PostgreSQL

Equipo de Desarrollo PostgreSQL

Editado por

Thomas Lockhart

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, 05:39:18

Tuesday, 05:39:18
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485
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4 8 5
1,485
1 485
148.500
148,500
3 148,500
485-
485-
485
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-485
4-85
<485>
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Pre-decimal: 485 Postdecimal: .800
12000
12400
125

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tgl=> SELECT text Origin AS "Label", point (0,0) AS "Value";
Label |Value
----+--Origin|(0,0)
(1 row)

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Operador exponente

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tgl=> select 2 ^ 3 AS "Exp";
Exp
-8
(1 row)

R)* x GO"( x  (
'(,8 x ,8
x 

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)*

GO 

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x  R+

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tgl=> select float8(2) ^ float8(3) AS "Exp";
Exp
-8
(1 row)


tgl=> select 2.0 ^ 3.0 AS "Exp";
Exp
-8
(1 row)
Nota: Esta ultima forma es la que tiene menos sobrecarga, ya que no se llama a funciones para hacer un conversin implcita de tipo. Esto no es una ventaja para pequeas
consultas, pero puede tener un gran impacto en el rendimiento de consultas que abarquen muchas tablas.

Concatenacin de cadenas

x ]2 x Ro)*  R x 
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tgl=> SELECT text abc || def AS "Text and Unknown";
Text and Unknown
----------abcdef
(1 row)

 x  R,8
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tgl=> SELECT abc || def AS "Unspecified";
Unspecified
------abcdef
(1 row)

 x ,8
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Nota: Si un usuario define un nuevo tipo y define un operador || para trabajar con el,
entonces esta consulta tal como esta escrita no tendr xito. El analizador tendra ahora
tipos candidatos de dos categoras, y no podra decidir cual de ellos usar.

Factorial

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tgl=> select (4.3 !);
?column?
----24
(1 row)
Nota: Por supuesto, esto conduce a un resultado matemticamente sospechoso, debido
a que en principio el factorial de un nmero no entero no est definido. De cualquier
modo, el papel de una base de datos no es ensear matemticas, sino ms bien ser
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Funciones
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Ejemplos
Funcin factorial

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Z$

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tgl=> select int4fac(int2 4);
int4fac
----24
(1 row)

G '(,8'(
 x 
)* 
]
&GH x  
?

tgl=> select int4fac(int4(int2 4));
int4fac
----24
(1 row)

Funcin substring

k 
 x ,8
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tgl=> select substr(1234, 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)

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tgl=> select substr(varchar 1234, 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)



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tgl=> select substr(text(varchar 1234), 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)

Nota: Hay algunas estrategias en el analizador para optimizar la relacin entre los tipos
char, varchar y text. En este caso, la funcin substr es llamada directamente con una
cadena varchar en vez de hacer una llamada para realizar una conversin explcita.

R6j?9Bi?j^??)&)
Xj^
^?Bh))g)BR??))
j-?BBh)9XB??QM+
tgl=> select substr(1234, 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)

"4?&BM6Mh4ihX&
tgl=> select substr(text(1234), 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)

Resultados de consultas

)J)XL
)c)X
\)

B  X^6\6M+)XlX^4"4?h)

B g BX6)?l?BBh9XB?H?9+"6?jd?4ih4&B)j?v
g"6?R

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4i?Rw)

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KBjBXM?BBhBXjB)rBBi?j&v6\6[?Q?B?
ijg?&lBj&"$+?[
$?
j)"&4Bj6J?&"[+B&"$

?vj6B
Q^Bh"lijL??B?h

Ejemplos
Almacenamiento de varchar

)X)ij?&B8
X?))J8Xj&&c)"XB)\)?6??BhijB6?^)6
"6?)BQh?BMjh)&
Bv)
X
tgl=> CREATE TABLE vv (v varchar(4));
CREATE
tgl=> INSERT INTO vv SELECT abc || def;
INSERT 392905 1
tgl=> select * from vv;
v
--abcd
(1 row)

Consultas UNION

[ijB6"Xi?j
 
 )?L? 4iBh[#iRB^2&)j??2[B)
?j
?6?Bhr^L"4?h)



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h?jr6L?4B?X)h
j?r4?h)B
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  B?hX)
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6?  Q
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M"6?h)J
Ejemplos
Tipos sin especificar
tgl=> SELECT text a AS "Text" UNION SELECT b;
Text
--a
b
(2 rows)

UNION simple
tgl=> SELECT 1.2 AS Float8 UNION SELECT 1;
Float8
---1
1.2
(2 rows)

UNION transpuesto

jh?j
4 
 6^j)R
h6h)6$M?jrh?
$?M?&X?)6
M8

!
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tgl=> SELECT 1 AS "All integers"

tgl-> UNION SELECT 2.2::float4
tgl-> UNION SELECT 3.3;
All integers
-------1
2
3
(3 rows)

lBl6)hl)?hB)?l
B)BR??))
jr
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tgl=> CREATE TABLE ff (f float);
CREATE
tgl=> INSERT INTO ff
tgl-> SELECT 1
tgl-> UNION SELECT 2.2::float4
tgl-> UNION SELECT 3.3;
INSERT 0 3
tgl=> SELECT f AS "Floating point" from ff;
Floating point
----------1
2.20000004768372
3.3
(3 rows)

-

Captulo 7. Indices and Keys

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Keys
Author: Written by Herouth Maoz 1 This originally appeared on the Users Mailing List on
1998-03-02 in response to the question: "What is the difference between PRIMARY KEY
and UNIQUE constraints?".

