Quantum Optics.

Exerises Solution
[Link]
Holon Institute of Technology
1 Problem 1
Evaluate the population inversion for the Jaynes-Cummings model of two-level
system.
Solution.
The population inversion \ (t) is dened as the expectance of the inversion
operator o
3
.
\ (t) = hcj o
3
jci (1)
Substituting the inversion operator
o
3
= jai haj j/i h/j
and
jci = cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
j1i i sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
j1i (2)
into (1) we obtain
\ (t) =
_
h1j cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+ i h1j sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
(jai haj j/i h/j)

_
cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
j1i i sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
j1i

=
_
h1j cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+ i h1j sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
[jai haj j1i cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
i jai haj j1i sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
j/i h/j j1i cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+ i j/i h/j j1i sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
] (3)
Taking into account
j1i = jai j:i (4)
j1i = j/i j: + 1i (5)
(4) and (5) we obtain.
haj j1i = hajai j:i = j:i ; haj j1i = haj/i j: + 1i = 0 (6)
h/j j1i = h/jai j:i = 0; h/j j1i = h/j/i j: + 1i = j: + 1i (7)
and
\ (t) =
_
h1j cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+i h1j sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
1

_
jai j:i cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+i j/i j: + 1i sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
= h1j1i cos
2
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+ i h1j1i cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
+i h1j1i cos
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
sin
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
h1j1i sin
2
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
(8)
h1j1i = haj h:j jai j:i = hajai h:j:i = 1; h1j1i = haj h:j j/i j: + 1i
= haj/i h:j: + 1i = 0 (9)
Similarly
h1j1i = h/j h: + 1j j/i j: + 1i = h/j/i h: + 1j: + 1i = 1; h1j1i = h/j h: + 1j jai j:i
= h/jai h: + 1j:i = 0 (10)
and the atomic inversion takes the form
\ (t) = cos
2
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
sin
2
_
`t
p
: + 1
_
= 1
I
1
}
= cos
_
2`t
p
: + 1
_
= cos [(:) t] (11)
2 Problem 2
Evaluate the probability 1
n
that 5, 10, 20 photons are, respectively in the
coherent state of : = 10.
Solution. We have the Poisson distribution
1
n
= exp(:)
:
n
:!
: = 10 ! 1
5
= exp(10)
10
5
5!
= 3. 783 3 10
2
exp(10)
10
5
5!
= 3. 783 3 10
2
: = 10 ! 1
10
= exp(10)
10
10
10!
= 0.125 11
exp(10)
10
10
10!
= 0.125 11
: = 10 ! 1
20
= exp(10)
10
20
20!
= 1. 866 1 10
3
exp(10)
10
20
20!
= 1. 866 1 10
3
2
3 Problem 3
The Hermitian operator

O has the following matrix in the orthonormal basis.
Solution. The expectance
_

O
_
.
_

O
_
= Tr
_
j

O
_
where j is the density operator. In the orthonormal basis j:i we have the
matrices
[j] =
_
_
j
11
j
12
j

31
j

12
j
22
j

32
j
31
j
32
j
33
= 1 j
11
j
22
_
_
(12)
[O] =
_
_
O
11
O
12
O
13
O
21
O
22
O
23
O
31
O
32
O
33
_
_
=
_
_
O
11
O
12
O

31
O

12
O
22
O
23
O
31
O
32
O
33
_
_
(13)
Let
[] = [j] [O] =
_
_
j
11
j
12
j

31
j

12
j
22
j

32
j
31
j
32
j
33
= 1 j
11
j
22
_
_
_
_
O
11
O
12
O

31
O

12
O
22
O

32
O
31
O
32
O
33
_
_
(14)
_

O
_
= Tr
_
j

O
_
=
11
+
22
+
33

11
= j
11
O
11
+ j
12
O

12
+j

31
O
31

22
= j

12
O
12
+ j
22
O
22
+j

32
O
32

33
= j
31
O

31
+ j
32
O

32
+j
33
O
33
_

O
_
= j
11
O
11
+ j
12
O

12
+ j

31
O
31
+ j

12
O
12
+j
22
O
22
+ j

32
O
32
j
31
O

31
+j
32
O

32
+ (1 j
11
j
22
) O
33
= j
11
(O
11
O
33
) + j
22
(O
22
O
33
) + O
33
+j
12
O

12
+ (j
12
O

12
)

