!
"#$%
rolecLarea re(elelor
'()*+,-
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 2
! ue la lC8 la LlC8
! lormaLul mesa[elor LlC8
! 1abela de veclnl
! 1abela de Lopologle
! 1abela de ruLare
! SuporL penLru lv6
"#$%
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 3
! 1983: proLocol dezvolLaL de Clsco penLru a combaLe
llmlLarea lmpus de 8l (meLrlca: hop counL)
! roLocol de up dlsLance vecLor, classful
! MeLrlca esLe una mulL mal complex:
! ermlLe balansarea foloslnd cl de cosL lnegal
! lnLroduce concepLul de domenll (AuLonomous SysLem)
! AcLuallzrl perlodlce
! un ump de Lrel orl mal mare fa( de 8l
! 8roadcasL
[k1*BW
IGRP(min)
+ (k2* BW
IGRP(min)
)/(256-LOAD) + k3*DLY
IGRP(sum)
] x [k5/(RELIABILITY + k4)]
./ !"#$%
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 4
! rlnclpala mouva(le a fosL Lrecerea la un comporLamenL
de up classless
! Schlmbarea algorlLmulul foloslL penLru selecLarea ruLelor
! 1recerea de la 8ellman-lord la uuAL
! LlC8 esLe conslderaL un proLocol llnk-sLaLe (sau hlbrld)
./ !"#$%
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 3
! 1recerea la acLuallzrl neperlodlce, par(lale sl
dlrec(lonaLe
! oL Lrlmlse aLL mulucasL ([Link]) cL sl unlcasL
! ulsLan(a admlnlsLrauv: 90/170 (lnLern/exLern)
! lndependenL fa( de proLocoalele ruLaLe (uM)
! lv4, lx, lv6
%*/./0/1 23)3,43,. 5/4(13-
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 6
! CapablllLaLea de a ruLa mal mulLe proLocoale de nlvel 3
! Se va anallza doar formaLul pacheLelor l:
IPX IP Apple Talk
EIGRP Header
IPX IP Apple Talk
roLocol
uependenL
Modules
neLwork-Layer Lncapsulauon
Encapsulated EIGRP Message
Data Link
Frame Header
IP Packet
Header
EIGRP Packet
Header
Type/ Length/
Values Types
!"#$% %6073. 83643*
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 7
! LlC8 folosesLe proLocolul 81 (8ellable 1ransporL
roLocol)
! roLocol de nlvel 4 proprleLar Clsco
! Mesa[ele poL Lransmlse rellable/unrellable
8 8 8 8
VERSION OPCODE CHECKSUM
FLAGS
SEQUENCE
ACK
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUMBER
TLV
32 blLs OPCODE:
ldenuc upul de pacheL
! 1 -> updaLe ackeL
! 3 -> Cuery ackeL
! 4 -> 8eply ackeL
! 3 -> Pello ackeL
LlC8 mal ldenuc un alL up de
pacheL: AcknowledgmenL
! un Pello ackeL fr daLe
9+)(*+13 43 )60:3.3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 8
81
8ellable 1ransporL
roLocol
8ellable
(ACk)
updaLe
(unlcasL/mulucasL)
Cuery
(unlcasL/mulucasL)
8eply
(unlcasL/mulucasL)
unrellable
Pello
(unlcasL/mulucasL)
ACk
(unlcasL)
!"#$% %6073. 83643*
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 9
! LlC8 folosesLe proLocolul 81 (8ellable 1ransporL
roLocol)
! roLocol de nlvel 4 proprleLar Clsco
! Mesa[ele poL Lransmlse rellable/unrellable
8 8 8 8
VERSION OPCODE CHECKSUM
FLAGS
SEQUENCE
ACK
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUMBER
TLV
32 blLs TLVs:
1ype/LengLh/value
Cmpul 1ype poaLe avea
valoarea:
! 0x0001 -> LlC8 arameLers
! 0x0102 -> lnLernal 8ouLes
! 0x0103-> LxLernal 8ouLes
96;313 !"#$%
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 10
! loloslnd mesa[ele denlLe anLerlor LlC8 consLrulesLe
urmLoarele Lrel Labele:
! 1abela de veclnl
! ConsLrulL sl men(lnuL prln mesa[e de up Pello
! 1abela de Lopologle
! ConsLrulL sl acLuallzaL prln mesa[e de up updaLe/Cuery/8eply
! 1abela de ruLare
! ConsLrulL dln Labela de Lopologle foloslnd algorlLmul uuAL
96;316 43 <30+,+
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 11
! enLru a puLea sLablll adlacen(e Lrebule acuvaL procesul:
! AS denesLe domenlul sl func(loneaz ca un process lu"
! Acuvarea pe o anumlL lnLerfa(:
! Se lnclude sl re(eaua (sl masca de re(ea) in acLuallzrlle LlC8
! verlcarea adlacen(elor:
router(config)#router eigrp AS
router(config-router)#network ADRESA_RETEA [WILDCARD]
router#show ip eigrp neighbors
96;316 43 <30+,+
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 12
! Pello lnLerval:
! 60 sec - n8MA(x.23, lrame 8elay, A1M), vlLeza < 1344 Mbps
