7 0oadin5 air-raf, ,o main,ain 3a0an-e7
3a55a5e ,ra-<in57 de-ision su66or, for -on,ro0 of over3oo<in57 dis-oun, sea,
a00o-a,ions7 and .ie0d mana5emen, 6ro5rams ,ha, [Link]-a00. ad4us, ,he
num3er of s6e-ia0 fare sea,s 3ased on ,he num3er of reserva,ions.
"nhan-emen,s are made ,o -om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems /i,h ,he
unders,andin5 ,ha, in,erru6,ions in servi-e are no, a--e6,a30e. $o 3e
su--essfu07 a reserva,ion s.s,em mus, 3e re0ia30e /i,h a ver. 0o/ fai0ure ra,e.
Hard/are and sof,/are redundan-. for immedia,e 3a-<u6 in ,he even, of a
fai0ure is an a3so0u,e ne-essi,..
Im,a't o$ the Internet (
(n ,he mid-1DD0s an in-reasin5 num3er of
-onsumers 3e5an 6ur-hasin5 air0ine ,i-<e,s and o,her ,rave0 needs on0ine. $o
mee, risin5 -us,omer in,eres, in 3oo<in5 on0ine air ,rave0 reserva,ions7
-om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems have evo0ved in,o -onvenien,7 user-
friend0. s.s,ems ,ha, are avai0a30e via ,he (n,erne, ,/en,.-four hours 6er da..
$he 0on5-es,a30ished -om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems are e=6erien-in5 a
5radua0 ,e-hno0o5. mi5ra,ion a/a. from ,radi,iona0 mainframe -3ased
s.s,ems and 0ar5e da,a3ases in favor of -0ien, server s.s,ems /i,h effe-,ive
/e3-3ased in,erfa-es. %ear-h resu0,s ,ha, 6revious0. re>uired an individua0 ,o
1;
Online Reservation
System
in,er6re, -om60e= -odes are no/ 6resen,ed in s,rai5h,for/ard7 eas. ,o
unders,and no,a,ions.
(n 1DDA %a3re 0aun-hed $rave0o-i,..-om7 ,he firs, of ,he ma4or
-om6rehensive (n,erne, ,rave0 si,es. $rave0o-i,..-om and o,her s.s,ems7 su-h
as "=6edia.-om7 a00o/ -onsumers ,o 5a,her informa,ion a3ou, f0i5h,s usin5
sear-h -ri,eria su-h as air0ine7 0o/es, 6ri-e7 shor,es, f0i5h,7 and de6ar,ure and
arriva0 ,imes. Man. air0ines offer ,heir o/n on0ine ,i-<e, 6ur-hasin5 servi-es.
A0so 4oinin5 in ,he >ues, for on0ine reserva,ions is an air0ine -o00a3ora,ive
-a00ed r3i,z.-om7 s6onsored 3. Ameri-an7 &ni,ed7 De0,a7 Nor,h/es,7 and
#on,inen,a0 Air0ines. Man. on0ine s.s,ems a0so a00o/ for se0e-,ion of ho,e0s7
ren,a0 -ars7 and o,her ,rave0 ne-essi,ies.
$he /ea0,h of -us,omer da,a -o00e-,ed 3. ,hese s.s,ems is used ,o ,ar5e,
mar<e,in5 and in-en,ive 6ro5rams ,ha, a66ea0 ,o s6e-ifi- -onsumer in,eres,s.
(n,erne,-3ased s.s,ems offer man. of ,he -a6a3i0i,ies of ,he ,radi,iona0
-om6u,erized reserva,ion s.s,ems7 3u, in a -us,omer-friend0. forma, ,ha, is
eas. ,o use and unders,and.
15
Online Reservation
System
C&A#TER



ITRO-1CTIO TO Or)anization "
1A
Online Reservation
System
I TRO-1CTIO OF #A4ISTA ITERATIOAL AIRLIE 5#IA6
Introdu'tion(
$his is a summar. of ,he His,or. of P(A EP(A# or Pa<is,an
(n,erna,iona0 Air0ines #or6ora,ionF7 Pa<is,anHs na,iona0 f0a5 -arrier.
The Formation o$ #IAC(
$he roo,s of P(A da,e ,o 6re-6ar,i,ion7 sin-e
i, a->uired rien, Air/a.s7 /hi-h /as ,he -rea,ion of *uaid-e-Azam7
Mohammad A0i !ana. n ,he advi-e of ,he *uaid7 /ho rea0ized 6ar,i,ion of
,he %u3--on,inen, /as inevi,a30e7 rien, Air/a.s7 ,he )irs, Mus0im o/ned
air0ine7 /as founded in #a0-u,,a7 1D;A 3. Mr. (s6hahani.
(n 1D51 ,he 5overnmen, rea0ized ,ha, ,he Pa<is,an needed a Na,iona0 )0a5
-arrierI i, ordered ,hree Lo-<heed L-10;D# %u6er #ons,e00a,ions ,ha, .ear
and ,he -on-e6, of P(A /as es,a30ished. P(A f0e/ i,s firs, servi-e from
17
Online Reservation
System
Jara-hi ,o Da--a Eno/ Dha<aF on 07,h !une 1D5;7 0in<in5 ,he ,/o /in5s of
"as,ern and ?es,ern Pa<is,an7 ,he 0a,,er no/ 3ein5 'an50adesh.
1C
Online Reservation
System
Fli)ht International7s Survey o$ #IA% 89th A,ril 8:;:(
$hir,. ,hree .ears a5o7 in )0i5h, (n,erna,iona0Hs ?or0d Air0ine %urve.7 ,he
6u30i-a,ion had summarized P(A as fo00o/s8 -
Pa<is,an (n,erna,iona0 Air0ines #or6ora,ion EP(AF /as founded 3. ,he
Governmen, of Pa<is,an on Mar-h 117 1D55. ?hen P(A ,oo< over rien,
Air/a.s.
As a -om6an. P(A had 3een founded in 1D51 and i,s firs, o6era,ions /ere
3e,/een "as, and ?es, Pa<is,an in !une 1D5;. A servi-e ,o London /as
3e5un in ear0. 1D55. $he #or6ora,ion is res6onsi30e for ,he o6era,ion of a00
servi-es /i,hin Pa<is,an7 in-0udin5 air3us servi-es and feeder servi-es in "as,
and ?es, Pa<is,an and re5iona0 servi-es ,o Ja,mandu7 Ran5oon and Ja3u0.
An e0even ,imes-/ee<0. servi-e 3e,/een Jara-hi and London is o6era,ed via
6oin,s in ,he Midd0e "as, and "uro6e7 and via Mos-o/. P(A a0so o6era,es
servi-es ,o 'an5<o<7 #an,on and %han5hai and ,o !eddah7 Nairo3i7 Du3ai7
and Doha and ,o 'ahrain and Ju/ai,. %hor, ,a<eoff and 0andin5 E%$LF
air-raf, are 3ein5 -onsidered as a re60a-emen, for ,he he0i-o6,er servi-es in
"as, Pa<is,an.
&ead O$$i'e(
P(A 'ui0din57 Jara-hi Air6or,7 Pa<is,an.
