Vector Group of Transformer

MAY 23, 2012 43 COMMENTS

Introduction:
Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary win in!s, one for each phase, an three sets of secon ary win in!s wo"n on the same iron core# Separate sin!$e%phase transformers can &e "se an e'terna$$y interconnecte to yie$ the same res"$ts as a 3%phase "nit# The primary win in!s are connecte in one of se(era$ ways# The two most common confi!"rations are the e$ta, in which the po$arity en of one win in! is connecte to the non% po$arity en of the ne't, an the star, in which a$$ three non%po$arities )or po$arity* en s are connecte to!ether# The secon ary win in!s are connecte simi$ar$y# This means that a 3%phase transformer can ha(e its primary an secon ary win in!s connecte the same ) e$ta% e$ta or star% star*, or ifferent$y ) e$ta%star or star% e$ta*# +t,s important to remem&er that the secon ary (o$ta!e wa(eforms are in phase with the primary wa(eforms when the primary an secon ary win in!s are connecte the same way# This con ition is ca$$e -no phase shift#. /"t when the primary an secon ary win in!s are connecte ifferent$y, the secon ary (o$ta!e wa(eforms wi$$ iffer from the correspon in! primary (o$ta!e wa(eforms &y 30 e$ectrica$ e!rees# This is ca$$e a 30 e!ree phase shift# 0hen two transformers are connecte in para$$e$, their phase shifts m"st &e i entica$1 if not, a short circ"it wi$$ occ"r when the transformers are ener!i2e #.

Basic Idea of Winding:

An ac (o$ta!e app$ie to a coi$ wi$$ in "ce a (o$ta!e in a secon coi$ where the two are $in3e &y a ma!netic path# The phase re$ationship of the two (o$ta!es epen s "pon which ways ro"n the coi$s are connecte # The (o$ta!es wi$$ either &e in%phase or isp$ace &y 140 e! 0hen 3 coi$s are "se in a 3 phase transformer win in! a n"m&er of options e'ist# The coi$ (o$ta!es can &e in phase or isp$ace as a&o(e with the coi$s connecte in star or e$ta an , in the case of a star win in!, ha(e the star point )ne"tra$* &ro"!ht o"t to an e'terna$ termina$ or not# Six Ways to wire Star Winding:

Six Ways to wire Delta Winding:

Polarity:

An ac (o$ta!e app$ie to a coi$ wi$$ in "ce a (o$ta!e in a secon coi$ where the two are $in3e &y a ma!netic path# The phase re$ationship of the two (o$ta!es epen s "pon which way ro"n the coi$s are connecte # The (o$ta!es wi$$ either &e in%phase or isp$ace &y 140 e!# 0hen 3 coi$s are "se in a 3 phase transformer win in! a n"m&er of options e'ist# The coi$ (o$ta!es can &e in phase or isp$ace as a&o(e with the coi$s connecte in star or e$ta an , in the case of a star win in!, ha(e the star point )ne"tra$* &ro"!ht o"t to an e'terna$ termina$ or not#

0hen 5air of Coi$ of Transformer ha(e same irection than (o$ta!e in "ce in &oth coi$ are in same irection from one en to other en # 0hen two coi$ ha(e opposite win in! irection than 6o$ta!e in "ce in &oth coi$ are in opposite irection#

Winding connection designations:

First Symbol: for High Voltage7 A$ways capita$ $etters# 898e$ta, Y9Star, :9+nterconnecte star, N9Ne"tra$ Second Symbol: for Low voltage7 A$ways Sma$$ $etters# 98e$ta, y9Star, 29+nterconnecte star, n9Ne"tra$# Third Symbol: 5hase isp$acement e'presse as the c$oc3 ho"r n"m&er )1,;,11* Example Dyn!! Transformer has a e$ta connecte primary win in! )D* a star connecte secon ary )y* with the star point &ro"!ht o"t )n* an a phase shift of 30 e! $ea in! )!!*# The point of conf"sion is occ"rrin! in notation in a step%"p transformer# As the +EC;00<;%1 stan ar has state , the notation is =6%>6 in se?"ence# @or e'amp$e, a step%"p transformer with a e$ta%connecte primary, an star%connecte secon ary, is not written as A Y11B, &"t AY 11B# The 11 in icates the >6 win in! $ea s the =6 &y 30 e!rees# Transformers &"i$t to ANS+ stan ar s "s"a$$y o not ha(e the (ector !ro"p shown on their namep$ate an instea a (ector ia!ram is !i(en to show the re$ationship &etween the primary an other win in!s#