Subject: Re: [QUESTIONS] PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE

Whats the difference between:
PRIMARY KEY(fields,...) and
UNIQUE (fields,...)
- Is this an alias?
- If PRIMARY KEY is already unique, then why
is there another kind of key named UNIQUE?

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Author: This is from a reply to a question on the e-mail list by Paul M. Aoki 2 on 1998-0811.

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Voluntarios? - thomas 1998-01-12

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Captulo 9. Herencia
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Creating Postgres database system directory /alt/postgres/data/base

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Welcome to the POSTGRESQL interactive sql monitor:
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type \? for help on slash commands
type \q to quit
type \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
You are currently connected to the database: mibd
mibd=>

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ABORT
Nombre
ABORT

M?)B6)XX?^^X

Synopsis
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

Inputs

^jB

Outputs
ROLLBACK

4BhM
4c4?l64rXj&?h)
QXjL4?h

NOTICE: ROLLBACK: no transaction in progress ROLLBACK

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Compatibilidad


SQL92

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MODIFICAR GRUPO
Nombre
MODIFICAR GRUPO

:
B)
?-6)?jM8"??&?B)-6)?j
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Synopsis
MODIFICAR GRUPO nombre AADIR USUARIO nombre de usuario [, ... ]
MODIFICAR GRUPO nombre ELIMINAR USUARIO nombre de usuario [, ... ]

Entradas
nombre
 jB&"M
g"Q9&j
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nombre de usuario
l6)?c)M6K
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jr
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Resultados
MODIFICAR GRUPO

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MODIFICAR GRUPO trabajadores ELIMINAR USUARIO beth

Compatibilidad
SQL92

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MODIFICAR TABLA
Nombre
MODIFICAR TABLA

j?)
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M?)&j
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Synopsis
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla [ * ]
AADIR [ COLUMNA ] columna tipo
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla [ * ]
MODIFICAR [ COLUMNA ] columna { SET DEFAULT valor | DROP DEFAULT }
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla [ * ]
RENOMBRAR [ COLUMNA ] columna A nueva columna
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla
RENOMBRAR A nueva tabla

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tabla
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columna
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nueva tabla
^QBj&"M)M?9R?

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MODIFICAR

4BhM"X??B
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MODIFICAR TABLA distribuidores RENOMBRAR COLUMNA direcciones A ciudad;

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MODIFICAR TABLA distribuidores RENOMBRA A proveedores;

Compatibilidad
SQL92

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ELIMINAR TABLA distribuidores;
CREAR TABLA distribuidores COMO SELECCIONAR * DESDE temp;
ELIMINAR TABLA temp;

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did
DECIMAL(3) DEFAULT 1,
name
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
);
INSERTAR DENTRO distribuidores SELECCIONAR * DESDE temp;
ELIMINAT TABLA temp;

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MODIFICAR USUARIO
Nombre
MODIFICAR USUARIO

j
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6)?

Synopsis
MODIFICAR USUARIO nombre de usuario
[ WITH PASSWORD palabra clave ]
[ CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB ] [ CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER ]
[ VALID UNTIL abstime ]

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nombre de usuario
 jB&"M
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Resultados
MODIFICAR USUARIO

4BhM"X??B6?M&
?X)X?jdXj"Xh

ERROR: MODIFICAR USUARIO: usuario "nombre de usuario" no existe

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MODIFICAR USUARIO davide CON PALABRA CLAVE hu8jmn3;

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MODIFICAR USUARIO manuel VALIDO HASTA 31 En 2030;

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Compatibilidad
SQL92

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BEGIN
Nombre
BEGIN

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Synopsis
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

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EO W v
W_:  
:u


R?)RX?)jX?BR? ^Qh?B^Xh

Outputs
BEGIN

6v?B?KXMB9B4cM)B6)Xi?j^B6?
QXj&B))

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autocommit como una comodidad.


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CLOSE
Nombre
CLOSE

?^Xj

Synopsis
CLOSE cursor

Inputs
cursor
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Outputs
CLOSE

4BhM
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HgX6j??)Bj&&
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Compatibilidad
SQL92

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CLUSTER
Nombre
CLUSTER

jj"i?jB)?6Q
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li
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CLUSTER indexname ON table

Entradas
Nombre del indice
 jB&"M
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table
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Salidas
CLUSTER

j)")&?4BvB?)Q+?h6)&Bh

ERROR: relation ~ tablerelation_number 

inherits "table"

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ERROR: Relation table does not exist!

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SQL92

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Nombre
COMMIT

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COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

Inputs
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Outputs
COMMIT

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COPY
Nombre
COPY

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Synopsis
COPY [ BINARY ] table [ WITH OIDS ]
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[ [USING] DELIMITERS delimiter ]
[ WITH NULL AS null string ]
COPY [ BINARY ] table [ WITH OIDS ]
TO { filename | stdout }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS delimiter ]
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Inputs

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stdout

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delimiter
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null print
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cadena que us para la copia de salida-

Outputs
COPY

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ERROR: reason

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Compatibility
SQL92

^Q4?6h?96B4Bi? \

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CREATE AGGREGATE
Nombre
CREATE AGGREGATE

BMB9BBX?^
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Synopsis
CREATE AGGREGATE name [ AS ] ( BASETYPE = data_type
[ , SFUNC1 = sfunc1, STYPE1 = sfunc1_return_type ]
[ , SFUNC2 = sfunc2, STYPE2 = sfunc2_return_type ]
[ , FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
[ , INITCOND1 = initial_condition1 ]
[ , INITCOND2 = initial_condition2 ] )

Entradas
name


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data_type
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CREATE

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Description

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CREATE DATABASE

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CREATE DATABASE name [ WITH LOCATION = dbpath ]

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name


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CREATE DATABASE

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ERROR: user username is not allowed to create/drop databases

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olly=> create database lusiadas;

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~/private_db

$ mkdir private_db
$ initlocation ~/private_db
Creating Postgres database system directory /home/olly/private_db/base
$ psql olly
Welcome to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
(Please type \copyright to see the distribution terms of PostgreSQL.)
Type \h
\?
\q
\g
olly=>

for help with SQL commands,

for help on internal slash commands,
to quit,
or terminate with semicolon to execute query.

