Both modes are original and important contributions to American art.

Smith studie.d dance with Ruth St. Denis and dire""ctlng with Lee Strasberg.
Flaming Creatures use oi maie and female nudity caused it to be taken to trial
Smith's subsequent films included Normal Fantasy (1964) and No President?
(1969), and he appeared in those of Andy Warhol , Ron Rice, George Kuchar , Gregory
Markopolous and other New York City underground filmmakers. As with Orson Welles
in the commercial cinema, Smith-the-actor's strong artistic personality exerted a deci-
sive influence, not only in his own scenes, but often over the entire film. With the decline
of an actor-oriented avant-garde cinema, he increasingly appeared in live perform-
ances. These included his own works, the Ridiculous Theatre's Big Hotel (1967) and
Robert Wilson' s Life and Times of Sigmund Freud (1971).
Smith considers his first major theatre piece to be Caoitalism of Atlantis which was
performed twice in November 1965 as part of the "New Cinema Festival;" The produc-
tion was briefly described in the Viliage Voice as " an orgy of costumes, suppressed and
open violence, and color (whose center) ' was a huge red lobster, a masterpiece
creation of costume and character ."
The play, set ir. "a child's vegetable garden of foreign policy cadavers, " appears to
have been a long, loosely-linked and extravagant series of events including dance. film
and tape. According to Smith's script the spectators file Into the theatre blindfolded. and
are harangued over the public address system by a " mild voice:"
You are to imagine that you are a wino. This afternoon you were
overcome by a lit of drowsiness and you slumped to the sidewalk. You
lay there in the sun-baking and half asleep. Your skin feels oily. Your
socks are clammy. Your head feels like a coconut-your eyes like sore
rectums. You are uncomfortably hot but you lay entirely motionless. A
police wino wagon drives up and suddenly, rudely, you are prodded
with a by a nightstick. You are dragged to your feet. You had a bottle in
your pocket which was deliberately smashed by the nightstick. AII the
way to the police station you have to sit on a pocketful of broken glass
with a wet leg. You are driven to a skyscraper prison. It is disguised to
/aok llk.e an, ordinary skvscraoar. .
The front of the is a court house, the back a jail.
The curtains then open on "the siamese twin queens of North and South Atlantis, "
who inform the audience that they might now remove their blindfolds. The twins decide
to smoke marijuana, and their slave-girl Mehboubeh brings them a pipe. However the
twins must leave the stage in search of matches. On their return, a procession of
dancers enter " and film is projected over them for a production number illustrating the
tawdry waste of wealthy manufacturers."
Eventually the twins quarrel over the central arm of their armchair-throne and "end
by dragging It clumsily off stage." At this point the Lobster makes his entrance "with
gigantic salad fork and spoon and crepe paper lettuce leaves." The twins reappear and
are arrested by the "US Federal Narcos In roach masks" who have been continually
lurking In the background. Taken to an operating table, the twins are "severed with an
electric circular saw," as Mario Montez dances around the'm to the music from Swan
Lake. They die and the Lobster covers their bodies with lettuce. He collects everything
on stage Into a pile. Smoke ("as from a volcano") rises to obscure him and he ends the
play by screaming at the audience: "Put back your blindfolds-then don't-1 don't
care-get out 1_ don't need you-Get out of my dressing room-OUT II"
Capitalism of Atlantis displayed many characteristics of Smith's later perforrr-
ances: The privileged position of the audience is rendered problematic; political conter.t
is couched in terms of Hollyw.ood exotica; found material , such as the display of a
National Enquirer headline-" Mother Kills Twin So Other May Live" (cited in the script).
the piece " relied on chance, on coinr;dence, on conglomerations."
Others who were present remember its slow, hyp.
notic paci ng and rich atmosphere of confusion. It is recalled that the twins had particular
difficulty in coordinating their movements. As they had many entrances and exrts, thrs
" problem" was probably contr ived
The sense of theatre as a constantly breaking-down ritual / rehearsal was further
developed in Smith' s next series of pieces. From the spring of 1970 until his eviction two
years later. he staged midnight performances at " The Plaster Foundation of Atlantis," 2
duplex loft in lower Manhattan. These pieces were located in what Robert Rauschen-
berg once called "the gap between art and life." The Plaster Foundation was both
Smith's home and his theatre, and the spectator often had the feeling that what one saw
enacted there was no more or less than Smith' s daily existence, framed by an au-
dience' s presence. The spectacle began with one's arrival and ended several hours later
when Smith disappeared into his loft' s upper reaches.