E2e'utives(
Mana5in5 Dire-,or7 %. &. Durrani
1D
Online Reservation
System
Dire-,or of P0annin57 M. M. %a0im
Dire-,or of )inan-e7 A. Rahman
#ommer-ia0 Dire-,or7 An/ar Hussain
Dire-,or of )0i5h, o6era,ions7 #a6, M $ 'ai5
Dire-,or of "n5ineerin57 Ai4az A0i
Dire-,or of Adminis,ra,ion7 M. Ahmed
Dire-,or of #us,omer servi-es7 #a6, %. &. Jureshi
Dire-,or of 6era,ion -o-ordina,ion7 #a6, A. M. Jhan
Em,loyees (
127A70
Fleet (
'oein5 7;7 - :00 A
'oein5 7;7-200 ;
Air3us A:00 - '; C
Air3us A-:10 A
'oein5 7:7 - :00 7
20
Online Reservation
System
)o<<er )-27-200 K ;00 11
$/in ,,er 2
$o,a0 44 Air #raf,s
21
Online Reservation
System
#a0istan International in the <9s and =9s(
(n 1D7; P(A
-on,ra-,ed Ne5us and Ne5us of London ,o re-desi5n a ne/ more a,,ra-,ive
0iver. ,ha, /ou0d 3e more favora30. a,,ri3u,ed ,o ,he Air0ine. $he. -ame u6
/i,h ,he Green and Go0d 0iver. /hi-h had remained un,i0 ,he 0a,e C0sK+er.
"ar0. D0s.
The :9s(
P(A re60a-ed i,s famous Green and Go0d 0iver. /i,h a s6or,ier
one of Green7 Moss Green and $ur>uoise s,ri6es. (, is said 3. P(A7 ,ha, ,his
ne/ ,heme is a s6or,ier 0oo<7 re6resen,in5 ,he a-,ive 6ar,i-i6a,ion and
s6onsorshi6 of Pa<is,anHs Na,iona0 %6or,s.
(n 1DDD7 P(A a->uired five "=-#a,ha. Pa-ifi- 'oein5 7;7-:A7s ,o re60a-e ,he
o0der series 7;7s o6era,in5 on Lon5-Hau0 (n,erna,iona0 rou,es. $hou5h some
of ,he o0der 7;7s s,i00 o6era,e su-h as in mi=ed -onfi5ura,ion.
#IA> #resent -ay(
P(A is -urren,0. see<in5 Ne/ Air-raf, ,o e=,end i,s
f0ee,7 in,eres, 0ies in ,he Air3us A:;07 More 7;7-:A7s or ,he ?ide 3od. 777.
?hi0s, a, ,he ,ime of /ri,in5 ,he e=a-, 6ur-hase 60ans have no, 3een
-on-re,ed7 fur,her evo0u,ion of ,he Na,iona0 )0a5 -arrier /i00 3e /e0-omed 3.
man..
22
Online Reservation
System
C&A#TER



Introdu'tion E2istin) System.
2:
Online Reservation
System
E;ISTIN1 SYSTE
C1RRET ?1SIESS ACTIVITIES A?O1T RESERVATIO(
(n ,his s.s,em ,he /ho0e 6ro-edure -onsis,s on ,/o sides7 one is -us,omer
E6assen5erF and ano,her is [Link]. #us,omer ma. need some informa,ion
a3ou, avai0a3i0i,. of sea,s7 reserva,ion7 30o-<in57 -onfirma,ion7 res-hedu0in57
-an-e00a,ion and 3ase 6ri-e.
Che'0in) Availa@ility o$ Seats (
Du,. offi-er as< ,he -us,omer ,o ,e00 ,he fo00o/in5 de,ai0s - -0ass7 one-/a. or
round ,ri67 de6ar,ure da,e and ,he num3er of adu0, 6assen5ers7 -hi0dren and
senior -i,izens. L#0assG refers ,o 3usiness -0ass7 firs, -0ass7 -0u3 -0ass7
smo<in57 non smo<in5. $his -hoi-e made 3. ,he -us,omer. $he -us,omer
/i00 5e, ,he -hoi-e of one-/a.7 round ,ri6. De6ar,ure da,e refers ,o ei,her a
sin50e da,e or a ran5e of da,es. Du,. offi-er /i00 no, ,e00 ,o ,he -us,omer7
da,es in ,he 6as, or ,hose da,es ,ha, are ,oo [Link] in ,he fu,ure Eas
de,ermined 3. ,he P(A 6o0i-.F. (n -ase7 ,he ,ri6 is a round ,ri67 ,he du,.
offi-er a0so as<s ,he -us,omer ,o ,e00 ,he de6ar,ure da,e on ,he re,urn ,ri6.
Havin5 ,a<en a00 ,he a3ove informa,ion from ,he -us,omer7 ,he du,. offi-er
-he-<s for /ron5 informa,ion. (n -ase of an. in-om6a,i3i0i,.7 ,he du,. offi-er
informs ,he -us,omer. Havin5 ,a<en a00 ,he informa,ion as 0is,ed a3ove7 ,he
du,. offi-er -he-< ,he f0i5h, s-hedu0e in ,he res6onse a3ou, ,he re>ues,
6rovided 3. ,he -us,omer.$he du,. offi-er 6rovide informa,ion ,o ,he
2;
Online Reservation
System
-us,omer - for ea-h f0i5h, num3er - ,he f0i5h, num3er7 de6ar,ure ,ime in
ori5in -i,.7 arriva0 ,ime in des,ina,ion -i,.7 ,he dura,ion of ,he f0i5h, and ,he
num3er of sea,s avai0a30e on ,ha, f0i5h,.
Reservation(
Havin5 ,a<en a00 ,he informa,ion from -us,omer7 ,he du,.
offi-er 6ro-eeds ,o u6da,e ,he reserva,ion da,a3ase. (, de-remen, ,he num3er
of avai0a30e sea,s on ,he 6ar,i-u0ar f0i5h, for ,he 6ar,i-u0ar -0ass 3. ,he
num3er of ,rave0ers 3ein5 re6resen,ed 3. ,he -us,omer.
$he du,. offi-er no/ ,e00s ,he 6ri-e of ,he ,i-<e,. $his /i00 3e ,he sum of ,he
6ri-es for a00 ,he mem3ers of ,he ,rave0 6ar,. 3ein5 re6resen,ed 3. ,he
-us,omer.
(f -us,omer 3u.s ,he ,i-<e,7 ,he du,. offi-er -har5es ,he 6ri-e of ,he ,i-<e,.
%.s,em simu0,aneous0. 5enera,es a -onfirma,ion num3er. $he ,i-<e, has 3een
reserved.
?lo'0in)(
'0o-<in5 is ,he 6ro-ess ,o refer ,o ,he ,em6orar. ho0din5 of a
sea,EsF on a f0i5h, for a s6e-ifi- 6eriod of ,ime. $he -us,omer 6a.s no -os, for
30o-<in5 a ,i-<e,7 3u, mus, ma<e a de-ision a, 0eas, ,/o /ee< ear0ier ,o ,he
da,e of de6ar,ure.
Con$irmation(
A -us,omer /ho has ear0ier 30o-<ed a ,i-<e,7 he is
25
Online Reservation
System
re>uired ei,her ,o -onfirm ,he ,i-<e, 3efore ,/o /ee<s of ,he de6ar,ure da,e
or ,he ,i-<e, s,ands -an-e00ed. (f -us,omer ma<e ,he ,i-<e, -onfirm7 ,he du,.
offi-er issue him a -onfirma,ion num3erK0e,,er.
Re3S'hedulin)(
$his 6ro-ess means ,ha, ,he -us,omer is a00o/ed on0. ,o
6os,6one ,he ,rave0 da,e and he has ,o 6a. ,he differen-e in fare. No o,her
de,ai0s -an 3e -han5ed ,hrou5h ,his 6ro-ess. )or e=am60e ,he num3er of
6assen5ers -anG, 3e -han5ed. $he du,. offi-er ma<es a ne/ -onfirma,ion
num3er and issues i, ,o ,he -us,omer.
