Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks

Mobile Communication and Mobile Computing

Prof. Dr. Alexander Schill [Link]

Structure of the Lecture

Part I: Mobile Communication
Introduction and Principles GSM and Extensions UMTS LTE and beyond WLAN Satellite and Broadcast Systems

Part II: Mobile Computing

Mobile IP and TCP Location Based Services Context Awareness and Adaptation Service Based Architecture Mobile File Systems, Databases, Information Services Mobile Applications

Reference: - Jochen Schiller: Mobile Communications, Addison-Wesley

2

Introduction and Principles

Application Example: Civil Engineering, Field Service

Drafts, urgent modification
Fast Ethernet

Large archives, Videoconferences Enterprise A (main office)

Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet

Enterprise A (branch office)

Architect

Selected drafts, Videoconferences

UMTS, LTE

Enterprise B

Construction supervisor Material data, status data, dates

GSM, UMTS

Building site

Example: Consumer Application

8:56PM

[Link]

Rent-A-Bike
Service Login

Login:

Alexander Schill

Password:

**********

URL

LOGIN

Mobile Multimedia
Local Resources, Test Protocols

Product Data Main office Caching

Maintenance technician Mobile Access

Client LAN-Access

Very different performances and costs: radio networks versus fixed networks Software-controlled, automatic adaptation to concrete system environments Example: Access to picture data / compressed picture data / graphics / text

Traffic Telematics Systems

Content Provider Main Office Content Provider Gigabit Ethernet Internet

Point-to-Point Radio, Internet

GSM

Radio/Infrared

DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting

RDS/TMC: Radio Data System/ Traffic Message Channel

Infrastructure

Mobile Communication: Development

Mobile Phone Networks
C D (GSM900) E (GSM1800) HSCSD GPRS EDGE

Packet Networks Circuit Switched Networks Satellite Networks Cordless Telephony Local Networks
CT

Modacom Mobitex Tetra Iridium/ Globalstar IMT/ UMTS LTE

Inmarsat

4G (LTE advanced, WiMAX)

DECT

Radio-LAN IR-LAN IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015
8

Used Acronyms
C: C: Analog C Network (1st Generation) CT: CT: Cordless Telephone DECT DECT :: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications GSM GSM : : Global System for Mobile Communications (2nd Generation) GPRS GPRS :: General Packet Radio Service HSDPA+ : :High Speed Downlink Packet Access (advanced) HSCSD HSUPA+: High Speed Uplink Packet Access (advanced) HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data EDGE EDGE :: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution IMT IMT : : International Mobile Telecommunications LTE: Long Term Evolution LTE: TETRA :: Terrestrial Trunked Radio (Multicast Communication System) TETRA UMTS: : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3rd Generation) UMTS 4G:4G: 4th Generation Networks WiMAX : Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX
9

Correspondent data rates

300 Mbit/ s
200 Mbit/ s 100 Mbit/ s 50 Mbit/ s HSUPA+ 10 Mbit/ s WLAN 1 Mbit/ s 100 kbit/ s 10kbit/ s GSM DECT EDGE HSCSD/ GPRS Satellites UMTS (pico cell) LTE (uplink) / HSDPA+ LTE (downlink)

UMTS (macro cell)

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

10

Frequency Assignment
Circuit Switched Radio Mobile Phones Cordless Phones Wireless LANs TETRA NMT TETRA LTE 800 CT2 CT1+ GSM900 CT1+ GSM900

380-400 453-457 450-470

500Mhz

790-862 864-868 885-887 890-915 930-932

935-960

1GHz

410-430 463-467 (nationally different) TFTS (Pager, aircraft phones) GSM1800 TFTS GSM1800 DECT UMTS

1670-1675 WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g/n Bluetooth

1710-1785 1800-1805 1805-1880

1880-1900

(1885-2025 2110-2200)

LTE 2600 WIMAX

IEEE 802.11a: 5,15-5,25; 5,25-5,35; 5,725-5,825 HIPERLAN1 HIPERLAN2 HIPER-Link MHz

2400-2483 2402-2480 2412-2472 HomeRF...(approx.2400)

2500-2690

3500

5176-5270

(~5200-5600)

(~17000)

TFTS - Terrestrial Flight Telephone System NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone

- 2,4 GHz and higher: often license free, nationally different -> interesting for high data rates
11

Principles of Mobile Communication

Based on electro-magnetic radio transmission

radio transmission terrestrial point-to-point Broadcast radio cellular non-cellular orbital (satellite) equatorial orbit non-equatorial orbit

Principles: Propagation and reception of electro-magnetic waves Modulation and multiplex methods; focusing on cellular networks

12

Cellular networks
well known from mobile networks (GSM, UMTS) base station (BS) covers at least one cell; a combination of multiple cells is also called a cellular structure provides different kinds of handovers between the cells higher capacity and better coverage than non-cellular networks bidirectional* antennas instead of omni-directional** can better serve the selected sectors

along highways or train lines

for covering of larger areas

**

13

Cellular networks: handover (1)

