2001, W. E.

Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 1

Stress Transformation, Principal Stresses and
Mohrs Circle !Chapter 5"
Consider Conser#ation of $inear Moment%m and ass%me
there is no mass fl%& and that 'od( forces are ne)li)i'le
!onl( the traction terms remain". The res%lt is static
e*%ili'ri%m of stresses on a differential #ol%me:
0
0
0
yx
xx zx
xy yy zy
yz
xz zz
x y z
x y z
x y z

+ +
+ +
+ +
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 2
Consider a stress state +here the onl( non,-ero stresses applied to
the #ol%me occ%r in a 2,. plane oriented alon) the coordinate
a&es. This is called plane stress. /or e&ample, +e can ha#e plane
stress in the &,( plane, the &,- plane, or the (,- plane.
/or e&ample, plane stress in the &,( plane is sho+n 'elo+:
yy

yx

xy

xx

yx

xy

xx

yy

x

y

z

xx

xx

yy

yy

xy

yx

yx

xy

zz

zz

generalized
plane stress

plane stress

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 0
1ss%me plane stress (stresses in x-y plane only) so that the
traction !stress" tensor 'ecomes:
[ ]
0
0
0 0 0
xx xy
yx yy


1
1

1
1
]

We no+ consider the *%estion of resol#in) the )i#en stress

components in the &,( directions into stresses oriented in a
different direction. /or e&ample, the res%ltant stresses on a plane
+hich has a normal +hich ma2es an an)le +ith the &,a&is . 1
f%rther *%estion is +hether there is some plane +here the stresses
are a ma&im%m or are -ero.
Consider the follo+in) e&ample:
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 3
Consider a col%mn loaded '( a compressi#e press%re !traction" as
sho+n 'elo+ in left fi)%re. .ra+ t+o different free,'od(s as sho+n:
P
x
y
column with compressive
load
freebody 1
P
yy

freebody 2
P
nn

ns

nn

ns

yy

/or free,'od( 1, +here +e c%t the str%ct%re normal to the ( a&is, +e

o'tain onl( the normal stress
yy

on the c%ttin) plane. Ho+e#er, in

f'42, 'oth normal
nn

and shear
ns

stresses e&ist.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 5
5n the pre#io%s col%mn e&ample, +e see that for a col%mn loaded
onl( in compression, if one ta2es a c%ttin) plane at some an)le,
then shear stresses m%st e&ist on the c%t plane. Consider a more
)eneral pro'lem.
p
/
1
/
2
point 0
p
/
2
p
/
1
& (

/
1
/
2
&
(
S%ppose that +e +ant to determine the internal stresses
6 7
at
some point 89: in the 'od(. We co%ld %se an &,( coordinate
s(stem as sho+n in the middle fi)%re, '%t +e co%ld also %se and
&,( coordinate s(stem as sho+n in the ri)ht fi)%re. Will +e )et
different res%lts for
6 7
. .E/5;5TE$<, <ES=
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle >
Consider a solid 'od( s%ch as that sho+n 'elo+. S%ppose that
+e start +ith the state of stress defined in &,( coordinates.
p
/
1
/
2
&
(
-
point 0
yy

yy

xx

xx

xy

xy

? ? y y

? ? y y

? ? x x

? ? x y

? ? x y

? ? x x

y
? y ? x
x

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle @
We +ish to determine the state of stress in the &?,(? coordinate
s(stem. We pass a c%ttin) plane thro%)h point A9A +hich a %nit
normal #ector n
r
as sho+n 'elo+ to o'tain:
n
? y
y
? x
x
z

x
y
xx

xx

xx

yy

yy

yy

xy

xy

xy

yx

yx

yx

zz

zz

n
! " n
t
1 2,. pict%re of the stress,state ma( 'e easier to +or2 +ith:
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle B
&
(
-
yy

yx

xy

xx

yx

xy

xx

yy

yy

yx

xy

xx

! " n
t
r
n
r

x
y
y
x
;ote that the %nit #ector n
r
as +ell as the &?,a&is ma2es an an)le
+ith the &,a&is !meas%red CCW from the &,a&is". /rom o%r +or2
on tractions in chapter 3, +e ha#e:
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle C
cos sin n n i n j i j
x y
+ +
r r r r
r
! " ! " ! " n n n
x y
t t i t j +
r r
r
D traction
#ector
, ,
xx yy xy