Can'ellation(
$he -us,omers a0so have a -hoi-e ,o -an-e0 ,he -onfirmed
,i-<e, or a 30o-<ed ,i-<e,. $he du,. offi-er a0so informs ,o -us,omer an. ru0es
re5ardin5 ,he -an-e00a,ion of ,i-<e,s7 /ha, 6er-en,a5e of ,he 6ri-e /i00 3e
refunded.
?ase #ri'e(
$his refers ,o ,he ma=imum 6ri-e of a ,i-<e,7 /hi-h usua00. is
,he 6ri-e /hen ,he 6ur-hase is made a, ,he 0as, minu,e. $his is used in
arrivin5 a, ,he dis-oun,ed 6ri-e /hi-h de6ends on various fa-,ors 0i<e ear0.
3oo<in5 e,-.
Route(
$he -us,omers a0so have a -hoi-e ,o -hose ,heir desired rou,es if
2A
Online Reservation
System
P(A has ,he fa-i0i,. of ,ha, 6ar,i-u0ar rou,e. #us,omer -an as< a3ou, ,he
0on5es, 6ossi30e rou,e 3u, in e-onomi-a0 fare. #us,omer -an as< a3ou,
shor,es, 6ossi30e rou,e 3u, ma. 3e he /ou0d have ,o 6a. more fare ,han
norma0. #us,omer -an as< a3ou, nei,her ,oo 0on5 nor shor, /hi-h /ou0d 3e
P(AGs re5u0ar f0i5h,s of ,ha, 6ar,i-u0ar des,ina,ion.
Af,er ,he ori5in and des,ina,ion -i,.Gs air6or,s are de,ermined and assi5ned a
-ode7 ,he Du,. offi-er no/ a--esses ,he f0i5h, s-hedu0e and -he-<s if ,here is
a dire-, o6era,iona0 servi-e 3e,/een ,he ,/o -i,ies. (f no,7 ,he Du,. offi-er
su55es,s 6ossi30e rou,es and ,ransfer 6oin,s. $he -us,omer no/ 6resen,ed
/i,h a -hoi-e of ei,her se0e-,in5 one of ,he rou,es.
27
Online Reservation
System
? ?1SIESS 1SIESS R R1LES 1LES
For -omesti' #assen)ers(
1F )or reserva,ion )0i5h,7 Da,e @ se-,ion is re>uired.
2F Grou6s E4ourna0is,F ma. have dis-oun, if and on0. if ,he. are more ,han
20 6ersons.
:F %,uden,s ma. have :0M dis-oun,.
;F Af,er ,he e=6ir. of ,ime7 ,he %.s,em /i00 -an-e0 ,he reserva,ion.
5F (f 6assen5er -an-e0s his ,i-<e, 3efore 1C hours of de6ar,ure ,ime7 ,hen
25M /i00 3e dedu-,ed and if 6assen5er -an-e0s his ,i-<e, 3efore 0ess ,han
1C hours from de6ar,ure ,ime7 ,hen 50M amoun, /i00 3e dedu-,ed.
AF A00 6assen5ers 3oo<ed on Domes,i- )0i5h,s shou0d 3e ,i-<e,ed /i,hin :0
da.s of PNR EPassen5er Name Re-ordF -rea,ion or : da.s 6rior ,o
de6ar,ure /hi-h ever is ear0ier.
7F $i-<e,s -an 3e 3oo<ed ma=imum 1 .ear ear0ier.
For International #assen)ers(
1F )or reserva,ion Pass6or, and +a0id +isa is re>uired.
2F Grou6s E4ourna0is,s e,-.F ma. have dis-oun, if ,he. are more ,han 20
6ersons.
:F %,uden,s ma. have 20M dis-oun, if ,he. have s,uden, visa and
-onfirma,ion 0e,,er from universi,. /here ,he. are 5oin5 ,o s,ud..
;F #us,omers have a -hoi-e ,o -hoose hisKher desired rou,es.
2C
Online Reservation
System
5F (f a 6assen5er -an-e0s his ,i-<e, ,here /i00 3e no,hin5 dedu-,ed in 0o/
season EA6ri0 ,o Novem3erF 3u, in hi5h season EDe-em3er ,o Mar-hF
N50 /ou0d 3e dedu-,ed in some -ases.
AF A00 6assen5ers 3oo<ed on (n,erna,iona0 )0i5h,s mus, 3e ,i-<e,ed /i,hin
:0 da.s of PNR EPassen5er Name Re-ordF -rea,ion or 1; da.s 6rior ,o
de6ar,ure7 /hi-h ever is ear0ier.
7F "s,a30ished )ares
CF Dire-, )ares
No s,a. 3e,/een De6ar,ure and Arriva0.
DF $hrou5h )ares ERou, )aresF
$here are %,a.s 3e,/een De6ar,ure and Arriva0I 6assen5ers are
no, a00o/ed ,o 5e, ou, from 60ane durin5 ,ha, s,a. ,ime.
-RA+ ?AC4S I EAISTIG SBSTEM(
*" ore R&ntime Co#t
$he -urren, s.s,em does no, -os, mu-h durin5 es,a30ishmen, 3u, ,he
runnin5 ,ime -os,s are ver. hi5h. $he ,ime is /as,ed 3. e=,ra 0oad of
/or< in ,he main,enan-e of ,he -urren, s.s,em a0so sin-e i, is semi
-om6u,erized and no, on0ine.
," Data Re'&n'ancy
$he -urren, s.s,em is 3ased on fi0es and severa0 redundan, fi0es e=is, a,
man. differen, 0o-a,ions for differen, de6ar,men,s 3e-ause -om6u,er is
no, 6rovided ,o ever. [Link]. $he same da,a is s,ored a, differen,
2D
Online Reservation
System
0o-a0i,ies /hi-h -auses s6a-e and ,ime 0oss. $here is no need for
du60i-a,ion of da,a for an. or5aniza,ion. $he P(A /as,es ,ime and mone.
on da,a redundan-ies.
3" Data Integrity
$he redundan-ies of fi0es -rea,e 6ro30ems for ,he [Link] of P(A ,o
-han5e ,he re-ords for some fi0es 0o-a,ed a, differen, 60a-es. $his -rea,es
diffi-u0,ies in ,he f0o/ of da,a and ,he ou,6u, of informa,ion is a0mos,
ne50i5i30e and in-orre-,.
4" Searching i# Slo< = Diffic&lt
$o sear-h da,a from fi0es and re5is,ers is a0/a.s s0o/ and 4us, a /as,a5e
of ,ime and s6a-e. $he -han-es of errors are hi5h.
5" No .nline 0acilitie# for c&#tomer#
$here is no on0ine fa-i0i,. for ,he -us,omers of P(A. $here is no su-h
s.s,em 3. /hi-h -us,omers -an 60a-e on-0ine orders. $herefore ,he o0d
s.s,em does no, 6rovide an. a,,ra-,ive fa-i0i,. ,o ,he -us,omer
E6assen5ersF of o,her -i,ies or -oun,ries.
6" Searching of Data i# Slo<
ne -an ima5ine ho/ diffi-u0, i, is ,o sear-h da,a manua00. from re5is,ers
and 6a6ers. P(A -urren, s.s,em is ,o,a00. 3ased on re5is,ers. (f one has ,o
:0
Online Reservation
System
sear-h da,a7 he has ,o 5o ,hrou5h fi0es of re-ord /ri,,en do/n in re5is,ers.
$herefore7 i, is 4us, /as,a5e of ,ime and man6o/er.
7" No Bac>&-
$he -urren, s.s,em has no 3a-<u6s avai0a30e for ,he P(A 3e-ause ,here is
no 6ro-edure of 3a-<u6 of im6or,an, da,a as -urren, s.s,em i,se0f is 3ased
on fi0es /hi-h ,a<e ,oo mu-h ,ime and /or<in5 s6a-e and ma<es i,
im6ossi30e ,o re-over da,a in -ase of da,a 0oss or dama5e.
