Senna (plant) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Senna

Senna alexandrina Scientific classification Kingdom: (unranked): (unranked): (unranked): Order: Family: Subfamily: Plantae Angiosperms Eudicots Rosids Fabales Fabaceae Caesalpinioideae

ribe: Subtribe: !enus:

Cassieae Cassiinae Senna "ill# Type species

Senna alexandrina$"ill# Species Around$%&'($see$te)t Synonyms Cathartocarpus$(partim) Chamaefistula Diallobus Earleocassia Herpetica Isandrina Palmerocassia Pseudocassia Senna (from Arabic san), the sennas, is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. This di erse genus is nati e throughout the tropics, with a small number of species reaching into temperate regions. The number of species is usually estimated to be about !"#,$%& but some authors belie e that there are as many as '(#. $!& The type species for the genus is Senna alexandrina. About (# species of Senna are known in culti ation.$'& Contents $*+ide, $ $$ $$ .escription $ $ % $$ $$ Affinities $ $ / $$ $$ Circumscription $

$ 0 $$ $$ Ecology$and$uses $ $ 0#$$ $$ 1n$medicine $ $ & $$ $$ Selected$species $ $ 2 $$ $$ Footnotes $ $ 3 $$ $$ References $ $ 4 $$ $$ E)ternal$links $

[edit]Description The following description is rather cursory and based mostly on )rwin and *arneby (%+,!), $-& but partly on .ara//i (!##") $%&. The sennas are typically shrubs or subshrubs, some becoming scandent when growing into other egetation. 0ome are herbs or small trees. .any species ha e e1trafloral nectaries. The lea es are paripinnately compound, the leaflets opposite. The inflorescence is a raceme, or some arrangement or racemes. The pedicels lack bracteoles. The flowers produce no nectar. They are bu// pollinated and offer pollen as a reward to pollinators. They are often asymmetric. The petals are ( in number, similar to each other, yellow, or rarely white. The stamens may be as few as -, but usually there are %#. When %#, they occur in ' sets. The ' ada1ial stamens are staminodial. The - medial stamens are smaller than the ' aba1ial stamens. Theanthers are basifi1ed and open by two terminal pores or short slits. The gynoecium is often enantiostylous2 that is, it is deflected laterally to the right or left. This makes the flower asymmetric, but the perianth and the androecium may be asymmetrical as well. The fruit is a legume, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent. [edit]Affinities Chamaecrista, Cassia, and Senna form a monophyletic group which some authors ha e called Cassia sensu lato. $(& )n %+,!, 3oward 0amuel )rwin and 4upert Charles *arneby called it subtribe Cassiinae of their tribe Cassieae. $-& Cassieae, sensu )rwin and *arneby, contains !% genera and is now known to be polyphyletic. $(& .ost authors continue to use the )rwin and *arneby classification because a subse5uent re ision of Fabaceae has yet to be published. $(&

[edit]Circumscription The genus Senna has had a rather comple1 ta1onomic history. $"& What is now known as Senna was included by 6innaeus in his concept of Cassia in Species Plantarum in %7('. $7& 8hilip .illersegregated Senna from Cassia in %7(- in the fourth edition of The 9ardeners :ictionary. $,& ;ntil )rwin and *arneby published their paper in %+,!, many authors, following 6innaeus, did not recogni/e Senna and Chamaecrista, but included them in a broadly circumscribed Cassia sensu lato. .olecular phylogenetic analyses of :<A se5uences ha e shown that Chamaecrista, Cassia, and Senna are all monophyletic, but the relationships between these three genera ha e not been resol ed. $%& They are therefore shown in phylogenetic trees as a tritomy. The di ision of Senna into sections and other infrageneric groups is in need of ma=or re ision, but none has been published since )rwin and *arneby published their classification in %+,!. [edit]Ecology and uses

0iamese 0enna (S. siamea) lea es can be eaten as a egetable Senna species make good ornamental plants and are used for landscape gardening. The wide ariety of species and ecological adaptations makes at least a handful of sennas suitable for any climate warmer than cool> temperate. Cassia gum > a commonly>used thickening agent >, despite its name is actually from Chinese 0enna (S. obtusifolia) seeds. )n some 0outheast Asian cuisines (particularly those of Thailand and 6aos), the lea es and flowers of 0iamese 0enna (S. siamea, called khi-lek in Thai), either fresh or

pickled in brine, are used in cooking, particularly in gaeng khi-lek (khilek curry). $+& Another senna, Senna italica ssp. italica (? Cassia obovata), often called @neutral henna@, is used as a hair treatment with effects similar to henna but without the red color. The acti e component is an anthra5uinone deri ati e called chrysophanic acid, which is also found in higher concentrations in rhubarb root. )t adds a slight yellow color. 0ome species of Senna are notable for being host to caterpillars of certain 6epidoptera species, for e1ampleA

Ascalapha odorata (*lack Witch .oth) B recorded on Candle *ush (S. alata) Astraptes fulgerator (Two>barred Flasher) B recorded on Candle *ush (S. alata), S. cobanensis, S. hayesiana, S. pallida, S. papillosa, S. undulata and probably others $note %& Catopsilia pomona (Common Cmigrant, 6emon Cmigrant) B recorded on Candle *ush (S. alata) and possibly others Catopsilia pyranthe (.ottled Cmigrant) B recorded from Candle *ush (S. alata), A aram 0enna (S. auriculata), S. garrettiana and probably others Phoebis sennae (Cloudless 0ulphur)$verification needed&

They are pollinated by a ariety of bees, especially large female bees in genera such as Xylocopa.$%& 0ome species also ha e e1trafloral nectaries on the lea es or flower stalks, which attract ants but do not benefit pollinators. The ants probably deter herbi ores. $%& [edit]In medicine 0ennas ha e for millennia played a ma=or role in herbalism and folk medicine. Ale1andrian 0enna (S. alexandrina) was and still is a significant item of trans>national trade e.g. by the Ababdeh people and grown commercially, traditionally along the middle <ile but more generally in many regions around the northwestern )ndian Dcean. 0ennas act as purgati es and are similar to aloe and rhubarb in ha ing as acti e ingredients anthra5uinone deri ati es and their glucosides. The latter are called sennosides or senna glycosides. Senna alexandrina is used in modern medicine as a la1ati e2 $%#& acting on the lower bowel, it is especially useful in alle iating constipation. )t increases the peristaltic mo ements of

the colon by irritating the colonic mucosa. The plants are most often prepared as an infusion. 0enna glycosides are listed as ATC code A#"A*#" on their own and A#"A*(" in combined preparations.

