Design Of RC Structures Dr. N.
Subramanian
1
Solution Manual for Chapter 15
Exercise 15.1 Design of wall footing
Design a RC wall footing for a 250 mm thick masonry wall to carry a dead load of 120 kN/m and
a live load of 80 kN/m. The allowable soil pressure, qa, is 200 kN/m
2
at a depth of 1.5m below
ground. Assume M20 concrete, Fe 415 steel, and
s
= 20 kN/m
3
.
Solution
Given P = 120 + 80 = 200 kN/m, q
a
= 200 kN/m
2
at 1.5m
Step 1: Determine the size of footing
Assuming the weight of footing as 10% of the applied load,
Required width of footing =
Provide 1.2m wide footing.
Factored net pressure,
Step 2: Check for shear (Determination of depth)
Shear usually governs the thickness of footing
The critical section for one-way shear is at a distance d mm away from the face of the wall (see
Fig.15.61)
[
(
]
1000[(1200-250)/2
Assuming nominal flexural reinforcement of p
t
= 0.25%, from Table 19 of IS 456, for M20
concrete, we get
Shear resistance of concrete,
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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V
n
V
u
. Hence 360d 118750 - 250d or d 194.6 mm
Assuming a clear cover of 50 mm (Clause 26.4.2.2 of IS 456) and 12 mm bars
Thickness of footing, D 195 + 50 + 12/2 = 251 mm
Provide D = 260 mm and d = 260 - 56 = 204 mm
Fig. 15.61 Wall footing of Exercise 15.1
Step 3: Design the flexural reinforcement
The critical section for moment is half way between the centre line and the edge of the
masonry wall as per Clause 34.2.3.2 (b) of IS 456, i.e. 1200/2 - 250/4 = 537.5 mm
Considering 1m strip of footing,
From Table 2 of SP 16, For Fe 415 steel and M 20 concrete, p
t
= 0.254% > 0.25% assumed for
one-way shear.
per m length
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Spacing of 12 mm bars = (1000 x 79)/518 = 152 mm < 3d or 300mm
Provide 10 mm bars at 150 mm c/c
Step 4: Check for development length
For M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, required development length for 10 mm bar from Table 65
of SP 16 = 470 mm
Length available = 475 - 50 = 425 mm < 470 mm
Bend the bar upward so that the required length is available.
Step 5: Distributors
Minimum reinforcement along the length of the footing
Spacing of 8 mm bars =
Provide 8 mm bars @ 160 mm c/c (9 bars)
Step 6: Transfer of force at the base of wall
Maximum ultimate bearing stress at wall / footing interface (300 mm loaded area)
As per Clause 34.4 of IS 456,
= 9 MPa in the footing face. Hence
safe.
Exercise 15.2 Concentrically loaded square footing
Design a square footing to support a 350 mm square column. The column carries a dead load of
450 kN and a live load of 380 kN. The allowable soil pressure is 150 kN/m
2
. Use M20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel for the footing and M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel for the column. Assume
that the column is reinforced with 8 numbers 25 mm bars. Unit weight of the soil above footing
base = 20 kN/m
3
.
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Solution
Given P = 450 + 380 = 830 kN, q
a
= 150 kN/m
2
Step 1: Determine the size of footing
Assuming the weight of footing and backfill as 10% of column load,
Required area of footing =
Size of square footing =
Provide a square footing of side 2.5 m
Factored net soil pressure
199.2 kN/m
2
, say 0.2 N/mm
2
Step 2: Check for shear (Determination of depth)
The critical section for one way shear is at a distance d from the face of column (See Fig.15.52)
Factored shear force
( )
Assuming p
t
= 0.25%, from Table 19 of IS 456 for M20 concrete,
c
= 0.36 MPa
One-way shear resistance V
n
=
c
Bd = 0.36 2500 d = 900 d
Since V
n1
> V
u
, we get
900 d 537,500 500 d
or d 384 mm, Adopt d= 394 mm
Assuming 12 mm bars and 75 mm clear cover D = 394 + 50 + 12/2 = 450 mm
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Fig. 15.62 Square footing of Exercise 15.2 (a) Plan, (b) Section
Step 3: Check thickness for two way shear
The critical section for two-way shear is at d/2 mm from the periphery of the column (see
Fig.15.52)
Factored shear force =
( )
= 1139.3 kN
As per clause 31.6.3.1 of IS 456
Two way shear resistance
[ (
As
c
= 1 for square column k
s
= 1.0
Hence
( )
Step 4: Check for q
a
with the actual size of footing
With weight of concrete and soil as 24 kN/m
3
and 20 kN/m
3
respectively, the actual pressure
below the footing (assuming depth of foundation as 1.2 m) is
q = 830 /(2.5 x 2.5) + (24 x 0.45) + (18 x 0.75)
= 132.8 + 10.8 + 13.5 = 156.80 kN/m
3
150 kN/m
2
(SBC of soil)
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Step 5: Design the flexural reinforcement
Factored moment at the face of column (in either direction) see Fig.15.62
( )
From Table 2 of SP16 with f
ck
= 20N/mm
2
and f
y
= 415 N/mm
2
, p
t
= 0.2163%
As this steel percentage is less than the percentage assumed for calculating shear strength, i.e.,
0.25% in step 2, shear strength requirement governs the design.
