Exercise 2.1: (Continue with laboratory 1) Observation of fungi colony and bacteria isolated on NA and PDA.

Replication 1 Form 2 3 1 Color 2 3 1 Size 2 3 1 Elevation 2 3 1 Margin 2 3 1 Surface 2 3 Exercise 2.2 2.2.1 Symptoms caused by insect pests Host common name : Spinach Part of plant Damage sings : Leaves : Chewing NA No growth No growth Contaminated No growth No growth Contaminated No growth No growth Contaminated No growth No growth Contaminated No growth No growth Contaminated No growth No growth Contaminated PDA Irregular Colony 1: Irregular Colony 2: Flamentous Dark green: Irregular White Colony 1: Dark green Colony 2: White Dark green 2.2cm Colony 1: 1.23cm Colony 2: 2.5cm 1.5cm Flat Colony 1: Flat Colony 2: Flat Flat Undulate Colony 1:Filiform Colony 2: Filiform Undulate Smooth Colony 1: Fluffy Colony 2: Fluffy Fluffy

Host common name : Ipomea Aquatica Part of plant Damage sings : Leaves : Chewing

Exercise 2.2 2.2.2 The insects are present which is called Assassin Ladybug or in scientific name Reduviidae. From the observation that we observe under dissecting microscope, Assassin Ladybug has dark brown head, thorax and legs. It also has brown abdomen plus black and yellow markings on edges abdomen. Moreover, it has light brown wings. Assassin Ladybug long-necked mouthshaped curve tool folded under his body. This Ladybug eating aphids, small worms and eggs of other insects. 2.2.3. Insect zoo 2.2.3.1 Life cycle of an insect pest Place an associated part of the crop into a given container (aquarium). Place a moist tissue inside the container. Some insect will pupate in soil or on leaves. Observe the development of the insect until it completes its cycle. EGG STAGE Were the eggs laid on the plant or soil?which part of the plant? If on leave, upper or lower surface of leave? What are the shape, size and colors of the eggs? How long does the egg stage last before they hatch into caterpillars? How many days pass before the egg hatch into caterpillar? Lay on the leave of plant. On the leave. Upper part. Shape is depends on type of the butterfly whether it is oval, round and cylindrical egg. Color bright orange. The egg stage last before they hatch into caterpillars is in 2 days. LARVAE STAGES Where do you find the larvae? What the size and color of the larvae when they hatche? Do the larvae change color when they grow? How big are they before they pupate? How long does the larval stage? The upper side of the leaves and sometime under the leaves. The size of the larvae is 1.5 cm and the color is light green. Yes, the larvae change the color into dark green when give them enough food. Around 1 to 2 cm. 5 to 6 days. PUPAL STAGE Where does the caterpillar pupate? What is the color of pupa? What is the size of the pupa? How long does the pupa stage last? Caterpillar pupate under the leaf. The color of the pupa is light brown. The size of the pupa is around 1.4 cm. The pupa stage last in 5 days.

ADULT STAGE What is the color of the adult? How long does it last? The color of the adult (butterfly) is white and brown. The adult stage last in 2 weeks.

OBSERVATION The approximate temperature is 25 oC. STAGE Egg DESCRIPTION Lay on the leave of plant. On the leave. Upper part. Shape is depends on type of the butterfly whether it is oval, round and cylindrical egg. Color bright orange. The egg stage last before they hatch into caterpillars is in 2 days. There are 5 caterpillars placed in aquarium and feed with amaranth leave. The color of the larvae is light green and after 2 days it becomes dark green in color. Around 5 days after placed in the aquarium, the pupa started to appear. The pupa is bright in color. Some of them place under the leaves and some on the tissue which is used to give water and humidity in the aquarium. It takes around 5 days for the caterpillar to come out from the pupa. Then only 4 butterflies appear. One pupa does not break to become a butterfly. The butterfly white and brown in color. From the observation, the butterfly lives for 2 weeks after come out from the pupa after give sufficient water. After 2 weeks, all butterflies die.