Half of the loft's middle ceiling had been removed. The remaining portion sheltered
a collection of old chairs and sofas-eventually a rickety wooden grandstand-for the
audience. At the center of the loft was the performance area. a fantastic accumulation of
refuse and junk. This assemblage surrounded a simulated lagoon. made from an
inflatable pool , with plastic tubing providing a small waterfall . Further back was an
upright .-ictrola, encased in a coffin, from which issued a steady selection of scratchy
Latin, Hawaiian and exotic mood music, Hollywood scores. occasional pop songs or
educational records. Behind this a few flats stood propped against each other to create
a murky backstage area.
The set demonstrated Smith's assertion (in his 1962 text. "The Perfect Film Appo-
siteness of Maria Montez" ) that "trash is the material of creators. " Like Kurt Schwitters'
legendary merzbau, Smith' s monumental assemblage was both specific to its location
and continually growing. It incorporated all manner of material , much of which must
have been found on the streets of the still-industrial neighborhood where the Plaster
Foundation was located. Included were empty bottles and tin cans, old magazines and
fallen pieces of plaster, a toilet, crutches. a number of commercial signs
( " U.S. Gypsum")
a large heart-shaped candy box and several dried-out Christmas trees,
feathers and streamers. a rubber dinosaur, a teddy bear, various dolls and parts of
mannequins. The assemblage was festooned with Christmas tinsel , glitter and birthday
candles, and bathed by colored theatre lights from above. Smith encouraged con-
templation of his set's structure by spending a minimum of thirty to forty minutes of each
performance making minor adjustments in its composition. or pretending to vacuum it
while wrapped in a shawl.
Several images which Smith. in a recent intP.rview , employed to outline his ideas for
an improved society, inescapably bring " The Plaster Foundation" to min.d:
In the middle of the city should be a repository of objects that people
don 't want anymore, which they would take to this giant junkyard ...
This center of unused objects would become a center of intellectual
activity. Things would grow up around it.
And in describing an ideal house:
t:verything to do with water would be in one place, and it would be in
ti:'!< form of a waterfall; and it would be enclosed, and plants would be
there; washing the dishes would become a Polynesian thing . .
The Plaster Foundation's play, which varied wildly from performance to perform-
ance, involved, in a general sense, listening to music, waiting for the performers to finish
dressing up. and watching the slow burial and exhumation of artifacts from the set. It
was performed under a number of titles: Withdrawal From Orchid Lagoon, and Eco-
nomic and Religious Spectacle of Jingo/a. The cast, usually referred to as the Reptilian
Theatrical Company, also varied and Smith occasionally performed alone. On those
nights when there were actors, much of the performance revolved around their prepara-
tions. They often appeared to be unrehearsed and/or confused, reading from the script
whose pages were passed around the stage. Almost always Smith gave them cues and
direction while they were performing. With wonderful understatement. a 1971 press
release for Smith's never-produced Hamlet and the 1001 Psychological Jingoleanisms
of Prehistoric Riina-Puu cites the Plaster Foundation as " an experimental free theatre"
whose major discovery was " the realization that thinking is interesting onstage. "
The evocative music, the lateness of the hour, the slowness of the action, the joints
that occasionally circulated through the small (and serious) audience, combined to
create an elastic framework that successfully encompassed all mishaps and delays-in
fact, anything that happened-into the framework of Smith's art. Some of the perform-
ance's recurring themes, as well as its pervasive sense of entropy, decay and collapse.
were anticipated by Technicolor Sacrifice of Jingo/a, a text Smith publ ished i n 1963:
Maria Montez was propped up beside the pool which reflected her
ravishing beauty. A chunk fell off her lace showing the grey under-
neath her rouge . .. Any clever character actor could play the makeup
woman in chinese drag. We need all the character actresses to imper-
sonate the staff which doesn't exist . . . We will go on with this scene;
we'll just pretend it's a sirocco scene and just restore Miss Montez's
lace. We'll have to use what's left of her leg because some of her face
got stepped on. I'll put her in a voluminous cloak that will show only
her face. The leading man can have his head buried in a chunk of her
hair. That'll prop him up. . love scene by the pool is finally being
shot.
