Abaqus Verification Manual

Abaqus

Verification Manual

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Preface
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CONTENTS

Contents
1. Element Verification

Element verication tests: overview

Eigenvalue tests

1.1.1 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.8 1.3.9 1.3.10 1.3.11 1.3.12 1.3.13 1.3.14 1.3.15 1.3.16 1.3.17 1.3.18 1.3.19 1.3.20 1.3.21 1.3.22 1.3.23 1.3.24 1.3.25 1.3.26 1.3.27 1.3.28 1.3.29

Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements Eigenvalue extraction for unconstrained patches of elements Acoustic modes
Simple load tests

Membrane loading of plane stress, plane strain, membrane, and shell elements Generalized plane strain elements with relative motion of bounding planes Three-dimensional solid elements Axisymmetric solid elements Axisymmetric solid elements with twist Cylindrical elements Loading of piezoelectric elements Love-Kirchhoff beams and shells Shear exible beams and shells: I Shear exible beams and shells: II Initial curvature of beams and shells Normal denitions of beams and shells Constant curvature test for shells Verication of section forces for shells Composite shell sections Cantilever sandwich beam: shear exible shells Thermal stress in a cylindrical shell Variable thickness shells and membranes Shell offset Axisymmetric membrane elements Cylindrical membrane elements Verication of beam elements and section types Beam added inertia Beam uid inertia Beam with end moment Flexure of a deep beam Simple tests of beam kinematics Tensile test Simple shear

CONTENTS

Verication of the elastic behavior of frame elements Verication of the plastic behavior of frame elements Three-bar truss Pure bending of a cylinder: CAXA elements Cylinder subjected to an asymmetric temperature eld: CAXA elements Cylinder subjected to asymmetric pressure loads: CAXA elements Cylinder subjected to an asymmetric pore pressure eld: CAXA elements Modal dynamic and transient dynamic analysis with CAXA and SAXA elements Simple load tests for thermal-electrical elements Hydrostatic uid elements Fluid link element Temperature-dependent lm condition Surface-based pressure penetration Gasket behavior verication Gasket element assembly Cohesive elements Coriolis loading for direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis Pipe-soil interaction elements
Element loading options

1.3.30 1.3.31 1.3.32 1.3.33 1.3.34 1.3.35 1.3.36 1.3.37 1.3.38 1.3.39 1.3.40 1.3.41 1.3.42 1.3.43 1.3.44 1.3.45 1.3.46 1.3.47

Continuum stress/displacement elements Beam stress/displacement elements Pipe stress/displacement elements Shell, membrane, and truss stress/displacement elements Cohesive element load verication ELBOW elements Continuum pore pressure elements Continuum and shell heat transfer elements Coupled temperature-displacement elements Piezoelectric elements Continuum mass diffusion elements Thermal-electrical elements Rigid elements Mass and rotary inertia elements Abaqus/Explicit element loading verication Incident wave loading Distributed traction and edge loads
Patch tests

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 1.4.7 1.4.8 1.4.9 1.4.10 1.4.11 1.4.12 1.4.13 1.4.14 1.4.15 1.4.16 1.4.17

Membrane patch test Patch test for three-dimensional solid elements Patch test for cylindrical elements Patch test for axisymmetric elements

1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4

vi

CONTENTS

Patch test for axisymmetric elements with twist Patch test for plate bending Patch test for beam elements Patch test for heat transfer elements Patch test for thermal-electrical elements Patch test for acoustic elements
Contact tests

1.5.5 1.5.6 1.5.7 1.5.8 1.5.9 1.5.10

Small-sliding contact between stress/displacement elements Small-sliding contact between coupled temperature-displacement surfaces Small-sliding contact between coupled pore pressure-displacement elements Finite-sliding contact between stress/displacement elements Finite-sliding contact between a deformable body and a rigid surface Finite-sliding contact between a deformable body and a meshed rigid surface Finite-sliding contact between coupled temperature-displacement elements Finite-sliding contact between coupled pore pressure-displacement elements Rolling of steel plate Beam impact on cylinder Contact with time-dependent prescribed interference values Contact between discrete points Finite sliding between concentric cylindersaxisymmetric and CAXA models Automatic element conversion for surface contact Contact with initial overclosure of curved surfaces Small-sliding contact with specied clearance or overclosure values Automatic surface denition and surface trimming Self-contact of nite-sliding deformable surfaces Contact surface extensions Adjusting contact surface normals at symmetry planes Contact controls Contact searching for analytical rigid surfaces Multiple surface contact with penalty method Automated contact patch algorithm for nite-sliding deformable surfaces Surface-to-surface approach for nite-sliding contact Surface smoothing for surface-to-surface contact General contact in Abaqus/Standard
Interface tests