D Ca%ch( stresses
n

t
(n)
x
y
xx

xy

yy

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 10
/rom Ca%ch(?s form%la, +e ha#e
! " n
t n
r
r
r r
or
[ ] [ ]
! "
n t
n

1

1
]
cos sin
! "
t n n
xx yx xx yx
n x y
x
+ +
cos sin
! "
t n n
xy yy xy yy
n x y
y
+ +
The e&pression
! "
t n
n

r
r
r
r
is a )eneral res%lt in 0,. +hich
)i#es the proEection of Ca%ch( stress tensor

r
r
onto a plane
+hose %nit normal is )i#en '(
n
r
.
The traction #ector
! " n
t
r
on the inclined face, as )i#en a'o#e, is
+ritten terms of it?s & and ( components. 5t is m%ch more
informati#e and %sef%l to +rite the traction #ector
! " n
t
r
in terms a
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 11
normal component
n

and a parallel !shear" component

s

as
sho+n 'elo+. 9r, 'eca%se the %nit normal
n
r
and &?,a&is are in
the same direction, +e +o%ld act%all( 'e determinin) the stresses
? ? x x

and
? ? x y

in the &?,(? coordinate s(stem as sho+n 'elo+:

= CCW angle from xaxis

yy

yx

xy

xx

! " n
t
r
n
r
! "
x
n
t
! "
y
n
t

! " n
t
r
? ? x y s

? ? x x n

? ? x y

x
y y
x

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 12
The normal component
? ? x x

!also called
n

" is first o'tained

from the dot prod%ct of the %nit normal and the traction #ector:

n t
n n

r
r
or as a #ector
! " n t n
n n

r
r r r
and the shear !parallel" component is o'tained from #ector
addition

t
n n s
+
r
r r

t
s
n n

r
r

;o+, lets carr( o%t these #ector operations to o'tain
n

and
s

. The %nit normal #ector in 2,. !&,(" is )i#en '(

cos sin n n i n j i j
x y
+ +
r r r r
r
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 10
Ca%ch(?s form%la in #ector notation
! " ! "
! cos sin " ! cos sin "
n x xx y yx x xy y yy
xx xy xy yy
t n n n i n n j
i j


+ + +
+ + +
r r r
r
r r
r r
;ormal component of traction
( )
? ?
! cos sin "
! cos sin "
2
cos 2 sin cos sin
cos sin

xx xy
x x n
xy yy
xx xy yy
i
t n
j
i j

+
_



+ +
,
+ +
+

2
r
r
r
r
r r
Fse the do%'le an)le tri) identities to re+rite a'o#e
e*%ation
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 13
2
cos !1 cos 2 " G 2
2
sin !1 cos 2 " G 2
2sin cos sin 2



+

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 15
With the do%'le an)le tri) identities,
? ? x x

'ecomes
? ?
cos2 sin2
2 2
xx yy xx yy
x x n xy


+
+ +
Shear component of traction
The shear component,
s

, can 'e o'tained from #ector

al)e'ra, ie,
2
2
n n s
t +
r
or
2
2
s n n
t
r
or
2
2
? ? ? ? x y n x x
t
r
E#al%atin) the a'o#e and %sin) the do%'le an)le form%las,
+e o'tain for the shear component:
? ?
cos2 sin2
2
x y s xy
xx yy