?" ore $&man Re#o&rce# Re@&ire'
$o hand0e ,he -urren, s.s,em7 ,he P(A re>uires more human resour-es for
ever. de6ar,men, and servi-e areas. $his -os, mu-h for P(A sin-e more
6eo60e are hired for differen, 6ur6oses. Hen-e7 ,he P(A has ,o 6a. mu-h
for hirin5 more [Link].
A" ore Chance# of Error#
$he -han-es of errors and 6ro30ems in-rease for P(A -urren, s.s,em7 in
,he form of disinforma,ion 3ein5 de0ivered. $his ma. even -ause 5rea,er
harm ,o ,he P(A due ,o /ron5 60annin5 and disinforma,ion.
*B" Diffic&lt Error Correction
An. minor or ma4or errors are no, easi0. hand0ed and fi=ed in ,he -urren,
s.s,em. %ome,imes i, 5e,s he-,i- and -hao,i- for ,he s,aff or [Link] ,o fi=
,he errors. (, re>uires e=,ra /or<in5 hours and ,ime ,ha, resu0,s in -us,omer
dissa,isfa-,ion.
:1
Online Reservation
System
**" ore Chance# of Data !o##
$he -urren, s.s,em of P(A is fi0e 3ased. An. -a0ami,. -an des,ro. ,he da,a
and no re-over. of da,a 0os,7 ha0,in5 ,he -om60e,e o6era,ion of ,he P(A.
*," ore Phy#ical S-ace Re@&ire'
$o s,ore ,he re5is,ers K fi0es in ,he -urren, s.s,em7 ,he P(A needs more
s,ora5e 60a-e. $he s,affs needs e=,ra /or< ,o run ,he o0d s.s,em and i,
re>uires ,oo mu-h [Link]-a0 s6a-e and resu0,s in 0ar5e s,ora5e and offi-e
3ui0din5s7 ma<in5 ,he /ho0e s.s,em over3urdened and overs,rained.
#ROCESS -IAGRAM FOR #IA RESERVATIO #ROCESS -IAGRAM FOR #IA RESERVATIO
SBSTEM SBSTEM
:2
Marketing
Browse Forms
Category Browsing
Block Flight
Check Available Seats
Check Out
Shipment Handling
Charge
Payment
eceipt
Order Process
Customer
Online Reservation
System
::
Online Reservation
System
C&A#TER



Introdu'tion ,ro,osed System.
:;
Online Reservation
System
O?CECTIVES OF T&E #RO#OSE- SBSTEM O?CECTIVES OF T&E #RO#OSE- SBSTEM
IM#ROVE- SERVICES( IM#ROVE- SERVICES(
An o34e-,ive of ,he 6ro6osed s.s,em is ,o im6rove ,he e=is,in5
%.s,emGs servi-es7 in order ,o8
(n-rease -us,omer sa,isfa-,ion
Provide ,he >ua0i,.
#rea,e a -on,ro00ed informa,ion mana5emen,
"nvironmen,
?ETTER #ERFORMACE( ?ETTER #ERFORMACE(
$o 6rovide 3e,,er 6erforman-e is a0so an o34e-,ive of our 6ro6osed
s.s,em. 'e,,er 6erforman-e /i00 3e mana5ed 3. 6rovidin5
Desired f0e=i3i0i,.
)as, res6onse
A3i0i,. ,o su66or, -han5es.
A3i0i,. ,o main,ain ,he >ua0i,. of servi-es.
EFFICIET G1I( EFFICIET G1I(
ne of ,he o34e-,ives of ,he 6ro6osed s.s,em is ,o 6rovide a user
friend0. G&(7 ,ha, /i00 ena30e ,he user ,o <or> on clic># and ma<e ,he
informa,ion ,ransfer 6ossi30e /i,h ,he mos, -ommon (K devi-es.
MORE IFORMATIO( MORE IFORMATIO(
An o34e-,ive of our 6ro6osed s.s,em is ,o deve0o6 a s.s,em ,ha, /i00
e0imina,e ,he 6ro30em of insuffi-ien, and in-om60e,e informa,ion.
:5
Online Reservation
System
-ECISIO S1##ORT -ECISIO S1##ORT

'. 6rovidin5 ,he fa-i0i,. of /ha,-if ana0.sis7 /e /i00 ma<e a de-ision
su66or, s.s,em.
STROGER COTROLS( STROGER COTROLS(
$he 6ro6osed s.s,em /i00 have s,ron5er -on,ro0s. #on,ro0s 0i<e
6ass/ords7 various 0eve0s of user a--ess and o6,ion /i00 3e added.
ELIMIATIO OF R1IG COST( ELIMIATIO OF R1IG COST(
?e are 5oin5 ,o deve0o6 ,he 6ro6osed s.s,em /i,h an o34e-,ive ,o
e0imina,e ,he runnin5 -os, 3. over-omin5 ,he -on,inuous s,a,ionar.
e=6enses7 manua0 s,ora5e need7 and e=,ra s,aff in ,he informa,ion
resour-e de6ar,men, of P(A.
?EEFITSDMAI FEAT1RES OF T&E #RO#OSE- ?EEFITSDMAI FEAT1RES OF T&E #RO#OSE-
SBSTEM( SBSTEM(
#ro,osed system .ill ,rovide $[Link]) @ene$its(
Due ,o ,he a3ove-men,ioned fa-i0i,.7 s.s,em /i00 6rodu-e -om6ara,ive0. 0o/
e=6enses and -auses fas, res6onse ,ime.

1F Pro6osed s.s,em /i00 6rovide -om6rehensive user he06.
2F (n 6ro6osed s.s,em air0ine reserva,ion Lin,e5ra,edG. Hen-e i, /i00 -ause
de-rease in runnin5 -os,.
:A
Online Reservation
System
:F Pro6osed s.s,em /i00 5ive fa-,s @ fi5ures in 6er-en,a5e. %o ,his
6ro6osed s.s,em /i00 6rovide ,he re6or,s in a 3e,,er and more
unders,anda30e /a..
;F Pro6osed s.s,em /i00 5enera,e ,he 5ra6hi-a0 re6resen,a,ion
5F Pro6osed s.s,em /i00 6rovide ,he 3a,,er sear-hin5 fa-i0i,ies.
AF A s6e-ia0 3enefi, of 6ro6osed s.s,em is user-friend0iness.
7F Ro3us, s-reens /i00 a00o/ user ,o easi0. -ommuni-a,e /i,h ,he s.s,em.
CF Pro6osed s.s,em is 0i<e0. ,o 5enera,e severa0 ,.6es of
i. re6or,s ,ha, /i00 he06 in de-ision-ma<in5.
ii. i, /i00 he06 ,he -om6an. ,o redu-e ,he -os,s in 6resen,
iii. and a0so in ,he fu,ure.
DF (n 6ro6osed s.s,em7 ,here is a fa-i0i,. of 3a-<u6 da,a Eusin5 'a-<-u6
and Re-over. Mana5erF for ,he [Link] 6a. re-ords.$herefore ,he
dura3i0i,. of ,he da,a in-reases as ,he da,a -an 3e %,ored on ano,her
hard/are devi-e Ei.e.8 ,a6e drive or zi6 driveF and da,a is no, 0os, due
,o hard/are 6ro30ems.
10F $he 6ro6osed s.s,em 5ives mu-h more se-uri,. in ,erms of da,a 3.
6rovidin5 adminis,ra,or-0eve0 se-uri,. and user a--ess -on,ro0 /i,h
username and 6ass/ord . Hen-e no one havin57 mis-hievous -an eas.
a--ess ,he [Link] re-ords.