4es eratrol was first isolated from Senna uin uangulata As regards other chemicals, the antiinflammatory compound res eratrol was first isolated from S. uin uangulata,$citation needed& and 0iamese 0enna S. siamea contains barakol used to counteract aconitine poisoning. Chinese 0enna (S. obtusifolia) seeds are also used in EampF (traditional Gapanesemedicine) where they are called ketsumeishi (, ) or by their Chinese name !u" m#ng $% (traditionalA , simplifiedA ). The long>standing use of (mainly) Ale1andrian 0enna is reflected by its presence in many herbal remedies and tonics. These include for e1ample *lack draught, Catholicon, :affyHs Cli1ir, :iasenna (literally meaning @composed of senna@) and 0wedish bitters. Dn the other hand, it was contained in more dangerous @medications@ such as the highly to1ic antihelminthic 6umbricide and > because their purgati e effects are a readily>obser ed @proof@ that some concoction @works@ > many generally useless and often poisonous @patent medicine@. 0enna is also the primary ingredient found in most @dieterHs teas@. The combination of acting as a stimulant which reduces a dieterHs appetite, and the la1ati e properties that cause food to mo e through their system before as many calories can be absorbed is a combination that can lead to rapid and e en dangerous weight loss.$%%& Additionally itHs important to be on the lookout for side effects that can start appearing after 7 days of prolonged use. The stimulant action of sennosides should be taken into account for those

who suffer from any conditions where stimulants are contraindicated, such as past heart disease, high blood pressure, an1iety attacks, etc. A (generally in isible and harmless) side effect of taking Sennamedication regularly is .elanosis coli, a brown discoloration of the colon wall. [edit]Selected species

Senna aversiflora flowers

Senna didymobotrya

;ndetermined Senna species

Iel et>lea ed 0enna, Senna lindheimeriana

Senna multiglandulosa flower

Coffee 0enna (Senna occidentalis) leaf

Senna surattensis

Senna glutinosa

Senna acclinis (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna aculeata (*enth.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna alata (6.) 4o1b. B Candle *ush, Candelabra *ush, Cmpress Candle 8lant, Candlestick Tree, 4ingworm Tree, @candletree@ Senna alexandrina .ill. B Ale1andrian 0enna, Cgyptian 0enna, Tinne elly 0enna, Cast )ndian 0enna, sene de la palthe (French) Senna angulata (Iogel) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna appendiculata (Iogel) Wiersema (? S. australis) Senna armata (0.Watson) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna artemisioides (9audich. e1 :C.) 4andell B 0il er 0enna, Feathery 0enna Senna auriculata (6.) 4o1b. B A aram 0enna, avaram, rana&ara Senna aversiflora (3erbert) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna bicapsularis B 4ambling 0enna, Christmas *ush, .oney *ush, Kellow Candlewood Senna birostris (Iogel) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna candolleana (Iogel) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna cardiosperma (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna caudata (0tandl.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby (Costa 4ica, 8anama) Senna cobanensis (*ritton J 4ose) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna corymbosa B Argentine 0enna, Argentina 0enna, *uttercup *ush, Flowering 0enna, (Te1as) Flowery 0enna, Tree 0enna Senna covesii (A.9ray) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby B :esert 0enna, CouesH 0enna, 4attleweed Senna cumingii (3ook. J Arn.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna cuthbertsonii (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna domingensis (0preng.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby (Cuba, 3ispaniola)

Senna excelsa (0chrad) )rwin J *arneby$verification needed& Senna fruticosa (.ill.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna garrettiana (Craib) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna gaudichaudii (3ook. J Arn.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby B 'euhiuhi (8acific )slands, Lueensland)$%!& $%'& Senna hayesiana (*ritton J 4ose) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna hebecarpa B American 0enna, Wild 0enna Senna helmsii$verification needed& Senna heptanthera (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna hirsuta (6.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna hirsuta ar. puberula Senna italica .ill. Senna italica ssp. italica B <eutral 3enna Senna ligustrina (6.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna lindheimeriana (0cheele) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby B Iel et>lea ed 0enna Senna macranthera (Collad.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna macranthera ar. macranthera Senna magnifolia (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna marilandica (6.) 6ink Senna martiana (*enth.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna martiana (0chrad) )rwin J *arneby$verification needed& Senna multiglandulosa (Gac5.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna multi!uga (4ich.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna multi!uga ar. lindleyana (9ardner) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna nicaraguensis (*enth.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna nitida (4ich.) 3.0. )rwin J *arneby Senna notabilis (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna obtusifolia (6.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby B Chinese 0enna, 0icklepod, Foetid 0enna, 0ickle 0enna, Coffeeweed, Arsenic Weed, @blunt>lea ed senna@, @coffee pod@, @=a a bean@ Senna occidentalis (6.) 6ink B Coffee 0enna, .ogdad Coffee (8antropical)$%-& Senna odorata (4. .orris) 4andall Senna oligoclada (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna oligophylla$verification needed& Senna pallida (Iahl) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna papillosa (*ritton J 4ose) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby

Senna pendula (Willd.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna pendula ar. stahlii (;rb.) )rwin J *arneby Senna pleurocarpa (F..uell.) 4andell$%(& Senna polyphylla (Gac5.) 3.0. )rwin J *arneby Senna purpusii (*randegee) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna reticulata Willd$%"&$verification needed& Senna rugosa (9.:on.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna scandens Senna septemtrionalis (Ii .) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna siamea (6am.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby B 0iamese 0enna, khilek (Thai) Senna spectabilis (:C.) )rwin J *arneby Senna spectabilis ar. excelsa Senna spectabilis ar. micans > sometimes placed in Senna macranthera Senna splendida (Iogel) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna surattensis (*urm.f.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby (? S. speciosa 4o1b.) Senna sulfurea (Collad.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna sylvestris (Iell.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby$verification needed& Senna sylvestris ar. bifaria 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna timoriensis (:C.) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna tora 6. B 0ickle Wild 0ensiti e>plant Senna trolliiflora Senna undulata (Iahl) 3.0.)rwin J *arneby Senna venusta (F..uell.) 4andell$verification needed& Senna &isli$eni B Wisli/enusH 0enna, 0hrubby 0enna

[edit]Footnotes %. 3Mbert et al. (!##-) refer to (Cassia emarginata(, which today is either of Chamaecrista pilosa,4ambling 0enna (S. bicapsularis) or Senna candolleana. The last does not occur in their study area2 gi en the general importance of Senna species and the lack of records for Chamaecrista species as foodplants in the study area, S. bicapsularis seems to be the plant in 5uestion. 0ee also *rower (!##").