CREATE DATABASE elsewhere WITH LOCATION = /home/olly/private_db;

CREATE DATABASE

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CREATE FUNCTION

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LANGUAGE langname

CREATE FUNCTION name ( [ ftype [, ...] ] )

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name


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CREATE

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Description

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CREATE FUNCTION one() RETURNS int4

AS SELECT 1 AS RESULT
LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT one() AS answer;
answer
---1

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CREATE FUNCTION ean_checkdigit(bpchar, bpchar) RETURNS bool

AS /usr1/proj/bray/sql/funcs.so LANGUAGE c;
CREATE TABLE product (
id
char(8) PRIMARY KEY,
eanprefix char(8) CHECK (eanprefix ~ [0-9]{2}-[0-9]{5})
REFERENCES brandname(ean_prefix),
eancode
char(6) CHECK (eancode ~ [0-9]{6}),
CONSTRAINT ean
CHECK (ean_checkdigit(eanprefix, eancode))
);

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CREATE FUNCTION point(complex) RETURNS point

AS /home/bernie/pgsql/lib/complex.so, complex_to_point
LANGUAGE c;

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Point * complex_to_point (Complex *z)
{

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p = (Point *) palloc(sizeof(Point));
p->x = z->x;
p->y = z->y;
return p;
}

Compatibility
SQL92

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Nota: PSM stands for Persistent Stored Modules. It is a procedural language and it was
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mid-1998, this has not yet happened, but it is hoped that PSM will eventually become a
standard.

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( [ [ IN | OUT | INOUT ] type [, ...] ] )
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ESPECIFIC routine
SQL-statement

CREATE GROUP
Nombre
CREATE GROUP

"L"QB4c

Synopsis
CREATE GROUP name
[ WITH
[ SYSID gid ]
[ USER username [, ...] ] ]

-

Entradas
name

gid

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CREATE GROUP marketing WITH USER jonathan, david

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CREATE INDEX
Nombre
CREATE INDEX

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Synopsis
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX nombre_indice ON tabla
[ USING nombre_acceso ] ( columna [ nombre_operador] [, ...] )
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX nombre_indice ON tabla
[ USING nombre_acceso ] ( nombre_funcion( r">columnale> [, ... ]) nombre_operador )

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base de datos ms lenta.

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opc.opcname AS ops_name,
opr.oprname AS ops_comp
FROM pg_am am, pg_amop amop,
pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr
WHERE amop.amopid = am.oid AND
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ttulo

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pelculas

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ndice_ttulo

ON pelculas (ttulo);

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SQL92

 
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CREATE LANGUAGE
Nombre
CREATE LANGUAGE

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HANDLER call_handler
LANCOMPILER comment

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Table
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+-----------------+-----------------+-----+
|
Field
|
Type
+-----------------+-----------------+-----+
| lanname
| name
| lancompiler
| text
+-----------------+-----------------+-----+

| Length|
|
|

32 |
var |

lanname |lancompiler
-----+--------internal|n/a
lisp
|/usr/ucb/liszt
C
|/bin/cc
sql
|postgres

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#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include

"executor/spi.h"
"commands/trigger.h"
"utils/elog.h"
"fmgr.h"
/* for FmgrValues struct */
"access/heapam.h"
"utils/syscache.h"
"catalog/pg_proc.h"
"catalog/pg_type.h"

Datum
plsample_call_handler(
Oid
prooid,
int
pronargs,
FmgrValues
*proargs,
bool
*isNull)
{
Datum
retval;
TriggerData
*trigdata;

lm^n

if (CurrentTriggerData == NULL) {
/*
* Llamado como una funcin
*/
retval = ...
} else {
/*
* Llamado como un procedimiento "trigger"
*/
trigdata = CurrentTriggerData;
CurrentTriggerData = NULL;
retval = ...
}
*isNull = false;
return retval;
}

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CREATE FUNCTION plsample_call_handler () RETURNS opaque
AS /usr/local/pgsql/lib/plsample.so
LANGUAGE C;
CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE plsample
HANDLER plsample_call_handler
LANCOMPILER PL/Sample;

Compatibilidad
SQL92
w "VhhLVhE$'GU#+-6$'F8$'+-GC,/
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CREATE OPERATOR
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CREATE OPERATOR

lm

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Synopsis
CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name
[, LEFTARG = type1 ] [, RIGHTARG = type2 ]
[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
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name

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Description

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Nota: No se permite ningn caracter alfabtico en un nombre de operador. Esto permite a Postgres analizar la entrada SQL en elementos sin requerir espacion entre cada
elemento.