Hence required A
st
= 0.25 x 2500 x 394 / 100 = 2463 mm
2
Using 12 mm bars, required number of bars = 2463/113 = 22 bars.
Spacing = [2500 - (50 x 2) - 12]/(22-1) = 114 mm
Provide 12 mm bars at 114 mm c/c both ways.
Step 6: Check for development length
For M20 concrete and Fe415 steel, required development length for 12 mm bar from Table 6.5
of SP16 = 564 mm
Length available = 1075 - 50 = 1025 mm > 564 mm.
Step 7: Transfer of force at the base of column
Factored compressive force at base of column = 1.5 x 830 = 1245 kN
As per Clause 30.6 of IS 456
Limiting bearing stress
(i) at column face, A
1
= A
2
= 350 x 350 mm
2
and f
ck
= 30 MPa
hence f
br
= 0.45 x 30 x 1 = 13.5 MPa
(ii) at footing face, f
ck
= 20 MPa, A
1
= 2500
2
mm
2
, A
2
= 350
2
mm
2
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Hence adopt a value of 2.0
Hence f
br
= 0.45 x 20 x 2 = 18 MPa
The critical face is the column face.
Limiting bearing resistance = 13.5 x 350
2
x 10
-3
= 1654 kN > P
u
= 1245 kN
However, provide dowels or continue the column bars into the footing.
Step 8: Check for development length of column bars
For fully stressed 25 mm bars in compression (M20 and Fe 415) development length from Table
65 of SP 16, 940 mm
As the concrete in the column face is capable of bearing the axial load in the column, it is not
necessary to check for development length. Just extend the column bars into the footing.
Available vertical embedment length in footing, d = 394 mm
The column bars are bent (with 90
o
standard bend) into the footing, and the remaining length
of 550 mm is made to rest on top of bottom mesh of footing reinforcement as shown in
Fig.15.62(b).
Exercise 15.3 Design of concentrically loaded sloped square footing
Design a sloped square footing for a rectangular column of size 300 mm x 400 mm and
subjected to a unfactored load of 1000 kN. Assume SBC of 200 kN/m
2
and M20 concrete and Fe
415 steel.
Solution
Step 1: Determine the size of footing
Required area of footing = 1.1 x 1000 / 200 = 5.5 m
2
Hence size of footing =
Adopt 2.5 m x 2.5 m footing.
Let us provide a square ledge of 700 mm x 700 mm around the column at top.
Step 2: Calculate soil pressure on footing
Factored load = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Upward soil pressure =
Step 3: Calculate depth of footing
Depth of footing based on moment considerations
( )
Note that the breadth resisting the moment can be taken as 700 mm
[ ( )
Equating the external moment, we get
As the depth will be governed by shear consideration, let us adopt an effective depth of 600
mm at the face of column and edge depth of 250 mm. Let us adopt a clear cover of 75 mm.
With 20 mm rods, effective cover = 85 mm
Step 4: Check depth for one-way shear
The critical section is at a distance d = 600 mm from the face of column.
Distance of this section from the edge of footings = (
)
Breadth of footing at this section with 45
o
diagonal
Shear at this section = (
Effective depth at this section,
( )
( )
( )
Shear stress,
From Table 19 of IS 456,
c
for M20 concrete with p
t
= 0.50% = 0.48 N/mm
2
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Hence the footing is safe in one-way shear with p
t
= 0.50%
Fig. 15.63 Sloped footing of Exercise 15.3
Step 5: Check for two-way shear
Two-way shear has to be checked at a distance of d/2 = 600/2 = 300mm from the face of
column.
Though the column is rectangular, let us assume that the same distance is there on the
perpendicular direction, as the difference between the column dimension in the two directions
is small (100 mm only).
Distance of this section from the edge of footing
= (
)
Width of footing at this section b
3
= 2500 - 2 800 = 900 mm
Depth of footing at this section
( )
()
Punching shear at this section
Punching shear stress (Clause 31.6.2.1 of IS 456)
( )
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Permissible shear stress (Clause 31.6.3 of IS 456)
=
Hence permissible shear stress =
Footing is safe in two-way shear.
Step 6: Calculate area of steel
The lever arm of the trapezium section is given by
(
( )
( )
From Table 95 of SP16, provide 12 number of 16 mm bars (A
st
= 2412 mm
2
)
Spacing = (2500 - 2 x 50)/11 = 218 mm
Spacing is less than 300 mm or 3d (Clause 34.5 of IS 456). Hence O.K.
Step 7: Check for development length
Length available = (2500 - 700)/2 = 900 mm
L
d
of 16 mm bar for M20 concrete (Table 65 of SP 16) = 752 mm < 950 mm
Hence O.K.
Step 9: Transfer of force at the base of column
Factored compressive force at the base of column = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
Assuming the column to be M25 at column face
)
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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At the footing face
Limiting bearing resistance = 9 x 400 x 300 x 10
-3
= 1080 kN < 1500 kN
Hence, extend the column bars into the footing.