Detail Penelitian Obat Bahan Alam

Judul Penelitian Penetapan Kadar Sennosida B Daun dan Buah Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Varietas Tinnevelly Peneliti Evelyn Yolanda P. Midian Sirait Moesdarsono Abstrak Telah dilakukan penetapan kadar sennosida B daun dan buah Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Var. Tinnevelly yang ditanam di ndonesia! serta daun Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Var. Tinnevelly yang beredar dalam perdagangan "armasi di Eropa. #asil penelitian menun$ukkan bah%a kadar sennosida B daun Cassia angustifolia var. Tinnevelly yang beredar dalam perdagangan &armasi di Eropa lebih besar daripada kadar sennosida B daun Cassia angustifolia var. Tinnevelly yang ditanam di ndonesia! sedangkan buah Cassia angustifoliavar. Tennevelly yang ditanam di ndonesia mengandung sennosida B yang memenuhi persyaratan D'B (. Keterangan Skripsi Tahun )((* Tempat Penelitian Dept. "armasi TB Isolasi Dalam penelitian dilakukan penetapan kadar sennosida B daun dan buah Cassia angustifoliaVahl. Varietas Tinnevelly yang ditanam di ndonesia! serta daun Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Varietas Tinnevelly yang beredar dalam perdagangan &armasi di Eropa. 'nalisis kuantitati& dilakukan dengan metode spektro&otodensitometri dan metode yang ter+antum dalam D'B (. Metode Spektro&otodensitometeri, terlebih dahulu dilakukan pembuatan kurva kalibrasi dengan mengukur noda pembanding Sennosida B pada berbagai volume penotolan pada kromatogram lapis tipis dengan spektro&otodensitometer. Kemudian noda pada kromatogram lapis tipis diukur dengan spektro&otodensitometer. Kadar noda dihitung dengan kurva kalibrasi. Metode yang ter+antum dalam D'B (, 'bsorpsi sennidin B -aglikon. diukur dengan spektro&otometer ultraviolet/visibel. Kadar sennosida B dihitung menurut rumus, ' . )!012m ! dengan ' 3 absorpsi pada pan$ang gelombang 1)1 nm! m 3 simplisia dalam gram. Dengan metode Spektro&otodensitometri, kadar sennosida B pada daun Senna Tinnevelly yang beredar dalam perdagangan &armasi di Eropa sebesar 0!145 daun Senna yang ditanam di ndonesia sebesar )!6745 buah Senna yang ditanam di ndonesia 0!114.

Dengan metode yang ter+antum dalam D'B (, kadar sennosida B pada daun Senna Tinnevelly yang beredar dalam perdagangan &armasi di Eropa sebesar 0!8945 daun Senna yang ditanam di ndonesia sebesar )!:945 buah Senna yang ditanam di ndonesia 0!874. Bagi mereka yang mengutip hasil penelitian ini wajib menuliskan sumbernya Sekolah Farmasi ITB http://bahan-alam fa itb a! i"

Dbat 8eluntur 6emak :A;< 0C<<A Posted by admin on )anuary *+th, *-..

Daun senna atau Cassia angustifolia ($tanaman$perdu$dari$daera+$Arab$atau$Afrika$ 5tara#$Se6ak$/&''$ta+un$yang$lalu($tanaman$ini$suda+$digunakan$untuk$mengobati$ kaum$bangsa7an$dan$elite# $Popularitas $daun$sena$sebagai$+erba$meningkat $ketika$ tanaman$ini$menyebar$ke$Eropa#$Selama$berabad8abad$daun$senna$suda+$digunakan$ sebagai$obat$untuk$meng+ilangkan$sembelit($penyakit$yang$disebabkan$ole+$konsumsi$ makanan$berkualitas$buruk#$$9ika$sembelit$berlan6ut($akan$men6adi$racun$bagi$tubu+#$ Karena $ mengandung $ komponen $ ant+ra:uinon $ atau $ sennosida $$seperti $ glikosida$ $diant+rone(naftalene$glikosida$dan$+idroksiant+rasen($daun$senna$sering$digunakan$ untuk$mengatasi$konstipasi#$Senosida$mempercepat$gerakan$+asil$pencernaan$di$usus$ se+ingga$menaikkan$;olume$+asil$pencernaan$dan$meningkatkan$gerakan$peristaltik$ usus $ se+ingga $ air $ yang $ terserap $ usus $ terserap $ ole+ $ usus $ sedikit $ dan $ feces $ tetap$ lembek#$$.aun $ senna $ sangat $ efektif $ dalam $ melarutkan $ lemak $ dan $ racun $ untuk$ mengembalikan$kebugaran$tubu+($efeknya$akan$terasa$-'8-%$6am$berikutnya# SENNA$nama$asli$dari$te+$daun$6ati$cina$adala+$tanaman$asli$Afrika($ imur$ enga+$ (k+ususnya$"esir$dan$Sudan)#$Pertama$kali$diperkenalkan$pada$abad$ke8<$karena$efek$ medisnya $ ole+ $ a+li $ medis $ Arab( $ Serapion $ dan $ Sesue $ yang $ kemudian $ memberinya$ nama $ dalam $ ba+asa $ Arab $ dan $ menggunakannnya $ sebagai $ la)ati;e $ atau $ obat$ penca+ar#$FARMAKOLOGI KLINIK$=aktu$aksi$senna$berkisar$antara$48-'$6am($ se+ingga $ sebaiknya $ diminum $ pada $ 7aktu $ malam# $ Senosida $ dapat $ meng+ilangkan$ kelu+an $ konstipasi $ pasien $ (irritable $ bo7el $ syndrome)# $ Pada $ dosis $ terapi $ tidak$ ditemukan$adanya$gangguan$kebiasaan$7aktu$defekasi>$dapat$melunakkan$tin6a$dan$ meningkatkan$kecepatan$transit$makanan$dalam$kolon$melalui$peningkatan$gerakan$ peristaltik#$Senosida$sedikit$diserap$pada$bagian$atas$saluran$gastrointestinal#