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 1>
1n alternate proced%re to o'tain the shear component:
.efine the %nit normal in the direction of (? to 'e ? n
r
:
? sin cos n k n i j +
r
r r
r r
The shear component
? ? x y

is the component of
t
n
r
in the
direction of ? n
r
so that
( )
? ?
2 2
! cos sin "
?
! cos sin "
cos sin ! sin cos " sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
2
sin cos


xx xy
x y n
xy yy
xx xy yy
xy
i
t n
j
xx yy
i j

+
_



+ +
,
+ + +

r
r
r
r
r r
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 1@
These last t+o res%lts allo+ %s to transform the stresses
from an &,( coordinate s(stem to an &?,(? coordinate s(stem
and are called the stress transformation equations.
We co%ld o'#io%sl( %se either the notation
? ? x x

or
n

, and
? ? x y

or
S

. We +ill choose to %se

n

and
S

. 1fter s*%arin)
'oth sides of the
n

and
s

e*%ations, addin) the res%lts to

o'tain one e*%ation and %sin) tri) identities, +e o'tain the
follo+in)
2 2
2 2
2 2
xx yy xx yy
n s xy


+
_ _
+ +

, ,
The a'o#e is similar to the equation of a circle of radi%s r
located at &Da and (D', ie,
!&,a"
2
H !(,'"
2
D r
2
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 1B
Th%s, the relation definin) the normal and shear
components !in terms of the & and ( stresses" can 'e dra+n
as a circle if +e choose the follo+in):
2
2
2
0
2
n
xx yy
s
xx yy
xy
x
a
y
b
r

_
+

,
This leads to )raphical representation of the stress
transformation e*%ations 2no+n as Mohr's Circle.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 1C

r

ma&
S

I
C
1
? ?
! "
s x y

! " G 2
xx yy
a +
? ?
! "
x x n

P2

P1

P
2
S
2
( )
,
face stresses
xx xy
x

'

P1 P2
principal stresses ,
is positi#e co%nter cloc2+ise
2
2
2
xx yy
xy
r

_
+

,
( )
,
face stresses
yy xy
y

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 20
Important note on sign convention for shear stress used
in constructing Mohrs Circle.
When definin) the Ca%ch( stress, a positi#e shear stress
xy

on
the positi#e & face +as in the positi#e ( coordinate direction.
Ieca%se the calc%lation for the shear component a'o#e, ie,
2
2 t
n n
s

r
+hich in#ol#es a s*%are root, there is an
%ncertaint( in the H direction of the shear component. 5n order
for the Mohrs circle )raphical representation to 'e %sed properl(,
+e m%st adopt a si)n con#ention:
hear stresses on opposite faces that form a cloc!"ise couple
a'o%t the center are positive on the Mohrs circle .
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 21
#ifferential volume $ direction
Mohr%s Circle
hear on $x face is negative
hear on $y face is positive
hear "hich ma!es
C& moment is positive
xx

xy

yy

yx

xx

xy

yy

yx

1 positive
xy

!in the stress tensor" is plotted on Mohr%s

circle as negative for the x-face and positive for y-face.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 22
Mohrs Circle )raphicall( represents the Ca%ch( form%la for
n
t n
r
r
r
r
. 5t allo+s one to )raphicall( determine the normal
and shear stress on an( plane relati#e to the &,( a&es.
5ts most important %se is to determine the principal stresses
!the ma&im%m and minim%m #al%es of the normal stress,
n

, +here there is no shear stress", the ma&im%m shear stress,

s

, and the orientation of the planes on +hich these occ%r.

The principal stress is the normal stress that occ%rs on a
plane +here no shear stress e&ists.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 20
Construction of Mohrs Circle (method ')
'. $ocate center on
n

a&is at
! " G 2
xx yy
+
.
2. .ra+ circle +ith radi%s
2
2
2
xx yy
xy
r

_
+

,
.
(. $ocate the t+o points on circle +ith #al%es of the stress
components on the &,face and (,face. These t+o points lie
on a diameter line of circle +hich passes thro%)h the center.
). .etermine ma&Gmin #al%es of
n

and
s

and their plane

orientation !an)le from & or ( face". Jemem'er: an)les on
Mohrs circle are t+ice the real +orld.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 23
Construction of Mohrs Circle (method 2)
'. Plot the #al%es of normal and shear stress from the &,face !
xx