Although some performances at the Plaster Foundation had an unmistakable aura of
menace, others were lighter and more relaxed. characterized by the ironic juxtaposition
of music and activity and Smith's deadpan cf'owni[lg. _
Withdrawal From Orchid Lagoon- , Smith's loft,, the set, the uncertainty as to
whether there would be a performance, Smith's recruitment of actors out of the audrence
and then his directing of them onstage
1 suddenly was very conscious that it was 2 A.M. in New York, and very
/ate, and most of the city was sleeping, even on Saturday mght. . : I
began to get a feeling, it resembled more the _lmal bunal
ceremonies, the final burial rites of the cap1tal1st C1v1!1zat10n .. . at 2
A.M., only Jack Smith was still alive, a madman, the h1gh pnest of the
ironical burving grounds, administering the last serv1ces
Ultimately the actors leave in the middle of the piece. What seemed most memorable_
at tne time was the piece's stunning conclusion. the audience left the Plaster
for the deserted streets outside, with the sounds of "Orchid Lagoon" slowly fadrng rnto
the night.
Smith received somewhat more attention for his startling 1976 adaptation of Ib-
sen' s Ghosts, which he transposed to "Atlantis" and called Orchid Rot of Rented
Lagoon. In an interview published in the Soho Weekly News the week the production
premiered, Smith asserted that " it is timely doing Ghosts. There are new strarns of VD
which will not respond to penicillin, you know. The play is a catalogue of wrecked lrves.
what people have done because they were afraid of what other people would say." He
also revealed .that, as of a few days before opening night, he had not yet fully cast the.
play. Indeed, The Secret of Rented Island may be the most radically pragmatic staging
that Ibsen has ever received.
Regina was played by a large pink stuffed hippo suspended in a pulley-operated
basket, Engstrand and Pastor Manders by a pair of toy monkeys, each seated in a little
wagon. Mrs. Alving had a human interpreter, an N.Y.U. drama professor who sat,
swathed in scarfs and a thick, black veil, inside a supermarket shopping cart. A prop-
woman, made up as a hunchback, dressed in a kimono and wearing high, cumbersome
wedgies, wheeled the animals and Mrs. Alving on and off stage, positioned them (and
also worked the lighting) as directed by Smith, who played Oswald.
Most of the dialog was prerecorded on tape by Smith, using voices of different
pitches that varied between a garbled hysteria and a ridiculously slow drone. Alttrough
the tape appeared to contain the entire play (with interpolations), it was not always
audible, having to compete with the records of ocean sound-effects and exotic music
that were played simultaneously. Smith delivered his lines live, reading them from a
tattered scripl (Its pages eventually littered the stage, along with the handfuls of glitter
from Inside his pants)
Among Smith's alterations was the transformation of Oswald from a failed painter
into an actor who cannot remember his lines. (Despite the fact that he held the script in
his hands, Smith would repeatedly ask Mrs. Alving what part of the play they were up to.)
Both reviewers who covered the event were struck by this extraordinary strategy. Gerald
Rabkin, writing in the Soho Weekly News, pointed out that " Ghosts is not satirized or
ridiculed: on the contrary. Smith seems to genuinely identify with Oswald' s breakdown."
Dan Isaac, who reviewed Orchid Rot of Rented Lagoon for the Village Voice, maintained
it was
the only theatrical occasion I have ever attended where i watched an
actor do a self-destruct number on stage that meshed perfectly with
his role, so that-in twisted contrast to Brecht's alienation effect-the
pathos that is unmistakably there belongs more to th_e perlormmg
actor than it does to the character he is allegedly creatmg.
As with all of Smith's productrons, Orchid Rot of Rented Lagoon appeared tc: be a
cross between a rehearsal and a private ritual. Isaac reported that, at the performance
he attended, Smith actively solicited the audience's aid in staging the piece. asking " Am
I under the blue spot now. Do I look blue?", and that later,
somewhere alter midnight, the other members of the com-
pany . .. tried to get him to wind it up so they could a// go home. But he
only glared at them and yelled into the wings: "II you have nothing to
do-do it on stage/"
Most performances began with the burning of an enormous quantity of incense and
ended, sometimes five intermissionless hours later after Smith had struggled through
thA entire script, with the playing of Doris Day's record of (Onca I Had A) Secret Love
and the oarting of Mrs. Alving's veil to reveal a hideously grotesque mask of diseased
decay.
Orchi d Rot of Rented Lagoon seemed the fulfillment of two esthetic dictums found
in one of Smith's early Film Culture essays: "The more rules broken the more enriched
becomes the activity as it has had to expand to include what a human view of the activity
won't allow it not to include. " According to Smith, Maria Montez's films
are romantic expressions. They came about because ... an inflexible
person commiNed to an obsession was given his way through some
fortuitous circumstance. Results of this sort of thing TRANSCEND
TECHNIQUE. Not barely, but resoundingly, meaningfully, with magnifi-
cence, with the vigor that one exposed human being always has..