Step 9: Overall dimensions of the footing
Required overall depth = 600 + 12 + 12/2 + 50 = 668 mm
Provide 700 mm depth at center and 250 mm depth at edges and adopt 2500 mm sq. footing
with 12 numbers 16 mm bars as shown in Fig.15.63.
Exercise 15.4 Design of concentrically loaded rectangular footing
Design a rectangular footing for the column in Exercise 15.2, assuming that there is a spatial
restriction of 2.0 m on one of the plan dimensions of the footing.
Solution
Step 1: Determine size of footing
As given in Exercise 15.2, required area of footing = 6.09 m
2
Since width B is restricted to 2m, Length L = 6.09 / 2 = 3.05m
Provide a rectangular footing of size 2 m x 3.2 m
Net factored soil pressure,
Step 2: Determine thickness of footing based on one-way shear
For maximum V
u1
, take section along the breadth of footing at a distance d from the column
) (
) ( )
As shown in Exercise 15.2, the above value should be equal to
c
Bd
Assuming p
t
= 0.25% from Table 19 of IS 456, for M20 concrete
c
= 0.36 N/mm
2
Hence 0.195(2.85 - 2d) = 0.36 2 d
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Solving d = 0.50 m = 500 mm
Step 3: Check depth for two-way shear
As in Example 15.2, punching shear strength =
Taking a section at d/2 around the column, we get
[ (
)(
)
[ ( )
[(
) (
( )
Hence, safe in two-way shear.
Step 4: Design of flexural reinforcement in long direction
B.M Long direction (section x-x in Fig.15.64)
( )
Hence from Table 2 of SP16, for M20 concrete and Fe415 steel p
t
= 0.230%. This is less than p
t
= 0.25% assumed for one-way shear.
Hence required A
st
= 0.25 x 2000 x 500/100 = 2500 mm
2
From Table 95 of SP16, provide 13 numbers 16 mm bars (A
st
= 2613 mm
2
) at uniform spacing in
the long direction [spacing = (2000-2 x 50) /12 = 158 mm].
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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Fig. 15.64 Rectangular footing of Exercise 15.4
Check for development length
Required development length for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel (Table 65 of SP 16) = 752 mm
Available length =
(
()
Step 5: Design of reinforcement in the short direction
B.M. in short direction
()
Assuming 16mm bars d
y
= 500-16/2-16/2 = 484 mm
From Table 2 of SP 16, for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, p
t
= 0.085% < 0.12% (minimum)
Check for p
t
for one-way shear
One way shear in the short direction
) (
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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From Table 19 of IS 456, for M20 concrete and for minimum p
t
0.15%,
Required overall depth = 500 + 8 + 50 = 558 mm
Provide an overall depth = 560 mm
Hence required A
st
= 0.12 x 3200 x 560 /100 = 2150 mm
2
From Table 95 of SP16, provide 12 numbers 16 mm bars (A
st
= 2412 mm
2
)
According to Clause 34.3.1c) of IS 456, Area of steel to be provided within the central band
width B = 2000 mm is
Number of required 16 mm bars = 1654/201 = 8 bars
Hence provide 8 numbers of 16 mm bars at uniform spacing within the central band of 2.0m at
a spacing of 2000/(8-1) = 285 mm c/c
Also provide 2 number each at the end of the two other segments making a total of 12 bars;
width of end segment = (3200 - 2000)/2 = 600 mm
Spacing of bar = 600 - end cover = 600 - 50 = 550/2 = 275 mm (see Fig. 15.64).
Check for spacing
Max spacing = 285 mm < 300 or 3d
Hence O.K.
Check for development length
From Table 65 of SP 16, development length for 16mm bar (For M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel)
= 752 mm
Available length = (B - c
1
)/2 - cover = (2000 - 350)/2 - 50 = 775 mm > 752 mm
Hence safe
Step 6: Transfer of force at column base
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The calculation are identical to those given in Exercise 15.2, except that for the footing face,
where A
2
= 2.0 x 3.2 = 6.4 m
2
Anyhow,
. Hence f
br
= 0.45 x 20 x 2 = 18 MPa
At column face, f
br
= 9 MPa as per Exercise 15.2
Limiting bearing resistance = 9 x 350
2
x 10
-3
= 1102.5 kN < P
u
= 830 x 1.5 = 1245 kN
The excess force of 142.5 kN may be transferred by simply extending the column bars.
Exercise 15.5 Eccentrically loaded isolated rectangular footing
Design the footing for the column subjected to a factored axial force of 900 kN and factored
moment of 60 kNm. Assume SBC of soil as 200 kN/m
2
at 1.5m depth, use M20 concrete and Fe
415 steel for the footing. Note that the moment is reversible.
Solution
P
u
= 900 kN, M
u
= 60 kNm
Step 1: Determine size of footing
Since the given moment is reversible, we need to have a footing that is symmetric with respect
to the column. Assume the weight of footing as 10% of the column load.