Herbal Medicine

Return to index Senna pod ( ruit! "atin #ame$ Senna ale#an"rina Pharmacopeial #ame$ ennae &ru+tus a+uti&oliae! Sennae &ru+tus angusti&oliae %ther #ames$ 'le;andrian senna pod! Tinnevelly senna pod

<vervie% Des+ription =hemistry and Pharma+ology >ses =ontraindi+ations Side E&&e+ts >se During Pregnan+y and ?a+tation ntera+tions %ith <ther Drugs Dosage and 'dministration @e&eren+es 'dditional @esour+es

%&er&ie' Sennas areherba+eous subshrubs and both varieties used! 'le;andrian and Tinnevelly! have desert origins -Bruneton! )((1.. 'le;andrian senna is native to northern and northeastern '&ri+a! gro%ing %ild in semidesert and sudanosahelian Aones o& '&ri+a! in+luding Egypt! Moro++o! Mauritania! Mali! and Sudan. t is +ultivated in the valley o& the Bile in Sudan! southern =hina! and ndia. Tinnevelly senna is native to southern ndia and northeastern '&ri+a! gro%s %ild in southern 'rabia! on the +oast o& East '&ri+a &rom MoAambiCue to Somaliland! and 'sia. t is no% +ultivated on a large s+ale in southern and north%estern ndia and in Pakistan -Bruneton! )((15 %u! )((*5 ?eung and "oster! )((95 @emington et al.! )()75 Di+htl and Bisset! )((8.. The Tinnevelly senna o& +ommer+e is obtained mainly &rom ndia! and 'le;andrian is obtained mainly &rom Egypt and Sudan -B#P! )((95 Di+htl and Bisset! )((8.. Senna is the most %idely used anthranoid drug today and has been used &or +enturies in Destern and Eastern systems o& medi+ine as a la;ative! usually taken as a tea or s%allo%ed in po%dered &orm -Bradley! )((05 ?eung and "oster! )((95 Der Marderosian! )(((.. Besides its %ide use in +onventional Destern medi+ine! senna lea& remains an important drug used in traditional =hinese medi+ine and traditional ndian 'yurvedi+ and >nani medi+ine - P! )((95 Kapoor!

)((*5 Karni+k! )((85 Tu! )((0.. ts name is derived &rom the 'rabi+ sena ts medi+al use %as &irst des+ribed in the %ritings o& 'rabian physi+ians Serapion and Mesue in the ninth +entury =.E. -=hevallier! )((95 Erieve! )(6(5 Der Marderosian! )(((5 @emington et al.! )()7.. Today! senna lea& and &ruit are o&&i+ial in national pharma+opeias %orld%ide! in+luding those o&'ustria!=hina! "ran+e! Eermany! Ereat Britain! #ungary! ndia! Fapan! @ussia! S%itAerland$ the >nited States! the %uropean &harma!opoeia$ and many others -BP! )(775Bradley! )((05 D'B )*! )(()5 P! )((95 FP G ! )((:5 'B! )(7)5 Ph.Eur.:! )((75 Ph."r.G! )((85 Ph.#elv.V ! )(765 Ph.#g.V ! )(795 Tu! )((05 >SP GG ! )((*5 >SS@ G! )(6:5 Di+htl and Bisset! )((8.. n Eermany! senna lea&! 'le;andrian senna pod! and Tinnevelly senna pod are li+ensed as Standard Medi+inal Teas available only in the pharma+y! o&&i+ial in the 'erman &harma!opoeia$ and approved in the =ommission E monographs.They are used alone and in more than ))* prepared drugs! mostly la;atives and biliary remedies -B'nA! )((75 Bradley! )((05 Braun et al.! )((65 D'B )*! )(()5Meyer/Bu+htela! )(((5 Di+htl and Bisset! )((8.. n the >nited States! senna lea&! &ruit! and e;tra+t are used in <T= la;atives -e.g.! =orre+tolH! E;?a;H! SenokotH! Smooth MoveH.. Modern human studies have investigated the use o& senna &or severe +onstipation -Pers and Pers! )(7:.! &or +hroni+ +onstipation in long/stay elderly patients -Kinnunen et al.! )((:5 Ma+?ennan and Pooler! )(685 Passmore et al.! )((:.! &or +onstipation in +hildhood -Perkin! )(665 Sondheimer and Eervaise! )(70.! &or managing morphine/indu+ed +onstipation -@amesh et al.! )((7.! &or bo%el preparation prior to intravenous urography -Bailey et al.! )(().! to improve +olonos+opy preparation %ith lavage -Iiegenhagen et al.! )(()5 Iiegenhagen et al.! )((0.! &or preparation prior to radiographi+ e;amination o& the +olon -Brou%ers et al.! )(7*5 Slanger! )(6(.! in management o& +onstipation in the immediate postpartum period -Shelton! )(7*.! in management o& postoperative +onstipation in anore+tal surgery -=orman! )(6(.! to improve the visibility o& abdominal organs in ultrasound e;amination -#eld%ein et al.! )(76.! &or disorders +hara+teriAed by slo% intestinal transit time or +onstipation -Bossi et al.! )(79.! and as a la;ative &or terminal +an+er patients treated %ith opiates -'gra et al.! )((7.. The approved modern therapeuti+ appli+ations &or senna are supportable based on its history o& use in %ell establishedsystemso& traditional and +onventional medi+ine! e;tensive phyto+hemi+al investigations! in vitro and in vivo pharma+ologi+al studies in animals! and human +lini+al studies.