and
xy

" on the
n
and
s
a&es. 9'ser#e Mohrs circle
ass%mption on positi#e shear !shear is positi#e if moment d%e to
shear is CW".
2. Plot the #al%es of normal and shear stress from the (,face !
yy

and
yx

" on the
n
and
s
a&es.
(. The a'o#e t+o points form the diameter of Mohrs circle +hose
center is located +here the diameter line intersects the
n
a&is.
). .etermine ma&Gmin #al%es of
n
and
s
and their plane
orientation !an)le from & or ( face". Jemem'er: an)les on Mohrs
circle are t+ice the real +orld.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 25
Some reminders:
1. /or determinin)
n

and
s

from the definin) e*%ations, the

an)le 'et+een the normal to an( plane and the &,a&is is
defined positi#e in the CCW direction from the &,a&is.
2. When plottin) shear stresses on Mohrs circle, a shear
stress is considered positi#e if it prod%ces a CW moment.
0. 1ll an)les on Mohrs circle are t+ice the real +orld 6the
&, and (,face stresses are C0 in the &,( coordinate s(stem,
'%t 1B0 apart on Mohrs circle !opposite ends of circle
diameter"7.
3. The planes of principal stress and ma&im%m shear stress
are C0 apart on Mohrs circle and th%s 35 apart in the
real +orld====
5. The an)le definin) the planes +here the ma&im%m #al%es of
n

and
s

occ%r can also 'e o'tained '( calc%l%s. 5f

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 2>
cos2 sin2
2 2
xx yy xx yy
n xy


+
+ +
Then ta2in) the deri#ati#e +ith respect and settin) e*%al to
-ero )i#es the ma&Gmin #al%es:
0 ! "sin2 2 cos2
n
xx yy xy
d
d

+
The a'o#e can 'e sol#ed for t+o roots in the ran)e: ,C0HC0
+hich define the normal for the planes of ma&Gmin normal stress
+ith respect to the &,a&is. !see the M1P$E e&ample"
The ma& #al%e of shear stress can 'e o'tained in a similar
manner. The definin) plane of ma& shear is al+a(s 35 from
plane of ma&Gmin normal stress.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 2@
Mohr?s Circle E&ample. Consider the plane stress state )i#en '(
the stress tensor:
[ ]
50 10
10 20
ksi
1

1
]

50 2si
20 2si
10 2si
10 2si
20 2si
50 2si
1. .etermine center of circle, point 1.
50 20
05
2 2
xx yy
A
ksi

+
+

2. .etermine point I, &,face
! , "
xx xy

D!50,,10"
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 2B
0. .etermine point C, (,face
! , "
yy xy

D!20,H10"
3. .ra+ Mohrs circle !plot & face first +ith
? ?
10
x y

:
? ?
! "
s
x y

? ?
! "
n
x x

(*+, -'+)
x - face
(2+,'+)
y - face
!05, 0"
[ ]
50 10

10 20
ksi
1

1
]

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 2C
5. Comp%te principal stresses and ma& shear stress.
2
2
2 2
50 20
10 1B.00
2 2
xx yy
xy
r ksi

_
_
+ +


,
,
05 1B.00
P A
r ksi t t
1
2
05 1B.00 50.00
05 1B.00 1>.C@
P
P
ksi
ksi

+

ma&
1B.00
S
r ksi t t
;ote that +e ha#e t+o principal stresses:
1 P

and
2 P

. These are
located 1B0 on Mohr?s circle, '%t C0 in the real +orld. 5n
relation to the stress transformation e*%ations,
1 P

is the normal
stress in the &?,a&is direction !+hich is oriented at an an)le
P

to
the &,a&is" and
2 P

is the normal stress in the (?,a&is direction.