Let us assume e < L/6, with
)
Hence L > 6 x 60.6 = 363.6 mm
For determination of footing size we need working loads and moments. Assuming that the load
factor is 1.5, P = 900/1.5 = 600 kN and M = 60/1.5 = 40 kNm
Hence
From the above we get
200 BL
2
660 L - 240 = 0
Assuming L = 1.5 times B, and simplifying we get
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
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L
3
- 4.95 L - 1.8 = 0
Solving this using online solver at http://easycalculation.com/algebra/cubic-equation.php,
we get L = 2.388 m
Hence adopt 2.4 m 1.6 m
Step 2: Calculate net pressure below foundation
Factored net soil pressure,
Step 3: Determine depth of footing
Even though the depth has to be fixed based on one-way shear to simplify the calculation let us
first determine the depth due to bending considerations.
Assuming a column size of 230 x 300
Cantilever span
()
Then soil pressure at the face of column (see Fig. 15.65)
( )
The maximum bending moment at the face of column (Taking rectangular and triangular
distribution of pressure diagram separately)
()
)
( )
( )
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As the thickness will be governed by shear stress considerations, assume d = 415 mm, with 20
mm bars and clear cover of 75mm. Hence over all depth = 500 mm
Step 4: Check for one-way shear
The critical section is at a distance d = 415 mm from the face of column
The shear span L
s
= (L - c
2
)/2 - d = 1050 - 415 = 635 mm
The soil pressure at this location
()
kN/mm
2
= 0.253 MPa
The factored shear force at this plane is
( )
Nominal shear stress
From Table 19 of IS 456, for M20 concrete
c
= 0.408 N/mm
2
for p
t
= 0.35% Hence we need to provide 0.35 percent reinforcement.
Step 5: Check for punching shear
The critical section is at a distance d/2 = 415/2 = 207.5 mm from the face of footing.
L
ps
= 1050 - 207.5 = 842.5 mm
The soil pressure at this location
()
Average pressure = (273.44 + 246)/2 = 259.72 kN/m
2
Punching shear force
[ (
)(
)
[ ( )( ) = 877.55 x 10
3
N
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Nominal shear stress
b
o
= 2 [ (300 + 415) + (230 + 415)] = 2720 mm
= 0.777 N/mm
2
Limiting shear stress
)
k
s
= 0.5 + c
1
/c
2
< 1
= 0.5 + 230/300 = 1.267 Hence k
s
=1.0
Hence safe in punching shear
Step 6: Design of flexural reinforcement
M
c
= 231.08 x 10
6
Nmm from Step 3
From Table 2 of SP 16, p
t
= 0.245% < p
t
= 0.35% required for one way shear.
Hence provide 0.35 x 1600 x 415/100 = 2324 mm
2
Using 16 mm bars, required number = 2324 / 201 = 12
Corresponding spacing = (1600 - 2 x 50 - 20)/11 = 134 mm
Provide 12 numbers 16 mm bars in the long direction at a spacing of 134 mm c/c
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Fig. 15.65 Rectangular footing supporting axial force and moment of Exercise 15.5
Check for development length
Required development length for 16 mm bars (for M20 with Fe 415) = 752 mm
Available length = L
c
- cover = 1050 - 50 = 1000 mm > 752 mm
Hence safe.
Step 7: Reinforcement in short direction
The projection on both sides of the column in the short direction = (1600 - 230)/2 = 685 mm
Average pressure = (273.44 +195.32)/2 = 234.38 kN/m
2
Check for one-way shear
The critical section is at a distance d = 415 mm from the face of column
The shear span L
s1
= (B c
1
)/2 - d = 685 - 415 = 270 mm
The factored shear force at this plane is
Nominal shear stress
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From Table 19 of IS 456, for M20 concrete
c
= 0.28 N/mm
2
for p
t
0.15% Hence safe in one way shear.
Bending moment at the face of the column =
= 132 10
6
Nmm
d
y
= 415 - 16 = 399 mm.
From Table 2 of SP 16, p
t
= 0.098% < 0.12% minimum steel.
Hence provide 0.12 x 2400 x 500/100 = 1440 mm
2
Using 12 mm bars, required number = 1140 / 113 = 13
Detailing:
According to Clause 34.3.1c) of IS 456, Area of steel to be provided within the central band
width B = 1600 mm is
Number of required 12 mm bars = 1152/113 = 10 bars
Hence provide 10 numbers of 12 mm bars at 220 mm spacing within the central band of 1.6 m
and provide 2 more bars at the two ends with a spacing of 175 mm as shown in Fig. 15.65.
Step 8: Transfer of forces at column base
In this case, some bars are in tension due to the bending moment. Hence no transfer of the
tensile force is possible through bearing at the column-footing interface. Hence the column
bars should be extended into the footing.
Assuming 20 mm bars in the columns,
Required development length of 20 mm column bars in tension 47 x 20 = 940 mm
Length available (including 90
o
bend on top of upper layer of footing reinforcement, with
equivalent anchorage length for bend = 8 x d
b
) = (500-50-16/2-12) + 8 x 20 = 590 mm
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The balance of 940 - 590 = 350 mm should be made up by extending these bars into the footing
beyond the bend. As the moment in the column is reversible, all bars should be provided with
this extension.
