arch1 Higher rank arch- combines with nouns that refer to someone's position in the aristocracy or in the Church

in order to form new nouns. Nouns formed in this way refer to people who have reached the highest position possible. For example, an archdeacon is a deacon* of the highest rank; an archduke is a member of the aristocracy who has a higher rank than a duke**. * /dikn/
someone with a position just below that of a priest in the Roman Catholic,Anglican, or Orthodox churches

** /djuk/
a man with a very high social position, just below that of a prince. A woman whohas the same social posit ion as a duke, or who is married to a duke, is called aduchess.

Here is a list of words with this meaning:

archangel/(r)kend()l/ an important angel (=a spirit that lives in heaven) in the Musli m, Jewish, and Christian religions archdeacon/(r)tdikn/ a priest of a high rank in the Anglican Church whose job is to hel p a bishop archduke /(r)tdjuk/ a prince in the Austrian royal family archbishop /(r)tbp a priest of the highest rank in some Christian churches who is res ponsible for all the churches in a particular area archduchess \- (r)td-chs\ a princess of the royal family of Austria the wife or widow of an archduke

arch/more extreme PRODUCTIVE USE: arch- combines with nouns that refer to people who are opposed to something or who are considered to be bad in order to form new nouns. Nouns formed in this way refer to people who are extreme representatives of whatever the original noun refers to. For example, your 'arch-rival' in a competition is the competitor whom you most want to beat; someone's 'arch-enemy' is their most hated enemy.

Here are some examples of words with this meaning: arch-capitalist arch-fiend arch-rival arch-communist arch-manipulator arch-sinner someone who does something morally wrong, or someone who does not obey religious laws arch-enemy arch-opponent arch-traitor
someone who tells secrets about their own country to a country that is its enemy

arch-exploiter arch-rebel arch-villain the main bad character in a story, play, film etc. The main good character is the hero or heroine

-archy -archy occurs in words which have 'rule' or 'government' as part of their meaning. For example, the political 'hierarchy' is the group of people in politics who have the power; an 'oligarchy' is a small group of people who control and run a particular country or organization.

Here is a list of words with this meaning: anarchy/n(r)ki/

matriarchy/metri(r)ki/
a family, community, or society that is ruled by women, especially one in which women also own and control property

oligarchy /l(r)ki/ a country governed by a small group of people. Someone in this

Squirearchy/skwrrk /
Landowners collectively, especially when considered as a class having political or social influence.

hierarchy /har(r)ki/
a system for organizing people according to their status in a society, organization, or other group

monarchy /mn(r)ki/ a type of government in which a country is ruled by aking or queen patriarchy/petri(r)ki/
a society, system, or organization in which men have all or most of the power and influence

-arian -arian occurs in nouns which indicate that someone or something is associated with a particular thing. For example, a librarian' is someone who works in a library; a Vegetarian' is someone who eats mainly vegetables because they do not eat meat or fish. Here is a list of words with this meaning: agrarian /rerin/ relating to or involving farming or farmers egalitarian /lterin/supporting a social system in which everyone has equal status and the Same money and opportunities parliamentarian /p(r)lmenterin/ a member of a parliament unitarian /junterin / a member of the Unitarian Universalist a Christian who does not believe in the trinity

authoritarian humanitarian sabbatarian \sa-b-ter--n\ A Christian who strictly observes Sunday as the sabbath (the seventh day of the week observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening as a day of rest and worship by Jews and some Christians) vegetarian communitarian libertarian sectarian veterinarian/vet()rnerin/a vet (=animal doctor) Disciplinarian librarian totalitarian/ttlterin/controlling a country and its people in a very strict way, without allowing opposition from another political party

-ary 1 Forming adjectives -ary combines with nouns and occasionally verbs to form adjectives. Adjectives formed in this way describe someone or something that is connected to, involves, or shares some of the characteristics of the things referred to by the original nouns or verbs. For example, if you say something 'complimentary' to someone, you pay them a compliment; if something is 'imaginary', someone has imagined it.

