Delamination A State-of-the-art Review
DIPAYAN JANA Construction Materials Consultants, Inc. & Applied Petrographic Services, Inc. Greensburg, PA USA
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COMMENTS FROM A GIANT BRYANT MATHER
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COMMENTS FROM A GIANT BRYANT MATHER
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DELAMINATION A NEED FOR A BETTER DEFINITION
A separation along a plane parallel to a surface as in the separation of a coating from a substrate or the layers of coating from each other, or in the case of a concrete slab, a horizontal splitting, cracking, or separation of a slab in a plane roughly parallel to, and generally near, the upper 1 2 surface; found most frequently in bridge decks and caused by the corrosion of reinforcing steel or freezing and thawing; similar to spalling, scaling, or peeling except that delamination affects large areas and can often only be detected by tapping. 3
- ACI Committee 116 report on Cement and Concrete Terminology
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DELAMINATION AN INCREASING CONCERN!
1. Air entrainment in a concrete slab receiving a hard (machine)-trowel finish (especially in an indoor slab where air entrainment is not necessary) 2. Machine trowel finishing a lightweight aggregate concrete slab, which usually incorporates air entrainment 3. Premature finishing operations of an air-entrained or non-air-entrained concrete slab in indoor or outdoor environment 4. Top-down stiffening, or surface crusting of concrete slab in a hot, windy, and/or dry weather, especially if the slab is experiencing slow and prolonged bleeding 5. Prolonged finishing operations on an outdoor air-entrained concrete slab (especially if the air content is higher than 3 percent) 6. Prolonged finishing operations on a concrete slab receiving a metallic or mineral surface hardener 7. Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete in the presence of chloride and/or atmospheric carbonation
C
8. Cyclic freezing and thawing of a non-air-entrained or poorly air-entrained concrete slab at critically saturated conditions.
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DELECTING DELAMINATION IN THE FIELD
SmallScale Detection
Metal Tapping Chain Dragging (ASTM D 4580) Electro-Mechanical Sounding (ASTM D 4580) Infrared Thermography (ASTM D 4788) Impact Echo (ASTM C 1383) Ground Penetrating Radar (ASTM C 6087)
LargeScale Detection
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LABORATORY INVESTIGATION Petrographic Examinations (ASTM C 856) Air-Profile Analysis (Modified ASTM C 457)
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TROWEL-FINISHING AN AIR-ENTRAINED SLAB
1. Air-entrainment in a concrete slab receiving a hard (machine)-trowel finish (especially in an indoor slab where air entrainment is not necessary) 2. Machine trowel finishing operations on a lightweight aggregate concrete slab, which usually incorporates air entrainment
Three Major Microstructural Features: Loss of Air and Increased Paste at the Surface Region A Zone of Distorted Voids, Tears, Incipient Delamination Interior Zone not affected by Finishing
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DIAGNOSING DELAMINATION
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DIAGNOSING DELAMINATION
Lapped Cross-Section of a Concrete Core from a Delaminated Slab
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DIAGNOSING DELAMINATION
Lapped Cross-Section of a Concrete Core from a Delaminated Slab
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DIAGNOSING DELAMINATION
Lapped Cross-Section of a Concrete Core from a Delaminated Slab
Densified Surface Layer (DSL) Distorted Zone (DT) As-Placed Concrete (APC) - Lankard 2004
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DIAGNOSING DELAMINATION
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DIAGNOSING DELAMINATION
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WHY OR HOW AIR CAUSES DELAMINATION
Finishing induced air void distortion, alignment, coalescence, and eventual delamination
Petrographic Evidence
Shearing action between the dense, air-free surface mortar & interior air-entrained concrete
Hypotheses -No Petrographic Evidence
Void accumulation beneath the densified surface layer
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FINISHING-INDUCED DELAMINATION
3. Premature finishing operations of an air-entrained or non-air-entrained concrete slab in indoor or outdoor environment 4. Top-down stiffening, or surface crusting of a concrete slab in hot, windy, and/or dry weather, especially if the slab is experiencing slow and prolonged bleeding 5. Prolonged finishing operations on an outdoor air-entrained concrete slab, (especially if the air content is higher than 3 percent) 6. Prolonged finishing operations on a concrete slab receiving a metallic or mineral surface hardener
Timing
Pressure
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THE WINDOW OF FINISHABILITY
Adapted from ACI Committee 308R-01 Report on Curing
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THE WINDOW OF FINISHABILITY
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DELAMINATION BY PROLONGED FINISHING
25 mm
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TWO COMMON TYPES OF DELAMINATION
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DELAMINATION BY CORROSION & FREEZING IN OUTDOOR SLAB
7. Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete in the presence of chloride and/or atmospheric carbonation
C
8. Cyclic freezing and thawing of a non-air-entrained or poorly air-entrained concrete slab at critically saturated conditions.
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DELAMINATION BY CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE
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DELAMINATION BY CYCLIC FREEZING AND THAWING
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CONCLUSIONS
Issues with Air: - Air in a non-air-entrained design - No Air in an air-entrained design
Issues with Finishing: - Better Workmanship
Issues with Salts and Snow: - Durability
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