1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.6.6 1.6.7 1.6.8 1.6.9 1.6.10 1.6.11 1.6.12 1.6.13 1.6.14 1.6.15 1.6.16 1.6.17 1.6.18 1.6.19 1.6.20 1.6.21 1.6.22 1.6.23 1.6.24 1.6.25 1.6.26 1.6.27

Thermal surface interaction Coupling of acoustic and structural elements Coupled thermal-electrical surface interaction Friction models in Abaqus/Standard Friction models in Abaqus/Explicit Cohesive surface interaction

1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 1.7.6

vii

CONTENTS

Rigid body verification

Rigid body mass properties Tie and pin node sets Rigid body as an MPC Rigid body constraint Including deformable element types in a rigid body
Connector element verification

1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 1.8.5 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.9.5 1.9.6 1.10.1 1.10.2 1.10.3 1.10.4 1.11.1 1.11.2 1.11.3 1.11.4 1.11.5 1.11.6 1.11.7 1.11.8 1.11.9

Damped free vibration with initial conditions Sinusoidal excitation of a damped spring-mass system Multiple instances of connector elements Individual connector option tests Connector elements in perturbation analyses Tests for special-purpose connectors
Special-purpose stress/displacement elements

Flexible joint element Line spring elements Distributing coupling elements Drag chain elements
Miscellaneous tests

Rebar in Abaqus/Standard Rebar in Abaqus/Explicit Convection elements: transport of a temperature pulse Continuum shells: basic element modes Transverse shear for shear-exible shells Linear dynamic analysis with uid link Rigid bodies with temperature DOFs, heat capacitance, and nodal-based thermal loads Analysis of unbounded acoustic regions Nonstructural mass verication
2. Material Verification

Material verication: overview

Mechanical properties

2.1.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7

Elastic materials Viscoelastic materials Mullins effect and permanent set Hysteretic materials Temperature-dependent elastic materials Field-variable-dependent elastic materials Large-strain viscoelasticity with hyperelasticity

viii

CONTENTS

Transient internal pressure loading of a viscoelastic cylinder Rate-independent plasticity Rate-dependent plasticity in Abaqus/Standard Rate-dependent plasticity in Abaqus/Explicit Annealing temperature Temperature-dependent inelastic materials Field-variable-dependent inelastic materials Johnson-Cook plasticity Porous metal plasticity Drucker-Prager plasticity Drucker-Prager/Cap plasticity model Equation of state material Progressive damage and failure of ductile metals Progressive damage and failure in ber-reinforced materials Creep Concrete smeared cracking Concrete damaged plasticity Two-layer viscoplasticity Brittle cracking constitutive model Cracking model: tension shear test Hydrostatic uid Composite, mass proportional, and rotary inertia proportional damping in Abaqus/Standard Material damping in Abaqus/Explicit Mass proportional damping in Abaqus/Explicit Thermal expansion test
Thermal properties

2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.10 2.2.11 2.2.12 2.2.13 2.2.14 2.2.15 2.2.16 2.2.17 2.2.18 2.2.19 2.2.20 2.2.21 2.2.22 2.2.23 2.2.24 2.2.25 2.2.26 2.2.27 2.2.28 2.2.29 2.2.30 2.2.31 2.2.32 2.3.1

Thermal properties
3. Analysis Procedures and Techniques

Procedures options: overview

Dynamic analysis

3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7

Modal dynamic analysis with baseline correction Steady-state dynamic analysis for two-dimensional elements Steady-state dynamic analysis for innite elements Random response analysis Single degree of freedom spring-mass systems Linear kinematics element tests Mass scaling

ix

CONTENTS

Crack propagation

Crack propagation analysis Propagation of hydraulically driven fracture

Substructuring

3.3.1 3.3.2

Substructure rotation, mirroring, transformation, and constraints Substructure recovery with *TRANSFORM Degenerated elements within a substructure *SUBSTRUCTURE LOAD CASE with centrifugal loads Thermal-stress analysis with substructures Substructure preload history Substructure removal Substructure library utilities Substructure damping Substructures with rebar Frequency extraction for substructures Substructures with large rotations Coupled structural-acoustic analysis with substructures
Piezoelectric analysis

