MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

U. K. Anandavardhanan
IIT Bombay

July 23, 2009

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 ,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 ,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an ,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}.
2 3 4

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1, 2,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1, 2, 3,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, . . .}.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, . . .}.
Question:

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
For each natural number n, there is a corresponding real number
an . Thus, a sequence is a function
f : N R.
Notation: {an }
n=1
A sequence may be given by a dening equation. Example: the
n
sequence dened by an = n+1 is { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . .}. A sequence may be
2 3 4
given by a recursive relation. Example: a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
an = an1 + an2 . Thus, {an } = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, . . .}.
Question: Can you nd the dening equation for this sequence?

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example?

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct!

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 ,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu:

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?
LOOK AND SAY!

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?
LOOK AND SAY!
11

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?
LOOK AND SAY!
1113

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?
LOOK AND SAY!
111321

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?
LOOK AND SAY!
11132132

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

However, not every sequence can be given by a dening equation.
Can you give a quick example? Whats the next number? is fun,
but, theres no one correct answer. Any answer is correct! In fact
any answer can be justied by a polynomial dening equation.
Example: If a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 9, a4 is 16 if you take an = n2 , is
10 if you take an = n3 + 7n2 11n + 6, etc.
Some fun stu: look-and-say sequence!
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, . . .
Whats the next number?
LOOK AND SAY!
1113213211

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.
A sequence {an } has the limit L if we can make the terms an as
close to L as we like by taking n suciently large.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.
A sequence {an } has the limit L if we can make the terms an as
close to L as we like by taking n suciently large.
Notation: lim an = L or an L as n
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.
A sequence {an } has the limit L if we can make the terms an as
close to L as we like by taking n suciently large.
Notation: lim an = L or an L as n
n
The limit of a sequence may or may not exist.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.
A sequence {an } has the limit L if we can make the terms an as
close to L as we like by taking n suciently large.
Notation: lim an = L or an L as n
n
The limit of a sequence may or may not exist. If it exists, we say
that the sequence converges;

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.
A sequence {an } has the limit L if we can make the terms an as
close to L as we like by taking n suciently large.
Notation: lim an = L or an L as n
n
The limit of a sequence may or may not exist. If it exists, we say
that the sequence converges; otherwise we say the sequence
diverges.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

It must be clear to you that two sequences of real numbers can be
added, subtracted, and multiplied. You carry out all these term by
term. When can you divide one sequence by another?
The most important concept associated to sequences is that of
convergence.
A sequence {an } has the limit L if we can make the terms an as
close to L as we like by taking n suciently large.
Notation: lim an = L or an L as n
n
The limit of a sequence may or may not exist. If it exists, we say
that the sequence converges; otherwise we say the sequence
diverges.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that number.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that [Link] number that you have given me
is usually denoted by (epsilon),

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that [Link] number that you have given me
is usually denoted by (epsilon), and N is how far I chose to go in
the sequence

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that [Link] number that you have given me
is usually denoted by (epsilon), and N is how far I chose to go in
the sequence in order to show you that entries from |aN L|
onwards are smaller than .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that [Link] number that you have given me
is usually denoted by (epsilon), and N is how far I chose to go in
the sequence in order to show you that entries from |aN L|
onwards are smaller than . If you make your smaller and smaller,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that [Link] number that you have given me
is usually denoted by (epsilon), and N is how far I chose to go in
the sequence in order to show you that entries from |aN L|
onwards are smaller than . If you make your smaller and smaller,
I may have to take larger and larger N, to play this game.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

N denition of the limit
lim an = L an can be made as close to L
n

as we want for large enough n

the distance between an and L can be made
as small as we want for large enough n
i.e., You give me any positive number. Ill consider the sequence
|a1 L|, |a2 L|, . . . , |an L|, . . .
and Ill show you that, after a stage, the entries from this sequence
are smaller than that [Link] number that you have given me
is usually denoted by (epsilon), and N is how far I chose to go in
the sequence in order to show you that entries from |aN L|
onwards are smaller than . If you make your smaller and smaller,
I may have to take larger and larger N, to play this game. Finally,
aN , aN+1 , aN+2 , . . . (L , L + ).
U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| <
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example:

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
We know that the limit is 0.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
We know that the limit is 0. To test this,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
We know that the limit is 0. To test this, given ,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
We know that the limit is 0. To test this, given , we need to nd
N such that

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
We know that the limit is 0. To test this, given , we need to nd
N such that
1
1
1
= < .
0 =
n
n
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

In the textbook, youll see:
lim an = L, if for every > 0, there is a corresponding integer N
such that
|an L| < whenever n N.
n

Lets do one example: Consider the sequence

1 1
1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
We know that the limit is 0. To test this, given , we need to nd
N such that
1
1
1
= < .
0 =
n
n
n
Any N >

will do.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition:

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.
Theorem (Limit Laws)
Suppose {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.
Theorem (Limit Laws)
Suppose {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences. Then,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.
Theorem (Limit Laws)
Suppose {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences. Then,
1

lim (an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.
Theorem (Limit Laws)
Suppose {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences. Then,
1

lim (an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn .

n
2

lim can = c lim an , where c is a constant.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.
Theorem (Limit Laws)
Suppose {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences. Then,
1

lim (an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn .

n
2

lim can = c lim an , where c is a constant.

n
3

lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Drawback of the denition: You have to rst guess the limit in
order to test for convergence. However, the denition is useful in
proving theorems about convergence which do make life easier in
computing limits of sequences.
Theorem (Limit Laws)
Suppose {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences. Then,
1

lim (an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn .

n
2

lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

n
4

lim can = c lim an , where c is a constant.

n
3

1
1
=
, where no an is 0.
lim
n an
lim an
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

&

lim bn = L2 .

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1. (Why?)

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1. (Why?) Now,
|an bn L1 L2 | = |an bn L1 bn + L1 bn L1 L2 |

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1. (Why?) Now,
|an bn L1 L2 | = |an bn L1 bn + L1 bn L1 L2 |
|an bn L1 bn | + |L1 bn L1 L2 |

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1. (Why?) Now,
|an bn L1 L2 | = |an bn L1 bn + L1 bn L1 L2 |
|an bn L1 bn | + |L1 bn L1 L2 |
= |bn | |an L1 | + |L1 | |bn L2 |

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1. (Why?) Now,
|an bn L1 L2 | = |an bn L1 bn + L1 bn L1 L2 |
|an bn L1 bn | + |L1 bn L1 L2 |
= |bn | |an L1 | + |L1 | |bn L2 |
M |an L1 | + |L1 | |bn L2 |

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Lets prove at least one limit law, say,
lim (an bn ) = lim an lim bn .

Given that an and bn are convergent sequences. Let

lim an = L1

&

lim bn = L2 .

We need to show that lim (an bn ) = L1 L2 .

n

Note: {bn } is bounded. i.e., there exists M > 0 such that

|bn | M for all n 1. (Why?) Now,
|an bn L1 L2 | = |an bn L1 bn + L1 bn L1 L2 |
|an bn L1 bn | + |L1 bn L1 L2 |
= |bn | |an L1 | + |L1 | |bn L2 |
M |an L1 | + |L1 | |bn L2 |
Thus, after a stage, |an bn L1 L2 | can be made as small as we
want!
U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

If an bn cn for n n0 and lim an = lim cn = L, then
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

If an bn cn for n n0 and lim an = lim cn = L, then
n
n
lim bn = L.
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

If an bn cn for n n0 and lim an = lim cn = L, then
n
n
lim bn = L.
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

If an bn cn for n n0 and lim an = lim cn = L, then
n
n
lim bn = L.
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)

If an bn cn for n n0 and lim an = lim cn = L, then
n
n
lim bn = L.
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence,

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence,

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence, monotonic
sequence.

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence, monotonic
sequence.
Theorem
Every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence, monotonic
sequence.
Theorem
Every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.
We will not prove this theorem, but, you are encouraged to think
about it.