Exercise 15.6 Design of combined footing
Design a rectangular combined footing to support two columns of size 450 mm x 450 mm (with
6 - #20 bars) and 600 mm x 600 mm (with 6 # 25 bars), carrying 1000 kN and 1400 kN (service
live + dead loads) respectively. These columns are located 4.0 m apart and the column carrying
1000 kN is flush with the property line. Assume SBC of 200 kN/m
2
. Assume M25 concrete in
columns and M20 concrete in the footing and Fe 415 steel in column as well as footing.
Solution
Step 1: Calculate size of footing
Assuming that the self weight of footing plus backfill as 15% of column loads
Required area of footing =
()
Spacing between columns = 4000 mm
The C.G. distance from center of edge column
( )
Since n > s/2, rectangular footing can be adopted.
Length of footing = 2 ( 2333.33 + 150) = 4966.67 mm
Provide L = 5 m
Required breadth = 13.80/5 = 2.76 m
Provide B = 3 m
See Fig. 15.66(a) for the configuration of this combined footing.
Step 2 : Calculation of BM and shear force in the longitudinal direction
Ultimate loads are
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Treating the footing as wide beam with width = 3 m, i.e. soil pressure acting upward is
()
The BM and shear force are calculated as below:
Shear force at A = 0
Shear force left of point B = 1500 - wx
1
= 1500 - 720 x 0.225 = 1338 kN
Distance at which shear is zero from left end
0 = 1500 - 720 a; a = 2.08 m
Shear force left of point C
2100 - 720 x 0.775 = 1542 kN
Maximum bending moment where the shear force is zero is
= P
1
(a - x
1
) - w a
2
/2 ; with a = 2.08 m
= 1500 (2.08 - 0.225) - 720 x 2.08
2
/2 = 1225 kNm
Bending moment at the face of column C
2
= 720 (0.775 - 0.3)
2
/2 = 81.23 kNm
Shear force at a distance d from the inside face of column C
2
V
u1
= 2100 - 720 (775 + 300 + d) x 10
-3
= (1326 - 0.72d) kN
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in Fig.15.56(c).
Step 3: Determine thickness based on shear
Assuming p
t
= 0.5% from Table 19 of IS 456,
c
= 0.49 N/mm
2
for M25 concrete
V
nc
= 0.49 x 3000 x d 10
-3
= 1.47d
Equating V
u1
and V
nc
, we get
1326 - 0.72d 1.47d or d 606 mm
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Assume an overall depth of 700 mm. With clear cover of 50 mm and 20mm bars, effective
depth, d = 700 - 50 - 20/2 = 640 mm.
Step 4: Check for two-way punching shear
Soil pressure =
Column C2
Load 2100 kN; critical section at (640/2) mm on either face of column
Shear perimeter = 4 (600 + 640) = 4960 mm
V
u2
= 2100 - 240 (1.24)
2
= 1731 kN
Punching shear stress
Hence capacity = 4960 x 640 x 1.118 x 10
-3
= 3549 kN > 1731 kN
Column C1
Load = 1500 kN
Shear perimeter only on three sides, as the column is at the edge.
Shear perimeter = (450 + 640) + 2 (450 + 640/2) = 2630 mm
Capacity = 2630 x 640 x 1.118 x 10
-3
= 1882 kN > 1500 kN
(Note: V
u1
will be less than 1500 kN and equals 1500 - 240 x 1.09 x 0.77 = 1299 kN)
Step 5: Check for base pressure
Assuming
s
= 18 kN/m
3
for the back fill,
c
= 24 kN/m
3
for concrete, and depth of footing as
1.5m
q = (1000 + 1400)/(5 x 3) + 24 x 0.7 + 18(1.5 - 0.7)
= 160 + 16.8 + 14.4 = 191.2 kN/m
2
< 200 kN/m
2
(SBC)
Hence it is adequate.
Step 6: Calculate longitudinal steel
Maximum bending moment = 1125 kNm
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Hence from Table 2 of SP 16 for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
p
t
= 0.269 % > 0.12% (min. steel)
Note it is less than assumed for shear consideration in Step 3 = 0.5%
Hence required steel = 0.5 x 3000 x 640/100 = 9600 mm
2
Required number of 20 mm bars = 9600 / 314 = 31
Spacing of bars = (3000 - 50 2 - 20)/30 = 96 mm
Provide 30 numbers 20 mm bars at top as shown in Fig.15.66(e) between the two columns.
Fig. 15.66 Combined footing of Exercise 15.6 (a) Plan (b) Footing (c) Shear force and bending moment
diagram (d) Column strips acting as transverse beams (e) Reinforcement detailing
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Step 7: Check for development length
For M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel required L
d
for 20 mm bar = 940 mm (Table 65 of SP16)
Adequate length is available on both sides of the section where max. BM occurs.
Step 8: Reinforcement for B.M. at face of column C
2
B.M. =
()
81.23 kNm
From Table 2 of SP16, p
t
= 0.085% < 0.12% (min)
Hence Area required = 0.12 x 3000 x 640/100 = 2304 mm
2
Provide 12 numbers 16mm bars (A
st
= 2412 mm
2
)
Spacing = (3000 - 50 x 2 - 16) / 11 = 262 mm < 300 mm (max. spacing)
Required development length for 16mm bar for M20 (Table 65 of SP 16) = 752 mm
Available length on right side = 775 - 300 -50 = 425 mm. Hence provide 90
o
bend and 4d
b
mm.
extension, anchorage value (Table 67 of SP 16) = 128 mm.
