Pressure Flow Through a Coiled Tube Group M5 BE 310 Spring 2004 Amy Garber Liani Hernandez Chris Mullin
Melissa Simon bs!ra"! Pressure Flow experiments were performed on coiled tubin to in!esti ate the effects of coil orientation" radius of cur!ature" and fluid !iscosity on the flow# From Poiseuille$s Law and theories and experiments of %#H# &ean and C#M# %hite" a relationship between pressure and the &ean 'umber (&e ) *d+, (d+&- .+/-" was determined to be Pd/+L0* )1/(2#13&e2#14-# From this relationship" a plot of the non5dimensionalized pressure !ersus the function of the &ean 'umber should ha!e a slope of 1/# Coil orientation experiments showed that the slope for the horizontal descendin orientation" 1.#16 7 3#/8 and is the only one that o!erlaps 1/" and is the orientation that most minimizes the effects of ra!ity# 9he experiments !aryin radii of cur!ature" tubin of .#3 cm and .8#1/ cm radii of cur!ature had slopes of 1.#:1 7 .#1; and 18#18 7 /#/1" respecti!ely# For a .2< sucrose solution" a 8#28 cm radius of cur!ature had a slope of /4#8/ 7 4#:3# 9hese experiments indicate that the pressure flow method and the experiments and theories of %#H# &ean and C#M# %hite are an effecti!e way of analyzin flow throu h coiled tubin # Ba"#ground Flow throu h strai ht tubes has been studied extensi!ely o!er time" while flow throu h coiled tubin has been studied in si nificantly less detail# 9he Ha en5Poiseuille Law is a special case of the 'a!ier5Sto=es >?uation that describes laminar flow in strai ht tubes# From the Ha en5Poiseuille Law" chan e in pressure throu h a len th of tubin can be related to characteristics of the fluid and tube dimensions" with the e?uation P 1/ U = l d/ where l is the len th of tubin " @ is the =inematic fluid !iscosity" * is the fluid !elocity" and d is the tube diameter# An cur!ed tubes" resistance to flow is always reater" as the more rapidly flowin central portion of the fluid is forced outwards by centrifu al forces" while the slower portions of the fluid are forced inwards# >xperiments by %#H# &ean ?uantify flow by the introduction of a new dimensionless number" the &ean 'umber# 9he &ean 'umber is a sli ht modification of the Beynolds 'umber" and is defined asC
De = Be d Ud = D d D
where d is the tube diameter" & is the diameter of cur!ature" * is the fluid !elocity" and , is the dynamic !iscosity# C#M %hite experimentally determined that the &ean 'umber can be related to the pressure drop in a tube" by a function of the &ean 'umber" defined asC
f ( De- = 2#13 De 2#14
by which the resistance of laminar flow in a strai ht tube (defined in the first e?uationcan be multiplied# 9his yields the e?uationC P 1/U 1/ U = f ( De- = 2#13 De 2#14 / l d d/ 9hus" a plot of 1/# Me!hods and Ma!erials D tan= with supports for holdin water D .+; inch A& tubin 84$ in len th D pressure manometer D raduate cylinder to collect water and timer D flow cutoff !al!e D 8 cylinders with !aryin radii of cur!ature to wrap tubin around D .2< sucrose mixture %ee= .C .# 9he water tan= was set up accordin to the dia ram below" and the .+;E A& tubin was wrapped .1 times around a cylinder with radius of cur!ature .8#6 cm# /# 9he needle !al!e was opened to obtain a slow flow and et air bubbles out of the tubin # A series of pressure5flow measurements were conducted by openin the cutoff clamp a i!en amount" recordin the pressure from the manometer" and collectin the flow in a raduated cylinder for a short time to determine the flow rate by massin the flow collected in the raduated cylinder and di!idin that !olume by the time it too= to collect the flow# %hile the flow was bein collected" the end of the tube was =ept at the same hei ht so the flow rate would not be altered# 1# %ater was added to the tan= o!er the course of the flow rate measurements to a!oid the tan= runnin dry# 6 measurements were ta=en at different flow rates (controlled by the amount that the clamp was opened-# 9he first flow rate consisted of the clamp bein opened a !ery little amount so that only drops were comin out the end of the tube" and the last measurement consisted of the flow rate when the clamp was wide open so that the maximum flow rate was obtained from the system# An all of the measurements" the pressure was recorded with the manometer" and flow rate was also recorded# 8# 9his procedure was done on 6 different orientations of the apparatus# 9he orientations were as followsC two !ertical orientations (Fi ure /-" two horizontal orientations (Fi ure .-" and one horizontal orientation rotated :2F#
