NAME : ( ) CLASS: DATE:

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING - Summar y

Syllabus Objectives :
(a) Compar e te struct ur e o! mol ecul ar subst a"ces e#$ met a"e% io&i"e% 'it
tos e o! #ia"t mol ecul ar subst a"ces e#$ poly(et e"e) ( sa"&( &iamo"&(
#rapi t e i" or&er to &e&uce teir proper ti es$
(b) Compar e te bo"&i "# a"& struct ur es o! &iamo"& a"& #rapi t e i" or&er to
&e&uce teir proper ti es suc as elect rical co"&uctivit y% lubricati "# or
cutti"# actio" ("ot re)uire& to &ra' struct ur es)$
(c) De&uce te pysical a"& cemi cal proper ti es o! subst a"ces !rom teir
struct ur es a"& bo"&i "# a"& vice versa$
Ioni c Bondi ng
(&) Describe te !ormat i o" o! io"s by elecro" loss*#ai " i" or&er to obt ai " te
elect ro"ic co"!i#ur ati o" o! a" i"ert #as$
(e) Describe te !ormat i o" o! io"ic bo"&s bet 'ee" met al s a"& "o"- met al s e#$
NaCl( M#Cl
+
$
(!) Stat e tat io"ic mat eri al s co"t ai " a #ia"t lattice i" 'ic te io"s are el&
by elect ros t at i c att r acti o"% e#$ NaCl$ ("ot re)uir e& to &ra' &ia#r a ms o!
io"ic lattices)
(#) De&uce te !ormul ae o! oter io"ic compou"&s !rom &ia#r ams o! teir
lattice struct ur es% limit e& to bi"ary compou"&s$
() ,elat e te pysical proper ti es (i"clu&i"# elect rical proper t y) o! io"ic
compou"&s to teir lattice struct ur e$
Coval ent Bondi ng
(i) Describe te !ormat i o" o! a coval e"t bo"& by te sari"# o! a pair o!
elect ro"s i" or&er to #ai" te elect ro"i c co"!i#ur at i o" o! a" i"ert #as$
(j) Describe% usi"# -&ot a"& cross. &ia#r a ms % te !ormat i o" o! coval e"t bo"&s
bet 'ee" "o"- met allic eleme"t s % e#$ /
+
( O
+
( /
+
O( C/
0
( CO
+
$
(1) De&uce te arra"#e me "t o! elect ro"s i" oter coval e"t mol ecul es$
(l) ,elat e te pysical proper ti es (i"clu&i"# elect rical proper t y) o! coval e"t
subst a"ces to teir struct ur e a"& bo"&i "#$
Met al li c Bondi ng
(m) Describe met al s as a lattice o! positive io"s i" a -sea o! elect ro"s.$
(") ,elat e te elect rical co"&uctivit y o! met al s to te mobility o! te
elect ro"s i" te struct ur e$
2ON2C S34STANCES CO5ALENT METALS
S2M6LE MAC,OMOLEC3LES
E7ampl es NaCl( M#O O+( CO+( /+O( 2+ Sa"& (silico" &io7i&e%
SiO+)% &iamo"&(
#rapi t e( polyet e"e
Na% Cu% 8e
Eleme"t or
Compou"&
9
Compou"&s Eleme"t s (e#$ O+( 2+) or
Compou"&s (e#$ /+O)
Eleme"t s (e#$
&iamo"&% #rapi t e) or
Compou"&s (e#$ SiO+(
polyt e"e)
Eleme"t s
Type o!
particle
pres e"t
Ions e#$ Na
:
% Cl
-
(i"
NaCl)
Small mol ecul e s 5ery lar#e mol ec ul e s Atoms
Type o!
struct ur e
;ia"t cryst al latti ce Simpl e mol ec ul e s ;ia"t mol ec ul ar
latti ce
;ia"t latti ce o
!osi ti ve met al ions
in a sea o el ect rons
/o'
struct ur e
comes
about
4y te trans er o!