! 3 sec - 11, LLherneL, vlLeza >1344 Mbps
! Se poaLe modlca per lnLerfa(
! ip hello-interval eigrp
! Pold ume
! 1lmp maxlm inalnLe ca un vecln sa e conslderaL lnacceslbll
! lmpllclL 3 x Pello lnLerval
! Se poaLe modlca per lnLerfa(
! ip hold-time eigrp
96;316 43 <30+,+
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 13
! Condl(llle necesare penLru sLablllrea adlacen(el:
! Acelasl numr de AS
! Aceleasl valorl penLru parameLrl k
! 1rebule ca adresa l surs a pacheLulul prlmlL s e in aceeasl
re(ea cu lnLerfa(a pe care a fosL prlmlL acesL pacheL
! Succesul procesulul de auLenucare (op(lonal)
! C adlacen( esLe conslderaL nefunc(lonal aLuncl cnd
pe un lnLerval de ump (egal cu valoarea Pold ume) nu s-au
prlmlL pacheLe Pello
! Se la in conslderare valoarea prlmlL de la vecln, nu cea Lrlmls
96;316 43 <30+,+
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 14
! LlC8 poaLe crlpLa lnforma(llle de ruLare foloslnd Mu3
! Pomework:
! hup://[Link]/en/uS/Lech/Lk363/
Lechnologles_congurauon_example09186a00807f3a63.shLml
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 13
! MeLrlca folosesLe paLru facLorl:
! lormula foloslL penLru calculul meLrlcll esLe:
! lmpllclL k2,k4 sl k3 sunL 0
! ulumul Lermen nu se la ln conslderare aLuncl cnd k3=0
8andwldLh uelay
Load 8ellablllLy
MeLrlca
LlC8
256*([K1*Bw + K2*Bw/(256-Load) + K3*Delay]*[K5/(Reliability + K4)])
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 16
! enLru a modlca valorlle k foloslm comanda
! enLru a modlca meLrlca LlC8 se modlc parameLrll
per lnLerfa(
! uLLA?
! 8AnuWlu1P
#metric weights tos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
Delay <tens of microseconds>
Bandwidth <kilobits>
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 17
! enLru men(lnerea unel Labele fr bucle se folosesLe
algorlLmul uuAL (uluslng updaLe AlgorlLhm)
! AcesLa salveaz LoaLe clle fr bucl exlsLenLe cLre o desuna(le
! Se denesc urmLoarele concepLe penLru LlC8
! reporLed dlsLance (8u)" - dlsLan(a prlmlL de la un vecln
despre o re(ea
! CunoscuL sl sub numele de adverused dlsLance (Au)"
! dlsLance (u)" - dlsLan(a pn la o re(ea
! 8u + cosLul inLre rouLer sl vecln
! feaslble dlsLance (lu)" - cea mal mlc dlsLan( pn la o re(ea
! mln(u)
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 18
! 1o(l veclnll penLru care esLe sausfcuL condl(la u = lu
vor consLrul Labela de ruLare sl poarL denumlrea de
succesor(S)"
! lmpllclL doar paLru, maxlm sase
8e(eaua Z
> ?
@
'
8u = 3
u = 4
1
2
3
1
8u = 4
u = 6
8u = 2
u = 3
8u = 4
u = 3
lu = 3
S: 8,C
A
lu = 2
lu = 4
lu = 3
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 19
! Condl(la penLru ca un ruLer s e accepLaL ca alLernauv
cLre o anumlL desuna(le esLe: 8u < lu
! oarL numele de feaslble condluon (lC)"
! AceasL condl(le nu permlLe bucle prln echlpamenLul care face
verlcarea condl(lel, uemonsLra(le:
! un rouLer ce nu esLe S sl Lrece condl(la lC poarL numele
de feaslble successor (lS)"
8e(ea Z
lu(A) = a
>
x1
x3
x2
lu(8) = a + x1
@
lu(C) = a + x1 + x2
'
8u-ul prlmlL de la C
= lu(C) = a + x1 + x2,
lu(A) = a. =>
lu(C) > lu(A)
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 20
! LxlsL poslblllLaLea s nu exlsLe succesorl vlablll
! lle daLorlL lnexlsLen(el redundan(el e daLorlL congurrll
lncorecLe a re(elel, uemonsLra(le:
8e(eaua Z
@
'
30
30
8u = 100
u = 130
8u = 23
u = 73
lu = 73
lS: -
S: 8
A
lu = 100
lu = 23
%B'
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 21
! Calcula(l lu, S, lS, 8u pe ecare echlpamenL penLru nL1A
512
768
1024
768
1024
768
256
512
vlA 8u lu 8CL
A 236 768 S
u 1280 2304 -
nL1A:
[Link]/32
lu = 236
vlA 8u lu 8CL
A 236 1024 S
vlA 8u lu 8CL
8 768 1792 lS
C 1024 1280 S
vlA 8u lu 8CL
C 1024 1792 S
u 1280 1792 S
l 3072 2048 -
vlA 8u lu 8CL
u 1280 2048 S
L 1792 2816 lS
B D
A
C E
F
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 22
! enLru vlzuallzarea Labelel de Lopologle se folosesLe:
! 8uLele dln Labela de Lopologle poL in dou sLadll:
! asslve - ruLa esLe bun ;l funcloneaz normal
! A Acuve - ruLa esLe in procedeul de recalculare uuAL
router#show ip eigrp topology
router#show ip eigrp topology all-link
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 23
! rocesul de recalculare uuAL
uac o conexlune plc: uuAL cauL in Labela de Lopologle o ruL alLernauv
uaca nu se gse;Le ruL alLernauv, ruLa esLe marcaL ca acuv (Acuve)
SunL Lrlmlse pacheLe Cuery cLre Lol veclnll - se cer lnformall despre Lopologle
1oaLe ruLerele veclne Lrebule s LrlmlL un pacheL 8eply ca rspuns la pacheLul
Cuery
Se recalculeaz Lopologla (S ;l lS)
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 24
! ALuncl cnd se incepe procesul de recalculare a unel ruLe
se pornesLe un cronomeLru, lmpllclL Lrel mlnuLe
! uac un vecln nu rspunde la CuL8? pn la explrarea
umpulul, acesLa va scos dln Labela de veclnl
! SlA - SLuck ln acuve
! C ruL ce se a in sLarea AC1lvL nu esLe foloslL
NewYork#sh ip eigrp topology
IP-EIGRP Topology Table for process 10
Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply, r - Reply status
[...]
A [Link]/24, 0 successors, FD is 2195456, Q
1 replies, active [Link], query-origin: Local origin
Remaining replies: via [Link], r, Serial1
96;316 43 ./)/1/=+3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 23
! uezacuvarea auLo-sumarlzrll:
! Congurarea sumarlzrll manuale:
! ulsLana admlnlsLrauv penLru ruLele LlC8 sumarlzaLe esLe
170.
! ln Labela de ruLare local se lnsLaleaz o ruL cLre null0 cu
dlsLan(a admlnlsLrauv 3.
R(config-router)#no auto-summary
R(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp <AS> <summ-address> <netmask> <AD>
96;316 43 *(.6*3
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 26
! SunL permlse aLL ruLe de cosL egal cL sl ruLe de cosL
lnegal
! lmpllclL doar cele cu cosL egal
! enLru a permlLe balansarea Lraculul pe ruLe de cosL
lnegal se denesLe un facLor de mulupllcare raporLaL la lu
R(config-router)variance X
8e(eaua Z
@
' 3
1
x = 2
lu = u(8) = 3
u(C) = 3
3 x 2 > 3
8u = 2
u = 3
8u = 2
u = 3
A
>1.3 0/,C=(*D*+
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 27
! !urnallzarea schlmbrllor:
! uenlrea llmll de band permlse penLru Lracul LlC8
! lmpllclL esLe 30
! AceasL valoare poaLe dep;l 100, banda declaraL puLnd
mal mare decL banda real
R(config-router)#eigrp log-neighbor-changes
R(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp <AS> <x>
E()/*. )3,.*( "%<F
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 28
! Adugarea suporLulul penLru lv6 a consLaL in
lmplemenLarea unul nou uM sl crearea a Lrel nol 1Lv-url
! lormaLul 8ouLerlu a rmas pe 32 de bl(l
! Se folosesLe adresa llnk-local drepL sursa pacheLelor de PLLLC
! Se folosesLe adresa de mulucasL ll02::A penLru desuna(le
! Sumarlzarea auLomaL esLe dezacuvaL
! Acuvarea LlC8 penLru lv6 se reallzeaz dlrecL la nlvel
de lnLerfa(
interface FastEthernet0/0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 eigrp 100
E()/*. )3,.*( "%<F
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 29
! Asarea veclnllor
! 1abela de Lopologle
Router1#show ipv6 eigrp neighbor
IPv6-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 FE80::2B0:4AFF:FE5C:ACA Fa0/1.1 14 [Link] 1 4500 0 1
Router1#show ipv6 eigrp topology all-links
IPv6-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(100)/ID([Link])
Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
r - reply Status, s - sia Status
P [Link]/64, 1 successors, FD is 28160, serno 1
via Connected, FastEthernet0/1.1
via FE80::2B0:4AFF:FE5C:ACA9 (30720/28160), FastEthernet0/1.1
E(G6*
unlverslLaLea ollLehnlca 8ucure;u - rolecLarea 8eelelor 30
Lu sunL ruLer A. Clneva pe llnle?
AcesLea sunL lnformallle mele de ruLare
Ms ! AlLceva despre re(eaua x?
AcesLea sunL lnformallle mele de ruLare
@ >
Update
Query
Reply
Hello
acheLele uuA1L/
CuL8?/8LL? au
nevole de un pacheL de
ACk
1abela de
ruLare
esLe
compleL.