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PROCEDURE = area_equal_procedure,
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lx

Compatibility
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CREATE RULE
Nombre
CREATE RULE

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CREATE RULE name AS ON event
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name

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event

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select update delete

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ON UPDATE TO emp.salary WHERE emp.name = "Joe"
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CREATE RULE example_1 AS

ON UPDATE emp.salary WHERE current.name = "Joe"
DO UPDATE emp (salary = new.salary)
WHERE emp.name = "Sam";

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SELECT (emp.salary) from emp
WHERE emp.name = "Joe";

lx^m

$'+-$'A43 (
 $824$a$;&;779$;GK2g&;GC&/3?,/2f1$>$'(*.&/$'^124G$'+L$'&'1$;.3?F8;(*$'+-F2H1$ 7&/e;12f5
1$'d#$'&/d$6$;&4+-2
(*I43J$g1$'& #GC#3?,/2E7F#&/<`k
current_user
CREATE RULE example_3 AS
ON SELECT TO emp.salary
WHERE current.dept = "shoe" AND current_user = "Joe"
DO INSTEAD NOTHING;

P63J$93>#+-fd,/GCF8H1$$'(*.&/$;124G F3=^I4CB^+-12_$;+j$;&
1$'.3F(*$'+-F$g1$UBD#A4#$;F8$;GZ
CREATE toyemp(name = char16, salary = int4);
CREATE RULE example_4 AS
ON SELECT TO toyemp
DO INSTEAD
SELECT (emp.name, emp.salary) FROM emp
WHERE emp.dept = "toy";

2
12
Gw&/2
GX+-#$'d2
Gw$;(*.&/$'12
G 1$'I4$'+h:-7$'3)-Z ;f2_(*$'+-2
GZ

CREATE RULE example_5 AS
ON INERT TO emp WHERE new.salary > 5000
DO UPDATE NEWSET salary = 5000;

Compatibility
SQL92
& 72
(*+-126waV$'Gj#+-@$'F8$;+-GK,/
+1$*M2
GCF8A43J$'Gjh2$'N,/GCF$&/GC$'+-F$'+-7,/
i Q
w Vj$'+ 4Z

CREATE SEQUENCE
Nombre
CREATE SEQUENCE

P63J$'#+-H+-#$;d gGK$;79#$;+-79,/g1$gA$;+-$'3?12
3U1$6+-#(*$'3J24G

Synopsis
CREATE SEQUENCE seqname [ INCREMENT increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue ]
[ START start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ CYCLE ]

lxx

Entradas
seqname

i &
+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HGC$'7#$'+-7,/f!4#$GK$;3=f73J$';1-Z

b7&/#GC#&/

$'GQ2
.7,/24+-&Z*)V+d ^&/243a.2
GC,/F8,/d2h:-3?L#+-LGC$'c
79#$;+-79,/bGC7$'+-INCREMENT
1$;+-F8$'R#+-2hincrement
+-$'A4F,/d 2":-^3=b#+-bGK$;7#$;+-7,/L1$;GK7$;+-1$'+-F8$4Z i & d&/2
3 .243
24(*,/GC,/2
+$;Gw#+-2E58<`Z

increment

minvalue

_7&/#GC#&/E24.079,/2
+-&

1$'F$'3?(*,/+-E$'&0d&/2
3Q(*,/+-,/(*2!#$V#+-
GK$;79#$;+-79,/a.#$'1$aA4$'+-$'3?MINVALUE
3=Z i &'d&/2
30minvalue
.2
302
(*,/GC,2
+_$;GXTfc^+'+;+w.3?wGC$'7#$'+-7,/G
GC79$;+-1$'+-F$'G T%1$'GC7$'+-1$;+-F8$'GCR^3J$'GC.$;79F,/d'(*$;+-F8$Z

maxvalue

)VF,/&/,/7$6&/g7&/#GC#&/g2
.7,/2
+-&

.3?1$;F8$'3?(*,/+-3$'&d &/2
3(*,/c
(*2%.3?f#+-bGK$;7#$;+-7,/-Z`M243 MAXVALUE
2
(*,/GC,/2 +jGK2
maxvalue
+j+;+,+HTEcH.^3=gGK$;79#$;+-79,/^GXGC7$'+-c
1$'+-F$'G T%1$'GC7$'+-1$;+-F8$'GCR^3J$'GC.$;79F,/d(*$'+-F$Z

start

H7&/#GC#&/b24.7,/2
+-&

:-^I4,/&/,/F8b&/HGC$'7#$'+-7,/L.03=H!4#$H72
(*,/$'+-7$H$'+
79#&/!4#,/$'3V&/#A43=Z i &wdSTART
&/2
3V1$start
,/+-,/7,/2.243L24(*,/GC,/2 +$'G
.3?GK$;7#$;+-7,/G
minvalue
GC79$;+-1$'+-F$'G T
.3?g&/^Gw1$;GK7$'+-1$;+-F8$;GZ
maxvalue

cache

H24.7,/2
+
.$;3=(*,/F$f!#$f&/24Gw+-#(*$'3J24Gw1$g&/HGC$'7#$'+-7,/HGC$'+j&/2;BD12
G
cache
5.03?$9&/&/2
7F8$;CACHE
1<)T*&/(*
7$'+-124Gg$'+(*$'(*2
3=,/%.^3=%#+77$'GC2(*Gg3=.0,/12)Z i &d&/2
3
(*,/+-,/(*2V$;G)Q58GC24&/2bGC$X.#$'1$aA4$'+-$'3?3#+_d ^&/24371Xd $;eR,Z $ZGK,/+_77:-$'<
TH$'GUF8^(*I4,/$'+
$'& d&/243U.2
3U2
(*,/GC,2
+ Z

