Concrete Technology

Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e

Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 1
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y
of Conc r et e
Concrete Technology
2
Conc r et e as a Composi t e Mat er i al
Typical stress-strain
behavior of cement
paste, aggregate, and
concrete.
Both cement paste and aggregates show linear
elastic properties.
The non-linear portion of the stress-strain curve for
concrete is due to cracking of the cement paste.
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 2
Concrete Technology
3
Sc hemat i c Di agr am of Conc r et e Behavi or
*Based on J . Glucklich, Proc. Int. Conf. on the Structure of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association, Wexham Springs,
Slough, U.K., 1968, pp. 176-85.
Figure below is the Diagrammatic representation of the stress-
strain behavior of concrete under uniaxial compression*.
The progress of internal microcracking in concrete goes through
various stages, which depend on the level of applied stress.
Concrete Technology
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Dimensional Stability
Even before the application of external loads,
microcracks already exist in the transition zone
between the matrix mortar and coarse aggregate.
The number and width of these cracks depend on:
Bleeding characteristics
Strength of TZ
Curing history of concrete
Below 30% of the ultimate load, the transition
zone cracks remain stable.
S
t
a
g
e
1
Figure in the previous slide reflects four
stages of concrete behavior:
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 3
Concrete Technology
5
Above 30% of f
c
, as the stress
increases, the TZ microcracks begin to
increase in length, width and
numbers.
Until about 59% of the ultimate
stress, a stable system of microcracks
may be assumed in TZ.
At 50 to 60% of f
c
, cracks begin to
form in the matrix.
S
t
a
g
e
2
Dimensional Stability
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Increase the stress up to 75% of f
c
.
The TZ cracks become unstable.
The cracking in the matrix will increase.
At 75 to 80% of f
c
the rate of strain
energy release reaches the critical level
necessary for spontaneous crack growth.
S
t
a
g
e
3
S
t
a
g
e
4
Above 75% of f
c
bridging of cracks in
matrix and TZ.
Dimensional Stability
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 4
Concrete Technology
7
Elastic Modulus of Concrete
Types of Elastic Modulus (E)
E is given by the shape of o c curve for concrete
under uniaxial loading (since the curve for
concrete is nonlinear, three methods for
computing moduli are used).
Tangent Modulus (slope of a line drawn
tangent to the o c curve at any point on the
curve)
Secant Modulus (slope of the line drawn from
the origin to a point on the curve corresponding
to a 40% f
c
)
Chord Modulus (slope of a line drawn
between two points on the o c curve)
Static
Dynamic
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Elastic Modulus of Concrete
Different types of elastic moduli and the method by
which these are determined.
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 5
Concrete Technology
9
Elastic Modulus of Concrete
According to ACI Building Code 318, with a
concrete unit weight between 90 and 155
lb/ft
3
, the modulus of elasticity can be
determined from:
2 / 1 5 . 1
33
c c c
f W E
'
=
Where: E
c
= elastic modulus
W
c
= unit weight of concrete (lb/ft
3
)
f
c
= the 28-day compressive strength
of standard cylinders
( )
c c
f w E ' = , f
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Factors Controlling Elastic Modulus
In single phase solids (homogeneous
materials) a direct relationship exists
between density and modulus of elasticity.
In heterogeneous, multi-phase materials,
i.e., concrete, the volume fraction, density,
and modulus of elasticity of each phase,
and the characteristics of TZ determine the
elastic behavior of the composite.
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 6
Concrete Technology
11
Aggregate:
Porosity of aggregate (determines stiffness) is the
most important factor that affects E of concrete.
Dense aggregates have a high E.
In general, the larger the amount of coarse
aggregate with a high elastic modulus in a concrete
mixture, the greater would be the modulus of
elasticity of concrete.
Elastic Mismatch:
Granite 2010
6
psi
Sandstone (porous) 3-7 10
6
psi
Lightweight expanded shale 1-3 10
6
psi
E
a
~HCP
Will develop more
cracks in the TZ
due to elastic
mismatch
Factors Controlling Elastic Modulus
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Hydrated Cement Paste (HCP):
The elastic modulus of the cement paste matrix (E
p
)
is determined by its porosity.
The factors controlling the porosity of the cement
paste are: w/c, air content, mineral admixtures, and
degree of cement hydration.
( ) g E g E E
p a c
+ = 1
Volume of
cement paste
Volume fraction
of aggregate
Factors Controlling Elastic Modulus
Transition zone (TZ):
Void space, microcracks, and orientation of CH
crystals are more common in TZ than in bulk cement
paste; therefore they play a very important role in
determining the stress-strain relationship in concrete.
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 7
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13
For a material subjected to simple axial
load, the ratio of the lateral strain to axial
strain within the elastic range is called
Poissons ratio.
With concrete the values of Poissons ratio
generally vary between 0.15 and 0.20.
v = =
Strain Axial
Strain Lateral
Ratio s Poisson'
Poissons Ratio
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Drying Shrinkage and Creep
Causes
Drying Shrinkage:
Loss of surface adsorbed water from C-S-H + loss of
hydrostatic tension in small capillaries (<50 nm).
(low RH)
Creep:
(1) Loss of adsorbed water under mechanical pressure
(2) Delayed elastic response of aggregate
(3) Transition zone crack propagation.
(cement paste deforms first, then aggregate particles
become more stresses, then aggregate will have elastic
deformation - thats why its delayed) - (Elastic deformation
of aggregate particles).
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 8
Concrete Technology
15
Drying Shrinkage and Creep
c
ds
~ 400 - 120010
-6
in/in
(depending on aggregate type and cement)
Factors affecting drying shrinkage:
material and mix proportions
Aggregate type and content
Cement type and content
ds
c
(time under drying)
( )
n
p c
g S S = 1
( ) n V S S
p p c
, , f =
Shrinkage
of concrete
Shrinkage of
cement paste
n Related to
aggregate
n~1.2 to 1.7
Volume of
cement paste
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Creep of Concrete
Creep: deformation with time under certain load.
Considering the various combination of loading, restraining, and
humidity conditions, the following terms are defined: True or
basic creep, specific creep, drying creep, and creep coefficient.
Creep in concrete is a post-elastic phenomena.
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 9
Concrete Technology
17
Creep of Concrete
True or Basic Creep: Creep with no loss of water to the
environment (under 100% RH)
When drying shrinkage and creep happen together, it is
more than basic creep.
Specific Creep: is defined as creep strain per unit of stress:
Drying Creep: is the additional creep that occurs when the
specimen under load is also drying.
Creep Coefficient: is defined as the ratio of creep strain to
elastic coefficient.
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
c
cr
Creep Specific
E
cr
c
c
= t Coefficien Creep

