Module 12: Model Building I
General Linear Model
A standard GLM can be written:
Y = X" + !
where
! ~ N (0, V )
&Y1 # &1 X 11 " X 1 p # & ) 0 # & (1 # ! $) ! $ ! $Y ! $1 X " X (2 ! 21 2p! $ 1 ! $ 2! = $ $ ' + ! ! ! $ ! ! $!! $ ! ! $! ! $ ! $ ! $ ! $1 X " X Y np np " % ) p " % n" % %( n "
V is the covariance matrix whose format depends on the noise model.
fMRI Data
Design matrix Model parameters
Noise
The quality of the model depends on our choice of X and V.
Model Building
! Proper construction of the design matrix is critical for effective use of the GLM. ! This process can be complicated by the following properties of the BOLD response:
! It includes low-frequency noise and artifacts related to head movement and cardiopulmonary-induced brain movement. ! The neural response shape may not be known. ! The hemodynamic response varies in shape across the brain.
BOLD Response
! Predict the shape of the BOLD response to a given stimulus pattern. Assume the shape is known and the amplitude is unknown. ! The relationship between stimuli and the BOLD response is typically modeled using a linear time invariant (LTI) system. ! In an LTI system an impulse (i.e., neuronal activity) is convolved with an impulse response function (i.e., HRF).
Convolution Examples
Experimental Stimulus Function
Block Design
Event-Related
Hemodynamic Response Function
Predicted Response
Multiple Conditions
Indicator functions Assumed HRF (Onsets) (Basis function)
A
Design Matrix (XT)
Design Matrix (X)
A B C D
"
=
Assume HRF is correct
=
Time (s)
Time
D Time (s)
Assumptions:
Assume neural activity function is correct
Assume LTI system
HRF Models
! Often a fixed canonical HRF is used to model the response to neuronal activity
-! Linear combination of 2 gamma functions. -! Optimal if correct. -! If wrong, leads to bias and power loss.
!! Unlikely that the same HRF is valid for all voxels. !! True response may be faster/slower !! True response may have smaller/bigger undershoot
Problems
The HRF shape depends both on the vasculature and the time course of neural activity. Assuming a fixed HRF is usually not appropriate.
Checkerboard, n = 10 Thermal pain, n = 23
Stimulus On
Aversive picture, n = 30
Aversive anticipation
Temporal Basis Functions
! To allow for different types of HRFs in different brain regions, it is typically better to use temporal basis functions. ! A linear combination of functions can be used to account for delays and dispersions in the HRF.
! The stimulus function is convolved with each of the basis functions to give a set of regressors. ! The parameter estimates give the coefficients that determine the combination of basis functions that best models the HRF for the trial type and voxel in question.
Temporal Basis Functions
! In an LTI system the BOLD response is modeled
x(t ) = ( s ! h)(t )
where s(t) is a stimulus function and h(t) the HRF. ! Model the HRF as a linear combination of temporal basis functions, fi(t), such that
h(t ) =
! " f (t )
i i
Temporal Basis Functions
h(t ) =
! " f (t )
i i
h (t ) =
!1
+! 2
+ !3
Temporal Basis Functions
! The BOLD response can be rewritten:
x (t ) = " !i (s ! fi )(t )
! In the GLM framework the convolution of the stimulus function with each basis function makes up a separate column of the design matrix. ! Each corresponding !i describes the weight of that component.
Temporal Basis Functions
! Typically-used models vary in the degree they make a priori assumptions about the shape of the response. ! In the most extreme case, the shape of the HRF is fixed and only the amplitude is allowed to vary. ! By contrast, a finite impulse response (FIR) basis set, contains one free parameter for every timepoint following stimulation for every cognitive event type.
Canonical HRF + Derivatives
Including the derivatives allows for a shift in delay and dispersion.
Finite Impulse Response
The model estimates an HRF of arbitrary shape for each event type in each voxel of the brain "
Basis sets
Model Single HRF Image of predictors Data & Fitted
HRF + derivatives Finite Impulse Response (FIR)
Time (s)
Parametric Modulation
! Often a stimulus can be parametrically varied across repetitions, and it is thought that this may be reflected in the strength of the neuronal response. ! In these types of situations the parametric modulation can be modeled by including an additional regressor in the design matrix that accounts for the possible variation in neural response.
Parametric Modulators
Idealized data
Parametric modulators are often used to model trial-to-trial variation in a psychological process.
Psychological events (height = strength)
Model predictors: Parametric modulator
Fitted response
End of Module
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