:7
Online Reservation
System
C&A#TER



-esi)n Tool.
:C
Online Reservation
System
+hat is &TML(
H$ML s,ands for H.6er $e=, Mar<u6
Lan5ua5e. (, /as deve0o6ed in ear0. 1DD0s. (, is a forma,,in5 0an5ua5e
used ,o deve0o6 /e3 6a5es. H.6er,e=, means ,ha, H$ML mar<s -er,ain
/ords in ,he do-umen, as 0in<s ,o o,her 6ar,s of ,he same do-umen, or o,her
do-umen,. ?hen ,he user -0o-<s on a 0in<7 3ro/ser s,ar,s dis60a.in5 ,he
do-umen, a,,a-hed ,o ,ha, 0in<.
H$ML is no, a 6ro5rammin5 0an5ua5e. (, is used ,o define ,e=,7 5ra6hi-s7
audio and video in /e3 6a5es. (, uses ,a5s or mar<u6s ,o s6e-if. ho/ ,he
-on,en,s of /e3 6a5e /i00 3e [Link]. H$ML -ode -an 3e /ri,,en in an.
,e=, edi,or 0i<e No,e6ad.
H$ML /as deve0o6ed a fe/ .ears a5o as a su3se, of %GML. %,ands for
%,ru-,ured Genera0ized Mar<-u6 Lan5ua5e. (, a0so des-ri3es
forma,,in5 and h.6er,e=, 0in<s7 and differen, -om6onen,s of a do-umen,. (, is
3asi-a00. an a660i-a,ion-orien,ed do-umen, forma,. %GML (s no, idea0
,ransmission a-ross ,he in,erne, ,o differen, ,.6es of -om6u,er and 3ro/ser
a660i-a,ions.
:D
Online Reservation
System
+hat is CSS(
#as-adin5 %,.0e %hee,s /ere in,rodu-ed in 0a,e 1DDA. %,.0e shee, is a
-o00e-,ion of forma,,in5 s,.0e ,ha, -an 3e a660ied ,o a /e3 6a5e. $he desi5ner
-an s6e-if. ,he desi5n of a /e3 6a5e in a s,.0e shee, and ,han use i, in ,he
/e3 6a5e. $he same s,.0e shee, -an 3e used in mu0,i60e /e3 6a5e or even
man. /e3si,es. (, 6rovides ,he fa-i0i,. of -rea,in5 /e3si,es /i,h -onsis,en,
desi5ns and ou,0oo<.
#as-adin5 %,.0e %hee,s are used ,o modif. ,he 6ro6er,ies of e=is,in5 H$ML
,a5s. A00 /e3 3ro/sers are 3ased on a 3ui0,-in s,.0e shee,. (, ins,ru-,s ,he
3ro/ser ho/ ,o dis60a. differen, e0emen,s in a /e3 6a5e. )or e=am60e7 /hen
,he 3ro/ser see ,he OPP ,a57 i, <no/s ,o s<i6 a 0ine and s,ar, a ne/ se-,ion.
$his informa,ion is s,ored in ,he 3ui0,-in s,.0e shee,. ?hen a ne/ s,.0e shee,
is defined7 ,he 3ui0,-in s,.0e shee, is overridden. %o7 ,he 3ro/ser s,ar,s
fo00o/in5 ,he ins,ru-,ions of ne/ s,.0e shee, ins,ead of 3ui0,-in s,.0e shee,.
%,.0e shee,s 6rovide in-reased f0e=i3i0i,. and ,he -a6a3i0i,. ,o add severa0
a,,ri3u,es ,ha, are no, avai0a30e /i,h norma0 H$ML. %,.0e %hee,s are used ,o
define s,.0es for /e3 6a5e in man. /a.s. %,.0e -an 3e s6e-ified as fo00o/s8
(nside an individua0 H$ML e0emen,
(nside ,he OheadP e0emen, of an H$ML 6a5e
;0
Online Reservation
System
(n an e=,erna0 #%% fi0e
;1
Online Reservation
System
+hat is #&#(
PHP8 H.6er,e=, Pre6ro-essor is a /ide0. used7 5enera0-6ur6ose
s-ri6,in5 0an5ua5e ,ha, /as ori5ina00. desi5ned for /e3 deve0o6men, ,o
6rodu-e [Link]- /e3 6a5es. )or ,his 6ur6ose7 PHP -ode is em3edded
in,o ,he H$ML sour-e do-umen, and in,er6re,ed 3. a /e3 server /i,h a
PHP 6ro-essor modu0e7 /hi-h 5enera,es ,he /e3 6a5e do-umen,. As a
5enera0-6ur6ose 6ro5rammin5 0an5ua5e7 PHP -ode is 6ro-essed 3. an
in,er6re,er a660i-a,ion in -ommand-0ine mode 6erformin5 desired o6era,in5
s.s,em o6era,ions and 6rodu-in5 6ro5ram ou,6u, on i,s s,andard ou,6u,
-hanne0. (, ma. a0so fun-,ion as a 5ra6hi-a0 a660i-a,ion. PHP is avai0a30e
as a 6ro-essor for mos, modern /e3 servers and as a s,anda0one in,er6re,er
on mos, o6era,in5 s.s,ems and -om6u,in5 60a,forms.
PHP ori5ina00. s,ood for 6ersona0 home 6a5e. (,s deve0o6men, 3e5an in
1DD; /hen ,he DanishKGreen0andi- 6ro5rammer Rasmus Lerdorf ini,ia00.
-rea,ed a se, of Per0 s-ri6,s he -a00ed HPersona0 Home Pa5e $oo0sH ,o main,ain
his 6ersona0 home6a5e7 in-0udin5 ,as<s su-h as dis60a.in5 his rQsumQ
and re-ordin5 ho/ mu-h ,raffi- his 6a5e /as re-eivin5.
He re/ro,e ,hese s-ri6,s as # 6ro5rammin5 0an5ua5e #ommon
Ga,e/a. (n,erfa-e E#G(F 3inaries7 e=,endin5 ,hem ,o add ,he a3i0i,. ,o
/or< /i,h /e3 forms and ,o -ommuni-a,e /i,h da,a3ases and -a00ed
,his im60emen,a,ion HPersona0 Home Pa5eK)orms (n,er6re,erH or PHPK)(.
PHPK)( -ou0d 3e used ,o 3ui0d sim60e7 [Link]- /e3 a660i-a,ions.
HPersona0 Home Pa5e $oo0s EPHP $oo0sF H 6u30i-0. on !une C7 1DD57 ,o
;2
Online Reservation
System
a--e0era,e 3u5 0o-a,ion and im6rove ,he -ode. $his re0ease a0read. had ,he
3asi- fun-,iona0i,. ,ha, PHP has ,oda.. $his in-0uded Per0-0i<e
varia30es7 form hand0in57 and ,he a3i0i,. ,o em3ed H$ML. $he s.n,a= /as
simi0ar ,o Per0 3u, /as more 0imi,ed and sim60er7 a0,hou5h 0ess -onsis,en,.