3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 3.4.8 3.4.9 3.4.10 3.4.11 3.4.12 3.4.13

Static analysis for piezoelectric materials Frequency extraction analysis for piezoelectric materials General analysis procedures for piezoelectric materials
Submodeling

3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3

Submodeling: overview Two-dimensional continuum stress/displacement submodeling Three-dimensional continuum stress/displacement submodeling Cylindrical continuum stress/displacement submodeling Axisymmetric continuum stress/displacement submodeling Axisymmetric stress/displacement submodeling with twist Membrane submodeling Shell submodeling Surface element submodeling Heat transfer submodeling Coupled temperature-displacement submodeling Pore pressure submodeling Piezoelectric submodeling Acoustic submodeling Shell-to-solid submodeling Gasket submodeling Miscellaneous submodeling tests

3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.6.7 3.6.8 3.6.9 3.6.10 3.6.11 3.6.12 3.6.13 3.6.14 3.6.15 3.6.16 3.6.17

CONTENTS

Acoustic and shock analyses

Volumetric drag Impedance boundary conditions Transient acoustic wave propagation Adaptive meshing applied to coupled structural-acoustic problems CONWEP blast loading pressures Blast loading of a circular plate using the CONWEP model
Model change

3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.8.5 3.8.6 3.8.7 3.8.8 3.8.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3 3.11.1 3.12.1 3.12.2 3.12.3 3.12.4 3.12.5 3.12.6 3.12.7 3.12.8 3.12.9 3.12.10

Model change: overview Stress/displacement model change: static Stress/displacement model change: dynamic Stress/displacement model change: general tests Heat transfer model change: steady state Coupled temperature-displacement model change: steady state Contact model change Acoustic model change: steady state Pore-thermal model change
Symmetric model generation and analysis of cyclic symmetry models

Symmetric model generation and results transfer Analysis of cyclic symmetric models
Abaqus/Aqua analysis

Aqua load cases Jack-up foundation analysis Elastic-plastic joint elements

Design sensitivity analysis

Design sensitivity analysis

Transferring results between Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit

Transferring results between Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard Transferring results from one Abaqus/Standard analysis to another Abaqus/Standard analysis Transferring results from one Abaqus/Explicit analysis to another Abaqus/Explicit analysis Transferring results with *BEAM GENERAL SECTION Transferring results with *SHELL GENERAL SECTION Adding and removing elements during results transfer Transferring rigid elements Transferring connector elements into Abaqus/Explicit Transferring hourglass forces Changing the material denition during import

xi

CONTENTS

Transferring results with plasticity Transferring results with damage Transferring results with hyperelasticity Transferring results with viscoelasticity Transferring results for a hyperelastic sheet with a circular hole Transferring results with hyperfoam Transferring results with orientation Miscellaneous results transfer tests
Transferring results between dissimilar meshes

3.12.11 3.12.12 3.12.13 3.12.14 3.12.15 3.12.16 3.12.17 3.12.18 3.13.1 3.14.1 3.15.1 3.15.2 3.15.3 3.16.1 3.17.1 3.18.1 3.18.2 3.19.1 3.19.2 3.20.1 3.21.1

Transferring results between dissimilar meshes in Abaqus/Standard

Direct cyclic analysis

Direct cyclic and low-cycle fatigue analyses

Meshed beam cross-sections

Meshed beam cross-sections: overview Meshing and analyzing a two-dimensional model of a beam cross-section Using generated cross-section properties in a beam analysis
Complex eigenvalue extraction

Complex eigenvalue extraction

Eulerian analysis

CEL analysis of a rotating water disk

Co-simulation

Fluid-structure interaction of a cantilever beam inside a channel Abaqus/Standard to Abaqus/Explicit co-simulation