Pd / !s# 2#13 De 2#14 should be a linear relationship with a slope of l U
%ater tan= Manometer tube
'eedle !al!e
cylinder
Figure 1$ Horizontal Grientation of Apparatus
%ater tan=
cylinder
Manometer tube
'eedle !al!e
Figure 2$ Hertical Grientation of Apparatus %ee= /C
.# 9he .+;E A& tubin was wrapped around cylinders with !aryin radii of cur!ature accordin to the table below and positioned in the horizontal descendin orientation# Badius of cur!ature (cm- 'umber of coils .#3 .26 .8#1 .8 6#8 13 8 6; /# 9he same procedure from %ee= . was repeated to determine se!eral pressure5 flow measurements# %ee= 1C .# 9he .+;E A& tubin was wrapped 63 times around a cylinder with radius of cur!ature 8#28 cm accordin to the same dia ram as in %ee= . usin the horizontal orientation of the apparatus# /# 9he procedure from %ee= . was repeated with one exception# Anstead of usin pure water" a .2< sucrose solution with !iscosity .#.3 mPaIs was put into the water tan=# 9he .+;E A& tubin was completely dry before be innin the procedure# %esul!s Anitially fi!e coil orientations were tested to determine the optimal orientation for obtainin flow data that is uninfluenced by ra!ity and other factors# 9he flow and pressure measurements for the fi!e coil orientations (!ertical ascendin " !ertical descendin " horizontal ascendin " horizontal descendin and rotated horizontal ascendin - were applied to the modified Poiseuille flow e?uation for coiled tubin C P+L ) (1/0*+d/-If(&e-" and Pd/+L0* !s# f(&e- is raphed below in Fi ure 1# Adeally" the slope of each of these lines should be 1/# As can been seen in Fi ure 1" the slope for the horizontal descendin orientation is 1.#16 7 3#/8 and is the only one that o!erlaps 1/# Althou h the B/ !alue of 2#;8/ is the worst of the fi!e" since it is the only one that a rees with the expected slope of 1/" this orientation was used in future experiments#
50 45 40 35 Pd^2/luU 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.75 1 f(De) 1.25 1.5 1.75
y = 42.244x - 32.838 R2 = 0.958 y = 46.882x - 41.618 R2 = 0.9973 y = 31.349x - 7.4794 R2 = 0.8243 y = 51.801x - 49.64 R 2 = 0.9821 y = 42.49x - 36.381 R 2 = 0.9724
vertical descending hori ontal descending rotated hori onal ascending
vertical ascending hori ontal ascending
Figure 3$ Graph o& Pd2'()* +s, &-.e/ &or !he &i+e "oil orien!a!ions !es!ed, Gnce the orientation was established" !arious radii of cur!ature were tested# Badii of .#3 cm" 8#28 cm" 6#8 cm and .8#1/ cm were tested and the resultin Pd/+L0* !s# f(&e- raphs are shown below in Fi ure 8#
y = 31.932x - 19.331 2 R = 0.9926 y = 19.053x ! 10.897 2 R = 0.9957 y = 34.34x - 13.246 2 R = 0.9834 y = 35.98x - 16.244 2 R = 0.9951
0 0.5 1 f(De) 1.5 2 2.5
60 50 40 Pd^2/luU 30 20 10 0
1.7c"
5.4c"
14.32c"
4.04c"
Figure 4$ Graph o& Pd2'()* +s, &-.e/ &or !he &our radii !es!ed, Finally" !iscosity was !aried to see if the modified Poiseuille relationship would hold for a sucrose solution# For a .2< sucrose solution" the slope of the Pd/+L0* !s# f(&e- cur!e was calculated to be /4#8/ 7 4#:3" howe!er if the point (.#28" 16#6- is eliminated" then the slope becomes 12#:. 7 /#16# 9he .2< sucrose data is shown below in Fi ure 6#
50 45 40 35 Pd^2/luU 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 f(De) 1.5 2 y = 26.421x ! 1.2912 R2 = 0.8272