P6 P6 i
%.&/I43%7&/d$V5-4$'T.h2
3J1<)P6 P6 i .#$;1$VGC$'3Q#F#&/,/e1_.3?_.$'3?(*,/F,/36%&/EGC$'c
79#$;+-79,/a792
+-F8,/+-#^37#+-12f$;&^d&/2
301$
2H$'&'1$
:-XGC,/12H&/7+-c
maxvalue
e1-2.2
3Q#+-_GK$;79#$;+-79,/VGC7$'+-1$'+-F$L2
1$'GC7$'+-1$'+-F$L3J$'GC.minvalue
$;79F,/d'(*$'+ F8$Z ,0$'& &/,/(*,/F8$
$'GU&/7+-e^102
R'$'&NGC,/A4#,/$'+-F$6+-#(*$'3J2LA4$'+-$'3?12bGC$'3?7#&/!4#,/$;3=6!#$Q.3?
minvalue
2
GC$'fF24(*^12E724(*2E.3J24.0,/'12Z
maxvalue

Outputs

CREATE

$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&472
(*+-12_$'Gw$?B$;79#F12V724+h$',/F82Z

ERROR: Relation seqname already exists

,
&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/H$'GC.$;79,/]71-bT4f$;N,/GCF8$4Z

ERROR: DefineSequence: MINVALUE (start) cant be >= MAXVALUE (max)

,
$'& d&/2
3>1$6,/+-,/7,/2%$'GC.$'7,/]79^12_$;GKFfW8#$'3?f1$3?+-A42)Z

lx^n

ERROR: DefineSequence: START value (start) cant be < MINVALUE (min)

,
$'& d&/2
3>1$6,/+-,/7,/2%$'GC.$'7,/]79^12_$;GKFfW8#$'3?f1$3?+-A42)Z

ERROR: DefineSequence: MINVALUE (min) cant be >= MAXVALUE (max)

,
$'& d&/2
3>(*,/+-,/(*2ET%(*,/(*2EGC2
+,/+-72
+-GK,/GF8$;+-F8$'GZ

Descripcion

w 0/!1hVh_,/+-F3J241#7,/3?Q#+-+-#$'dQGC$'7#$'+-7,/6A4$'+-$;3=1243?X1$X+-#(*$'3J24G1$'+-c

F83J2"1$f&/L7F8#&I4GC$b1$f1^F82
GZ i GCF82h,/(*.&/,/7L&/V73J$'7,/2
+$H,/+-,/7,/&/,/e7,/2
+1$H#+-V+-#$;d 
F8^I&/g1$g#+-H&/,/+-$'H724+j$'&
+-2
(*I43J$
ZKfGC$'7#$'+-7,/HA4$'+-$'3?12
3?fGC$'3=H.03?2
.,/$'1'1
1$'& #GC#3?,/2E!#$g$?B$;79#Ff$'&
724(*^+-1seqname
2)Z
$'.GC#$'GX1$b!#$HGC$b73J$'H#+-bGC$'7#$'+-7,/RN.#$'1$f#F8,/&/,/e^3 &/bW8#+-79,/2
+
.3Q24I4F$'+-$'36#+-j+-#$'d2*+-#(*$'3J2*1$E&/"GC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z^"W#+-7,/2
+
nextval(seqname)
currval(seqname)
.#$'1$GC$'3V#F,/&/,/e1*.3?*1$'F$'3?(*,/+-3V$;&X+-#(*$'3?.1$'d#$;&/F82.2
3_&/*#&/F8,/(*&/&/(*1
1$'GC1$&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/H$'GC.$;79,/]71$'+"&/HGC$'GC,/24+h$'+h7#3?GK2Z`fW8#+-7,/24+
nextval(seqname)
.#$;1$bGC$'3a#F,/&/,/e1L.3?b724+-]A4#3?3w$'&d&/243w7F#&
setval(seqname,
1$'d24&/d$'3?g$;&
1
$6&/GC$'7#$'+-7,/f$'GC.$'7,/]newvalue)
79^1Z`gGC,/A#,/$;+-F8$&/&/^(*1g
nextval(seqname)
d&/243)112V(*Ga&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/f1$g,/+-73J$'(*$'+-F2Z
)VF,/&/,/7$#+-H724+-GC#&/F8H58!#$;3=T4< 792
(*2
SELECT * FROM sequence_name;

.3?2
I4F8$;+-$'3)&/24Ga.3?(*$'F3J2NGw1$Q#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z=\L.3?F8$Q1$2
I4F8$'+-$;3U&/2
G .3?(*$'F3?2
G>2
3=,/c

A,/+-^&/$'GCR^.#$'1$#F,/&/,/e3
SELECT last_value FROM sequence_name;

.3?X24I4F$'+-$'30$'&#&/F,/(*2Ld&/2430GK,A+-12b.02437#&/!4#,/$;3.3J2
79$;GK2b$;+_$;&GC$'3?d,/124358I47-4$S+-1<`Z
F82_24I4F,/+hF8:-$g&/^GKFd&/#$&/&/2
7F8$;1I4T%+-TEI4*7 -4$'+-1XZ=.3?'(*$'F3J24Ga!#$g.#$;1$'G #F8,/&/,/e^3
$j#F8&/,/eI4CBD2+-,/d$'&w1$I4&/24!4#$.3?:-I4,/&/,/F3L(*#&/F,/.&/$'G"&/&/^(*1G_GC,/(*#&F8+-$;G%*#+
A$;+-$'3?12
3`Z

