SoCP Tutorial
Introduction
SoCP Tutorial 1
To give you an idea of the environment in which networking devices are situated, we will investigate some key figures of current LAN/WAN transmission standards.
Exercise 1: IEEE 802.3 / Ethernet II LAN
a) Sketch the frame format of a plain IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet II frame including the lengths of all header/payload fields! What are the minimum/maximum frame and payload lengths? b) Consider the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet speed. What is the maximum sustainable payload transmission rate when using minimum/maximum payload fields lengths? Consider that the specification also requires an inter-frame gap of 12 bytes! c) What are the minimum/maximum payload transmission rates for 1 Gbit/s Ethernet and 10 Gbit/s Ethernet? d) For the dimensioning of packet processing infrastructure, the maximum packet rate is an important figure. Derive the numbers for the 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s variants of Ethernet. How many cycles can you spend processing per frame, if your circuit runs at 200 MHz?
Solution 1:
a) Ethernet II (DIX; DEC, Intel, Xerox): PRE 7 56 SFD DA 1 8 6 48 SA 6 48 Type Data 2 16 46-1500 368-12000 FCS IFG 4 32 12 96 bytes bit
Minimum frame: 72 (64) byte, 46 byte payload, (ratio: 63.9%, 54.7% w/ IFG) Maximum frame: 1526 (1518) byte, 1500 byte payload, (ratio: 98.3%, 97.5%) IEEE 802.3, identical except for Type, which is Length (2 bytes) => 802.2 SNAP as additional protocol necessary b) Mimimum frame size (w/IFG): 84 byte=672 bit per frame Frame rate: 100 Mbit/s / 672 bit/frame = 148,809.5 frames/s Data rate: 148,809.5 frames/s * (46*8) bit/frame = 54.76 Mbit/s see ratio! Maximum frame size: 100 Mbit/s / 12304 bit/frame * 12000 bit/frame = 97.53 Mbit/s 1 Institute for Integrated Systems, Technische Universitt Mnchen, 2013
SoCP Tutorial c) 1 Gbit/s: same frame format, constant overheads => scaling to 975.3 Mbit/s (@ max frame size) and 547.6 Mbit/s (@ min frame size) 10 Gbit/s: still same overheads => 9.753 Gbit/s (@ max frame size) 5.476 Gbit/s (@ min frame size)
Introduction
d) 100 Mbit/s: 100 Mbit/s / (84*8) bit/frame = 148,810 frames/s => IAT: 6.72 s 1 Gbit/s: 1000 Mbit/s / (84*8) bit/frame = 1,488,100 frames/s => IAT: 672 ns 10 Gbit/s: 10 Gbit/s / (84*8) bit/frame = 14,880,952 frames/s => IAT: 67.2 ns Processing budget in cycles for a 200 MHz circuit (5 ns): 100 Mbit/s: 1,344 cycles, 1 Gbit/s: 134 cycles, 10 Gbit/s: 13 cycles
Exercise 2: SONET/SDH and IP over AAL5/ATM over SONET
a) Sketch the frame format of an STM-1 SDH frame! Derive the total and payload data rates! b) What is the total overhead of a plain SDH transmission using STM-1 frames? How does it scale, when we move to STM-64? c) Among other possibilities, IP over ATM/AAL5 over SONET/SDH is a popular way for transporting IP packets over high-speed links in the backbone network. Determine the efficiency of ATM AAL5 transmission of a 40 byte, 46 byte and 1500 byte TCP/IP packet. d) Now you want to transmit IP packets (encapsulated in ATM/AAL5) over an STM256 (40Gbit/s) SDH link. What is the maximum throughput assuming transmission of 40 byte and 1500 byte packets respectively? e) Assume, that the SDH and ATM/AAL5 layers are terminated by respective framers in a Router line card. What is the instruction budget in clocks per packet, if we have a pipelined NP processor core with 16 processors running at 800 MHz each?
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SoCP Tutorial
Introduction
Solution 2:
a)
9 byte 1 byte 260 byte
OAM
P O H
Payload
9 rows
Total: 270*9*8 bit / 125 s = 155.520 Mbit/s Payload: 260*9*8 bit / 125 s = 149.760 Mbit/s b) 10*9*8 / 270*9*8 = 3.7% for STM-1 10*9*8*64 / 270*9*8*64 = 3.7% for STM-64 c) ATM-Cell:
5 byte Header 48 byte Payload
AAL5 PDU, which is sent in subsequent ATM cell payload sections:
(N*48-8) byte Payload Padding (if needed) 8 byte AAL5 Trailer
40 byte TCP/IP packet: AAL5 PDU contains 40B packet+8B trailer and fits into one 53B ATM cell => 40B/53B = 75.47% 46 byte TCP/IP packet (could come from an Ethernet frame): AAL5 PDU contains 46B packet+42B padding+8B trailer and fits into 2 ATM cells => 46B/106B = 43.40% 1500 byte TCP/IP packet: AAL5 PDU contains 1500B packet+28B padding+8B trailer and fits into 32 ATM cells => 1500B/(32*53B)=88.44% d) STM-256 payload rate: 256*260*9*8 bit/125 s = 38.338560 Gbit/s The payload is now filled with 40 byte or 1500 byte encapsulated payloads (efficiency from c)): 40 byte: 75.47% * 38.338560 Gbit/s = 28.93 Gbit/s 1500 byte: 88.44% * 38.338560 Gbit/s = 33.91 Gbit/s 3 Institute for Integrated Systems, Technische Universitt Mnchen, 2013
SoCP Tutorial e) Processor clock period: 1/800 MHz = 1.25 ns 40 byte packets: coming in at 28.93 Gbit/s from the framers Time budget: 40*8 bit / 28.93 Gbit/s = 11.06 ns per packet 16 processors: 16*floor(11.06 ns/1.25 ns)=128 cycles 1500 byte packets: coming in at 33.91 Gbit/s from the framers Time budget: 1500*8 bit / 33.91 Gbit/s = 353.88 ns per packet
Introduction
16 processors: 16*floor(353.88 ns/1.25 ns)=4,528 cycles, which is far more relaxed than for the 40B packets!
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