Figure 5$ Graph o& Pd2'()* +s, &-.e/ &or !he 100 su"rose solu!ion, A summary of the slopes found for the fi!e experimental coil conditions are shown in 9able .# 9he three hi hli hted rows satisfy the modified Poiseuille model since the slopes o!erlap 1/# Badius of Solution Cur!ature (cm- (< sucrose.#3 8#28 6#8 .8#1/ 8#28 2 2 2 2 .2 Slope 1.#:1 14#2 .:#26 18#18 /4#8/ Std# >rror .#1; .#/4 2#4/ /#/1 4#:3
Table 1$ Su11ar2 o& !he slopes ob!ained &or ea"h o& !he &i+e "oil "ondi!ions, .is"ussion 9he results of the orientation experiment pro!ed that the optimal orientation is horizontal descendin " since this was the only orientation with a slope of 1/ on the Pd/+L0* !s# f(&e- raph# 9his ma=es sense intuiti!ely since both the horizontal position and the descendin coilin would minimize ra!ity effects# An addition" since the terminal end of the coil is at the same le!el as the bottom of the manometer" differences in hei ht do not ha!e to be accounted for when ma=in the pressure measurements# %ith the horizontal descendin orientation" fi!e experimental conditions were tested" four radii of cur!ature with water and one with .2< sucrose solution# Gf these fi!e conditions" three had slopes on the Pd /+L0* !s# f(&e- raph that o!erlapped with the expected slope of 1/" and with a radius of 8#28 cm" the slope was 14 7 .#/4" which is
close to 1/" althou h it does not actually o!erlap# 9herefore" it can be concluded that the modified Poiseuille method of analyzin flow throu h coiled tubin is appropriate# 9wo other methods of dimensional analysis" in!ol!in the >uler number and head loss" were attempted to analyze the data and both we not successful# 9he details and results of these approaches are discussed in the appendix# For those data sets that did not ha!e a slope o!erlappin 1/" the error can be attributed to a number of factors# First" the pressure readin s could be affected by the hei ht of the outlet of the flow not bein =ept constant# Af it is abo!e the inlet" then the pressure readin is not accurate# Also" since the manometer is positioned before the coilin " there is an additional pressure drop as the flow mo!es throu h the coils that is not accounted for# An addition" for some reason" there may not ha!e been fully de!eloped laminar flow" howe!er this is not !ery li=ely as the theory behind the pressure flow experiment assumes that the flow throu h the tubin is fully de!eloped at the time it flows under the pressure au e# 9he entrance len th is defined as the len th of the tube from the tan= to the pressure au e# 9he pressure radient becomes fully de!eloped if the entrance len th is three or four times the diameter" and the mean !elocity profile becomes fully de!eloped if the entrance len th is 12 to 42 times the diameter# An this experiment" the diameter of the tubes was ne!er more than a ?uarter of an inch" meanin that the len th of tubin before the pressure au e had to be more than one inch in order to ha!e a fully de!eloped pressure radient# Since this condition was satisfied in the experiment" the flow can be considered to be fully de!eloped# At is also possible that the coil itself was wound too ti ht" constrictin flow# Lastly" a maJor source of error may be attributed to a source tan= that was not completely full" contributin to a loss of water pressure# 9he concept of pressure flow has many useful applications in both the cardio!ascular and respiratory systems# An the cardio!ascular system" blood flows thou h arteries" !eins" and capillaries" and pressure for this flow is enerated by the heart# Similarly" chan es in pressure lead to air flow throu h the respiratory system# Ky understandin the effect that the Beynolds 'umber" &ean 'umber and the &arcy Friction Factor ha!e on laminar (Poiseuille- flow" we can understand the processes of blood flow throu h the cardio!ascular system and air flow throu h the respiratory system# Con"lusions 9he experiment !erified three hypothesesC first" that our mathematical model that was based on the theories and experiments of %#H &ean and C#M# %hite would accurately describe flow throu h a coiled tube# Second" it was !erified that our model would still hold up e!en thou h the !iscosity of the solution was !aried# 9hird" it was !erified that the orientation of the coiled tube had an effect on the data" and we attributed this effect to ra!ity# Se!eral sources of error in this experiment could be a!oided in the future# First" the position of the manometer could be mo!ed to somewhere within the coiled tube" so the actual pressure drop within them could be recorded# 9he entry len th could be !aried" probably increased to insure fully de!eloped laminar flow within the tube# 9he len th of the tube itself could be !aried to obser!e any effects it has on the data# Lastly" if more time was allowed" more !iscosities would be tested" as only two (pure water and .2< sucrose- are not enou h to statistically pro!e our model holds for !aryin !iscosity#
%e&eren"es Prandtl" Ludwi # >ssentials of Fluid &ynamics# Hafner Publishin Company ('ew Lor=C .:6/-# :;5::" .4.5.4;# 91 Final Beport" K> 1.2# MMeasurement of Pressure5Flow Belationship in a Cur!ed 9ubeE# Sprin /22/# M6 >xperiment /" K> 1.2# MMeasurement of the Pressure5Flow Belationship in a Strai ht" Horizontal 9ubeE# Sprin /228#
ppendi3 9wo other methods of data analysis were attempted and both had little success# 9he first method in!ol!ed a non5dimensional approach to this problem" usin the >uler number NP+Ou/" as the non5dimensionalized !ersion of pressure# From this approach of dimensional analysis" the >uler number is e?ual to some function of len th" diameter" and &ean 'umber# Ky remo!in a non5dimensional len th from this function" we ha!e the e?uationC NP+Ou/ ) L+d f(&e-# As shown in 9able /" this function of the &ean 'umber is not e?ual to the C#M# %hite$s experimental function f(&e- ) 2#13&e 2#14# 9his new function could be determined experimentally" but this is well beyond the scope of the proJect" and would re?uire much further experimentation#
Radi#s o$ %#rvat#re &c"' 1.70 ( &")sec' 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.12
*# 492.93 498.29 571.39 659.79 741.09 938.49 1933.85 811.33 652.08 513.11 447.10 420.87 653.64 527.43 452.56 375.53 350.83 329.79 988.00 772.45 668.52 559.50 518.07 504.35
&*#+,')0.11 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.44 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11
$&,e' 2.18 2.11 1.96 1.80 1.61 1.19 0.87 1.30 1.46 1.64 1.74 1.81 0.89 1.20 1.31 1.45 1.52 1.60 1.07 1.39 1.53 1.71 1.80 1.85
5.40
14.32
4.04
Table 2$ Co1parison o& !he non4di1ensionali5ed pressure -P.'(6u 2/ !o !he &-.e/, Sin"e "olu1ns !hree and &our are no! e7ual8 !he &-.e/ &or !his non4di1ensionali5ed pressure is no! e7ual !o &-.e/ 9 0,3:.e0,3;, A second approach to the data analysis would be to non5dimensionalize the pressure in the form of head loss" e?ual to hL ) NP+O ) (1/0*L+O d/- I f(&e-# 9his function of the
&ean 'umber is also not the one defined by C#M# %hite$s experimental function f(&e- ) 2#13&e2#14# 9his function could similarly be determined experimentally" but this would re?uire more trials and is well outside the scope of the proJect#
Radi#s o$ %#rvat#re 1.70 ( &")sec' 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.12 .)/g 0.75 0.64 0.48 0.34 0.21 0.05 0.06 0.22 0.34 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.06 0.25 0.34 0.51 0.61 0.75 0.07 0.23 0.34 0.52 0.64 0.74 320(-)1gd2'+$&,e' 1.04 0.92 0.69 0.50 0.33 0.10 0.06 0.26 0.41 0.63 0.79 0.91 0.10 0.32 0.44 0.65 0.78 0.93 0.11 0.29 0.42 0.64 0.77 0.86 2di$$ 38.47 44.85 44.34 45.89 57.33 113.79 0.62 18.73 19.89 23.71 27.75 26.71 77.49 28.62 28.45 28.65 26.79 24.06 59.81 27.85 23.95 21.96 20.52 17.25
5.40
14.32
4.04
Table 3$ Co1parison o& !he !wo e7ua!ions o& head loss, Colu1n &our "o1pares !he s!andard de&ini!ion o& head loss8 P'pg8 wi!h -32)*('6gd2/ < &-.e/, The large per"en! di&&eren"es show !ha! !he &-.e/ o& 0,3:.e0,3; does no! appl2 in !his e7ua!ion,