Vector Group of Transformer:

The three phase transformer win in!s can &e connecte se(era$ ways# /ase on the win in!s, connection, the (ector !ro"p of the transformer is etermine # The transformer (ector !ro"p is in icate on the Name 5$ate of transformer &y the man"fact"rer# The (ector !ro"p in icates the phase ifference &etween the primary an secon ary si es, intro "ce "e to that partic"$ar confi!"ration of transformer win in!s connection#

The 8etermination of (ector !ro"p of transformers is (ery important &efore connectin! two or more transformers in para$$e$# +f two transformers of ifferent (ector !ro"ps are connecte in para$$e$ then phase ifference e'ist &etween the secon ary of the transformers an $ar!e circ"$atin! c"rrent f$ows &etween the two transformers which is (ery etrimenta$#

Phase Displacement between HV and V Windings:

The (ector for the hi!h (o$ta!e win in! is ta3en as the reference (ector# 8isp$acement of the (ectors of other win in!s from the reference (ector, with antic$oc3wise rotation, is represente &y the "se of c$oc3 ho"r fi!"re# +S7 202; )5art 16*%1C<< !i(es 2; sets of connections star%star, star% e$ta, an star 2i!2a!, e$ta% e$ta, e$ta star, e$ta%2i!2a!, 2i!2a! star, 2i!2a!% e$ta# 8isp$acement of the $ow (o$ta!e win in! (ector (aries from 2ero to %330D in steps of %30D, epen in! on the metho of connections# =ar $y any power system a opts s"ch a $ar!e (ariety of connections# Some of the common$y "se connections with phase isp$acement of 0, %300, %140E an %330D )c$oc3%ho"r settin! 0, 1, ; an 11*# Sym&o$ for the hi!h (o$ta!e win in! comes first, fo$$owe &y the sym&o$s of win in!s in iminishin! se?"ence of (o$ta!e# @or e'amp$e a 220F;;F11 36 Transformer connecte star, star an e$ta an (ectors of ;; an 11 36 win in!s ha(in! phase isp$acement of 0D an %330D with the reference )220 36* (ector wi$$ &e represente As"y# "d!!# The i!its )0, 1, 11 etc* re$ate to the phase isp$acement &etween the =6 an >6 win in!s "sin! a c$oc3 face notation# The phasor representin! the =6 win in! is ta3en as reference an set at 12 o,c$oc3# 5hase rotation is a$ways anti%c$oc3wise# )+nternationa$ a opte *# Gse the ho"r in icator as the in icatin! phase isp$acement an!$e# /eca"se there are 12 ho"rs on a c$oc3, an a circ$e consists o"t of 3;0D, each ho"r represents 30D#Th"s 1 9 30D, 2 9 ;0D, 3 9 C0D, ; 9 140D an 12 9 0D or 3;0D# The min"te han is set on 12 o,c$oc3 an rep$aces the $ine to ne"tra$ (o$ta!e )sometimes ima!inary* of the =6 win in!# This position is a$ways the reference point# E'amp$e7 8i!it 0 90D that the >6 phasor is in phase with the =6 phasor 8i!it 1 930D $a!!in! )>6 $a!s =6 with 30D* &eca"se rotation is anti%c$oc3wise# 8i!it 11 9 330D $a!!in! or 30D $ea in! )>6 $ea s =6 with 30D* 8i!it H 9 1H0D $a!!in! )>6 $a!s =6 with 1H0D* 8i!it ; 9 140D $a!!in! )>6 $a!s =6 with 140D* 0hen transformers are operate in para$$e$ it is important that any phase shift is the same thro"!h each# 5ara$$e$in! typica$$y occ"rs when transformers are $ocate at one site an connecte to a common &"s &ar )&an3e * or $ocate at ifferent sites with the secon ary termina$s connecte (ia istri&"tion or transmission circ"its consistin! of ca&$es an o(erhea $ines# $hase Shi%t &Deg' (onnection 0 30 $a! ;0 $a! Yy0 Y 1 8 0 8y1 8 2 820 Y21 822