lx

Atencin
Se pueden obtener resultados inesperados si una configuracion de cache mayor que uno es utilizada por un objeto secuencia que sera usado concurrentemente por multiples procesos en el servidor (backends).
Cada proceso en el servidor (backend)asignara valores de secuencia
"cache" succesivas durante un acceso al objeto secuencia e incrementara el ultimo valor (last_value) del objeto secuencia en conformidad
con esto. De este modo, el siguiente uso de cache-1 de nextval dentro de ese proceso en el servidor (backend) devolvera simplemente los
valores asignados sin tocar el objeto compartido. Asi pues, los numeros asignados pero no utilizados en la sesion en curso se perderan.
Mas aun, aunque se garantice por multiples procesos en el servidor
(backends) la asignacion de distintos valores de secuencia, los valores
pueden ser generados fuera de secuencia cuando los procesos en el
servidor (backends) son tenidos en cuenta. (Por ejemplo, con una configuracion de cache de 10, el proceso A puede reservar valores 1..10
y devolver un nextval=1, entonces el proceso B puede reservar valores
11..20 y devolver un nextval=11 antes de que el proceso A ha generado
un nextval=2.) Asi, con una configuracion de cache de uno es seguro
asumir que los valores de nextval seran generados secuencialmente;
conuna cache configurada mayor que uno solo podrias asumir que los
valores de nextvalue seran todos distintos, no que seran todos generados de un modo puramente secuencial. Tambien, last_value reflejara el
ultimo valor reservado por cualquier proceso en el servidor (backend),
tanto si ya ha sido devuelto por nextval como si no.

Notas
a$;(*,/F8GC$gf$;GKF12_hh/!1hLhh.3?f$;&/,/(*,/+-3>#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z
P616.3J2
79$;GK2V$'+"$;& GK$;3=d,/12
3U58I427 -$'+-1<-#F,/&/,/efGC#j.3J24.0,/g77:-$6.^3=&/(*7$'+-3+-#(*$'c
3J24GQ^GK,/A4+-12
GZ92
GQ+-#(*$'3J2
G6!#$H$'GCF8+$'+&/L77:-$H.0$'3J2"+-2jGC2
+#F,/&/,/e12"$'+&/VGC$'GC,/2
+
$'+"7#3=GC2_GK$g.0$'3J1$'3+-R1^+-12_72
(*2%3J$'GC#&/F81-2Ed7,/2
GK$;+j&/gGK$;79#$;+-79,/ Z

Uso

P63J$9H#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/HGC79$;+-1$'+-F$&/&/(*1

R^724(*$;+-e+-12_$'+" k

serial

CREATE SEQUENCE serial START 101;

$;&/$'77,/24+-$6$'&
GK,/A4#,/$'+-F$g+-#(*$'3J2E1$6$'GCF8fGC$'7#$'+-7,/

SELECT NEXTVAL (serial);
nextval
----114

)VF,/&/,/7$$'GCF8gGK$;79#$;+-79,/H$;+"#+-

i k

INSERT INTO distributors VALUES (NEXTVAL(serial),nothing);

lx^

P62
+-]A#3?3)$'&
d ^&/243)1$g&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/f1$;GK.#$;Gw1$6#+jP M

CREATE FUNCTION distributors_id_max() RETURNS INT4

AS SELECT max(id) FROM distributors
LANGUAGE sql;
BEGIN;
COPY distributors FROM input_file;
SELECT setval(serial, distributors_id_max());
END;

Compatibilidad
SQL92
w /!1hVh$'Gw#+-b$'F8$;+-GC,/24+1$g&/$'+-A4#CBD$HM2
GCF8A43J$'GZh2E:-T"$'GCF12%6V
a3
/!
1hVhh$'+ 4Z

CREATE TABLE
Nombre
CREATE TABLE

P63J$'#+-f+-#$'dHF8I4&/

Synopsis
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] TABLE table (
column type
[ NULL | NOT NULL ] [ UNIQUE ] [ DEFAULT value ]
[column_constraint_clause | PRIMARY KEY } [ ... ] ]
[, ... ]
[, PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ...] ) ]
[, CHECK ( condition ) ]
[, table_constraint_clause ]
) [ INHERITS ( inherited_table [, ...] ) ]

Entradas

i M \V)
$"73J$'j&/F8I4&/jGK
&/2.3?$'GCFGC$'GC,/4+-RT$'GV$'&/,/(*,/+-^1#F24(*^F8,/7(*$'+-F$j72
+$'&
]+j1$f&/bGC$'GC,/4+ ZGXFI4&/Ga.$'3?(*+-$'+-F$'GX$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$;GQ724+j$'&4(*,/GC(*2j+-2
(*I43J$f+-2"GK2
+
d ,/GC,/I4&/$'Ga(*,/$'+-F3=^Gw&/fFI4&/$F$'(*.2
3=^&4$;N,/GCF$Z

lx

table

i &
+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H+-#$;d f7&/GC$2_F8^I&ff73?$;3=Z

column

i &
+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h7(*.2Z

type

i &'F8,/.2H1$'&;7(*.2ZM#$'1$ ,/+-7&/#,/3$'GC.$'7,/]71243J$9G1$ 3?3=^T ZP62
+-GC#&/F8$a&/Xv9|Js }J?4V
Q|?J} | t4^).3?f(*Ga,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+hGC2
I3J$6F8,/.2
GXTE3=3?;TGZ

i \4)L
value
)V+d&/243X.2
361$;W$;7CF82.3?E$'&07(*.2Z'P62
+-GC#&/F8$_&/E7&/#GC#&/ i \4)L .^3=V(*G
,/+-W2
3?(*7,/4+ Z

