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Lecture 5 (Feb. 6) : Pressure in Liquids and Gases

This lecture covered pressure in liquids and gases. Key points include: - Pressure is measured using devices that detect force over an area. It exists equally in all directions. - Pressure increases with depth in liquids due to gravity but not in gases. The main causes of pressure are gravity and collisions of molecules. - Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing distance from Earth's surface. At sea level it is 101,300 Pa. - Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Whether an object floats or sinks depends on if its average density is less than or greater than the fluid's density.

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122 views12 pages

Lecture 5 (Feb. 6) : Pressure in Liquids and Gases

This lecture covered pressure in liquids and gases. Key points include: - Pressure is measured using devices that detect force over an area. It exists equally in all directions. - Pressure increases with depth in liquids due to gravity but not in gases. The main causes of pressure are gravity and collisions of molecules. - Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing distance from Earth's surface. At sea level it is 101,300 Pa. - Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Whether an object floats or sinks depends on if its average density is less than or greater than the fluid's density.

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link2u_007
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 5 (Feb.

6)

Pressure in liquids and gases

Measuring and using pressure

Archimedes principle (oat or sink?)


Pressure

Measuring device: uid pushes against


spring, deduce force from displacement

Pressure exists at all points, not just walls


(like tension in string)

Pressure is same in all directions at a point

Pressure increases with depth in liquid (not


in gas)
p =
F
A
(SI units: 1 N/m
2
1 Pa)
master
formula
Causes of Pressure

Difference in pressure between liquids and


gases due to (in)compressibility

compare 2 jars containing mercury liquid


and gas: without gravity (outer space) and
with gravity

2 contributions to pressure:
(i) Gravitational: uid pulled down, exerts
forces on bottom and side
(ii) Thermal: collisions of gas molecules with walls
Pressure in Gases

For lab.-size container, gravitational


contribution negligible pressure is
same at all points

increases with density (more collisions with


wall)
Atmospheric pressure

Density decreases as we go away from


earths surface atmospheric pressure
decreases

At sea-level: 101, 300 Pa = 1 atm. (not SI


unit)

Fluid exerts pressure in all directions


net force = 0 (sucking force due to no air
on one side)
Pressure in liquids (I)

Gas lls entire container (compressible) vs.


liquid lls bottom, exerting force:
gravitational contribution dominant

Pressure at depth d (assuming density


constant: not for gas):
mg +p
0
A = pA
m = A
p = p
0
+gd
master
formula
pressure at surface
Pressure in liquids (II)

Connected liquid rises to same height in all


open regions of container

Pressure same at all points on horizontal


line

Pascals principle: change in pressure same


at all points:
p = p
0
+ gd p

= p
1
+ gd
(change in pressure at surface)
p = p
1
p
0
for all d
master formula
Strategy for hydrostatic
problems

draw picture with details...

pressure at surface: atmospheric or gas or


F/A (piston)

pressure same along horizontal line

p = p
0
+gd
Measuring Pressure

Manometer (for gas pressure):

Barometer (for atmospheric pressure)


p
1
= p
gas
equal to
p
2
= p
atm.
+ gh
p
gas
= p
atm.
+ gh
p
1
= p
atm.
equal to
p
2
= 0 + gh
p
atm
= gh
1 atm. = 101.3 k Pa h = 760 mm of mercury
Gauge pressure, = p - 1 atm.
p
g
Hydraulic Lift

Use pressurized liquids for work (based on Pascals


principle): increase pressure at one point by
pushing piston...at another point, piston can push
upward

Force multiplication:

Relating distances moved by pistons:

Additional force to move heavy object thru


p
1
=
F
1
A
1
+p
0
equal to p
2
=
F
2
A
2
+p
0
+ gh
F
2
= F
1
A
2
A
1
ghA
2
V
1
= A
1
d
1
equal to V
2
= A
2
d
2
d
2
=
d
1
A
2
/A
1
F = g (A
1
+ A
2
) d
2
d
2
A
2
A
1
> 1
Buoyancy: Archimedes
principle

Buoyant force: upward force of a uid

Buoyant force, =
weight of displaced uid,
F
B

f
V
f
g
To oat or sink?

Net force:

Float or sink or static equilibrium for

...rather for 1st case pushed up till only


partly submerged:

Boats: steel plate sinks, but geometry


(sides) allows it to displace more uid than
actual steel volume:

avg.
=
m
0
Ah
<
f
F
B
=
f
V
f
g = w =
0
V
0
g
V
f
< V
0

avg.
<
f
or
avg.
>
f
or
avg.
=
f
F
B
w

f
V
f
g

avg.
V
0
g
master
formula

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