Scribd
Upload
1K views6 pages

List of Java Keywords

The document lists 50 keywords in the Java programming language and provides a brief description of the function of each keyword. Keywords are reserved words that have special predefined meanings in Java and cannot be used as variable or method names. Integrated development environments highlight keywords in a different color to help identify them. Some keywords like abstract and final define classes and methods, while others like if and for define control structures.

Uploaded by

guruannamalai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views6 pages

List of Java Keywords

The document lists 50 keywords in the Java programming language and provides a brief description of the function of each keyword. Keywords are reserved words that have special predefined meanings in Java and cannot be used as variable or method names. Integrated development environments highlight keywords in a different color to help identify them. Some keywords like abstract and final define classes and methods, while others like if and for define control structures.

Uploaded by

guruannamalai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

List of Java keywords

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

A snippet of Java code with keywords highlighted in blue and bold font In the Java programming language, a keyword is one of 50 reserved words[1] that have a predefined meaning in the language; because of this, programmers cannot use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other identifier.[2] Due to their special functions in the language, most integrated development environments for Java use syntax highlighting to display keywords in a different color for easy identification.

Contents

1 List 2 Reserved words for literal values 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References

List
The following is a list of Java keywords, along with brief descriptions of their functions:[2]
abstract

The abstract keyword is used to declare a class or method to be abstract[3]. An abstract method has no implementation; all classes containing abstract methods must themselves be abstract, although not all abstract classes have abstract methods. Objects of a class which is abstract cannot be instantiated, but can be extended by other classes. All subclasses of an abstract class must either provide implementations for all abstract methods, or must also be abstract.[4]
assert

The assert keyword, which was added in J2SE 1.4[2][1], is used to make an assertiona statement which the programmer believes is always true at that point in the program. If

assertions are enabled when the program is run and it turns out that an assertion is false, an AssertionError is thrown and the program terminates. This keyword is intended to aid in debugging[5][6].
boolean

The boolean keyword is used to declare a field that can store a boolean value; that is, either true or false[7][8]. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type boolean[9][3].
break

Used to resume program execution at the statement immediately following the current enclosing block or statement. If followed by a label, the program resumes execution at the statement immediately following the enclosing labeled statement or block.
byte

The byte keyword is used to declare a field that can store an 8-bit signed two's complement integer.[7][8] This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type byte[9][3].
case

The case keyword is used to create individual cases in a switch statement; see [10][11] switch .
catch

Defines an exception handlera group of statements that are executed if an exception is thrown in the block defined by a preceding try keyword. The code is executed only if the class of the thrown exception is assignment compatible with the exception class declared by the catch clause.
char

The char keyword is used to declare a field that can store a 16-bit Unicode character[7][8]. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type [9][3] char .
class

A type that defines the implementation of a particular kind of object. A class definition defines instance and class fields, methods, and inner classes as well as specifying the interfaces the class implements and the immediate superclass of the class. If the superclass is not explicitly specified, the superclass is implicitly Object.
const

Although reserved as a keyword in Java, const is not used and has no function[2][1]. For defining constants in java, see the 'final' reserved word.
continue

Used to resume program execution at the end of the current loop body. If followed by a label, continue resumes execution at the end of the enclosing labeled loop body.
default

The default can optionally be used in a switch statement to label a block of statements to be executed if no case matches the specified value; see switch[10][11]. Alternatively, the default keyword can also be used to declare default values in a Java annotation.
do

The do keyword is used in conjunction with while to create a do-while loop, which executes a block of statements associated with the loop and then tests a boolean expression associated with the while. If the expression evaluates to true, the block is executed again; this continues until the expression evaluates to false[12][13].
double

The double keyword is used to declare a field that can hold a 64-bit double precision IEEE 754 floating-point number.[7][8] This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type double[9][3].
else

The else keyword is used in conjunction with if to create an if-else statement, which tests a boolean expression; if the expression evaluates to true, the block of statements associated with the if are evaluated; if it evaluates to false, the block of statements associated with the else are evaluated[14][15]. enum (as of J2SE 5.0) A Java keyword used to declare an enumerated type. Enumerations extend the base class Enum.
extends

Used in a class declaration to specify the superclass; used in an interface declaration to specify one or more superinterfaces. Class X extends class Y to add functionality, either by adding fields or methods to class Y, or by overriding methods of class Y. An interface Z extends one or more interfaces by adding methods. Class X is said to be a subclass of class Y; Interface Z is said to be a subinterface of the interfaces it extends. Also used to specify an upper bound on a type parameter in Generics.
final

Define an entity once that cannot be changed nor derived from later. More specifically: a final class cannot be subclassed, a final method cannot be overridden, and a final variable can occur at most once as a left-hand expression. All methods in a final class are implicitly final.
finally

Used to define a block of statements for a block defined previously by the try keyword. The finally block is executed after execution exits the try block and any associated catch clauses regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught, or execution left method in the middle of the try or catch blocks using the return keyword.
float