column_constraint_clause

b7&/#GC#&/V2
.7,/24+-^& 1$f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/24+-$;GQ572
+-GCF83?,/+-F<$'GC.$'7,/]7L#+-L&/,/GCF8L1$f3J$'GCF83?,/7c
79,/2
+-$'G1$b,/+-F8$'A43?,/112j724(*.03?#$;IV!#$V&/G+-#$'dG6,/+-GC$'3J7,/2
+-$'G27F#&/,/e;79,/2
+-$'G
1$'I4$'+GCF8,/GCW87$'3Q.3?"!4#$"&/h,/+-GC$'3J7,/4+2*&/h^79F#&/,/e;7,/4+F$'+-A4"'N,/F2ZP6^1%3J$'GCc
F83?,/779,/
+1$'I4$$'d&/#3?GC$j*#+-$'.3?$;GC,/4+I4242
&/$'+- Z4\L#+-!#$ N ^3?$;!#,/$'3J$j&/
.3?f3J$'W8$'3?,/3=GC$6b$;GC$g79^(*.2EGC4&/^(*$'+-F$'RM2
GCF8A43J$'G
column_constraint_clause
.
$'3?(*,/F8$!#$*(*&/F8,/.&/$;G"7(*.24G%GK$;+3J$'W8$;3?$9+-7,/12
G"1$'+-F3J21$#++-,/7279^(*.2
792
+-GCF83?,/+-F=ZCP62
+-GK#&/F$g&/H7&/#GK#&/g792
+-GCF83?,/+-F-.03=g(*Gw,/+-W82
3=(*^79,/
+ Z

table_constraint_clause

_7&/#GC#&/_2
.7,/24+-^&P \ $'GC.$'7,/]7_#+-_&/,/GCFE1$b3?$;GKF3?,/797,/2
+-$'G1$L,/+-c
F8$'A43?,/11"!#$6&/G>+-#$'dG>,/+-GC$'3J7,/2
+-$'G 2L&/G>7F8#&/,/e^7C,/24+-$;Ga1$'I4$'3?+EGCF,/GCW^79$;3.3?
!#$#+-*GK$;+-F8$'+-7,/,/+-GC$'3?F62@#.1F8$F$'+-A4',/F82Z
P613?$;GKF3?,/797,/
+1$'I4$GC$'3L$;d ^c
&/#1#+-$;N.3J$'GC,/
+I4242
&/$'+--Z $h.#$'1$'+3J$'W8$93J$'+-7,/3b(*&/F,/.&/$'G_7 (*.2
GE72
+
#+-_+-,/7E3J$'GCF8 3?,/779,/
+ Z 4&/2jGC$V.#$'1$L1$']+-,/3X#+-E+-,/7E7&/#GC#&/VM \L)6
 5 i 
58#+-3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+E1$XF8I4&/< +-1hM \V)7
 5 i 
.243FI4&/SM \L)7
 5 i 
5#+-h3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+1$"7(*.2
column
<wGC24+@(*#F#(*$'+-F$j$;N7&/#T$;+-F8$;GZP62
+-GK#&/F$j&/h7&/#GK#&/
1$3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+"1$gFI4&/f.^3=(*Gw,/+-W82
3=(79,/
+ Z

"i 8
inherited_table
Q7&/#GC#&/2
.7,/24+-^& hi 8 $'GC.$'7,/]79Q#+-Q724&/$;797,/
+%1$w+-2
(*I43?$;GU1$wF8^I4&/61$
&/Gw7#&/$;Ga$;GKFHF8^I&/H:-$;3J$'10HF2
124Gw&/24Gw79^(*.24GZ ,4^&/A+j7(*.2E:-$;3?$;1'12E.3J$97$
(*G>1$X#+-gd$'eRSM2
GCF8A43J$'G ,/+-W8243?(*g1$X#+"$'3?3J243=ZM24GCFA3J$'G .$;3=(*,/F$6#F2
(*F8,/7(*$;+-c
F8$aX&/XFI4&/w73J$''1X:-$'3J$'1;3W8#+-7,/24+-$'G1$ &/GF8I4&/^GGC#.$'3?,/2
3J$'GX$;&/&/X$'+L&/B$;3=^3?!4#
1$:-$'3J$'+-7,/-Z
Aside: La herencia de funciones se realiza siguiendo las convenciones del Common Lisp
Object System (CLOS).

Salidas

CREATE

$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4&/HFI4&/$GC$g:-f73J$'1-2E72
+;N,/F2)Z

lx^


ERROR

$'+-GCCB$X1$;d #$'&/F2LGC,N&/g73J$'7C,/
+"1$Q&/FI4&/gW8&/&/-Z i GCF$6(*$'+-GCCBD$d,/$'+-$X+-2
3=(*&(*$'+-c

F8$_72
(*.-12.2
36&/A4+F$'F82$'.&/,/79^F8,/d24R72
(*2)k
!4#$H2
7#3=3J$g$;+jF,/$'(*.2"1$g$=BD$'7#79,/
ERROR:
+-RGK,4&/HF8^Relation
I4&/H$'GC.$'7,/]table
791fT
already
exists
$'N,/GCF$$'+h&/fI4GC$g1$61F24GZ

ERROR: DEFAULT: type mismatched

, $'&0F8,/.21$V1^F82
G62$'&0d&/2
3X.243X1$'W8$'7`F82+ 27243?3J$'GC.2
+-1$L&0F,/.2j1$V1F24G1$b&/
1$']+-,/7,/4+h1$'&
7(*.2Z

Description

w 48 ,/+-F3?2
1#7,/3?E#+-%+-#$'d%79&/^GK$L2F8^I&/_$'+&/EI4GC$_1$V1^F82
Gf7F#&Z;


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CREATE TABLE
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number
total
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did

video_sales (
VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT luso films,
INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
CASH DEFAULT $0.0

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CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
DECIMAL(3) DEFAULT NEXTVAL(serial),
name
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);

Column CONSTRAINT Clause

[ CONSTRAINT name ] { [
NULL | NOT NULL ] | UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY | CHECK constraint } [, ...]