Smith' s most recent production, I Was a Mekas Collaborator, was performed for
several weeks in the spring of 1978. In some respects it was the most self-referential
piece he had ever staged. Dealing with the failure of art. with years of accumulated
frustrations and grievances, it all but presupposed a familiarity with his biography:
"Uncle Fishook" (Jonas Mekas). the "Mausoleum" (Anthology Film Archives). the
"Pawnshop" (Filmmaker' s Cooperative) and " the horror of rented island" {Smith's con-
tinuing vicissitudes with landlords) figured prominently.
Typically, the two performances I saw had elements in common but used them
quite differently. On one night, Smith remained hidden from the audience, "broad-
casting" a Jungle Jack Radio Adventure-that began "Calling all Nazis! Calling all
Nazis!" and concerned the adventures of secret agent Sinbad Glick. sent to Rented
Island on a special mission for President Roosevelt-as his veiled female partner
performed a strenuously exotic dance through the Salvation Army living-room n,at
made up the set. At another performance (cited by Smith as "the worst I ever looked on
a stage"), the dancer vanished early on in the proceedings, while Smith sat down rn a
wheelchair by an ancient radio console and listened to a cassette recording of himself
reading from the text of What Makes Sammy Run? Then, working partly from a script ,
he taped a new installment of Jungle Jack. This soon began to merge with scenes frc.rn
Ghosts, an enigmatic description of "the horror of Uncle Fishook's safe," and rhetorical
asides on the problem of living in a condemned tenement. After randomly playrng back
parts of the tape, Smith wheeled himself to the rear of the stage, and the play apparently
ended.
Both nights, Smith used the idea of radio in three ways: as a fantasy machine, as a
generator of found material, and as an unfulfilled promise for two-way
In all three senses, the radio came to be his metaphor for art. The latter se11se rn fact rs a
recurring feature of Smith's work: Some performances of Gas Stations of the Cross
Religious Spectacular featured a bearded man wearing a brassiere over his sweater
who operated a "confessional" where members of the audience were encouraged to
seek advice for their personal problems. Thus, in I Was a Mekas Collaborator, New
York's listener-sponsored, call-in radio station, WBAI , was periodically parodied as
Smith promised his " lucky listenc rf " a chance to respond later in the show with " phone-
call gross-outs." However, on ntither evening did this occur.
1 was A Mekas Collaborator u,ed up to its confessional title when Smith remarked
several times during the second p<!rformance that "I think you will agree that the Jungle
Jack Radio Adventure is a failure." One felt that he was not only speaking of his current
performance, which courted disaster at every moment, but of his entire career. " No one
ever talks about the problems of daily life and so daily life becomes exotic, " he added.
disclosing himself to be "Donald Flamingo, just a local personality trying to make a
living." Similarly, " Inez the slave-girl"-a character. in the Jungle Jack Radio Adventure,
or perhaps the dancer who earlier performed-was revealed as "an office temporary.".
The effect of the piece was at once funny and porgnant, a testament to Smrth s
courageous unpredictability in deconstructiong and expanding the rules of art . In an
excerpt from 1 Was a Mekas Collaborator's script. published as a manifesto, he advises
us to
Let art continue to be entertaining, escapist, stunning, glamorous and
NATURALISTIC-but let ita/so be loaded with information worked into
the vapid plots of, lor instance, movies. Each one would be more or
tess a complete exposition of one subject or another. Thus you would
have Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh busily making yogurt; Humphrey
Bogart struggling to introduce a basic civil law course into public
schools; infants being given to the old in homes for the aged by Gmger
Rogers; donut-shaped dwellings with sunlight pouring into central
patios lor all, designed by Gary Cooper; .soft, clear, p/ast1c bubble cars
with hooks that attach to monorails built by Charlton Heston that pass
over the Free Paradise of abandoned objects in the center of the city
near where the community movie sets would also be; and where Maria
Montez and Johnny Weismuller would labor to dissolve all national
boundaries and release the prisoners of Uranus. But the stairway to
socialism is blocked up by the Yvonne de Carlo Tabernacle Choir
waving bloody palm branches and waiting to sing the "Hymn to the
Sun" by Irving Berlin. This is the rented moment of EXOTIC LAND-
LORDISM OF PREHISTORIC CAPITALISM OF TABU.