Pharma+opeial grade senna lea& must +onsist o& the dried lea&lets o& 'le;andrian or Tinnevelly senna! or a mi;ture o& both spe+ies. t must +ontain not less than 0.14 o& hydro;yanthra+ene gly+osides! +al+ulated as sennoside B. Botani+al identi&i+ation must be +on&irmed by thin/layer +hromatography -T?=.! ma+ros+opi+ and mi+ros+opi+ e;aminations! and organolepti+ evaluation. The stomatal inde; -a +al+ulation o& the per+entage o& stomataJholes in the lea&Ks skin through %hi+h the plant breathesJ+omprising the number o& epidermal +ells! in+luding the stomata! ea+h stoma being +ounted as one +ell. &or 'le;andrian senna is )*L)1! usually )0.1 and &or Tinnevelly senna it is )8L0*! usually )6.1 -BP! )(775 P! )((95 Ph.Eur.:! )((75 Tu! )((0.. The (apanese &harma!opoeia additionally reCuires a purity standard o& not more than 1.*4 ra+his -the main a;is o& the +ompound lea&. and &ruits +ontained in the senna lea& -FP G ! )((:.. The Fren!h &harma!opoeia additionally reCuires a test &or absen+e o& kno%n adulterants! namely Cassia auri!ulata-Bruneton! )((15 Ph."r.G! )((8.. The ES=<P monograph reCuires the material to +omply %ith the %uropean &harma!opoeia -ES=<P! )((6.. Pharma+opeial grade senna lea& standardiAed dry e;tra+t -Sennae folii e#tra!tum si!!um normatum. must be manu&a+tured &rom %uropean &harma!opoeia -Ph.Eur.. grade Sennae &olium in a++ordan+e %ith the Ph.Eur. E;tra+ta monograph. t must +ontain minimum 1.14 and ma;imum 7.*4 hydro;yanthra+ene gly+osides +al+ulated as sennoside B %ith re&eren+e to the dry e;tra+t! %ith an allo%ed deviation o& )*4 -Ph.Eur.:$ )((7.. Pharma+opeial grade senna pod must +onsist o& the dried &ruit o& 'le;andrian or Tinnevelly senna! or both. t must +ontain not less than :.84 -'le;andrian senna pod. and not less than 0.04 -Tinnevelly senna pod. hydro;yanthra+ene gly+osides! +al+ulated as sennoside B. Botani+al identi&i+ation must be +on&irmed by T?=! ma+ros+opi+ and mi+ros+opi+ e;aminations! and organolepti+ evaluation -BP! )(775 P! )((95 Ph.Eur.:! )((7.. The (apanese )erbal *e"i!ines Co"e#$ ho%ever! reCuires not less than 0.04 o& total anthraCuinone gly+osides +al+ulated as sennoside ' -F#M=$ )((:.. The ES=<P monographs reCuire the material to +omply %ith the %uropean &harma!opoeia -ES=<P! )((6.. (escription 'le;andrian senna pod +onsists o& the dried &ruits o& Cassia senna ?. -C a!utifolia Del. Msyn. S ale#an"rinaN. M"am. "aba+eaeN and their preparations in e&&e+tive dosage. Tinnevelly senna pod +onsists o& dried &ruits o&C angustifolia Vahl and their preparations in e&&e+tive dosage. M=urrently a++epted nomen+lature &or both +ultivars

is Senna ale#an"rina Miller N Su&&i+ient pharma+ologi+al/to;i+ologi+ studies are available &or preparations +ontaining ).8L:.14 anthranoids -+al+ulated as sum o& individually determined +ompounds.! eCuivalent to *.(L0.:4 potential rhein! *.*1L*.)14 potential aloe/emodin! and *.**)L*.**94 potential emodin. The preparation must +on&orm to the +urrently valid pharma+opeia. )hemistr* and Pharmacolog* Senna pod +ontains 0.0L:.14 hydro;yanthra+ene gly+osides! mainly sennosides ' and B! %hi+h are rhein/dianthrones! and smaller amounts o& sennosides = and D! %hi+h are rhein/aloe/ emodin/heterodianthrones5 naphthalene gly+osides5 &lavonoids -derivatives o& kaemp&erol and isorhamnetin.5 mineral matter5 mu+ilage -gala+tose! arabinose! rhamnose! gala+turoni+ a+id.5 polyol -pinitol.5 sugars -glu+ose! &ru+tose! su+rose. -Bradley! )((05 Bruneton! )((15 ES=<P! )((65 ?eung and "oster! )((95 Be%all et al.! )((9.. The =ommission E reported )!7/dihydro;y/anthra+ene derivatives have a la;ative e&&e+t. This e&&e+t is due to the sennosides! spe+i&i+ally their a+tive metabolite in the +olon! rheinanthrone. The e&&e+t is +aused by inhibiting stationary and stimulating propulsive +ontra+tions in the +olon. This results in an a++elerated intestinal passage and! be+ause o& the shortened +onta+t time! a redu+tion in liCuid absorbed through the lumen. n addition! stimulation o& the a+tive +hloride se+retion in+reases the %ater and ele+trolyte +ontent o& the stool. Systemati+ studies pertaining to the kineti+s o& senna pod preparations are not available. #o%ever! it must be supposed that the agly+ones +ontained in the drug are already absorbed in the upper small intestine. Theb-gly+osides are prodrugs that are neither absorbed nor +leaved in the upper gastrointestinal tra+t. They are degraded in the +olon by ba+terial enAymes to rheinanthrone! the la;ative metabolite. The systemi+ availability o& rheinanthrone is very lo%. 'nimal e;periments revealed that less than 14 is passed in the urine in o;idiAed &orm or +on$ugated &orm as rhein and sennodine. The ma$or amount o& rheinanthrone -more than (*4. is bound to the &e+es in the +olon and e;+reted as polymers. '+tive metabolites! su+h as rhein! in&iltrate in small amounts into the milk du+ts. ' la;ative e&&e+t on nursing in&ants has not been observed. The pla+ental permeability &or rhein is very small! as %as observed in animals.