Here is a list of words with this meaning: cautionary /k()nri/warning someone that they should be careful discretionary /dskre()n()ri/
based on someone's judgment of a particular situation rather than on a set of rules

momentary residuary /rzdjuri/the part of something that remains after the rest has gone or ended complementary /kmplment()ri/ fragmentary monetary rudimentary/rudment()ri/basic, and not detailed or developed complimentary /kmplment()ri/
a complimentary ticket, book, meal, etc. is given to you for free by a person or organization that normally sells them

things that are complementary combine well together or look attractive together,often because they have different qualities

honorary parliamentary

salutary/sljt()ri/a salutary experience or warning is one that has a good effect although
it is unpleasant

customary imaginary planetary /plnt()ri/ relating to a planet secondary dietary inflationary precautionary supplementary disciplinary legendary Probationary /prbe()n()ri/a probationary period is a time during
which someone who has been given a new job is watched to see whether they can do the job well and stay in the position

voluntary

-ary/Forming nouns -ary also occurs in nouns. Some of these nouns refer to people. For example, a 'missionary' is a person who is a member of a religious mission; your 'adversary' is a person who is opposing you or who holds an adverse point of view.

Here is a list of words with this meaning: actuary /kturi/

beneficiary luminary /lumnri/ secretary Adversary /dv(r)s()ri/ dignitary Missionary /m()n()ri/

one of the people most admired in a particular profession

an enemy or opponent

someone who has been sent to a place by a religious organization to teach the people there about a particular religion

visionary antiquary /ntkwri/

emissary /emsri/
someone who does a job for a government or a leader, especially someone who delivers a message for them

notary /ntri/ voluptuary /vlptri/

someone who has the legal authority to make a document official someone who enjoys physical pleasures, especially sexual pleasure,

apothecary /pk()ri/
an old word for someone whose job was to prepare and sell medicines

Intermediary prebendary\pre-bn-der-\

a clergyman receiving a prebend for officiating and serving in the church a stipend furnished by a cathedral or collegiate church to a clergyman (as a canon) in its chapter/a usually small amount of money that is paid regularly to someone

Here is a list of words with this meaning: apiary /epiri/ a place where bees are kept so that their honey can be collected granary /rnri/ a building where grain is kept mortuary /m(r)tjuri/ a place where a dead body is kept seminary/semnri/a college for people who want to train to be priests or reli gious leaders aviary /eviri/an enclosed area where birds are kept infirmary /nf(r)mri/ a hospital: this word is often used in the names of hospitals penitentiary /pentenri/a prison for people who have committed serious cr imes dispensary /dspensri/ a place in a hospital where you can get medicines and drugs library sanctuary /skturi/official protection given to someone by a place that is safe forthem

Words with other meanings anniversary centenary /sentinri/ a day or year that people celebrate exactly 100 years after an impor tant event glossary summary boundary commentary itinerary /atnrri/ a plan of a journey that you are going to make, including informatio n about when and where you will travel tributary /trbjt()ri/a small river that flows into a larger river burglary /b(r)lri/ the crime of entering a building illegally in order to steal things

constabulary /knstbjlri/ the police of a particular place, a group of constables who are employed in a particular place obituary /bturi/ a report in a newspaper that announces someone's death and gives a shortdescription of thei r life and achievements vocabulary bursary /b(r)s()ri/an amount of money given to someone to pay for their studies at a schoo l, college, or university dictionary ovary /v()ri/one of the two organs in the body of a woman or other female animal that produ ce eggs and the sex hormones progesterone and oestrogen. Eggs travel from theovaries down t he fallopian tubes to the uterus. If the eggs are fertilized, an embryowill develop. canary /kneri/ a small yellow bird that is kept as a pet, known for its beautiful singing documentary quandary /kwndri/to be not certain what decision to take about something capillary /kplri/the smallest type of blood vessel, with a wall that is only one cell thick. It ca rriesblood to and from individual cells in your body. estuary/estjuri/the part of a large river where it becomes wide and flows into the sea salary /slri/a fixed amount of money that you earn each month or year from your job

astrastr- occurs in words which have 'star' or 'space' as part of their meaning. For example, an 'astronomer' is a scientist who studies the stars; an 'astronaut' is trained to fly in a spacecraft.

Here is a list of words with this meaning: astral /strl/

astrology astronomy /strnmi/the scientific study of the stars, planets, and other objects in the
universe

astrolabe \as-tr-lb \ Type of early scientific instrument used for reckoning time and for observational
purposes.

astronaut astrophysicist astrologer /strld(r)/ someone who studies astrology to tell people about their lives Astronomer /strnm(r)/someone who studies the stars and planets using scientific
equipment including telescopes

astrophysics/strfzks/the scientific study of the physical and chemical structure of the stars, pla
nets, andother objects in the universe

audioaudio- occurs in words which have 'sound' or 'hearing' as part of their meaning. For example, an 'audio-typist' is someone who types letters and reports that have been dictated into a tape-recorder. Here is a list of words with this meaning: audio-cassette audio-tape audio-typist audio-visual

auto- 1 Automatic auto- combines with nouns and verbs to form new nouns and verbs. Words formed in this way describe a device or mechanism that works automatically, without having to be operated by a person. For example, an 'autotimer' turns something such as a cooker on and off at times which have been set in advance; if a machine such as a videorecorder 'auto-records' a program, it records it automatically at a time which has been set in advance.