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 00
The planes of ma&im%m shear occ%r 35 !real +orld" from the
planes of principal stress.
Plot the principal stresses and ma& shear stresses on Mohrs Circle:
? ?
! "
s
x y

? ?
! "
n
x x

(*+, -'+)
x - face
(2+,'+)
y - face
1
50.00
P
ksi
2
1>.C@
P
ksi
ma&
1B.00
S
ksi
ma&
1B.00
S
ksi
2
P

2
S

!05, 0"
!05,1B.00"
!05, 1B.00"
[ ]
50 10

10 20
ksi
1

1
]

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 01
>. 5dentif( orientation of planes for principal stresses relati#e to
&,face plane.
1 1
10
2 tan tan 00.@de)
50 05
1>.B5de) CCW from &,face
xy
P
xx A
P

_
_




,
,

The plane for the second principal stress
2 P

is
! C0" de)
P
+

CCW from &,face !real +orld". ;ote: 5n the a'o#e calc%lation, a
form%la +as +ritten do+n and %sed for
2
P

. This is disco%ra)ed.
5t is far simpler !and %s%all( less mista2es" to loo2 at Mohrs
circle and appl( tri)onometr( to calc%late the an)les.
@. 5dentif( orientation of planes for ma&im%m shear stress
!'ottom of circle" relati#e to &,face plane.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 02
2 C0de) 2 C0 00.@ 5>.0de)
2B.15de) CW from the &,face
S P
S

9J, plane of ma& shear stress !'ottom of circle" is 35 CW in the
real +orld from the principal stress plane +ith
1 P

.
;ote:
35 de) ! ="
P S
always +
;ote that the plane of ma& shear stress +ill )enerall( ha#e non,
-ero normal stress= 5n this case, the plane of ma& shear stress has
a normal stress
05
n
ksi
.
B. .ra+ three free 'odies: +ith the &,( stresses, +ith the principal
stresses, and +ith the ma& shear stresses.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 00
50 2si
20 2si
10 2si
10 2si
20 2si
50 2si
1>.B5
o
50.00 2si
50.00 2si
1>.C@ 2si
1>.C@ 2si
35
o
05 2si
05 2si
05 2si
05 2si
1B.00 2si
1B.00 2si
principal stress
planes
ma&im%m shear
stress planes
2B.15
o
The dark face is
the original x-face
as it is rotated.
!he shear stress
on the rotated x
face is negati ve on
"ohrs circle and
thus positive on
the stress cube#
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 03
;ote the follo+in):
To o'tain the orientation for principal stresses, the &,face has
'een rotated 1>.B5 de) CCW in the real +orld !00.@ de) on
Mohrs circle".
To o'tain the orientation for ma&im%m shear stresses, the &,
face has 'een rotated 2B.15 de) CW in the real +orld !5>.0
de) on Mohrs circle", 9J, e*%i#alentl( a rotation of 35 de)
CW in the real +orld from the principal stress plane.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 05
-enerali.ed /lane tress
5n the pre#io%s de#elopment of the Mohrs Circle, +e
considered onl( the stresses in the &,( plane that res%lted in
t+o principal stresses
1 P

and
2 P

!remem'er, that
principal stresses occ%r on planes +here there is no shear
stress". We can also %se Mohrs Circle for the case +hen
the third plane !for e&ample, the - plane" contains onl( a
normal stress
zz

. The stress tensor is

[ ]
0
0
0 0
xx
xy
yx yy
zz

1
1

1
1
1
]
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 0>
Since there are no shear stresses on the - plane,
zz

is a
principal stress, i.e.,
0 P zz

.
We note that in the &,( plane, Mohrs circle is defined '( a
circle +ith coordinates of !
1 P

, 0" and !
2 P

, 0". Th%s, the
circle is !or can 'e" defined '( the principal stresses. 5t
follo+s that the Mohrs circle for the &,- plane +o%ld also
'e formed the principal stresses in the &,- plane, in this case
1 P

and
0 P

. Similarl(, Mohrs circle in the (,- plane is

defined '(
2 P

and
0 P

. We can dra+ all three of these

circles on one dia)ram as sho+n 'elo+.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 0@
r