120 $a! 1H0 $a! 140 $a! 1H0 $ea 120 $ea ;0 $ea 30 $ea

8 4 Y H Yy; Y < 8yH 8 ; 8y< 8 4 8 10 Y 11 8y11

824 Y2H 82; Y2< 824 8210 Y211

The phase%&"shin!s on a three phase transformer are mar3e either A/C, G60 or 123 )=6%si e capita$, >6%si e sma$$ $etters*# Two win in!, three phase transformers can &e i(i e into fo"r main cate!ories )ro*p +,clocT( Iro"p + Iro"p ++ Iro"p +++ Iro"p +6 0 o,c$oc3, 0D ; o,c$oc3, 140D 1 o,c$oc3, %30D 11 o,c$oc3, J30D e$taF e$ta, starFstar e$taF e$ta, starFstar starF e$ta, e$taFstar starF e$ta, e$taFstar

Min"s in icates >6 $a!!in! =6, p$"s in icates >6 $ea in! =6

!loc" #otation: $

!loc" #otation : %

!loc" #otation: &

!loc" #otation: '

!loc" #otation: (

!loc" #otation: )

!loc" #otation: * !loc" #otation: %%

Points to be consider while +electing of Vector Group:

6ector Iro"ps are the +EC metho of cate!ori2in! the primary an secon ary win in! confi!"rations of 3%phase transformers# 0in in!s can &e connecte as e$ta, star, or interconnecte %star )2i!2a!*# 0in in! po$arity is a$so important, since re(ersin! the connections across a set of win in!s affects the phase%shift &etween primary an secon ary# 6ector !ro"ps i entify the win in! connections an po$arities of the primary an secon ary# @rom a (ector !ro"p one can etermine the phase%shift &etween primary an secon ary# Transformer (ector !ro"p epen s "pon K .emoving harmonics: 8y connection L y win in! n"$$ifies 3r harmonics, pre(entin! it to &e ref$ecte on e$ta si e# K $arallel operations: A$$ the transformers sho"$ ha(e same (ector !ro"p M po$arity of the win in!# K Earth %a*lt .elay: A 8 transformer oes not ha(e ne"tra$# to restrict the earth fa"$ts in s"ch systems, we may "se 2i! 2a! wo"n transformer to create a ne"tra$ a$on! with the earth fa"$t re$ay## K Type of Non >iner >oa 7 systems ha(in! ifferent types of harmonics M non $inear Types of $oa s e#!# f"rnace heaters ,6@8S etc for that we may "se 8yn11, 8yn21, 8yn31 confi!"ration, wherein, 30 e!# shifts of (o$ta!es n"$$ifies the 3r harmonics to 2ero in the s"pp$y system#