Larvae

Pupa

Adult

2.2.3.2. Predation activity Predation Activity (Prey-Predator) WEEK 1 (27.10.2013 - 2.11.2013) WEEK 2 (3.11.2013- 9.11.2013) WEEK 3 (10.11.2013 16.11.2013) *10 caterpillars and 1 ladybird added in the aquarium * Amaranth leaves No. 1. Day/ Date (Year: 2013) Sunday 27.10 Activities Caterpillar (Prey) 5caterpillarswere disappeared, probably it hide under the leaves. Only 5 left at the outside. The color of its body was green light. The caterpillars eat the Amaranth leaves. 5caterpillars still disappeared, 2 were died or consumed by ladybird (do not know exactly), only 3left at the outside and both were a big caterpillar and remained same in color. The caterpillars eat the Amaranth leaves. Only 3 of the caterpillars left, green light in color. The caterpillars eat the Amaranth leaves. 2 caterpillars still left. It was very active and always commuted in the aquarium. After observed below the leaves, there were many caterpillars pupate under the leaves. There are about 6 of pupas, with 0.7cm long and white/pale white in color.Maybe the caterpillars that were disappeared before probably the day of pupa stage of caterpillars. The caterpillars eat the Amaranth leaves. All the caterpillars were disappeared. There are many Ladybird (Predator) The ladybird always placed themselves at the top of the aquarium.

2.

Monday 28.10

The ladybird was still alive.

3.

Tuesday 29.10

The ladybird was still alive.

4.

Wednesday 30.10

The ladybird was still alive.

5.

Thursday 31.10

The ladybird was still alive.

6.

Friday 1.11

7.

Saturday 2.11

8.

Sunday 3.11

9.

Monday 4.11

10. 11. 12.

Tuesday 5.11 Wednesday 6.11 Thursday 7.11

caterpillars pupate under the leaves. There were no caterpillars left. 7 pupas present under the leaves. 3 caterpillars actually have died, because there are 3 corpse of caterpillar body at the site of leaf. Today, 1 butterfly appeared. The colors of its body look like brown wood with white line at the middle of the wings. The butterfly body was 1.2 cm long, its wing has diameter about 1.5 cm. Their body shows white in color. Today, 3 butterflies appeared. The colors of its body look like brown wood with white line at the middle of the wings. The butterfly body was 1.2 cm long, its wing has diameter about 1.5 cm. Their body shows white in color. The other one of butterfly appeared. The total butterflies (today) were 4. All butterflies were in same color, brown wood with white line at the middle of the wings. 1 butterfly died. Only 3 butterflies left in the aquarium. 1more butterfly died. Only 2 butterflies left in the aquarium. The 2 butterflies were still alive and showed active motion (fly everywhere). The 2 butterflies were still alive and showed active motion (fly everywhere). Both butterflies were alive and very active. They fly everywhere in the aquarium, especially in the morning. Both butterflies were alive and very active. They fly everywhere in the aquarium, especially in the

The ladybird walked down around the leaves.

The ladybird was still alive.

The ladybird was still alive.

The ladybird was still alive.

13.

Friday 8.11 Saturday 9.11

The ladybird was still alive. The ladybird was still alive. The ladybird was still alive, but weak. Its abdomens showed black in color. Unfortunately, the ladybird died. The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird.

14.

15.

Sunday 10.11

The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird.

16.

Monday 11.11

17.

Tuesday 12.11 Wednesday 13.11

morning. Both butterflies were alive and very active. They fly everywhere in the aquarium, especially in the morning. 1 more butterfly died. Only 1 butterfly left in the aquarium. Only 1 butterfly left in the aquarium. It is very active and fly everywhere in the aquarium, especially in the morning. Only 1 butterfly left in the aquarium. It is very active and fly everywhere in the aquarium, especially in the morning. Only 1 butterfly left in the aquarium. It is very active and fly everywhere in the aquarium, especially in the morning. All the butterflies died. No activities will be record for the butterflies.

The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird. The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird. The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird. The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird. The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird. The ladybird died. No activities will be record for ladybird.

18.

19.

Thursday 14.11

20.

Friday 15.11

21.

Saturday 16.11

Questions 1. Did the predator eat any caterpillars? If so, how many per day? - The predator for this predation activity is ladybird. Ladybird in the aquarium does not eat any caterpillars. Ladybird has soft bodies that easy to munch, so it just pick smaller species that are easier to capture and eat. That is the reasons why ladybird in the aquarium does not eat any caterpillars.