o

=
g C
C
c
p
1
1
log log
( )
o
g C C
p c
= 1
C
c
=creep of concrete
C
p
=creep of cement paste
g =aggregate content
=unhydrated cement
0
(In well-cured
concrete)
( )
a
E E, , , f
a
v v o =
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I. Material and mix proportions
II. Curing and testing conditions
Aggregate:
a) Modulus of Elasticity
Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage and Creep
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 10
Concrete Technology
19
I. Material and mix proportions
II. Curing and testing conditions
Aggregate:
b) Aggregate content
Any increment of these two factors reduce the
drying shrinkage & creep.
Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage and Creep
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Creep is inversely proportional to the strength of concrete
Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage and Creep
Cement:
a) Water/ cement ratio:
For a constant cement
content an incremental
increase in W/C ratio
increases both drying
shrinkage and creep.
b) Cement content:
For a constant W/C ratio
an incremental increase
in cement content
reduces the creep but
increases the drying
shrinkage. This is the
only case in which exists
an opposite effect.
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 11
Concrete Technology
21
Humidity:
One of the most important factors for both shrinkage and creep
is the relative humidity of the medium surrounding the
concrete. For a given concrete, creep is higher the lower the
relative humidity.
An incremental increase on relative humidity of air decreases
both the drying shrinkage and creep.
Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage and Creep
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Temperature:
Given the same curing history for two
specimens, the one that is kept in a
higher temperature will have more
creep and drying shrinkage than the
other one.
Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage and Creep
Concrete Technology
Di mensi onal St abi l i t y of Conc r et e
Professor Kamran M. Nemati
Winter Quarter 2013 12
Concrete Technology
23
Factors Affecting Drying Shrinkage and Creep
Age of loading:
There is a direct proportionality between the magnitude
of sustained stress and the creep of concrete.
Because of the effect of strength on creep, at a given
stress level, lower creep values were obtained for the
longer period of curing before the application of the
load. Shrinkage is not affected by this factor.