Adaptive remeshing

Pressurized thick-walled cylinder Error indicators

Frequency extraction using the AMS eigensolver

Frequency extraction using the AMS eigensolver

Steady-state dynamics with nondiagonal damping using the AMS eigensolver

Steady-state dynamics with nondiagonal damping using the AMS eigensolver

4. User Subroutines

DFLUX DISP DLOAD FRIC

4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4

xii

CONTENTS

FRIC_COEF GAPCON GAPELECTR HARDINI HETVAL RSURFU SDVINI UAMP UANISOHYPER_INV and VUANISOHYPER_INV UEL UELMAT UEXPAN UFLUID UGENS UHARD UINTER UMAT and UHYPER UMATHT URDFIL USDFLD UTEMP, UFIELD, UMASFL, and UPRESS UVARM UWAVE and UEXTERNALDB VDISP VDLOAD: nonuniform loads VFRIC, VFRIC_COEF, and VFRICTION VUAMP VUEL VUFIELD VUHARD VUINTER VUINTERACTION VUMAT: rotating cylinder VUSDFLD VUVISCOSITY
5. Miscellaneous Options Miscellaneous modeling options

4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 4.1.10 4.1.11 4.1.12 4.1.13 4.1.14 4.1.15 4.1.16 4.1.17 4.1.18 4.1.19 4.1.20 4.1.21 4.1.22 4.1.23 4.1.24 4.1.25 4.1.26 4.1.27 4.1.28 4.1.29 4.1.30 4.1.31 4.1.32 4.1.33 4.1.34 4.1.35 4.1.36 4.1.37 4.1.38 4.1.39

Adaptive mesh for solid elements in Abaqus/Standard *AMPLITUDE Spatially varying element properties

5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

xiii

CONTENTS

*BOUNDARY *CONSTRAINT CONTROLS *COUPLING *DISPLAY BODY *EMBEDDED ELEMENT *GEOSTATIC, UTOL *IMPERFECTION and *PARAMETER SHAPE VARIATION *INERTIA RELIEF *SURFACE, TYPE=CUTTING SURFACE *KINEMATIC COUPLING *MATRIX INPUT Mesh-independent spot welds *MPC *ORIENTATION *PRE-TENSION SECTION *RADIATION VIEWFACTOR: symmetries and blocking *RELEASE *SHELL TO SOLID COUPLING *STEP, EXTRAPOLATION Surface-based uid cavities *SURFACE BEHAVIOR *TEMPERATURE, *FIELD, and *PRESSURE STRESS *TIE Coupled pore-thermal elements
Miscellaneous output options

5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.1.7 5.1.8 5.1.9 5.1.10 5.1.11 5.1.12 5.1.13 5.1.14 5.1.15 5.1.16 5.1.17 5.1.18 5.1.19 5.1.20 5.1.21 5.1.22 5.1.23 5.1.24 5.1.25 5.1.26 5.1.27 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5

*ELEMENT MATRIX OUTPUT *SUBSTRUCTURE MATRIX OUTPUT Integrated output variables Rigid body motion output variables Element nodal forces in beam section orientation

xiv

INTRODUCTION

1.0.1

INTRODUCTION

This is the Verication Manual for Abaqus. It contains a large number of test cases that serve as basic verication of these programs. Each test case veries one or several well-dened options in the code. The test cases are sufciently small that, in most cases, the correct results can be calculated by hand. This manual is divided into chapters based on the type of capability that is tested. The problems in the element verication chapter test the element library extensively. Other chapters document tests of materials, procedures, user subroutines, miscellaneous options, and importing results from Abaqus/Explicit into Abaqus/Standard. In addition to the Verication Manual, there are two other manuals that contain worked problems. The Abaqus Benchmarks Manual contains benchmark problems (including the NAFEMS suite of test problems) and standard analyses used to evaluate the performance of Abaqus. The tests in this manual are multiple element tests of simple geometries or simplied versions of real problems. The Abaqus Example Problems Manual contains many solved examples that test the code with the type of problems that users are likely to solve. Many of these problems are quite difcult and test a combination of capabilities in the code. The qualication process for new Abaqus releases includes running and verifying results for all problems in the Abaqus Example Problems Manual, the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual, and the Abaqus Verication Manual. It is important that a user become familiar with the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual, the Abaqus Example Problems Manual, and the Abaqus Verication Manual before any analysis is done to determine the level of verication that has been done of the capabilities that will be used. The user should then decide whether any additional verication is necessary before starting the analysis. All input les referred to in the manuals are included with the Abaqus release in compressed archive les. The abaqus fetch utility is used to extract these input les for use. For example, to fetch input le ec12afe1.inp for Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements, Section 1.2.1, type abaqus fetch job=ec12afe1.inp Parametric study script (.psf) and user subroutine (.f) les can be fetched in the same manner. All les for a particular problem can be obtained by leaving off the le extension. The abaqus fetch utility is explained in detail in Fetching sample input les, Section 3.2.12 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual. It is sometimes useful to search the input les. The ndkeyword utility is used to locate input les that contain user-specied input. This utility is dened in Querying the keyword/problem database, Section 3.2.11 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual.