The float keyword is used to declare a field that can hold a 32-bit single precision IEEE 754 floating-point number.[7][8] This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type float[9][3].
for

The for keyword is used to create a for loop, which specifies a variable initialization, a boolean expression, and an incrementation. The variable initialization is performed first, and then the boolean expression is evaluated. If the expression evaluates to true, the block of statements associated with the loop are executed, and then the incrementation is performed. The boolean expression is then evaluated again; this continues until the expression evaluates to false.[16] As of J2SE 5.0, the for keyword can also be used to create a so-called "enhanced for loop"[17], which specifies an array or Iterable object; each iteration of the loop executes the associated block of statements using a different element in the array or Iterable.[16]
goto

Although reserved as a keyword in Java, goto is not used and has no function[2][1].
if

The if keyword is used to create an if statement, which tests a boolean expression; if the expression evaluates to true, the block of statements associated with the if statement is executed. This keyword can also be used to create an if-else statement; see else[14][15].
implements

Included in a class declaration to specify one or more interfaces that are implemented by the current class. A class inherits the types and abstract methods declared by the interfaces.
import

Used at the beginning of a source file to specify classes or entire Java packages to be referred to later without including their package names in the reference. Since J2SE 5.0, import statements can import static members of a class.
instanceof

A binary operator that takes an object reference as its first operand and a class or interface as its second operand and produces a boolean result. The instanceof operator evaluates to true if and only if the runtime type of the object is assignment compatible with the class or interface.
int

The int keyword is used to declare a field that can hold a 32-bit signed two's complement integer[7][8]. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type int[9][3].
interface

Used to declare a special type of class that only contains abstract methods, constant (static final) fields and static interfaces. It can later be implemented by classes that declare the interface with the implements keyword.
long

The long keyword is used to declare a field that can hold a 64-bit signed two's complement integer[7][8]. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type long[9][3].
native

Used in method declarations to specify that the method is not implemented in the same Java source file, but rather in another language[3].
new

Used to create an instance of a class or array/an object.


package

A group of types. Packages are declared with the package keyword.


private

The private keyword is used in the declaration of a method, field, or inner class; private members can only be accessed by other members of their own class.[18]
protected

The protected keyword is used in the declaration of a method, field, or inner class; protected members can only be accessed by members of their own class, that class's subclasses or classes from the same package.[18]
public

The public keyword is used in the declaration of a class, method, or field; public classes, methods, and fields can be accessed by the members of any class.[18]
return

Used to finish the execution of a method. It can be followed by a value required by the method definition that is returned to the caller.
short

The short keyword is used to declare a field that can hold a 16-bit signed two's complement integer[7][8]. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type short[9][3].
static

Used to declare a field, method, or inner class as a class field. Classes maintain one copy of class fields regardless of how many instances exist of that class. static also is used to define a method as a class method. Class methods are bound to the class instead of to a specific instance, and can only operate on class fields. (Classes and interfaces declared as static members of another class or interface are actually top-level classes and are not inner classes.) strictfp (as of J2SE 1.2) A Java keyword used to restrict the precision and rounding of floating point calculations to ensure portability[3].
super

Used to access members of a class inherited by the class in which it appears. Allows a subclass to access overridden methods and hidden members of its superclass. The super keyword is also used to forward a call from a constructor to a constructor in the superclass. Also used to specify a lower bound on a type parameter in Generics.
switch

The switch keyword is used in conjunction with case and default to create a switch statement, which evaluates a variable, matches its value to a specific case, and executes the block of statements associated with that case. If no case matches the value, the optional block labelled by default is executed, if included[10][11].
synchronized

Used in the declaration of a method or code block to acquire the mutex lock for an object while the current thread executes the code[3]. For static methods, the object locked is the class' Class. Guarantees that at most one thread at a time operating on the same object executes that code. The mutex lock is automatically released when execution exits the synchronized code. Fields, classes and interfaces cannot be declared as synchronized.
this

Used to represent an instance of the class in which it appears. this can be used to access class members and as a reference to the current instance. The this keyword is also used to forward a call from one constructor in a class to another constructor in the same class.
throw

Causes the declared exception instance to be thrown. This causes execution to continue with the first enclosing exception handler declared by the catch keyword to handle an assignment compatible exception type. If no such exception handler is found in the current method, then the method returns and the process is repeated in the calling method. If no exception handler is found in any method call on the stack, then the exception is passed to the thread's uncaught exception handler.
throws

Used in method declarations to specify which exceptions are not handled within the method but rather passed to the next higher level of the program. All uncaught exceptions in a method that are not instances of RuntimeException must be declared using the throws keyword.
transient

Declares that an instance field is not part of the default serialized form of an object. When an object is serialized, only the values of its non-transient instance fields are included in the default serial representation. When an object is deserialized, transient fields are initialized only to their default value. If the default form is not used, e.g. when a serialPersistentFields table is declared in the class hierarchy, all transient keywords are ignored.[19][20]
try

Defines a block of statements that have exception handling. If an exception is thrown inside the try block, an optional catch block can handle declared exception types. Also, an optional finally block can be declared that will be executed when execution exits the try block and catch clauses, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. A try block must have at least one catch clause or a finally block.
void

The void keyword is used to declare that a method does not return any value.[9]
volatile

Used in field declarations to specify that the variable is modified asynchronously by concurrently running threads. Methods, classes and interfaces thus cannot be declared volatile.
while

The while keyword is used to create a while loop, which tests a boolean expression and executes the block of statements associated with the loop if the expression evaluates to true; this continues until the expression evaluates to false. This keyword can also be used to create a do-while loop; see do[12][13].