Here is a list of words with this meaning: auto-cook autodial autoredial auto-timer autocue /tkju/
a machine that shows the words that someone has to say when they areappearing on television

auto-play auto-reverse auto-defrost Auto-defrost, automatic defrost or self-defrosting is a technique which

regularly defrosts the evaporator in a refrigerator or freezer. Appliances using this technique are often called frost

auto-record auto-rotate

auto 2 Oneself auto- occurs in words which express the idea that someone does something to, for, or about themselves. For example, your 'autobiography' is an account of your life which you have written yourself; a country or group of people that is 'autonomous' is governed or controlled by itself rather than by others. Here is a list of words with this meaning: autobiography autonomous auto-suggestion autograph autonomy

auto 3 Cars auto- combines with nouns to form new nouns which refer to something that is connected with cars. For example, the 'auto-industry' is the car manufacturing industry; 'autosport' is another name for motor racing, Note that this use of auto- is an abbreviation of 'automobile' or 'automotive'. Here is a list of words with this meaning: auto-industry autosport autoworker

based
1 The major part of something PRODUCTIVE USE: -based combines with nouns to form adjectives. Adjectives formed in this way express the idea that the thing referred to by the original noun is the most important part or feature of something. For example, an 'acid-based' powder has acid as its main ingredient; 'computer-based' teaching relies heavily on the use of computers. Here are some examples of words with this meaning: acid-based export-based mercury-based project-based cash-based fuel-based money-based property-based class-based hydrogen-based nitrogen-based protein-based coal-based lead-based nuclear-based science-based computer-based leisure-based oil-based service-based education-based market-based petroleum-based water-based

2 The basis of something -based combines with adjectives and adverbs such as 'broad' 'broadly', 'widely', and 'solidly' to form adjectives. Adjectives formed in this way describe the qualities of the basis of something rather than telling you what it is composed of. The adjectives formed typically describe such things as governments, beliefs, and movements. Here is a list of words with this meaning: broad-based firmly-based soundly-based broadly-based solidly-based widely-based

-based 3 Places PRODUCTIVE USE: -based combines with nouns and adjectives that refer to places, or with adjectives of nationality, to form new adjectives. Adjectives formed in this way describe something as being positioned or existing mainly in a particular place, or as being organized from that place. For example, if an industry is 'Britishbased', most of its operations take place in Britain. Here are some examples of words with this meaning: American-based foreign-based overseas-based Belfast-based ground-based Paris-based British-based home-based school-based campus-based hospital-based Shanghai-based city-based land-based shore-based community-based London-based Swiss-based country-based marine-based town-based European-based ocean-based US-based

Be1 Wearing something or covered with something be- occurs in adjectives that describe someone or something as wearing something or being covered in a substance. For example, someone who is 'bespectacled' is wearing spectacles; someone who is 'bejewelled' is wearing jewels or is covered in jewels. Here is a list of words with this meaning: bejewelled bespectacledbewigged artificial hair that you wear on your head 2 To cause to become be- occurs in adjectives and transitive verbs which describe someone or something as being in a particular state or going into that state. For example, someone who is 'beloved' is loved by someone else; if you 'belittle' someone or their achievements, you cause them to be thought of as less important than they really are.

Here is a list of words with this meaning: becalmed belie bereaved /brivd/ a bereaved person is someone whose close friend or family member has recentlydied betrothed /btrd/ an old phrase meaning 'to be engaged to be married to someone' bedraggled /bdr()ld/ wet, dirty, and untidy belittle besotted /bstd/ so attracted by someone or something that you are always thinking about them bewildered befuddled /bfd()ld/ very confused, and unable to think clearly beloved betray/btre/ if you betray your country, or if you betray someone who needs your support, you deliberately do something that harms them or helps their opponents bewitched /bwt/to control someone's behavior with magic beguile /bal/ to persuade or trick someone into doing something, especially by saying nice things to them bemused/bmjuzd/ confused betrothal/btr()l/ an old word meaning 'engagement' to get married bewitching/bwt/ to control someone's behavior with magic