1.0.11

ELEMENT VERIFICATION

1.

Element Verification
Overview, Section 1.1 Eigenvalue tests, Section 1.2 Simple load tests, Section 1.3 Element loading options, Section 1.4 Patch tests, Section 1.5 Contact tests, Section 1.6 Interface tests, Section 1.7 Rigid body verication, Section 1.8 Connector element verication, Section 1.9 Special-purpose stress/displacement elements, Section 1.10 Miscellaneous tests, Section 1.11

OVERVIEW

1.1

Overview

Element verication tests: overview, Section 1.1.1

1.11

ELEMENT VERIFICATION

1.1.1

ELEMENT VERIFICATION TESTS: OVERVIEW

This chapter denes the basic tests used to verify the correct behavior of the elements in the Abaqus library and documents the results of the tests. Verication of various print and le output options is also provided in these tests. The test set is divided into categories as described below.
Eigenvalue tests, Section 1.2

This set includes two tests for most element types. In the rst of these tests all the modes and frequencies of a single, unrestrained element are extracted. The second test extracts the modes and frequencies of a patch of unrestrained elements. These tests verify the correct representation of rigid body modes and the correctness of each elements stiffness and mass. The tests also reveal any singular hourglass modes that may be present in reduced-integration elements. A third test is performed to extract the natural modes of vibration of an organ pipe modeled with acoustic elements. Only the number of zero-energy modes has been veried for the tests. The rst nonzero eigenvalue is shown only for purposes of comparison. These tests are not performed for heat transfer elements and some other nonstructural elements.
Simple load tests, Section 1.3

In these tests a simple domain, such as a rectangle in two dimensions or a rectangular prism in three dimensions, is discretized with the minimum number of elements. Sufcient kinematic boundary conditions are imposed to remove rigid body motion only. The loadings that are applied are ones for which the element being tested is capable of representing the solution exactly; for example, rst-order elements are loaded so as to cause a constant stress state, while second-order elements are loaded into a linearly varying stress state. The results are checked against exact calculations. Several such tests are necessary for structural elements (beams and shells) because of their complexity, and different tests are used for the elements that are based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis and for those that provide shear exibility. The tests also include discontinuous structures (plates joined at an angle and frames) to test the discontinuous *NORMAL denition option, and they include shells and membranes with variable thickness. The *TRANSFORM and *ORIENTATION options are veried in some tests. The problem descriptions contain the solution with which the results are compared. Where analytical solutions are not available, alternative numerical solutions are used.
Element loading options, Section 1.4

In these tests the distributed loadings provided for each element are veried by checking the equivalent nodal forces, uxes, or charges that are calculated for each load type. All degrees of freedom are suppressed, and the various distributed loadings offered for the element type are applied in a series of

1.1.11

ELEMENT VERIFICATION

steps. The reactions are veried against exact calculation for the interpolation function. The values of the output variables presented are exact in the nite element sense and, unless noted otherwise, are also exact in the analytical sense. To check thermal loading, free and constrained thermal expansions of elements are also tested. Thermal loads are dened by giving the temperature, , along with a nonzero thermal expansion coefcient. Generalized plane strain elements have an additional reference node associated with the generalized plane strain condition. Depending on the particular test, degrees of freedom , , and of the generalized plane strain reference node are constrained or left free.
Patch tests, Section 1.5