Li'ensin)(
P$P i# free #oft<are relea#e' &n'er the P$P !icen#e% <hich in#i#t# that:
Pro'&ct# 'eri)e' from thi# #oft<are may not :e calle' CP$PC%
nor ay CP$PC a--ear in their name% <itho&t -rior <ritten
-ermi##ion 0rom gro&-D-h-"net" Yo& may in'icate that yo&r
#oft<are <or># in ConE&nction <ith P$P :y #aying C0oo for
P$PC in#tea' of calling It CP$P 0ooC or C-h-fooC
Thi# re#triction on &#e of the name P$P ma>e# it
incom-ati:le <ith the 1NU 1eneral P&:lic !icen#e 81P!9"
1sa)e(
PHP is a 5enera0-6ur6ose s-ri6,in5 0an5ua5e ,ha, is es6e-ia00. sui,ed ,o
server- side /e3 deve0o6men, /here PHP 5enera00. runs on a /e3
server. An. PHP -ode in a re>ues,ed fi0e is e=e-u,ed 3. ,he PHP
run,ime7 usua00. ,o -rea,e [Link]- /e3 6a5e -on,en,. (, -an a0so 3e used
;:
Online Reservation
System
for -ommand-0ine s-ri6,in5 and -0ien,-side G&( a660i-a,ions. PHP -an 3e
[Link] on mos, /e3 servers7 man. o6era,in5 s.s,ems and 60a,forms7 and
-an 3e used /i,h man. re0a,iona0 da,a3ase mana5emen, s.s,ems. (, is
avai0a30e free of -har5e7 and ,he PHP Grou6 6rovides ,he -om60e,e sour-e
-ode for users ,o 3ui0d7 -us,omize and e=,end for ,heir o/n use.
PHP 6rimari0. a-,s as a fi0,er7 ,a<in5 in6u, from a fi0e or s,ream -on,ainin5
,e=, andKor PHP ins,ru-,ions and ou,6u,s ano,her s,ream of da,aI mos,
-ommon0. ,he ou,6u, /i00 3e H$ML. %in-e PHP ;7 ,he PHP 6arser
-om6i0es in6u, ,o 6rodu-e 3.,e-ode for 6ro-essin5 3. ,he
Rend "n5ine7 5ivin5 im6roved 6erforman-e over i,s in,er6re,er
6rede-essor.
ri5ina00. desi5ned ,o -rea,e [Link]- /e3 6a5es7 PHP no/ fo-uses main0.
on server-side s-ri6,in57 and i, is simi0ar ,o o,her server-side s-ri6,in5
0an5ua5es ,ha, 6rovide [Link]- -on,en, from a /e3 server ,o a -0ien,7 su-h
as Mi-rosof,Hs A-,ive %erver Pa5es7 %un Mi-ros.s,emsH !ava %erver Pa5es7
and mod96er0. PHP has a0so a,,ra-,ed ,he deve0o6men, of man.
frame/or<s ,ha, 6rovide 3ui0din5 30o-<s and a desi5n s,ru-,ure ,o 6romo,e
ra6id a660i-a,ion deve0o6men, ERADF. %ome of ,hese in-0ude #a<ePHP7
%.mfon.7 #ode(5ni,er7 and Rend )rame/or<7 offerin5 fea,ures simi0ar ,o
o,her /e3 a660i-a,ion frame/or<s.
$he LAMP ar-hi,e-,ure has 3e-ome 6o6u0ar in ,he /e3 indus,r. as a
/a. of de60o.in5 /e3 a660i-a,ions. PHP is -ommon0. used as ,he P
in ,his 3und0e a0on5side Linu=7 A6a-he and M.%*L7 a0,hou5h ,he P ma.
a0so refer ,o P.,hon or Per0 or some -om3ina,ion of ,he ,hree. ?AMP
;;
Online Reservation
System
6a-<a5es E?indo/sK A6a-heK M.%*L K PHPF and MAMP 6a-<a5es
EMa-in,osh K A6a-he K M.%*L K PHPF are a0so avai0a30e.
As of A6ri0 20077 over 20 mi00ion (n,erne, domains had /e3 servi-es hos,ed
on servers /i,h PHP ins,a00ed and mod96h6 /as re-orded as ,he mos,
6o6u0ar A6a-he H$$P %erver modu0e.
Se'urity(
$he Na,iona0 +u0nera3i0i,. Da,a3ase main,ains a 0is, of
vu0nera3i0i,ies found in -om6u,er sof,/are. $he overa00 6ro6or,ion of PHP-
re0a,ed vu0nera3i0i,ies on ,he da,a3ase amoun,ed ,o8 20M in 200;7 2CM in
20057 ;:M in 200A7 :AM in 20077 :5M in 200C7 and :0M in 200D. Mos,
of ,hese PHP-re0a,ed vu0nera3i0i,ies -an 3e e=60oi,ed remo,e0.8 ,he.
a00o/ a,,a-<ers ,o s,ea0 or des,ro. da,a from da,a sour-es 0in<ed ,o ,he
/e3server Esu-h as an %*L da,a3aseF7 send s6am or -on,ri3u,e ,o Do%
a,,a-<s usin5 ma0/are7 /hi-h i,se0f -an 3e ins,a00ed on ,he vu0nera30e
servers.
$hese vu0nera3i0i,ies are -aused mos,0. 3. no, fo00o/in5 3es,
6ra-,i-e 6ro5rammin5 ru0es8 ,e-hni-a0 se-uri,. f0a/s of ,he 0an5ua5e i,se0f or
of i,s -ore 0i3raries are no, fre>uen, E2: in 200C7 a3ou, 1M of ,he
,o,a0F. Re-o5nizin5 ,ha, 6ro5rammers -anno, 3e ,rus,ed7 some 0an5ua5es
in-0ude ,ain, -he-<in5 ,o de,e-, au,oma,i-a00. ,he 0a-< of in6u, va0ida,ion
/hi-h indu-es man. issues. %u-h a fea,ure is 3ein5 deve0o6ed for
PHP7 3u, i,s in-0usion in a re0ease has 3een re4e-,ed severa0 ,imes in ,he
6as,.
;5
Online Reservation
System
Hos,in5 PHP a660i-a,ions on a server re>uires a -arefu0 and -ons,an,
a,,en,ion ,o dea0 /i,h ,hese se-uri,. ris<s. $here are advan-ed 6ro,e-,ion
6a,-hes su-h as %uhosin and Hardenin5-Pa,-h7 es6e-ia00.
desi5ned for /e3 hos,in5 environmen,s.
Synta2(
PHP on0. 6arses -ode /i,hin i,s de0imi,ers. An.,hin5 ou,side
i,s de0imi,ers is sen, dire-,0. ,o ,he ou,6u, and is no, 6ro-essed 3. PHP
Ea0,hou5h non-PHP ,e=, is s,i00 su34e-, ,o -on,ro0 s,ru-,ures des-ri3ed
/i,hin PHP -odeF. $he mos, -ommon de0imi,ers are OS6h6 ,o o6en
and SP ,o -0ose PHP se-,ions. Os-ri6, 0an5ua5eTUPh6UP and OKs-ri6,P
de0imi,ers are a0so avai0a30e7 as are ,he shor,ened forms OS or OST
E/hi-h is used ,o e-ho 3a-< a s,rin5 or varia30eF and SP as /e00 as A%P-s,.0e
shor, forms OM or OMT and MP. ?hi0e shor, de0imi,ers are used7 ,he.
ma<e s-ri6, fi0es 0ess 6or,a30e as su66or, for ,hem -an 3e disa30ed in
,he PHP -onfi5ura,ion7 and so ,he. are dis-oura5ed.
An intro'&ctory e+am-le:
Oh,m0P
OheadP
O,i,0ePPHP $es,OK,i,0eP
OKheadP
;A
Online Reservation
System
O3od.P
OS6h6
e-ho UHe00o ?or0dUI
KV e-hoEUHe00o ?or0dUFI /or<s as /e007 a0,hou5h e-ho isnH, a fun-,ion7 3u, a
0an5ua5e -ons,ru-,. (n some -ases7 su-h as /hen mu0,i60e 6arame,ers are
6assed ,o e-ho7 6arame,ers -anno, 3e en-0osed in 6aren,heses. VK
SP
OK3od.P
OKh,m0P
$he 6ur6ose of a00 ,hese de0imi,ers is ,o se6ara,e PHP -ode from non-PHP
-ode7 in-0udin5 H$ML.