Thus, 425 + 128 = 553 mm < 752 mm. Hence provide extension of 13d
b
(i.e., 208 mm extra)
Step 9: Calculate reinforcement in transverse direction
(a) Under column C
1
Factored load per unit length of beam = 1500 / 3 = 500 kN/m
Projection from the column face = (3000 - 450)/2 = 1275 mm
Maximum bending moment at column face = 500 x 1.275
2
/2 = 406.4 kNm
Effective depth (16mm bars will be placed above the 16 mm longitudinal bars)
d = 700 - 50 - 16 - 16/2 = 626 mm
Let us assume that the load is spread over a width of 0.75d on either side of the column. Hence
width of beam = 450 + 0.75d = 450 + 0.75 x 626 = 919.5 mm
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
26
From Table 2 of SP 16, p
t
= 0.336% for Fe415 and M20 concrete
A
st
= 0.336 x 919.5 x 626/100 = 1934 mm
2
Required number of 16 mm bars = 1934 / 201 = 10
Spacing = (919.5 - 50 - 16) / 9 = 94mm
Provide 10 numbers of 16mm bars below column C
1
Required development length = 752 < (1275 - 50) mm available.
(b) Under Column C
2
Factored load per unit length of beam = 2100 / 3 = 700 kN/m
Projection from column face = (3000 - 600)/2 = 1200 mm
Moment at column face = 700 x 1.2
2
/2 = 504 kNm
Width of beam = 600 + 2 x (0.75 x 626) = 1539 mm
From Table 2 of SP16 for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel,
p
t
= 0.2438% > 0.12% (min steel)
Required A
st
= 0.2438 x 1539 x 626/100 = 2349 mm
2
Required number of 16mm bars = 2349 /201 = 12
Spacing = 1539/11 = 140 mm
Provide 12 numbers 16 mm bars
The required development length of 752 mm is available beyond the column face.
Note: As the entire width of 5 m is available to resist one-way shear it will not be critical in this
direction.
Step 10: Transfer of force at column face
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
27
(a) Column C
1
Limiting bearing stress
(i) At column face = 0.45f
ck
= 0.45 x 25 = 11.25 MPa
(ii) At footing face =
Since the column is located at the edge of the footing, bearing resistance = 11.25 x 450
2
/10
3
=
2278 kN > P
u1
= 1500kN
Hence no reinforcement is necessary across interface. However extend the column bars into
the footing.
(b) Column C
2
For column C
2
, A
2
= 600
2
and A
1
= 3000
2
Hence
Hence take as 2.0
Limiting bearing stress
(i) at column face = 11.25 MPa (as in column C
1
)
(ii) at footing face = 0.45 x 20 x 2 = 18 MPa > 11.25 MPa
Hence limiting bearing resistance = 11.25 x 600
2
/ 10
3
= 4050 kN > P
u2
Hence no reinforcement is necessary across interface. However extend the column bars into
the footing.
Step 11: U-bars at the edge around vertical starter bars of columns
Angle of dispersion of the edge column load = tan
-1
[(700/2)/225] = 57.26
o
Horizontal component at mid-depth of footing, due to dispersion = 1500 cos 57.26 = 811.2 kN
Required area = 811.2 1000/(0.87 415)= 2247 mm
2
Provide five numbers of 25 mm U-bars around the vertical starter bars of columns, with length
on each face = 1175 mm (L
d
of 25 mm bar)
Step 12: Detailing of reinforcement
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
28
The reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 15.66(e). It has to be noted that a few bottom bars
are extended throughout the length to provide nominal reinforcement. In addition some
nominal transverse reinforcement is also provided at top and bottom (0.06% on each face) to
tie up with the main bars.
Exercise 15.7 Design of plain concrete footing
Design a plain concrete footing for a column of size 300 mm 300 mm carrying a service load of
300 kN. Assume allowable soil pressure of 250 kN/m
2
at 1.2 m below ground level. Assume M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution
Step 1: Determine size of footing
Assuming weight of footing + back fill as 10% of axial load
Required area = 300 1.1/250 = 1.32 m
2
Provide 1.20 m 1.20 m footing as shown in Fig.15.67.
Step 2: Determine thickness of footing
Soil pressure,
= 0.3125 N/mm
2
Thickness of footing (
)
where
)
Provide 650 mm depth
Check gross base pressure assuming weight of soil as 18 kN/m
3
and weight of concrete as 24
kN/m
3
Actual soil pressure = 300/1.2
2
+ 240.65 +18 0.55 =224.2 kN/m
2
< 250 kN/m
2
(SBC)
Step 3: Provide minimum steel
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
29
Minimum steel = 0.12/100 x 650 x 1200 = 936 mm
2
Provide nine 12 mm bars both ways (A
st
= 1017 mm
2
)
Fig. 15.67 Plain concrete footing of Exercise 15.7
Step 4: Check for transfer of axial force at base
Limiting bearing stress,
The bearing stress at column face will govern.
Hence A
1
= A
2
= 300 300 mm
2
Capacity in bearing = 0.45 20 300
2
x 10
-3
= 810 kN > 300 x 1.5 = 450 kN
Hence the load can be transferred without any reinforcement.