elect ro"s !rom te
met al to "o"- met al
4y te sari "# o! elect ro"s 4y te s"ari ng o!
elect ro"s
Met als te"& to lose
teir vale"ce
elect ro"s easily( tes e
elect ro"s become
&elocalise& a"& are
!ree to move about
te lattice o! positive
met al io"s$
Type o!
bo"&i "#
2o"ic bo"&i "# <
elect rost at i c !orce
bet 'ee" positive a"&
"e#ati ve io"s
Coval e"t bo"& within te
mol ecul e < elect ros t at i c
!orce bet 'ee" te sar e&
elect ro"s a"& te "uclei o!
te atoms
2"ter mol ecul ar !orces
(5a" &er 'aal s !orces) <
!orces bet wee n te
Coval e"t bo"& <
elect rost at i c !orce
bet 'ee" te sar e&
elect ro"s a"& te
"ucl ei o! te at oms
Met allic bo"& <
elect rost at i c !orce
bet 'ee" te
&elocalise& elect ro"s
a"& te positve met al
io"s
+
mol ecul es
Stre"#t
o! bo"&
Stro"# Coval e"t bo"& < stro"#
2"ter mol ecul ar !orces <
'ea1
Stro"# Stro"#
6,O6E,T2ES 2ON2C S34STANCES CO5ALENT METALS
S2M6LE MAC,OMOLEC3LES
Melti"# *
4oili"#
poi"t
/i# Lo' /i# /i#
5olatility No"- volatile 5olatile No"- volatile No"- volatile
,easo" Stro"# io"ic bo"&s
"ee& to be bro1e" to
melt* boil te
subst a"ce% ter e!or e
a lot o! eat is
re)uir e&
O"ly te 'ea1 i"t er mol ecul ar
!orces are bro1e" &uri"#
melti"#* boili"#% ter e!or e
less eat re)uir e&
Stro"# coval e"t bo"&s
"ee& to be bro1e"%
ter e!or e a lot o! eat
is re)uire&
Stro"# met allic bo"&
"ee&s to be bro1e"%
ter e!or e a lot o! eat
is re)uire&
6ysical
st at e at
room
temper at ur
Soli&s 3sually #ases or volatile
li)ui&s
soli&s Soli&s (e7cept !or
mecur y)
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
electro"s
=
e
Solubility Solubl e i" 'at er(
i"solubl e i" or#a"i c
solve"t s
2"solubl e i" 'at er( solubl e i"
or#a"ic solve"t s (e7cepti o"s
li1e et a"ol% Cl+% /Cl)
2"solubl e i" 'at er or
or#a"ic solve"t s
2"solubl e i" 'at er or
or#a"ic solve"t s
/ar&"es s /ar& but brittl e NA /ar& but brittl e /ar& but malleabl e
6,O6E,T2ES 2ON2C S34STANCES CO5ALENT METALS
S2M6LE MAC,OMOLEC3LES
Electrical
co"&ucti vit
y
Co"&uct or 'e"
molt e" or i" a)ueous
solutio"(
No"- co"&uct or i"
soli& st at e
No"- co"&uct or No"- co"&uct or (e7cept
#rapi t e)
Co"&uct or i" soli& a"&
molt e" st at es
6articles i"
struct ur e
tat
co"&uct
elect ricit y
Movi"# io"s No"e pres e"t (!ree) elect ro"s o"ly i"
#rapi t e
8ree elect ro"s
,easo" !or
its
elect rical
co"&ucti vit
y
Movi"# io"s co"&uct
elect ricity( tus 'e"
molt e" or i" a)ueous
solutio"% io"s are !ree
to move to co"&uct
electicit y( i" soli&
st at e io"s are "ot
!ree to move to
co"&uct elect ricity$
No io"s or elect ro"s pres e"t O"ly #rapi t e co"t ai "s
!ree elect ro"s i" its
struct ur e
8ree elect ro"s pres e"t
(i" soli& or molt e"
st at es)
0