Type o% Trans%ormer /pplication: Ienera$$y for 5ower e'port transformer i#e# !enerator si e is connecte in e$ta an $oa si e is connecte in star# @or 5ower e'port import transformers i#e# in Transmission 5"rpose Transformer star star connection may &e preferre &y some since this a(oi s a !ro"n in! transformer on !enerator si e an perhaps sa(e on ne"tra$ ins"$ation# Most of systems are r"nnin! in this confi!"ration# May &e $ess harmf"$ than operatin! e$ta system incorrect$y# Y or 8y connection is stan ar for a$$ "nit connecte !enerators# K There are a n"m&er of factors associate with transformer connections an may &e "sef"$ in esi!nin! a system, an the app$ication of the factors therefore etermines the &est se$ection of transformers# @or e'amp$e7 For selecting Star (onnection: A star connection presents a ne"tra$# +f the transformer a$so inc$" es a e$ta win in!, that ne"tra$ wi$$ &e sta&$e an can &e !ro"n e to &ecome a reference for the system# A transformer with a star win in! that oes NOT inc$" e a e$ta oes not present a sta&$e ne"tra$# Star%star transformers are "se if there is a re?"irement to a(oi a 30 e! phase shift, if there is a esire to constr"ct the three%phase transformer &an3 from sin!$e%phase transformers, or if the transformer is !oin! to &e switche on a sin!$e%po$e &asis )ie, one phase at a time*, perhaps "sin! man"a$ switches# Star%star transformers are typica$$y fo"n in istri&"tion app$ications, or in $ar!e si2es interconnectin! hi!h%(o$ta!e transmission systems# Some star%star transformers are e?"ippe with a thir win in! connecte in e$ta to sta&i$i2e the ne"tra$# For selecting Delta (onnection: A e$ta connection intro "ces a 30 e$ectrica$ e!ree phase shift# A e$ta connection Atraps, the f$ow of 2ero se?"ence c"rrents# For selecting Delta0Star (onnection: 8e$ta%star transformers are the most common an most !enera$$y "sef"$ transformers# 8e$ta% e$ta transformers may &e chosen if there is no nee for a sta&$e ne"tra$, or if there is a re?"irement to a(oi a 30 e$ectrica$ e!ree phase shift# The most common app$ication of a e$ta% e$ta transformer is as tan iso$ation transformer for a power con(erter# For selecting 1ig 2ag (onnection: The :i! :a! win in! re "ces (o$ta!e "n&a$ance in systems where the $oa is not e?"a$$y istri&"te &etween phases, an permits ne"tra$ c"rrent $oa in! with inherent$y $ow 2ero% se?"ence impe ance# +t is therefore often "se for earthin! transformers# 5ro(ision of a ne"tra$ earth point or points, where the ne"tra$ is referre to earth either irect$y or thro"!h impe ance# Transformers are "se to !i(e the ne"tra$ point in the maNority of systems# The star or interconnecte star ):* win in! confi!"rations !i(e a ne"tra$ $ocation# +f for (ario"s reasons, on$y e$ta win in!s are "se at a partic"$ar (o$ta!e $e(e$ on a partic"$ar system, a ne"tra$ point can sti$$ &e pro(i e &y a p"rpose%ma e transformer ca$$e a Ane"tra$ earthin!# For selecting Distrib*tion Trans%ormer: The first criterion to consi er in choosin! a (ector !ro"p for a istri&"tion transformer for a faci$ity is to 3now whether we want a e$ta%star or star%star# Gti$ities often prefer star% star transformers, &"t these re?"ire 4%wire inp"t fee ers an 4%wire o"tp"t fee ers )i#e# incomin! an o"t!oin! ne"tra$ con "ctors*#

@or istri&"tion transformers within a faci$ity, often e$ta%star are chosen &eca"se these transformers o not re?"ire 4%wire inp"t1 a 3%wire primary fee er circ"it s"ffices to s"pp$y a 4%wire secon ary circ"it# That is &eca"se any 2ero se?"ence c"rrent re?"ire &y the secon ary to s"pp$y earth fa"$ts or "n&a$ance $oa s is s"pp$ie &y the e$ta primary win in!, an is not re?"ire from the "pstream power so"rce# The metho of earthin! on the secon ary is in epen ent of the primary for e$ta%star transformers# The secon criterion to consi er is what phase%shift yo" want &etween primary an secon ary# @or e'amp$e, 8y11 an 8yH transformers are &oth e$ta%star# +f we on,t care a&o"t the phase%shift, then either transformer wi$$ o the No&# 5hase%shift is important when we are para$$e$in! so"rces# 0e want the phase%shifts of the so"rces to &e i entica$# +f we are para$$e$in! transformers, then yo" want them to ha(e the same the same (ector !ro"p# +f yo" are rep$acin! a transformer, "se the same (ector !ro"p for the new transformer, otherwise the e'istin! 6Ts an CTs "se for protection an meterin! wi$$ not wor3 proper$y# There is no technica$ ifference &etween the one (ector !ro"ps )i#e# Y 1* or another (ector !ro"p )i#e# Y 11* in terms of performance# The on$y factor affectin! the choice &etween one or the other is system phasin!, ie whether parts of the networ3 fe from the transformer nee to operate in para$$e$ with another so"rce# +t a$so matters if yo" ha(e an a"'i$iary transformer connecte to !enerator termina$s# 6ector matchin! at the a"'i$iary &"s &ar