$he firs, form of de0imi,ers7 OS6h6 and SP7 in WH$ML and o,her WML
do-umen,s7 -rea,es -orre-,0. formed WML H6ro-essin5 ins,ru-,ionsH. $his
means ,ha, ,he resu0,in5 mi=,ure of PHP -ode and o,her mar<u6 in ,he
server-side fi0e is i,se0f /e00-formed WML.
+aria30es are 6refi=ed /i,h a do00ar s.m3o0 and a ,.6e does no, need
,o 3e s6e-ified in advan-e. &n0i<e fun-,ion and -0ass names7 varia30e names
are -ase sensi,ive. 'o,h dou30e->uo,ed EUUF and heredo- s,rin5s a00o/ ,he
a3i0i,. ,o em3ed a varia30eHs va0ue in,o ,he s,rin5. PHP ,rea,s ne/0ines
as /hi,es6a-e in ,he manner of a free-form 0an5ua5e Ee=-e6, /hen
inside s,rin5 >uo,esF7 and s,a,emen,s are ,ermina,ed 3. a
;7
Online Reservation
System
[Link] has ,hree ,.6es of -ommen, #ynta+8 KV VK mar<s 30o-< and
in0ine -ommen,sI KK as /e00 as X are used for one- 0ine -ommen,s. $he e-ho
s,a,emen, is one of severa0 fa-i0i,ies PHP 6rovides ,o ou,6u, ,e=, Ee.5. ,o
a /e3 3ro/serF.
(n ,erms of <e./ords and 0an5ua5e s.n,a=7 PHP is simi0ar ,o mos,
hi5h 0eve0 0an5ua5es ,ha, fo00o/ ,he # s,.0e s.n,a=. (f -ondi,ions7 for
and /hi0e 0oo6s7 and fun-,ion re,urns are simi0ar in s.n,a= ,o 0an5ua5es
su-h as #7 #YY7 !ava and Per0.
+hat is MyS*L(
M.%*L is a re0a,iona0 da,a3ase mana5emen, s.s,em
ERD'M%FZ1[ ,ha, runs as a server 6rovidin5 mu0,i-user a--ess ,o a
num3er of da,a3ases. (, is named for ori5ina0 deve0o6er Mi-hae0
?ideniusHs.
$he M.%*L deve0o6men, 6ro4e-, has made i,s sour-e -ode avai0a30e under
,he ,erms of ,he GN& Genera0 Pu30i- Li-ense7 as /e00 as under a
varie,. of 6ro6rie,ar. a5reemen,s. M.%*L /as o/ned and s6onsored 3. a
sin50e for-6rofi, firm7 ,he %/edish -om6an. M.%*L A'7 no/ o/ned
3. %un Mi-ros.s,ems7 a su3sidiar. of ra-0e #or6ora,ion.
)ree-sof,/are 6ro4e-,s ,ha, re>uire a fu00-fea,ured da,a3ase mana5emen,
s.s,em of,en use M.%*L. %u-h 6ro4e-,s in-0ude Efor e=am60eF
?ordPress7 6h67 Dru6a0 and o,her sof,/are 3ui0, on ,he LAMP
;C
Online Reservation
System
sof,/are s,a-<. M.%*L is a0so used in man. hi5h-6rofi0e7 0ar5e-s-a0e
?or0d ?ide ?e3 6rodu-,s in-0udin5 ?i<i6edia7 Goo50e.
#lat$orms and inter$a'es(
M.%*L -ode uses # and #YY. $he %*L
6arser uses .a-- and a home-3re/ed 0e=er7 s>090e=.--
M.%*L /or<s on man. differen, s.s,em 60a,forms7 in-0udin5 A(W7
'%Di7 )ree'%D7 HP-&W7 i5K%7 Linu=7 Ma- % W7 Ne,'%D7 Nove00
Ne,?are7 6en'%D7 6en%o0aris7 e#om%,a,ion7 %K2 ?ar67 *NW7
(R(W7 %o0aris7 %.m3ian7 %un%7 %# 6en%erver7 %# &ni=?are7
%anos7 $ruA; and Mi-rosof, ?indo/s. A 6or, of M.%*L ,o 6en+M% a0so
e=is,s.
Man. 6ro5rammin5 0an5ua5es /i,h 0an5ua5e-s6e-ifi- AP(s in-0ude 0i3raries
for a--essin5 M.%*L da,a3ase. (n addi,ion7 an D'# in,erfa-e -a00ed
M.D'# a00o/s addi,iona0 6ro5rammin5 0an5ua5es ,ha, su66or, ,he
D'# in,erfa-e ,oMan. 6ro5rammin5 0an5ua5es /i,h 0an5ua5e-s6e-ifi-
AP(s in-0ude 0i3raries for a--essin5 M.%*L da,a3ase. (n addi,ion7 an
D'# in,erfa-e -a00ed M.D'# a00o/s addi,iona0 6ro5rammin5
0an5ua5es ,ha, su66or, ,he D'# in,erfa-e ,o -ommuni-a,e /i,h a
M.%*L da,a3ase7 su-h as A%P or #o0d)usion. $he H$%*L - &RL 3ased
>uer. me,hod a0so shi6s /i,h M.%*L ada6,er a00o/in5 dire-,
in,era-,ion /i,h M.%*L da,a3ase from an. /e3 -0ien, via s,ru-,ured &RLs.
$he M.%*L server and offi-ia0 0i3raries are mos,0. im60emen,ed in
AN%( #KAN%( #YY.
;D
Online Reservation
System
Mana)ement and )ra,hi'al $rontends8
M.%*L is 6rimari0. an
RD'M% and ,herefore shi6s /i,h no G&( ,oo0s ,o adminis,er M.%*L
da,a3ases or mana5e da,a -on,ained /i,hin. &sers ma. use ,he in-0uded
-ommand-0ine ,oo0s7 or do/n0oad M.%*L fron,ends from various 6ar,ies
,ha, have deve0o6ed des<,o6 sof,/are and /e3 a660i-a,ions ,o mana5e
M.%*L da,a3ases7 3ui0d da,a3ase s,ru-,ure7 and /or< /i,h da,a re-ords. ne
of ,he 6o6u0ar fron, end is [Link].
$he offi-ia0 M.%*L ?or<3en-h is a free in,e5ra,ed environmen,
deve0o6ed 3. M.%*L A'7 ,ha, ena30es users ,o 5ra6hi-a00. adminis,er
M.%*L da,a3ases and visua00. desi5n da,a3ase s,ru-,ure. M.%*L
?or<3en-h re60a-es ,he 6revious 6a-<a5e of sof,/are7 M.%*L G&(
$oo0s. %imi0ar ,o o,her ,hird-6ar,. 6a-<a5es 3u, s,i00 -onsidered ,he
au,hori,a,ive M.%*L fron,end7 M.%*L ?or<3en-h 0e,s users mana5e ,he
fo00o/in58
\ Da,a3ase desi5n @ mode0in5
\ %*L deve0o6men, ] re60a-in5 M.%*L *uer. 'ro/ser
\ Da,a3ase adminis,ra,ion ] re60a-in5 M.%*L Adminis,ra,or
50
Online Reservation
System
M.%*L ?or<3en-h is avai0a30e in ,/o edi,ions7 ,he re5u0ar free and o6en
sour-e #ommuni,. "di,ion /hi-h ma. 3e do/n0oaded from ,he M.%*L
/e3si,e7 and ,he 6ro6rie,ar. %,andard "di,ion /hi-h e=,ends and
im6roves ,he fea,ure se, of ,he #ommuni,. "di,ion.