? ?
! "
x y s

, ! "
xx xy

P0

P2

P
2
P1

? ?
! "
x x n

S
2
! , 0"
zz

S
ma&

S
ma&
! " generalized plane stress
! , "
xy yy

2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 0B
Mohr?s Circle Kenerali-ed Plane Stress E&ample. Consider the
plane stress state )i#en '( the stress tensor:
[ ]
50 10 0
10 20 0
0 0 10
ksi
1
1

1
]

z
2$ %si
&$ %si
x
y
&$
1$
1$
2$
1$
1$
1$
1$
Steps 1,@ +ill 'e identical to the pre#io%s e&ample for the &,(
plane !since 'oth e&amples ha#e e&actl( the same stress
components in the &,( plane". Hence, for the &,( plane +e o'tain
Mohrs circle:
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 0C
? ?
! "
s
x y

? ?
! "
n
x x

(*+, -'+)
x - face
(2+,'+)
y - face
1
50.00
P
ksi
2
1>.C@
P
ksi
ma&
1B.00
S
ksi
ma&
1B.00
S
ksi
2
S

!05, 0"
!05,1B.00"
!05, 1B.00"
1>.B5
o
[ ]
50 10 0
10 20 0
0 0 10
ksi
1
1

1
1
]

To complete the sol%tion +e note that there are no shear stresses

in the - plane and hence
zz

is a%tomaticall( a principal stress.

Th%s,
0
10
P zz

2si. 1ddin) the third principal stress to
Mohrs circle, +e o'tain:
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 30
? ?
! "
s
x y

? ?
! "
n
x x

(*+, -'+)
x - face
(2+,'+)
y - face
1
50.00
P
ksi
2
1>.C@
P
ksi
2
S

!05, 0"
!05,1B.00"
!05, 1B.00"
1>.B5
o
0
10
P
ksi
ma&
01.52
S
ksi
ma&
01.52
S
ksi
[ ]
50 10 0
10 20 0
0 0 10
ksi
1
1

1
1
]

Hence, the principal stresses are

10, 1>.C@, 50.00
P
ksi
.
The ma&im%m shear stress is the radi%s of the lar)est Mohrs
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 31
circle. Th%s,
ma&
50.00 10
01.52
2
S
ksi
+
+hen )enerali-ed
plane stress is considered.
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 32
Some practice pro'lems for Plane and Kenerali-ed Plane Stress:
1. 50 , 10 , 20
xx yy xy
ksi ksi ksi !plane stress in &,( plane"
2. 50 , 10 , 20
yy zz yz
ksi ksi ksi !plane stress in (,- plane"
0.
10 , 50 , 20
xx yy xy
MPa MPa MPa
3.
10 , 50 , 20
xx yy xy
MPa MPa MPa
5.
10 , 50 , 0
xx yy xy
ksi ksi ksi
>.
0 , 0 , 20
xx yy xy
ksi ksi ksi
@. 50 , 50 , 0
xx yy xy
MPa MPa MPa !h(drostatic
compressi#e stress"
B. 50 , 10 , 20 , 0
xx yy xy zz
ksi ksi ksi ksi
!)enerali-ed plane stress"
C. 50 , 10 , 20 , 20
xx yy xy zz
ksi ksi ksi ksi
!)enerali-ed plane stress"
10.
20 , 50 , 10 , 20
xx yy zz yz
ksi ksi ksi ksi
2001, W. E. Haisler Chapter 5: Transformation of Stresses, Principal Stresses and Mohrs Circle 30
0ote on 1hree-#imensional tress 2nalysis
/or a )eneral stress tensor !0,.", it can 'e sho+n that the
principal stresses are defined '( the follo+in) eigenvalue
pro'lem:
[ ] [ ]
0
p
I
or
0
xx p xy xz
yx yy p yz
zx zy zz p

The a'o#e (ields a c%'ic e*%ation in

p

+hich can 'e

sol#ed for the three principal stress components. !See Sec.
2.2.@ of Introduction to Aerospace Structural Analysis '( 1llen and
Haisler".