Drug preparations -i.e.! preparations &rom %hole senna pod. have a higher general to;i+ity than the pure gly+osides! presumably due to the +ontent o& agly+ones. E;periments %ith senna lea& preparations are not available. ' senna e;tra+t sho%ed mutageni+ to;i+ity in vitro5 the pure substan+e! sennoside '! B! %as negative. 'n in vivo study %ith a de&ined e;tra+t o& senna pod revealed no mutageni+ity. Preparations %ith an anthranoid +ontent o& ).8L:.14 %ere used -+al+ulated as the sum o& spe+i&i+ individual +ompounds. that %ere potentially eCuivalent to *.(L0.(4 rhein! *.*1L*.)14 aloe/emodin! and *.**)L*.**94 emodin. The results appear to be also appli+able &or spe+i&i+ senna lea& preparations. Some positive results have been observed &or aloe/emodin and emodin. ' study &or +ar+inogeni+ity %as per&ormed %ith an enri+hed sennoside &ra+tion +ontaining about 8*.74 anthranoids! o& %hi+h :14 %ere sennosides -+al+ulated as sum o& the individually determined +ompounds.! eCuivalent to about 01.04 o& the +al+ulated potential rhein! 0.:4 potential aloe/emodin! and *.**64 potential emodin. The tested substan+e +ontained )80 ppm &ree aloe/emodin and ( ppm &ree emodin. The study %as +ondu+ted over )*8 %eeks. @ats re+eived up to 01 mg2kg body %eight and sho%ed no substan+e/ dependent in+rease o& tumors. +ses The =ommission E approved the internal use o& senna pod &or +onstipation. The Dorld #ealth <rganiAation -D#<. approves senna pod &or short/term use in o++asional +onstipation -D#<! )(((.. The British )erbal Compen"ium indi+ates its use &or +onstipation and +onditions in %hi+h easy de&e+ation %ith so&t stools is desirable! su+h as anal &issure or hemorrhoids -Bradley! )((0.. ES=<P indi+ates it &or short/term use in +ases o& o++asional +onstipation -ES=<P! )((6.. The Eerman Standard ?i+ense &or senna pod tea indi+ates its use &or +onstipation5 +onditions in %hi+h easy bo%el eva+uation %ith so&t stools is desirable! &or e;ample! in +ases o& anal &issures! hemorrhoids! and a&ter re+to/anal operations5 &or bo%el +learan+e be&ore G/ray e;aminations5 and be&ore and a&ter abdominal surgery -Bradley! )((0.. )ontraindications ntestinal obstru+tion! a+ute intestinal in&lammation! e.g.! =rohnKs disease! +olitis ul+erosa! appendi+itis! abdominal pain o& unkno%n origin. =hildren under )0 years o& age.

Side , ects n single in+idents! +ramp/like dis+om&orts o& the gastrointestinal tra+t. These +ases reCuire a dosage redu+tion. Dith +hroni+ use or abuse, Disturban+e o& ele+trolyte balan+e! espe+ially potassium de&i+ien+y! albuminuria and hematuria. Pigment implantation into the intestinal mu+osa -pseu"omelanosis !oli. is harmless and usually reverses on dis+ontinuation o& the drug. Potassium de&i+ien+y +an lead to disorders o& heart &un+tion and mus+ular %eakness! espe+ially %ith +on+urrent use o& +ardia+ gly+osides! diureti+s! or +orti+osteroids. +se (uring Pregnanc* and "actation During the &irst trimester o& pregnan+y! senna pod preparations should be used only i& a therapeuti+ e&&e+t +annot be obtained %ith a +hange in diet or through the use o& s%elling la;atives. '+tive metabolites! su+h as rhein! in&iltrate into the milk du+ts. ' la;ative e&&e+t on nursing in&ants has not been observed. Interactions 'ith %ther (rugs n +ases o& +hroni+ use or abuse! loss o& potassium may potentiate +ardia+ gly+osides and have an e&&e+t on antiarrhythmi+ medi+ations. Potassium de&i+ien+y may be e;a+erbated by simultaneous administration o& thiaAide diureti+s! +orti+osteroids! or li+ori+e root. (osage and Administration >nless other%ise pres+ribed, *.9L0.* g -+orresponding to 0*L:* mg hydro;yanthra+ene derivatives +al+ulated as sennoside B. per day o& +ut or po%dered &ruit or dried e;tra+ts &or teas! de+o+tions! +old ma+erates! or eli;irs. ?iCuid or solid &orms o& medi+ation e;+lusively &or oral use. The +orre+t dosage is the smallest dose ne+essary to maintain a so&t stool. Bote,The &orm o& administration should be smaller than the daily dose. Dried pods -po%dered or %hole., *.9L0.* g.

n&usion or de+o+tion, *.9L0.* g in )1* ml %arm or hot %ater &or )* to :* minutes. =old ma+erate, *.9L0.* g in )1* ml +old %ater &or t%o to three hours! strain! then heat be&ore drinking. "luide;tra+t ),) -g2ml., *.9L0.* ml. Eli;ir, *.9L0.*ml s%eetened &luide;tra+t. Dry hydroal+oholi+ e;tra+t -1.1L7.*4 hydro;yanthra+ene gly+osides., *.01L*.11 g. Spe+ial +aution &or use, Stimulating la;atives must not be used &or more than one to t%o %eeks %ithout medi+al advi+e. <verdosage, Ele+trolyte and &luid imbalan+e. Spe+ial %arnings, >se o& a stimulating la;ative &or longer than the re+ommended period +an +ause intestinal sluggishness. This preparation should be used only i& no e&&e+ts +an be obtained through +hanges in diet or use o& bulk/&orming produ+ts. Re erences 'gra! Y. et al. )((7. E&&i+a+y o& senna versus la+tulose in terminal +an+er patients treated %ith opioids. ( &ain Symptom *anage )1-).,)6. Bailey! S.@.! P.B. Tyrrell! M. #ale. )((). ' trial to assess the e&&e+tiveness o& bo%el preparation prior to intravenous urography. Clin +a"iol 88-1.,::1::6. B'nA. See Bun"esan,eiger Bossi! S. et al. )(79. M=lini+al study o& a ne% preparation &rom plantago seeds and senna podsN M n talianN.-!ta Biome" -teneo &armense 16-19.,)6()79. Bradley! P.@. -ed... )((0. British )erbal Compen"ium$ Vol. ). Bournemouth, British #erbal Medi+ine 'sso+iation. Braun! @. et al. )((6. Stan"ar",ulassungen f r Fertigar,neimittelTe#t an" .ommentar Stuttgart, Deuts+her 'potheker Verlag.