Common questions

Powered by AI

The 'finally' block in Java plays a crucial role in exception handling by executing code after the try block, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or handled. It ensures that necessary clean-up code, such as closing files or releasing resources, is executed in all cases. This contrasts with the 'catch' block, which contains code to handle exceptions that are thrown within a try block. A 'catch' block executes only if an exception is thrown, whereas the 'finally' block executes after the try and any catch blocks have been completed, providing a mechanism to maintain a consistent state .

The 'synchronized' keyword in Java ensures thread safety by allowing only one thread at a time to execute a block of code or method that is marked synchronized. For instance methods, this locks the object instance, and for static methods, it locks the class's Class object. By acquiring a mutex lock, it prevents other threads from accessing shared resources or executing the synchronized code simultaneously until the thread holding the lock exits the synchronized block or method, ensuring that critical sections of code can be accessed by one thread at a time .

The 'transient' keyword in Java is important for object serialization because it indicates that a field should not be part of the serialized form of an object. When an object is serialized, only non-transient fields are stored in the default serialized representation, ensuring that fields not meant to be publicly shared, such as security credentials or temporary data, are not inadvertently exposed. It provides control over the serialization process and enhances data security by allowing developers to exclude sensitive or non-essential data from serialized objects .

The 'try-catch-finally' construct in Java addresses the problem of handling runtime exceptions, allowing programs to gracefully recover or inform the user of errors without crashing. This construct enhances program reliability by separating error handling from regular code, making applications more robust and easier to maintain. The 'try' block encloses code that might throw an exception, 'catch' handles specific exceptions thrown, and 'finally' executes necessary clean-up operations, such as closing resources, whether or not an exception occurs. This ensures resource efficiency and consistent application states .

The 'switch' statement in Java uses 'case' and 'default' keywords to evaluate a variable and execute specific blocks of code based on its value. When a switch statement is executed, the flow of control jumps to the matching case label, and the associated code block is executed. If no case matches the value, the 'default' block, if present, is executed. The switch statement streamlines decision-making across many potential values, offering a more readable and efficient alternative to long chains of 'if-else' conditions. The 'break' statement is often used within cases to exit the switch block and prevent fall-through .

The 'static' keyword in Java alters the behavior of fields, methods, or classes by associating them with the class rather than instances of the class. Static fields are shared among all instances, reflecting a class-level property rather than instance-level. Static methods cannot access instance variables or methods directly since they belong to the class context. Also, inner classes declared as static are essentially nested classes with access to static fields of the outer class but not instance variables, reinforcing their top-level scope within the class structure. It provides efficient resource management by reducing redundancy and allowing shared access .

The 'interface' keyword in Java enforces abstraction by requiring any class that implements it to provide concrete implementations for all of its abstract methods. Interfaces are defined with methods that are implicitly abstract, providing no implementation. This helps enforce a strict contract for implementing classes, ensuring they follow the specified behavior. Unlike classes, interfaces cannot have instance fields or constructors, and all their fields are implicitly public, static, and final. These restrictions ensure that interfaces focus purely on the abstraction of functionality without involving state management .

The 'volatile' keyword in Java impacts variable handling by ensuring that any update to a volatile variable is immediately written to main memory and that every read of a volatile variable will always return the most recent write by any thread. This prevents the Java memory model from caching variables, which could otherwise lead to inconsistencies when accessing the variable from multiple threads. However, volatile does not guarantee atomicity for compound actions such as incrementing a variable .

The 'final' keyword in Java is significant because it prevents inheritance and method overriding, providing control over how classes and methods are extended and used. Declaring a class as final ensures that it cannot be subclassed, thus preventing inheritance. Similarly, marking a method as final prevents it from being overridden in a subclass. This can be important for maintaining security, performance integrity, and the encapsulated behavior of a class. With a final variable, it can be assigned once and its value cannot be changed thereafter, ensuring constancy throughout the program execution .

The 'abstract' keyword in Java, when used in a class declaration, signifies that the class cannot be instantiated and may contain abstract methods that must be implemented in subclasses. Conversely, when applied to a method, it indicates that the method has no implementation in the containing class and must be overridden by subclasses that derive from the abstract class. This allows defining a shared contract or template for subclasses while enforcing concrete implementations for specific behaviors .

You might also like