Features(
$he. have a -ommon -ode 3ase and in-0ude ,he fo00o/in5
fea,ures8
\ A 3road su3se, of AN%( %*L DD7 as /e00 as e=,ensions
\ #ross-60a,form su66or,
\ %,ored 6ro-edures
\ $ri55ers
\ #ursors
\ &6da,a30e +ie/s
\ $rue +ar-har su66or,
\ (N)RMA$(N9%#H"MA
\ %,ri-, mode
\ WK6en WA dis,ri3u,ed ,ransa-,ion 6ro-essin5 ED$PF su66or,I ,/o 6hase
-ommi, as 6ar, of ,his7 usin5 ra-0eHs (nnoD' en5ine
\ (nde6enden, s,ora5e en5ines EM.(%AM for read s6eed7 (nnoD' for
,ransa-,ions and referen,ia0 in,e5ri,.7 M.%*L Ar-hive for s,orin5
his,ori-a0 da,a in 0i,,0e s6a-eF
51
Online Reservation
System
\ $ransa-,ions /i,h ,he (nnoD'7 'D' and #0us,er s,ora5e
en5inesI save6oin,s /i,h (nnoD'
\ %%L su66or,
\ *uer. -a-hin5
\ %u3-%"L"#$s Ei.e. nes,ed %"L"#$sF
\ Re60i-a,ion su66or, Ei.e. Mas,er-Mas,er Re60i-a,ion @ Mas,er-%0ave
Re60i-a,ionF /i,h one mas,er 6er s0ave7 man. s0aves 6er mas,er7 no
au,oma,i- su66or, for mu0,i60e mas,ers 6er s0ave.
\ )u00-,e=, inde=in5 and sear-hin5 usin5 M.(%AM en5ine
\ "m3edded da,a3ase 0i3rar.
\ Par,ia0 &ni-ode su66or, E&$)-C and &#%-2 en-oded s,rin5s are 0imi,ed
,o ,he 'MPF
\ Par,ia0 A#(D -om60ian-e Efu00 -om60ian-e on0. /hen usin5 ,he
non-
defau0, s,ora5e en5ines (nnoD'7 'D' and #0us,erF
\ Par,i,i,oned ,a30es /i,h 6runin5 of 6ar,i,ions in o6,imiser
\ %hared-no,hin5 -0us,erin5 ,hrou5h M.%*L #0us,er
\ Ho, 3a-<u6 Evia m.s>0ho,-o6.F under -er,ain -ondi,ions.
52
Online Reservation
System
$he deve0o6ers re0ease mon,h0. versions of ,he M.%*L %erver. $he sour-es
-an 3e o3,ained from M.%*LHs /e3 si,e or from M.%*LHs 'azaar
re6osi,or.7 3o,h under ,he GPL 0i-ense.
5:
Online Reservation
System
+am, Server(
$he a-ron.m ?am6 refers ,o an o6en sour-e a660i-a,ion
EA6a-he7 M^%*L and one or more of Par07 PHP and P.,honF7
-om3ined /i,h Mi-rosof, ?indo/s7 ?hi-h are -ommon0. used in ?e3
%erver environmen,s. $he ?AMP s,a-< 6rovides ,he four <e. e0emen,s of
a /e3 server8 an o6era,in5 s.s,em /indo/s7 da,a3ase M^%*L7 ?e3
server EA6a-heF and /e3 s-ri6,in5 sof,/are EPHP7 P"ARL7 P^$HNF.
5;
Online Reservation
System
C&A#TER



CO-IG(
55
Online Reservation
System
I-EA.&TML(
O_D#$^P" h,m0 P&'L(# U-KK?:#KKD$D WH$ML 1.0 %,ri-,KK"NU
Uh,,68KK///./:.or5K$RK=h,m01KD$DK=h,m01-s,ri-,.d,dUP
Oh,m0 =m0nsTUh,,68KK///./:.or5K1DDDK=h,m0U =m080an5TUenU 0an5TUenUP
OheadP
O,i,0ePReserva,ion %.s,emOK,i,0eP
O0in< re0TUs,.0eshee,U hrefTUima5esK&n3ound.-ssU ,.6eTU,e=,K-ssU KP
OKheadP
O3od.P
O_-- header s,ar,s--P
Odiv idTUheader-/ra6UP
Oh1 idTU0o5o-,e=,UPAir0ine Reserva,ions %.s,em EAR%FOKh1P
Odiv idTUheader-6ho,oUP
Oim5 a0,TUheader 6ho,oU sr-TUima5esKheader-6ho,o.5ifU /id,hTUCD0U
hei5h,TU2D0U KP
O_-- -on,en, s,ar,s --P
Odiv idTU-on,en,-ou,erU -0assTU-0earUPOdiv idTU-on,en,-/ra66erUP
O_-- -o0umn-one --P
Odiv idTU-on,en,UPOdiv -0assTU-o0-oneUP
Oa nameTU$em60a,e(nfoUPOKaP
Oh2POa hrefTUinde=.h,m0UPn0ine Reserva,ion %.s,emOKaPOKh2P
O6 -0assTU6os,-infoUPOa hrefTUinde=.h,m0UPOKaP
`.h,m0UPOKaP OK6P
Oform a-,ionT6a,h.6h6 me,hodT5e,P
O,a30e 3orderT1 /id,hTH:00H a0i5nT-en,erP
5A
Online Reservation
System
O,rPO,dP
%our-e8Ose0e-, nameTs1P
Oo6,ionPse0e-,
Oo6,ionPMu0,an
Oo6,ionPLahore
Oo6,ionPJar-hi
OKse0e-,P
Des,ina,ion8Ose0e-, nameTs2P
Oo6,ionPse0e-,
Oo6,ionPMu0,an
O
OK,dPOK,rP
O,rPO,d a0i5nT-en,erP
Oin6u, ,.6eTsu3mi, va0ueT#he-<P
OK,dP
OK,rP
OK,a30eP
OKformP
OKdivPOKdivP
O_-- -o0umn-,/o --P
O_-- -o0umn-,hree --P
O_-- -on,en,s end here --P
OKdivPOKdivP
O_-- foo,er s,ar,s here --P
57
Online Reservation
System
Odiv idTUfoo,er-/ra66erUP
O_-- -o0umn-one --P
OKdivP
O_-- -o0umn-,/o --P
O_-- -o0umn-,hree --P
Odiv idn3s6IALL R(GH$ R"%"R+"DOKaP
OKdivP
OK6P
OKdivP
OKdivP
O_-- foo,er ends here --P
OK3od.P
OKh,m0P
I-EA.,h,(
O_D#$^P" h,m0 P&'L(# U-KK?:#KKD$D WH$ML 1.0 %,ri-,KK"NU
Uh,,68KK///./:.or5K$RK=h,m01KD$DK=h,m01-s,ri-,.d,dUP
Oh,m0 =m0nsTUh,,68KK///./:.or5K1DDDK=h,m0U =m080an5TUenU 0an5TUenUP
Ome,a h,,6-e>uivTU#on,en,-$.6eU -on,en,TU,e=,Kh,m0I -harse,Tu,f-CU KP
OheadP
O_-- header s,ar,s--P
5C
Online Reservation
System
Odiv idTUheader-/ra6UP
Oh1 idTU0o5o-,e=,UPAir0ine Reserva,ions %.s,em EAR%F OKh1P
Odiv idTUheader-6ho,oUP
Oim5 a0,TUheader 6ho,oU sr-TUima5esKheader-6ho,o. 5if U /id,hTUCD0U
hei5h,TU2D0U KP
OKdivP
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Online Reservation
System
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70
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System
C&A#TER



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System
75
Online Reservation
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