A procedure inside a cellular network, which controls the switching process between the cells and end devices Reasons for handovers are:
leaving the transmission range of a cell overloading or breakdown of the used cell loss of connection quality

14

Cellular networks: handover (2)

Handover classes
Intra-cell: switch-over inside the cell onto other frequency or other timeslot Inter-cell: switch-over to a neighboring cell Inter-system: switch-over between different technologies (e.g. GSM and UMTS); roaming

Handover types
Hard handover: active connection gets disconnected before the connection to a new cell is established Soft handover: active connection gets disconnected after the connection to a new cell is established

15

Structure of a cellular network

Major problems: limited frequency resources interference reuse of frequency channels in remote cells cluster of N cell types

1 2 1 4 3 1 2 3 1 4

N i2 i j j2
i, j 0,1,2,
reuse distance

D 3N R
where R cell radius
16

D/R Ratios versus Reuse Patterns

D
D/R-Ratio 3,46 4,6 6 7,55 3

3N R
Cluster size, N 4 7 12 19 3

Cluster of N cells with R cell radius; D reuse distance with the use of sectorized antennas
17

Frequency Distribution: Examples

D/R=3 with N=3 Frequency distribution according to IEEE 802.11b/g/n D/R=4.6 with N=7 Frequency distribution according to IEEE 802.11a
18

Multiplex Methods: Principles

Multiplex
Concurrent usage of the medium without interference 4 multiplex methods: Space Time Frequency Code

Medium Access
controls user access to medium implemented by combining and exploiting multiplex methods
19

SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)

Communication channel relates to definite regional area or physical infrastructure
Space Multiplex for instance in the Analog Phone Systems (for each participant one line), for Broadcasting Stations, and in Cellular Networks Problem: secure distance (interferences) between transmitting stations is required (using one frequency), and by pure Space Multiplex each communication channel would require an own transmitting station Therefore space Multiplex is only reasonable in combination with other multiplex methods

20

SDMA: Example
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

f1

s
SDMA selects cell

s secure distance
21

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

frequencies are permanently assigned to transmission channels (known from broadcast radio)

k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

f
k6 k5

f1
f2 f3

FDMA selects frequency

f4
f5 f6

k4 k3 k2 k1

s secure distance
22

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

transmission medium is slot-assigned to channels for certain time, is often used in LANs Synchronization (timing, static or dynamic) between transmitting and receiving stations is required

k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

TDMA selects slot

f1

k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

k1

t
23

Combination: FDMA and TDMA, (e.g. in GSM)

GSM uses combination of FDMA and TDMA for better use of narrow resources the used bandwidth for each carrier is 200 kHz => approx. 124 * 8 = 992 channels
f in MHz 960 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 25 MHz 935,2 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 downlink

915

200 kHz

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

uplink

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

25 MHz 45 MHz t
24

890,2

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

CDMA decoded

f1

definite Codes are assigned to transmission channels, these can be on the same Frequency for the same Time uses cost-efficient VLSI components high security level using spread spectrum techniques but: exact synchronization is required, code of transmitting station must be known to receiving station, complex receivers for signal separation are required; noise should not be very high
25

CDMA illustrated by example

The principle of CDMA can be illustrated by the example of some party:
communication partners stand close to each other, each transmission station (Sender) is only so loud that it does not interfere to neighbored groups transmission stations (Senders) use certain Codes (for instance, just different languages) receiving station (Listener) tunes to a specific language (Code) in order to decode the content if other receiving station (Listener) cannot understand this language (Code), then it can recognize the data (as a kind of background noise), but it cannot do anything with them if two communication partners would like to have some secure communication line, then they should simply use a secret language (Code)

Potential Problems: security distance is sometimes too small: interferences (i.e. Polish und Russian)
26

CDMA example technically

Sender A Sends Ad =1, Key Ak = 010011 (set: 0= -1, 1= +1) Transmit signal As =Ad *Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1) Sender B sends Bd =0, Key Bk = 110101 (set: 0= -1, 1= +1) Transmit signal Bs =Bd *Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)
Both signals overlay on the air Faults are ignored here (noises etc.) C = As+ Bs =(-2,0,0,-2,+2,0) Receiver will listen to Sender A uses Key Ak bitwise (internal product) Ae = C * Ak =2 +0+0 +2 +2+0 = 6 Result is greater than 0, so sent bit was 1 likewise B Be = C * Bk =-2 +0 +0 -2 -2 +0 = -6, i.e. 0

27

Spread Spectrum Techniques

dP df dP df dP df dP df dP df

Signal is spread by the Sender before the transmission Small-bandwidth faults are spread by de-spreading in receiving station; especially important for CDMA (highly sensitive to faults) band-pass deletes redundant frequency parts dP/df value corresponds to called Power Density, Energy is constant (in the Figure: the filled areas) Objective: Increase of robustness against small-bandwidth faults Protection against unauthorized receivers: power density of spread-spectrum signals can be lower than that of background noise 28