British )erbal &harma!opoeia -B#P.. )((9. E;eter! >.K., British #erbal Medi+ine 'sso+iation. )97. British &harma!opoeia -BP.. )(77. -Dith subseCuent 'ddenda up to )((0.. ?ondon, #er Ma$estyKs Stationery <&&i+e. Brou%ers! F.@.! D.P. van <u%erkerk! S.M. de Boer! ?. Thoman. )(7*. ' +ontrolled trial o& senna preparations and other la;atives used &or bo%el +leansing prior to radiologi+al e;amination. &harma!ology 0*-suppl ).,1798. Bruneton! F. )((1. &harma!ognosy$ &hyto!hemistry$ *e"i!inal &lants Paris, ?avoisier Publishing. Bun"esan,eiger -B'nA.. )((7. Monographien der Kommission E -Iulassungs/ und 'u&bereitungskommission am BE' & r den humanmed. Berei+h! phytotherapeutis+he Therapieri+htung und Sto&&gruppe.. Kln, Bundesgesundheitsamt -BE'.. =hevallier! '. )((9. %n!y!lope"ia of *e"i!inal &lants Be% York, DK Publishing. 60. =orman! M.?. )(6(. Management o& postoperative +onstipation in anore+tal surgery. /is Colon +e!tum00-:.,)8()1). Der Marderosian! '. -ed... )(((. The +eview of 0atural &ro"u!ts St. ?ouis, "a+ts and =omparisons. /euts!hes -r,neibu!h$ )*th ed. -D'B )*.. )((). -Dith subseCuent supplements through )((9.. Stuttgart, Deuts+her 'potheker Verlag. ES=<P. )((6. KSennae &olium!K KSennae &ru+tus a+uti&oliae!K and KSennae &ru+tus angusti&oliae.K *onographs on the *e"i!inal 1ses of &lant /rugs. E;eter! >.K., European S+ienti&i+ =ooperative on Phytotherapy. %urop2is!hes -r,neibu!h$ :rd ed.! )st suppl. -Ph.Eur.:.. )((7. Stuttgart, Deuts+her 'potheker Verlag. 9)09)6. Erieve! M. )(6(. - *o"ern )erbal Be% York, Dover Publi+ations! n+. #eld%ein! D. et al. )(76. Evaluation o& the use&ulness o& dimethi+one and2or senna e;tra+t in improving the visualiAation o& abdominal organs. (C1 ( Clin 1ltrasoun" )1-6.,811817.

In"ian &harma!opoeia$ Vol. ). - P )((9.. )((9. Delhi, Eovernment o& ndia Ministry o& #ealth and "amily Del&are=ontroller o& Publi+ations. 961967. %u! M.M. )((*. )an"book of -fri!an *e"i!inal &lants Bo+a @aton, =@= Press. )8:)88. (apanese )erbal *e"i!ines Co"e# -F#M=.. )((:. Tokyo, Eovernment o& Fapan Ministry o& #ealth and Del&areYaku$i Bippo! ?td. 010018. (apanese &harma!opoeia$ )0th ed. -FP G .. )((:. Tokyo, Eovernment o& Fapan Ministry o& #ealth and Del&areYaku$i Bippo! ?td. 011016. Kapoor! ?.D. )((*. )an"book of -yurve"i! *e"i!inal &lants Bo+a @aton, =@= Press. )*8. Karni+k! =.@. )((8. &harma!opoeial Stan"ar"s of )erbal &lants Delhi, Sri Satguru Publi+ations. Kinnunen! <.! . Dinblad! P. Koistinen! F. Salokannel. )((:. Sa&ety and e&&i+a+y o& a bulk la;ative +ontaining senna versus la+tulose in the treatment o& +hroni+ +onstipation in geriatri+ patients. &harma!ology 86-suppl ).,01:011. ?eung! '.Y. and S. "oster. )((9. %n!y!lope"ia of Common 0atural Ingre"ients 1se" in Foo"$ /rugs$ an" Cosmeti!s$ 0nd ed. Be% York, Fohn Diley O Sons! n+. Ma+?ennan! D.F. and '.". Pooler. )(68)(61. ' +omparison o& sodium pi+osulphate -K?a;oberalK. %ith standardiAed senna -KSenokotK. in geriatri+ patients. Curr *e" +es 3pin 0-)*.,98)986. Meyer/Bu+htela! E. )(((. Tee-+e,epturen%in )an"bu!h f r -potheker un" r,te Stuttgart, Deuts+her 'potheker Verlag. Be%all! =.'.! ?.'. 'nderson! F.D. Phillipson. )((9. )erbal *e"i!ines: - 'ui"e for )ealth-Care &rofessionals ?ondon, The Pharma+euti+al Press. sterrei!his!hes -r,neibu!h$ Vols. )0. - 'B.. )(7). Dien, Verlag der sterrei+his+hen Staatsdru+kerei. Passmore! '.P.! K.D. Davies! =. Stoker! M.E. S+ott. )((:. =hroni+ +onstipation in long stay elderly patients, a +omparison o& la+tulose and a senna/&ibre +ombination. B*( :*6-9(*6.,69(66).

Passmore! '.P.! K.D. Davies! P.E. "lanagan! =. Stoker! M.E. S+ott. )((:. ' +omparison o& 'giola; and la+tulose in elderly patients %ith +hroni+ +onstipation. &harma!ology 86-suppl ).,08(010. Perkin! F.M. )(66. =onstipation in +hildhood, a +ontrolled +omparison bet%een la+tulose and standardiAed senna. Curr *e" +es 3pin 8-7.,18*18:. Pers! M. and B. Pers. )(7:. ' +rossover +omparative study %ith t%o bulk la;atives. ( Int *e" +es))-).,1)1:. &harma!ope Franaise 4e "ition -Ph."r.G.. )((8. Moulins/les/MetA, Maisonneuve S.'. &harma!opoeia )elveti!a$ 6th ed. Vol. )8.-Ph.#elv.V .. )(76. Bern, <&&i+e =entral "dral des mprims et du Matriel. &harma!opoea )ungari!$ 6th ed. -Ph.#g.V .. )(79. Budapest, Medi+ina Knyvkiad. Ph.Eur.:. See %urop2is!hes -r,neibu!h @amesh! P.@.! K.S. Kumar! M.@. @a$agopal! P. Bala+handran! P.K. Darrier. )((7. Managing morphine/indu+ed +onstipation, a +ontrolled +omparison o& an 'yurvedi+ &ormulation and senna. ( &ain Symptom *anage)9-8.,08*088. @emington! F.P. et al. )()7. The /ispensatory of the 1nite" States of -meri!a$ 0*th ed. Philadelphia5 ?ondon, F.B. ?ippin+ott =o. ((*((9. Shelton! M.E. )(7*. StandardiAed senna in the management o& +onstipation in the puerperium, a +lini+al trial. S -fr *e" ( 16-:.,677*. Slanger! '. )(6(. =omparative study o& a standardiAed senna liCuid and +astor oil in preparing patients &or radiographi+ e;amination o& the +olon. /is Colon +e!tum 00-1.,:19:1(. Sondheimer! F.M. and E.P. Eervaise. )(70. ?ubri+ant versus la;ative in the treatment o& +hroni+ &un+tional +onstipation o& +hildren, a +omparative study. ( &e"iatr 'astroenterol 0utr )-0.,00:009. State &harma!opoeia of the 1nion of Soviet So!ialist +epubli!s$ )*th ed. ->SS@ G.. )(6:. Mos+o%, Ministry o& #ealth o& the >.S.S.@.