+ j

31
O
31
+ (j

31
O
31
)

+j

32
O
32
+ (j

32
O
32
)

= j
11
(O
11
O
33
) + j
22
(O
22
O
33
) + O
33
+(j
12
O

12
+j

31
O
31
+ j

32
O
32
) + (j
12
O

12
+j

31
O
31
+j

32
O
32
)

= j
11
(O
11
O
33
) + j
22
(O
22
O
33
) + O
33
+2 Re (j
12
O

12
+ j

31
O
31
+ j

32
O
32
)
since
7 +7

= 2 Re 7
3
4 Problem 4
Evaluation of
_

1
r
,

1

_
.
Solution.
the quantized elds of the cavity resonator mode

E = a
r
_
~.
-
0
\
_
a +a
y
_
sin/. (15)

B = a

_
i
_
~.j
0
\
_
a a
y
_
cos /.
_
(16)
where
_
a, a
y

= 1 (17)
_

1
r
,

1

_
=

1
r

1

1
r
= i
~.
\
_
j
0
-
0
sin/. cos /.

__
a +a
y
_ _
a a
y
_

_
a a
y
_ _
a +a
y
_
= i
~.
\
_
j
0
-
0
sin/. cos /.

_
a
2

_
a
y
_
2
+a
y
a aa
y
a
2
+
_
a
y
_
2
+a
y
a aa
y
_
= 2i
~.
\
_
j
0
-
0
_
aa
y
a
y
a
_
sin/. cos /.
= 2i
~.
\
_
j
0
-
0
_
a, a
y

sin/. cos /. = 2i
~.
\
_
j
0
-
0
sin/. cos /. = i
~.
\
_
j
0
-
0
sin2/.
5 Problem 5
Evaluation of the creation and annihilation operator matrix elements.
Solution. We write
a j:i =
p
:j: 1i , : 6= 0 (18)
and
a
y
j:i =
p
: + 1 j: + 1i (19)
The matrix elements of the operators a, a
y
have the form
a
nn
= h:jaj :i =

:

p
:

: 1
_
=
p
:h:j: 1i
=
p
:c
n,n1
(20)
a
y
nn
=

:

a
y

:
_
=

:

p
: + 1

: + 1
_
=
p
: + 1c
n,n+1
(21)
where
c
nn
=
_
1, : = :
0, : 6= :
(22)
4
6 Problem 6
Evaluation of hcj

1
2
r
jci.

1
r
= i
_
~.
2-
0
\
_
1/2 _
a expi
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
a
y
exp
_
i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
___
Solution.

1
2
r
=
~.
2-
0
\
[a
2
exp2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
+
_
a
y
_
2
exp
_
2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
a expi
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
a
y
exp
_
i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
a
y
exp
_
i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
a expi
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
]
=
~.
2-
0
\
[a
2
exp2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
+
_
a
y
_
2
exp
_
2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
aa
y
a
y
a]
jci = exp
_

1
2
jcj
2
_
1

n=0
c
n
p
:!
j:i
hcj

1
2
r
jci
= hcj
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
[a
2
exp2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
+
_
a
y
_
2
exp
_
2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
aa
y
a
y
a] jci
=
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
exp2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
hcj a
2
jci
+
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
exp
_
2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
hcj
_
a
y
_
2
jci
+
~.
2-
0
\
hcj aa
y
jci +
~.
2-
0
\
hcj a
y
a jci
hcj a
2
jci = c
2
; hcj
_
a
y
_
2
jci = (c

)
2
hcj a
y
a jci = c

hcj cjci = jcj

= 1 ! aa
y
= 1 +a
y
a
hcj aa
y
jci = hcj
_
1 +a
y
a
_
jci
= 1 +hcj a
y
a jci = 1 +jcj
2
and
hcj