The patch test requires that, for an arbitrary patch of elements, when a solution corresponding to a state of constant strain throughout the patch is prescribed on the boundary of the patch, the constant strain state must be obtained as the solution at all strain calculation points throughout the patch. For heat transfer elements the patch test requires that constant temperature gradients are calculated throughout the patch when the temperatures corresponding to the constant gradient solution are prescribed on the boundary. The acoustic elements are similarly tested for constant pressure gradients, and the thermalelectrical elements are tested for constant potential gradients. The patch test is generally considered to be a necessary and sufcient condition for convergence of the solution as the element size is reduced, except for shell elements of the type used in Abaqus, for which the test is not rigorously required, but for which it is commonly accepted as a valuable indicator of the elements quality. Thus, this test plays a key role in the verication process. In the patch tests done in Abaqus a patch is dened as a mesh with at least one interior element and several interior nodes. The elements in the patch are nonrectangular, although element edges are kept straight. (Second-order elements do not always pass the patch test if their edges are not straight.) The shell elements are tested for plate and cylindrical patches only. Basic verication of the geometric nonlinearity capability is included in these tests by prescribing large rigid body rotations of the models under states of constant strain and verifying the invariance of the solution with respect to the rotation.
Contact tests, Section 1.6

This section contains tests of the various contact capabilities available in Abaqus.
Interface tests, Section 1.7

This section contains tests of the various interface capabilities available in Abaqus. This category currently consists of modeling surface interface conditions in heat transfer problems, coupled acoustic-structural problems, coupled thermal-electrical problems, and friction.
Rigid body verification, Section 1.8

This section contains tests of the rigid body elements available in Abaqus/Explicit.

1.1.12

ELEMENT VERIFICATION

Connector element verification, Section 1.9

This section contains tests of the connector elements available in Abaqus.

Special-purpose stress/displacement elements, Section 1.10

This section describes tests of some of the special-purpose stress/displacement elements available in Abaqus that are not tested in other sections of this manual. SPRING- and MASS-type elements are tested with the eigenvalue frequency analyses of Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements, Section 1.2.1. ELBOW-type elements are also tested in Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements, Section 1.2.1, as well as in the simple load test described in Verication of beam elements and section types, Section 1.3.22, and the distributed load test described in ELBOW elements, Section 1.4.6. GAP-type elements are tested with the contact elements, as described in Contact between discrete points, Section 1.6.12.
Miscellaneous tests, Section 1.11

This category contains tests of the rebar options, transport of a temperature pulse in convection elements, transverse shear for shear-exible shells, and linear dynamic analyses with uid link elements.

1.1.13

EIGENVALUE TESTS

1.2

Eigenvalue tests

Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements, Section 1.2.1 Eigenvalue extraction for unconstrained patches of elements, Section 1.2.2 Acoustic modes, Section 1.2.3

1.21

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

1.2.1

EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION FOR SINGLE UNCONSTRAINED ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Acoustic elements, beams, cohesive elements, elbows, membranes, pipes, shells, trusses, continuum elements (except coupled pore pressure-displacement and coupled temperature-displacement elements), piezoelectric elements, springs, and masses.
Problem description

The models consist of a single element. There are no boundary conditions, except as required in springmass (see SPRING, MASS, and JOINT2D elements) and piezoelectric tests. For the piezoelectric element tests one electric potential degree of freedom is constrained to remove singularities from the dielectric portion of the structural stiffness. Note: There are no mass terms associated with potential degrees of freedom.
Results and discussion

The results presented in Table 1.2.11 through Table 1.2.17 show the number of zero-energy modes and the rst nonzero eigenvalue. Some elements have nonrigid-body zero-energy modes. Where two values are given in the zero-energy modes column, the rst is the number of zero-energy modes and the second is the number of rigid-body zero-energy modes. When an assembly of elements is tested, as in Eigenvalue extraction for unconstrained patches of elements, Section 1.2.2, the nonrigid-body zero-energy modes disappear. The eigenvalue is shown only for purposes of comparison. Elements with quadrilateral geometry can be degenerated to triangular shape; these results are denoted by (triangle) in the tables. Results for the piezoelectric elements are reported for Step 2. Table 1.2.11 Element type AC1D2 AC1D3 AC2D3 AC2D4 (triangle) AC2D4 AC2D6 Acoustic elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 1.509 4.527 1.122 1.122 9.971 4.116 108 108 108 108 107 108