,pplication of Transformer according to Vector Group:

-%. -Dyn%%/ Dyn%/ 0#d%/ 0#d%%.

Common for istri&"tion transformers# Norma$$y 8yn11 (ector !ro"p "sin! at istri&"tion system# /eca"se Ieneratin! Transformer are YN 1 for ne"tra$i2in! the $oa an!$e &etween 11 an 1# 0e can "se 8yn1 at istri&"tion system, when we are "sin! Ienerator Transformer are YN 11# +n some in "stries ; p"$se e$ectric ri(es are "sin! "e to this Hthharmonics wi$$ !enerate if we "se 8yn1 it wi$$ &e s"ppress the Hth harmonics# Star point faci$itates mi'e $oa in! of three phase an sin!$e phase cons"mer connections# The e$ta win in! carry thir harmonics an sta&i$i2es star point potentia$# A e$ta%Star connection is "se for step%"p !eneratin! stations# +f =6 win in! is star connecte there wi$$ &e sa(in! in cost of ins"$ation# /"t e$ta connecte =6 win in! is common in istri&"tion networ3, for fee in! motors an $i!htin! $oa s from >6 si e# Main$y "se for $ar!e system tie%"p Transformer# Most economica$ connection in =6 power system to interconnect &etween two e$ta systems an to pro(i e ne"tra$ for !ro"n in! &oth of them# Tertiary win in! sta&i$i2es the ne"tra$ con itions# +n star connecte transformers, $oa can &e connecte &etween $ine an ne"tra$, on$y if )a* the so"rce si e transformers is e$ta connecte or )&* the so"rce si e is star connecte with ne"tra$ connecte &ac3 to the so"rce ne"tra$# +n This Transformers# +ns"$ation cost is hi!h$y re "ce # Ne"tra$ wire can permit mi'e $oa in!#

-&. +tar1+tar -0y$ or 0y).

Trip$e harmonics are a&sent in the $ines# These trip$e harmonic c"rrents cannot f$ow, "n$ess there is a ne"tra$ wire# This connection pro "ces osci$$atin! ne"tra$# Three phase she$$ type "nits ha(e $ar!e trip$e harmonic phase (o$ta!e# =owe(er three phase core type transformers wor3 satisfactori$y# A tertiary mesh connecte win in! may &e re?"ire to sta&i$i2e the osci$$atin! ne"tra$ "e to thir harmonics in three phase &an3s# This is an economica$ connection for $ar!e $ow (o$ta!e transformers# >ar!e "n&a$ance of $oa can &e met witho"t iffic"$ty# 8e$ta permits a circ"$atin! path for trip$e harmonics th"s atten"ates the same# +t is possi&$e to operate with one transformer remo(e in open e$ta or. 6. connection meetin! H4 percent of the &a$ance $oa # Three phase "nits cannot ha(e this faci$ity# Mi'e sin!$e phase $oa in! is not possi&$e "e to the a&sence of ne"tra$#

-2. Delta 3 Delta -Dd $ or Dd ).

-'. +tar14ig15ag or Delta14ig15ag -05 or D5.