1
2
r
jci =
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
exp2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
_
c
2
5
+
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
exp
_
2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t
__
(c

)
2
+
~.
2-
0
\
_
1 + 2 jcj
2
_
Let c = jcj exp(i0). Then we obtain
hcj

1
2
r
jci =
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
jcj
2

_
exp2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t + 0
_
+ exp
_
2i
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t + 0
___
+
~.
2-
0
\
_
1 + 2 jcj
2
_
=
_

~.
2-
0
\
_
jcj
2
2 cos
_
2
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t + 0
__
+
~.
2-
0
\
_
1 + 2 jcj
2
_
=
~.
2-
0
\
+
~.
2-
0
\
2 jcj
2
_
1 cos
_
2
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t +0
___
=
~.
2-
0
\
+
~.
2-
0
\
jcj
2
4 sin
2
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t + 0
_
The time average of hcj

1
2
r
jci is
_
hcj

1
2
r
jci
_
ou
=
1
T
T
_
0
hcj

1
2
r
jci dt
=
~.
2-
0
\
+
~.
2-
0
\
jcj
2
4
1
2
=
~.
2-
0
\
_
1 + 2 jcj
2
_
since
1
T
T
_
0
sin
2
__
!
/
!
r
_
.t + 0
_
dt =
1
2
\
tl
=
-
0
_
hcj

1
2
r
jci
_
ou
2
=
-
0
~.
2 2-
0
\
_
1 + 2 jcj
2
_
=
~.
4\
_
1 + 2 jcj
2
_
jcj
2
= : = 10
` = 1.5j: ! . = 2
c
`
=
2 3 10
8
1.5 10
6
= 4 10
14
:
1
6
and
\ = 15::
3
! \
tl
=
1.05457266 10
34
4 10
14
4 15 10
27
(1 + 2 10)
=
1.05457266 10
7
21
15
1.05457266t10
7
21
15
= 4. 638 3 10
7
= 4. 638 3 10
7
Jon|c,:
3
7 Problem 7
Evaluation of
_
_

A
1,2
_
2
_
o
.
Solution. Consider the quadrature operators

A
1
,

A
2
.

A
1
=
1
2
_
a +a
y
_
;

A
2
=
1
2i
_
a a
y
_
(23)
where
_
a, a
y

= 1 ! aa
y
= 1 +a
y
a (24)
The variances of the quadrature operators

A
1
,

A
2
estimated with the coherent
states jci such that
a jci = cjci ; hcjci = 1; hcj a
y
= (cjci)

= hcj c

(25)
have the form.
_
_

A
1
_
2
_
o
=
_

A
2
1
_
o

_

A
1
_
2
o
=
1
4
_
c
2
+ (c

)
2
+ 1 + 2 jcj
2
_

1
4
_
c
2
+ (c

)
2
+ 2 jcj
2
_
=
1
4
(26)
_
_

A
2
_
2
_
o
=
_

A
2
2
_
o

_

A
2
_
2
o
=
1
4
_
c
2
+ (c

)
2
1 2 jcj
2
_
+
1
4
_
c
2
+ (c

)
2
2 jcj
2
_
=
1
4
(27)
where
_

A
1
_
o
=
1
2
(c + c

) ;
_

A
2
_
o
=
1
2i
(c c

) (28)
and
_

A
2
1
_
o
= hcj

A
2
1
jci = hcj
1
4
_
a
2
+a
y2
+aa
y
+a
y
a
_
jci
=
1
4
_
hcj a
2
jci +hcj a
y2
jci +hcj aa
y
jci +hcj a
y
a jci
_
hcj a
2
jci = chcj a jci = c
2
hcjci = c
2
7
hcj a
y2
jci = c

hcj a
y
jci = (c

)
2
hcjci = (c

)
2
hcj a
y
a jci = c

hcj cjci = jcj

)
2
+ 1 + 2 jcj
2
_
(29)
_

A
2
2
_
o
= hcj

A
2
1
jci = hcj
1
4
_
a
2
+a
y2
aa
y
a
y
a
_
jci
=
1
4
_
c
2
+ (c

)
2
1 2 jcj
2
_
(30)
8