Exercise 15.8 Design of RC Pile
Design a square precast pile of size 350 mm carrying an axial load of 200 kN, placed in
submerged medium dense sandy soil having an angle of internal friction of 36
o
. The density of
soil is 20 kN/m
3
and submerged density of soil is 12 kN/m
3
. Angle of wall friction between
concrete pile and soil, is 0.75 = 27
o
. Assume the following data: depth of top of pile cap
below ground level is 500 mm, thickness of pile cap is 1.2 m, grade of concrete in pile is M25
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
30
and Fe 415 steel is used, clear cover to reinforcement as 75 mm. Determine the vertical
carrying capacity of the pile in accordance with IS 2911 (Part 1-Sec.1) and design the pile.
Solution
Step 1: Soil design
Cross-sectional area of pile at the toe, A
p
= 0.35
2
= 0.1225 m
2
Let us conservatively assume that the water table is up to the ground level.
Effective unit weight of soil at pile toe, =
sub
= 12 kN/m
3
) = 37.75
) ( )
Assuming the critical depth as 15 times the size of pile,
The effective overburden pressure at pile tip, P
D
= 10 (0.5 + 1.2 + 15 0.35) = 69.5 kN/m
2
The coefficient of earth pressure, K
i
is taken as 1.5, as = 36
o
P
D1
= effective overburden pressure at bottom of pile cap = 10(0.5 + 1.2) = 17 kN/m
2
P
D2
= effective overburden pressure at pile toe = P
D
= 69.5 kN/m
2
A
s1
= surface area of pile stem in the first layer
= 4 L = 1.4L
Q
u
= 2.5 x 200 = 500 kN
Substituting the various quantities in the following static capacity equation,
( ) [
)
Solving, L = 3.55 m
Provide 4.0 m pile.
Step 2: Structural Design
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
31
Factored load = 1.5 200 = 300 kN
L/D = 4.0/0.35 = 11.4 < 30. Hence minimum percentage of steel = 1.25%
A
st,min
= 1.25 350
2
/100 = 1531 mm
2
Provide 8 numbers #16 bars with Area = 1608 mm
2
Axial load capacity of short column
= 0.4A
c
f
ck
+0.67A
sc
f
y
=[0.4 (350
2
-1608) 25 + 0.67 1608 415]/1000
= 1656 kN > 300 kN
Assume 8 mm ties with a 45 mm cover to the centre of tie bar.
Total length of one tie bar, s = 4 (350-2 45) = 1040 mm
Volume of one tie bar, v = 1040 8
2
/4 = 52, 276 mm
3
The minimum volume of ties in the end zone of 3d length
= (0.6/100) 350
2
(3350) = 771,750 mm
3
Number of ties in the end 1200 mm length = 771,750/52,276 = 15
Spacing of these ties = 1200/14 = 85 mm
Spacing of ties in the middle zone is 3 times this spacing or 3 85 = 255 mm
In addition, stiffener rings of size 16 mm diameter should be provided along the length of the
cage at every 1.5 m c/c.
Fig. 15.68 Precast concrete pile of Exercise 15.8 (a) Cross section (b) Longitudinal section
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
32
Exercise 15.9 Design of pile cap
A reinforced concrete column of size 400 mm 400 mm is supported on 4 piles of 300 mm
diameter (bored cast in-situ piles). The column carries a load of 750 kN a moment of 250 kNm
in the x-x direction. Design the pile cap assuming M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Also assume
that the piles are capable of resisting the reaction from the pile cap.
Solution
Step 1: Fix the size of pile cap
Assume a spacing of pile = 3 dia of pile = 3 300 = 900 mm with 150 mm projection on either
side.
Length of pile cap = 900 + 300 + 2 x 150 = 1500mm
D
p
= 300 mm < 550mm
Thickness of pile cap = 2D
p
+ 100 = 2 300 + 100 = 700 mm
Step 2: Calculate the forces on piles
Weight of pile cap = 1.5 1.5 0.7 25 = 39.38 kN, say 40 kN
Total vertical load on four piles = 750 + 40 = 790 kN
Bending moment M = 250 kNm
This B.M. will cause equal and opposite force on the pair of piles.
The axial load on a pair of piles due to B.M.
P = M/spacing = 250 / 0.9 = 277.8 kN
Maximum working load on each pile at forward end (Pile 1 and 4)
P
p
= P/n +P/2 = 790/4 + 277.8/2 = 336.4 kN
Maximum working load on piles 2 and 3
= 790/4 - 277.8/2 = 58.6 kN
Maximum factored load on pile P
pu
= 1.5 336.4 = 504.6 kN, say 505 kN
Step 3: Calculate tension in Tie
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
33
Assuming clear cover of 75 mm and 20 mm bars,
Effective depth, d = 700 - 75 -20/2 = 615 mm
Angle the diagonal compression strut makes with the diagonal of the bottom square
=
Force in diagonal = P
pu
/tan = 505/tan 44 = 523 kN
Tension in Tie
Required
per tie
Provide 4 - #16 +1 - #20 (Area = 1118 mm
2
), connecting the piles at bottom (under each tie)
within a width of 1.5 x 300 = 450 mm
Step 4: Check for minimum steel
Required minimum steel as wide beam (Clause 26.5.1.1)
A
st
provided = 1256 x 2 = 2512 mm
2
> 1890 mm
2
However, provide 16 mm bars at 160 mm spacing, both ways, in the remaining portions of the
pile cap, to control cracking.