These connections are emp$oye where e$ta connections are wea3# +nterconnection of phases in 2i!2a! win in! effects a re "ction of thir harmonic (o$ta!es an at the same time permits "n&a$ance $oa in!# This connection may &e "se with either e$ta connecte or star connecte win in! either for step%"p or step% own transformers# +n either case, the 2i!2a! win in! pro "ces the same an!"$ar isp$acement as a e$ta win in!, an at the same time pro(i es a ne"tra$ for earthin! p"rposes# The amo"nt of copper re?"ire from a 2i!2a! win in! in 1HO more than a correspon in! star or e$ta win in!# This is e'tensi(e$y "se for earthin! transformer# 8"e to 2ig2ag connection )interconnection &etween phases*, thir harmonic (o$ta!es are re "ce # +t a$so a$$ows "n&a$ance $oa in!# The 2i!2a! connection is emp$oye for >6 win in!# @or a !i(en tota$ (o$ta!e per phase, the 2i!2a! si e re?"ires 1HO more t"rns as compare to norma$ phase connection# +n cases where e$ta connections are wea3 "e to $ar!e n"m&er of t"rns an sma$$ cross sections, then 2i!2a! star connection is preferre # +t is a$so "se in rectifiers# :i!2a! connection is o&taine &y inter connection of phases#4%wire system is possi&$e on &oth si es# Gn&a$ance $oa in! is a$so possi&$e# Osci$$atin! ne"tra$ pro&$em is a&sent in this connection# This connection re?"ires 1HO more t"rns for the same (o$ta!e on the 2i!2a! si e an hence costs more# =ence a &an3 of three sin!$e phase transformers cost a&o"t 1HO more than their 3%phase co"nterpart# A$so, they occ"py more space# /"t the spare capacity cost wi$$ &e $ess an sin!$e phase "nits are easier to transport# Gn&a$ance operation of the transformer with $ar!e 2ero se?"ence f"n amenta$ mmf content a$so oes not affect its performance# E(en with Yy type of po$y phase connection witho"t ne"tra$ connection the osci$$atin! ne"tra$ oes not occ"r with these cores# @ina$$y, three phase cores themse$(es cost $ess than three sin!$e phase "nits "e to compactness#

-(. 4ig1 5ag6 star -40% or 4y%%.

-). 0d(:

Main$y "se for machine an main Transformer in $ar!e 5ower Station an Transmission S"&station#

The Ne"tra$ point can &e $oa e with rate C"rrent#

-*. 051(
@or 8istri&"tion Transformer "p to 2H0M6A for $oca$ istri&"tion system# The Ne"tra$ point can &e $oa e with rate C"rrent#

,pplication of Transformer according according to 7ses:

Step *p Trans%ormer: +t sho"$ &e Y 1 or Y 11# Step down Trans%ormer: +t sho"$ &e 8y1 or 8y11# )ro*nding p*rpose Trans%ormer: +t sho"$ &e Y21 or 8211# Distrib*tion Trans%ormer: 0e can consi er (ector !ro"p of 82n0 which re "ce the <HO of harmonics in secon ary si e# $ower Trans%ormer: 6ector !ro"p is eepen on app$ication for E'amp$e 7 Ieneratin! Transformer 7 8yn1 , @"rnace Transformer7 Ynyn0#

!on8ert 9ne Group of Transformer to 9ther Group by !hanning :;ternal !onnection:

&!' )ro*p 3: E'amp$e7 8 0 )no phase isp$acement &etween =6 an >6*# The con(entiona$ metho is to connect the re phase on AFa, Ye$$ow phase on /F&, an the /$"e phase on CFc# Other phase isp$acements are possi&$e with "ncon(entiona$ connections )for instance re on &, ye$$ow on c an &$"e on a* /y oin! some "ncon(entiona$ connections e'terna$$y on one si e of the Transformer, an interna$ connecte 8 0 transformer can &e chan!e either to a 8 4)%120D* or 8 4)J120D* connection# The same is tr"e for interna$ connecte 8 4 or 8 4 transformers# &4' )ro*p 33: E'amp$e7 8 ; )140D isp$acement &etween =6 an >6*# /y oin! some "ncon(entiona$ connections e'terna$$y on one si e of the Transformer, an interna$ connecte 8 ; transformer can &e chan!e either to a 8 2)%;0D* or 8 10)J;0D* connection# &5' )ro*p 333: E'amp$e7 8yn1 )%30D isp$acement &etween =6 an >6*# /y oin! some "ncon(entiona$ connections e'terna$$y on one si e of the Transformer, an interna$ connecte 8yn1 transformer can &e chan!e either to a 8ynH)%1H0D* or 8ynC)JC0D* connection# &6' )ro*p 3V: E'amp$e7 8yn11 )J30D isp$acement &etween =6 an >6*# /y oin! some "ncon(entiona$ connections e'terna$$y on one si e of the Transformer, an interna$ connecte 8yn11 transformer can &e chan!e either to a 8yn<)J1H0D* or 8yn3)%C0D* connection# $oint to be remembered: For )ro*p0333 7 )ro*p03V: /y oin! some "ncon(entiona$ connections e'terna$$y on &oth si es of the Transformer, an interna$ connecte Iro"p%+++ or Iro"p%+6 transformer can &e chan!e to any of these two !ro"ps# Th"s &y oin! e'terna$ chan!es on &oth si es of the Transformer an interna$ connecte 8yn1 transformer can &e chan!e to either a7 8yn3, 8ynH, 8yn<, 8ynC or 8yn11 transformer, This is N"st tr"e for starF e$ta or e$taFstar connections# For )ro*p03 7 )ro*p033: Chan!es for e$taF e$ta or starFstar transformers &etween Iro"p%+ an Iro"p%+++ can N"st &e one interna$$y#

Why 2$<phase shift occur in star1delta transformer between primary and secondary=

The phase shift is a nat"ra$ conse?"ence of the e$ta connection# The c"rrents enterin! or $ea(in! the star win in! of the transformer are in phase with the c"rrents in the star win in!s# Therefore, the c"rrents in the e$ta win in!s are a$so in phase with the c"rrents in the star win in!s an o&(io"s$y, the three c"rrents are 120 e$ectrica$ e!rees apart# /"t the c"rrents enterin! or $ea(in! the transformer on the e$ta si e are forme at the point where two of the win in!s comprisin! the e$ta come to!ether L each of those c"rrents is the phasor s"m of the c"rrents in the a Nacent win in!s# 0hen yo" a to!ether two c"rrents that are 120 e$ectrica$ e!rees apart, the s"m is

ine(ita&$y shifte &y 30 e!rees# The Main reason for this phenomenon is that the phase (o$ta!e $a!s $ine c"rrent &y 30 e!rees#consi er a e$taFstar transformer# The phase (o$ta!es in three phases of &oth primary an secon ary# yo" wi$$ fin that in primary the phase (o$ta!e an $ine (o$ta!es are same, $et it &e 6PY)ta3e one phase*#&"t, the correspon in! secon ary wi$$ ha(e the phase (o$ta!e on$y in its phase win in! as it is star connecte # the $ine (o$ta!e of star connecte secon ary an e$ta connecte primary won,t ha(e any phase ifferences &etween them# so this can &e s"mmari2e that -the phase shift is associate with the wa(e forms of the three phase win in!s#

Why when Generating Transformer is 0d% than Distribution Transformer is Dy%%:

This is the =6 Si e or the Switchyar si e of the Ienerator Transformer is connecte in 8e$ta an the >6 Si e or the !enerator si e of the IT is connecte in Star, with the Star si e ne"tra$ &ro"!ht o"t# The >6 si e (o$ta!e wi$$ -$a!. the =6 si e (o$ta!e &y 30 e!rees#