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence, monotonic
sequence.
Theorem
Every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.
We will not prove this theorem, but, you are encouraged to think
about it. Such a theorem is true because our sequences are
sequences of real numbers.

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence, monotonic
sequence.
Theorem
Every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.
We will not prove this theorem, but, you are encouraged to think
about it. Such a theorem is true because our sequences are
sequences of real numbers. Once again, since we are working with
sequences of real numbers, theres a way, which is intrinsic to the
sequence, to test for convergence:

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Sequences of real numbers

Recall: increasing sequence, decreasing sequence, monotonic
sequence.
Theorem
Every bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.
We will not prove this theorem, but, you are encouraged to think
about it. Such a theorem is true because our sequences are
sequences of real numbers. Once again, since we are working with
sequences of real numbers, theres a way, which is intrinsic to the
sequence, to test for convergence: a sequence is convergent if and
only if the dierences of terms, after a stage, can be made as small
as we want.1

Thanks to Nirav for pointing out a mistake in an earlier version.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
q

an denote

Given a sequence {an }, let

n=p

ap + ap+1 + . . . + aq .

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
q

an denote

Given a sequence {an }, let

n=p

ap + ap+1 + . . . + aq .
n

ai .

With {an }, we associate a sequence {sn } where sn =

i =1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
q

an denote

Given a sequence {an }, let

n=p

ap + ap+1 + . . . + aq .
n

ai . The

With {an }, we associate a sequence {sn } where sn =

i =1

symbol

an
n=1

is the innite series associated to {an }.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
q

an denote

Given a sequence {an }, let

n=p

ap + ap+1 + . . . + aq .
n

ai . The

With {an }, we associate a sequence {sn } where sn =

i =1

symbol

an
n=1

is the innite series associated to {an }. If lim sn = s exists, we

n

an = s.

an is convergent and write

say that the series

n=1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

n=1

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
q

an denote

Given a sequence {an }, let

n=p

ap + ap+1 + . . . + aq .
n

ai . The

With {an }, we associate a sequence {sn } where sn =

i =1

symbol

an
n=1

is the innite series associated to {an }. If lim sn = s exists, we

n

an = s. The

an is convergent and write

say that the series

n=1

n=1

number s is called the sum of the series.

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
q

an denote

Given a sequence {an }, let

n=p

ap + ap+1 + . . . + aq .
n

ai . The

With {an }, we associate a sequence {sn } where sn =

i =1

symbol

an
n=1

is the innite series associated to {an }. If lim sn = s exists, we

n

an = s. The

an is convergent and write

say that the series

n=1

n=1

number s is called the sum of the series. If the sequence {sn } of

partial sums diverges, we say that the series diverges.
U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n=1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an =
n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 )

n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1

n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1 = 0.

n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1 = 0.

n

If lim an does not exist or if lim an = 0, then

n

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

an diverges.

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1 = 0.

n

If lim an does not exist or if lim an = 0, then

n

Theorem
If
an and
bn are convergent, then so are
constant) and (an + bn ).

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

an diverges.

can (c is a

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1 = 0.

n

If lim an does not exist or if lim an = 0, then

n

Theorem
If
an and
bn are convergent, then so are
constant) and (an + bn ). Moreover,

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

an diverges.

can (c is a

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1 = 0.

n

If lim an does not exist or if lim an = 0, then

n

Theorem
If
an and
bn are convergent, then so are
constant) and (an + bn ). Moreover,
an .

can = c
n=1

can (c is a

an diverges.

n=1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1

Series
Theorem

an convergent = lim an = 0.
n

n=1

Proof. lim an = lim (sn sn1 ) = lim sn lim sn1 = 0.

n

If lim an does not exist or if lim an = 0, then

n

Theorem
If
an and
bn are convergent, then so are
constant) and (an + bn ). Moreover,
an .

can = c
n=1

n=1

n=1

bn .

an +

(an + bn ) =

can (c is a

an diverges.

n=1

n=1

U. K. Anandavardhanan IIT Bombay

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 1