Note: As per strut-and-tie method, one-way shear check is not required, as the column load is
transferred as tension in tie steel.
Step 5: Check for bearing resistance
At column, A
2
- pile cap area, A
1
- column area
( )
(
) [
]
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
34
Hence
Note: As per IS 456,
Actual bearing stress under column
= 750 x 10
3
/400
2
+ 250 x 10
6
/ (400 x 400
2
/6) = 4.69 + 23.44 = 28.13 N/mm
2
Provide a pedestal of depth 200 mm and width 600 mm
Actual bearing stress = 750 x 10
3
/600
2
+ 250 x 10
6
/ (600 x 600
2
/6)
= 2.08 + 6.94 = 10.41 N/mm
2
< f
b
Hence it is safe.
At pile
Hence
( )
(
Actual bearing stress =
< 9.5 N/mm
2
Hence, it is safe.
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
35
Fig. 15.69 Pile cap of Exercise 15.9 (a) Section (b) Strut-and-tie forces (c) Plan
Step 6: Check for development length
Development length required for 20 mm rod (for M25 concrete and Fe415 steel) for = 806 mm
(Table 65 of SP16)
Available length beyond centre line of pile = 150 + 150 - 75 = 225 mm
Required length beyond the edge of pile cap with 90
o
bend (806 - 225 - 160) = 421 mm
Note: Anchorage value of 90
o
bend with 20 mm rod = 160 mm (Table 67 of SP16)
Provide 421 + 4d
b
= 421 + 4 x 20 = 501 mm length after 90
o
bend
Step 7: Bursting steel
Provide horizontal bursting steel around the outer pile rods of 12 mm at 150 c/c
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
36
Step 8: Dowels from piles into the pile cap (Clause 34.4.3)
A
dowel
= 0.005 x x 300
2
/ 4 = 353 mm
2
It is a good practice to provide a minimum of 4 vertical dowels. Provide 4 numbers 16 mm
dowels with 10 mm tie @ 300 mm c/c extending into cap and pile for a length of 516 mm
(development length). Alternatively, the pile rods can be extended into the pile cap.
Exercise 15.10
Design the pile cap of Exercise 15. 9 as per sectional method.
.
Solution
From Exercise 15.9, maximum factored reaction on pile = 505 kN
Step1: Calculate B.M. and depth
Max B.M. at the face of column = 2 505 (0.45 - 0.20) = 252.5 kNm
Effective depth based on B.M.
As in Exercise 15.9 adopt d = 615 mm
Step 2: Calculate reinforcement based on moment
From Table 3 of SP 16 for Fe415 and M25 concrete
p
t
= 0.1256% < 0.2% (minimum as per wide beam)
Required number of 16mm bars = 1890/201 = 10 bars
Spacing = (1500 - 75 - 75 - 16)/9 = 148 mm < 300 mm
Hence provide 10 numbers of 16 mm bars (A
st
= 2010 mm
2
, p
t
= 0.218%)
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
37
Note: In Exercise 15.9, A
st
provided was 2512 mm
2
Step 3: Check for one-way shear
One-way shear will be checked at a distance 0.5d from the face of column, i.e., at 307.5 mm
from face, which falls 57.5 mm away from the center line of pile (see Fig. 15.70).
Fig. 15.70 Pile cap of Exercise 15.10
Shear force by linear interpolation
(2 505) 92.5 / 300 = 311.4 kN
From Table 19 of IS 456 shear strength of M25 concrete for 0.218% = 0.34 N/mm
2
Nominal shear stress = (311.4 x 1000)/(1500 x 615) = 0.338 N/mm
2
< 0.34 N/mm
2
Hence safe against one-way shear
Step 4 Check for punching shear
Critical section is at d/2 (307.5 mm) around the face of column.
From example 15.9, working load on column = 750 kN
Factored load = 1.5 750 = 1125 kN
Nominal shear stress =
[()
Punching shear strength of concrete (Clause 31.6.3.1 of Is 456)
= k
s
c
with k
s
=(0.5 +
c
) 1 and
c
= 0.25f
ck
Design Of RC Structures Dr. N. Subramanian
38
c
= 0.5/0.5 = 1 and hence k
s
= 1
Punching shear strength = 0.2525 = 1.25 N/mm
2
> 0.45 N/mm
2
Hence, safe against punching.
Step 5: Check for development length
L
d
of 16 mm bars (M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel), as per Table 65 of SP 16 = 645 mm
Available length (From Exercise 15.9) = 225 mm
Hence bend rods with 90
o
bend and provide (645 225 -128 + 4 16) =356 mm length after the
bend.
Note: 128 mm is the anchorage value of 16 mm bar.
Step 6: Bursting steel and Dowels for piles
The provision of bursting steel and dowels from piles are the same as in Exercise 15.9.