Th"s, in a !eneratin! station we create a 30 e!rees $a!!in! (o$ta!e for transmission, with respect to the !enerator (o$ta!e# As we ha(e create a 30 e!rees $a!!in! connection in the !eneratin! station, it is a (isa&$e to create a 30 e!rees $ea in! connection in istri&"tion so that the "ser (o$ta!e is -in phase. with the !enerate (o$ta!e# An , as the transmission si e is 8e$ta an the "ser mi!ht nee three phase, fo"r%wire in the >6 si e for his sin!$e phase $oa s, the istri&"tion transformer is chosen as 8yn11# There is ma!netic co"p$in! &etween =T an >T# 0hen the $oa si e )>T* s"ffers some ip the >T c"rrent try to !o o"t of phase with =T c"rrent, so 30 e!ree phase shift in 8yn%11 3eeps the two c"rrents in phase when there is ip# So the (ector !ro"p at the !eneratin! station is important whi$e se$ectin! istri&"tion Transformer#

Vector Group in Generating1Transmission1Distribution +ystem:

Ieneratin! TC is Y 1 transmitte power at 400Q6, for 400Q6 to 220Q6 Yy is "se an &y "sin! "d &etween e#!# 220 an ;; 36, then Dy from ;; to 11 36 so that their phase shifts can &e cance$$e o"t# An for >6 )400F2306* s"pp$ies at H0 =2 are "s"a$$y 3 phase, earthe ne"tra$, so a -8yn. >6 win in! is nee e # =ere IT si e %30$a! )Y 1* can &e n"$$ify J30 &y "sin! istri&"tion Transformer of 8y11# A reason for "sin! "d &etween e#!# 220 an ;; 36, then Dy from ;; to 11 36 is that their phase shifts can cance$ o"t an +t is then a$so possi&$e to para$$e$ a 220F11 36 YY transformer, at 11 36, with the ;;F11 36 )a YY transformer often has a thir , e$ta, win in! to re "ce harmonics*# +f one went 8y11 L 8y11 from 220 to 11 36, there wo"$ &e a ;0 e!ree shift, which is not possi&$e in one transformer# The -stan ar . transformer !ro"ps in istri&"tion a(oi that 3in of $imitation, as a res"$t of tho"!ht an e'perience $ea in! to $owest cost o(er many years#

Generator T! is 0d%/ !an we use Distribution T! Dy( instead of Dy%%>

0ith re!ar s to theory, there are no specia$ a (anta!es of 8yn11 o(er 8ynH# 3n 3solation /pplication: +n iso$ate app$ications there is no a (anta!e or isa (anta!e &y "sin! 8yH or 8y11# +f howe(er we wish to interconnect the secon ary si es of ifferent 8ny transformers, we m"st ha(e compati&$e transformers, an that can &e achie(e if yo" ha(e a 8yn11 amon! a !ro"p of 8ynHBs an (ice (ersa# 3n $arallel (onnection: 5ractica$$y, the re$ati(e p$aces of the phases remain same in 8yn11 compare to 8ynH# +f we "se Y 1 Transformer on Ieneratin! Si e an 8istri&"tion si e 8y11 transformer than %30 $a! of !eneratin! si e )Y 1* is n"$$ify &y J30 >ea at Pecei(in! si e 8y11* so no phase ifference respect to !eneratin! Si e an if we are on the =6 si e of the Transformer, an if we enote the phases as P% Y%/ from $eft to ri!ht, the same phases on the >6 si e wi$$ &e P% Y %/, &"t from $eft to Pi!ht# This wi$$ ma3e the Transmission $ines ha(e same co$or )for i entification* whether it is inp"t to or o"tp"t from the Transformer# +f we "se Y 1 Transformer on Ieneratin! Si e an 8istri&"tion si e 8yH transformer than %30 $a! of !eneratin! si e )Y 1* is more $a! &y %1H0 >a! at Pecei(in! si e )8yH* so Tota$ phase ifference respect to !eneratin! Si e is 140 e! )%30J%1H09%140* an if we are on

the =6 si e of the Transformer, an if we enote the phases as P% Y%/ from $eft to ri!ht, the same phases on the >6 si e wi$$ &e P% Y %/, &"t from Pi!ht to >eft# This wi$$ ma3e the Transmission $ines ha(e No same co$or )for i entification* whether it is inp"t to or o"tp"t from the Transformer# The ifference in o"tp"t &etween the 8yn11 an 8nyH an is therefore 140 e!rees#
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