Entradas
name

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Nota: Postgres todava no soporta (en su versin 6.5) restricciones de integridad especificadas por REFERENCES. Se acepta la sintaxis pero se ignora la clusula (disponible,
en cambio, a partir de la versin 7.0)

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[ CONSTRAINT name ] NOT NULL

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status

ERROR: ExecAppend: Fail to add null value in not null attribute "column".

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CREATE TABLE distributors (
did
DECIMAL(3) CONSTRAINT no_null NOT NULL,
name
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);

Restriccin UNIQUE
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE

Entradas

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name
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Salidas
status

ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into a unique index.

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Nota: Postgres crea automticamente un ndice nico por cada restriccin UNIQUE, para
asegurar la integridad de los datos. Vea CREATE INDEX para ms informacin.

Uso

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CREATE TABLE distributors (
did
DECIMAL(3),
name
VARCHAR(40) UNIQUE
);

&/2E!#$g$;!#,/d&/$H&/fGC,/A4#,/$'+-F8$f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+"1$F8^I&/ k

CREATE TABLE distributors (
did
DECIMAL(3),
name
VARCHAR(40),
UNIQUE(name)
);

ln^n

La restriccin CHECK
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK
( condition [, ...] )

Entradas

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(*I3J$g^3=I4,/F3=;3?,/2E112VH&/f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+ Z

name

condition

P6#&/!4#,/$'3$'.3J$SGC,/
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Outputs
status

ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint "table_column".

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Restriccin PRIMARY KEY

[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY

Entradas

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name
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Clusula CONSTRAINT para tablas

[ CONSTRAINT name ] { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE } ( column [, ...] )
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( constraint )

Entradas
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Nota: Postgres todava no soporta (en su versin 6.5) las restricciones de integridad
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un aviso e ignora la clusula. Las claves ajenas pueden ser parcialmente emuladas por
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Restriccin UNIQUE
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE ( column [, ...] )

Entradas

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name
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CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
DECIMAL(03),
name
VARCHAR(40),
UNIQUE(name)
);

Restriccin PRIMARY KEY

[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ...] )

Entradas

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CREATE TABLE films (
code
CHARACTER(5) CONSTRAINT firstkey PRIMARY KEY,
title
CHARACTER VARYING(40) NOT NULL,
did
DECIMAL(3) NOT NULL,
date_prod DATE,
kind
CHAR(10),
len
INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE
);

CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
DECIMAL(03) PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT NEXTVAL(serial),
name
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL CHECK (name  )
);

P63J$9H#+-fF8^I&/g792
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+-$'Gk

CREATE TABLE array (
vector INT[][]
);

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CREATE TABLE films (
code
CHAR(5),
title
VARCHAR(40),
did
DECIMAL(03),
date_prod DATE,
kind
CHAR(10),
len
INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE,
CONSTRAINT production UNIQUE(date_prod)
);

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CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
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name
VARCHAR(40)
);

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CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
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name
VARCHAR(40)
CONSTRAINT con1 CHECK (did > 100 AND name > )
);

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CREATE TABLE films (
code
CHAR(05),
title
VARCHAR(40),
did
DECIMAL(03),
date_prod DATE,
kind
CHAR(10),
len
INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE,
CONSTRAINT code_title PRIMARY KEY(code,title)
);

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CREATE TABLE distributors (
did
DECIMAL(03),
name
CHAR VARYING(40),
PRIMARY KEY(did)
);

CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
DECIMAL(03) PRIMARY KEY,
name
VARCHAR(40)
);

Notas
P6 i \ ih \V iX hi  $'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/
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\V1$;(*'G1$a&/w FI4&/wF$'(*.2
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CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE table ( column type [
DEFAULT value ] [ CONSTRAINT column_constraint ] [, ...] )
[ CONSTRAINT table_constraint ] [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]

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CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE actors (
id
DECIMAL(03),
name
VARCHAR(40),
CONSTRAINT actor_id CHECK (id
) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;

Clusula UNIQUE

150)


^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-Gw.2
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[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE ( column [, ...] )

[ { INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE } ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]

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+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+"1$79^(*.2)k

[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE
[ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]

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clusula NULL

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[ CONSTRAINT name ] NULL

clusula NOT NULL

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[ CONSTRAINT name ] NOT NULL
[ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]

clusula CONSTRAINT

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Nota: Postgres todava no soporta ni dominios ni assertions.

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CREATE ASSERTION name CHECK ( condition )

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[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK constraint

[ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]

$']+-,/79,/
+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;Ga1$gF8I4&/-k

[ CONSTRAINT name ] { PRIMARY KEY ( column, ... ) | FOREIGN KEY constraint | UNIQUE constraint | CHECK constraint }
[ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]

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[ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]

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clusula PRIMARY KEY


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CREATE TABLE AS
Nombre
CREATE TABLE AS

PQ3J$'g#+-H+-#$;d fFI4&/

Synopsis
CREATE TABLE table [ (column [, ...] ) ]
AS select_clause

Inputs
table

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CREATE TRIGGER
Nombre
CREATE TRIGGER

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Synopsis
CREATE TRIGGER name
{ BEFORE | AFTER } { event
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Entradas
name

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CREATE TRIGGER if_dist_exists
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON films FOR EACH ROW

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EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_primary_key (did, distributors, did);

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CREATE TRIGGER if_film_exists
BEFORE DELETE OR UPDATE ON distributors FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_foreign_key (1, CASCADE, did, films, did);

Compatibilidad
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CREATE TABLE distributors (
did
DECIMAL(3),
name
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CONSTRAINT if_film_exists
FOREIGN KEY(did) REFERENCES films
ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
);

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CREATE TYPE
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CREATE TYPE

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typename

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