Tu! E. -ed... )((0. &harma!opoeia of the &eople5s +epubli! of China -English Edition )((0.. Bei$ing, Euangdong S+ien+e and Te+hnology Press. 1617. The 1nite" States &harma!opeia$ 00nd rev.->SP GG .. )((*. @o+kville! MD, >.S. Pharma+opoeial =onvention. >SS@ G.See State &harma!opoeia of the 1nion of Soviet So!ialist +epubli!s D#<. See Dorld #ealth <rganiAation. Di+htl! M. and B.E. Bisset -eds... )((8. )erbal /rugs an" &hytopharma!euti!als Stuttgart, Medpharm S+ienti&i+ Publishers. Dorld #ealth <rganiAation -D#<.. )(((. KSennae &oliumK and KSennae &ru+tus.K 6)3 *onographs on Sele!te" *e"i!inal &lants$ Vol. ). Eeneva, Dorld #ealth <rganiAation. Iiegenhagen! D.F.! E. Iehnter! D. Ta+ke! T. Eheorghiu! D. Kruis. )((0. Senna vs. bisa+odyl in addition to Eolytely lavage &or +olonos+opy preparationa prospe+tive randomiAed trial. 7 'astroenterol :*-).,)6)(. Iiegenhagen! D.F.! E. Iehnter! D. Ta+ke! D. Kruis. )((). 'ddition o& senna improves +olonos+opy preparation %ith lavage, a prospe+tive randomiAed trial. 'astrointest %n"os! :6-1.,18618(. Additional Resources British &harma!euti!al Co"e# -BP=.. )(6:. ?ondon, The Pharma+euti+al Press. /euts!hes -r,neibu!h$ (th ed. Vol. :. -D'B (.. )(77. Kommentar. Stuttgart, Dissens+ha&tli+he Verlagsgesells+ha&t. :))*:))8. /euts!hes -r,neibu!h$ )*th ed. Vol. )9. -D'B )*.. )((). Kommentar. Stuttgart, Dissens+ha&tli+he Verlagsgesells+ha&t. #nsel! @.! K. Keller! #. @impler! E. S+hneider -eds... )((0. )agers )an"bu!h "er &harma,eutis!hen &ra#is$1th ed. Vol. 8. Berlin/ #eidelberg, Springer Verlag. 6*)601. Kobashi! K.! T. Bishimura! M. Kusaka! M. #attori! T. Bamba. )(7*. Metabolism o& sennosides by human intestinal ba+teria. &lanta *e" 8*-:.,0010:9.

Morton! F.". )(66. *ajor *e"i!inal &lants: Botany$ Culture$ an" 1ses Spring&ield! ?, =has. =. Thomas. )86)8(. 0ational Formulary -B".!1th ed. )(09. Dashington! D.=., 'meri+an Pharma+euti+al 'sso+iation. ):! 00(. 0orme Franaise -B".. )(7(. B" T 61/:87. Paris, Dire+tion des Fournau; <&&i+iels. @eynolds! F.E.". -ed... )((9. *artin"ale: The %#tra &harma!opoeia$ :)st ed. ?ondon, @oyal Pharma+euti+al So+iety. )08*)08). Steinegger! E. and @. #nsel. )((0. &harmakognosie$ 1th ed. Berlin/ #eidelberg, Springer Verlag. 801807. Trease! E.E. and D.=. Evans. )(7(. Trease an" %vans5 &harma!ognosy$ ):th ed. ?ondon5 Philadelphia, Baillire Tindall. The 1nite" States &harma!opeia$ 0)st rev.->SP GG .. )(71. @o+kville! MD, >.S. Pharma+opoeial =onvention. >.S.'. Dept. o& #ealth and #uman Servi+es, "ood and Drug 'dministration. )(71. Co"e of Fe"eral +egulations 89 -="@ 0).. Part ::8. ?a;ative Drug Produ+ts &or <ver/the/=ounter #uman >se! Tentative "inal Monograph. Fe"eral +egister 1*-)*.,0)08! 0)1)0)17. >SP =ommittee o& @evision. )7(:. The &harma!opoeia of the 1nite" States of -meri!a$ 6th de+ennial rev. -)7(*.. Philadelphia, >SP =ommittee o& @evision. 0)7. Dagner! #.! S. Bladt! E.M. Igainski. )(78. &lant /rug -nalysis Berlin/#eidelberg, Springer Verlag. ))). This material %as adapted &rom The Complete 'erman Commission % *onographsTherapeuti! 'ui"e to )erbal *e"i!ines. M. Blumenthal! D.@. Busse! '. Eoldberg! F. Eruen%ald! T. #all! =.D. @iggins! @.S. @ister -eds.. S. Klein and @.S. @ister -trans... )((7. 'ustin, 'meri+an Botani+al =oun+il5 Boston, ntegrative Medi+ine =ommuni+ations. ). The <vervie% se+tion is ne% in&ormation. 0. Des+ription! =hemistry and Pharma+ology! >ses! =ontraindi+ations! Side E&&e+ts! ntera+tions %ith <ther Drugs! and Dosage se+tions have been dra%n &rom the original %ork. 'dditional

in&ormation has been added in some or all o& these se+tions! as noted %ith re&eren+es. :. The dosage &or eCuivalent preparations -tea in&usion! &luide;tra+t! and tin+ture. have been provided based on the &ollo%ing e;ample,

>nless other%ise pres+ribed, 0 g per day o& Mpo%dered! +rushed! +ut or %holeN Mplant partN n&usion, 0 g in )1* ml o& %ater "luide;tra+t ),) -g2ml., 0 ml Tin+ture ),1 -g2ml., )* ml

8. The @e&eren+es and 'dditional @esour+es se+tions are ne% se+tions. 'dditional @esour+es are not +ited in the monograph but are in+luded &or resear+h purposes. This monograph! published by the =ommission E in )((8! %as modi&ied based on ne% s+ienti&i+ resear+h. t +ontains more e;tensive pharma+ologi+al and therapeuti+ in&ormation taken dire+tly &rom the =ommission E. E;+erpt &rom #erbal Medi+ine, E;panded =ommission E Monographs =opyright 0*** 'meri+an Botani+al =oun+il Published by ntegrative Medi+ine =ommuni+ations 'vailable &rom the 'meri+an Botani+al =oun+il.