Number of zeroenergy modes 1 1 1 1 1 1

1.2.11

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type AC2D8 (triangle) AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D10 AC3D15 AC3D20 ACAX3 ACAX4 (triangle) ACAX4 ACAX6 ACAX8 (triangle) ACAX8

Number of zeroenergy modes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

First nonzero eigenvalue 4.077 4.447 1.482 4.447 3.743 5.775 4.447 1.132 1.218 1.218 9.331 4.887 4.870 4.527 108 108 108 108 107 108 108 108 108 108 107 108 108 108

Table 1.2.12 Element type B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OS

Beam elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 1.675 109 1.675 109 4.621 109 4.621 109 1.379 1010 1.379 1010 3.127 109 3.127 109 8.534 107 8.534 107 7.170 109 7.170 109 2.050 108

Number of zeroenergy modes 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1.2.12

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type B32OSH B33 B33H

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6

First nonzero eigenvalue 2.050 108 1.714 1010 1.714 1010

Table 1.2.13 Element type COH2D4 COHAX4 COH3D6 COH3D8

Cohesive elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 1.0256 1.0256 1.2820 5.1282 106 106 105 105

Number of zeroEnergy modes 5/3 5/1 12/6 16/6

Table 1.2.14 Element type ELBOW31 ELBOW31B ELBOW31C ELBOW32 PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32H

Elbow and pipe elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 5.481 3.230 3.230 1.065 1.675 1.675 4.621 4.621 3.127 3.127 9.321 9.321 107 105 105 108 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6

The membrane elements have no bending stiffness, which accounts for the high number of nonrigidbody zero-energy modes.

1.2.13

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Table 1.2.15 Element type M3D3 M3D4 M3D4R M3D6 M3D8 M3D8R M3D9 M3D9R MAX1 MAX2 MCL6 MCL9

Membrane elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 2.350 1.615 3.140 3.622 7.274 7.274 7.274 5.225 1.231 1.535 7.582 6.313 108 108 105 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 109 108

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 7 7 9 11 12 12 13 2 2 9 9

Table 1.2.16 Element type S3/S3R S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65 SAXA11 SAXA12 SAXA13 SAXA14

Shell elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 1.985 3.071 3.071 3.074 3.073 1.165 1.165 7.189 3.049 1.228 1.229 1.229 1.229 106 106 106 106 105 104 104 107 105 105 105 105 105

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6 6 8/6 7/6 7/6 6 6 4/3 5/3 6/3 7/3

1.2.14

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type SAXA21 SAXA22 SAXA23 SAXA24 SAX1 SAX2 SC6R SC8R

Number of zeroenergy modes 3 3 3 3 2/1 1 6 6 Table 1.2.17

First nonzero eigenvalue 2.636 4.075 4.075 4.075 1.231 2.636 1.942 1.942 106 105 105 105 109 106 108 108

Truss elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 1.143 1.143 3.429 3.429 1.143 1.143 3.429 3.429 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010

Element type T2D2 T2D2H T2D3 T2D3H T3D2 T3D2H T3D3 T3D3H

Number of zeroenergy modes 3 3 4/3 4/3 5 5 7/6 7/6

Table 1.2.18 Element type CPE3 CPE3H CPE4 CPE4H CPE4I CPE4IH CPE4R

Two-dimensional continuum elements. Number of zeroenergy modes 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 First nonzero eigenvalue 2.488 2.488 8.373 8.373 1.196 1.196 3.140 108 108 107 107 108 108 105

1.2.15

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type CPE4RH CPE6 CPE6H CPE6M CPE6MH CPE8 CPE8H CPE8R CPE8RH CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RH CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8R CPEG8RH CPS3 CPS4 CPS4I CPS4R CPS6 CPS6M CPS8 CPS8R

Number of zeroenergy modes 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4/3 4/3 5/3 5/3 5/3 5/3 3 3 5/3 5/3 3 3 3 3 4/3 4/3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4/3

First nonzero eigenvalue 3.140 3.868 3.868 1.289 1.289 7.535 5.024 7.535 7.535 4.662 4.662 8.373 8.373 1.086 1.086 3.140 3.140 3.599 3.599 7.168 5.024 7.168 7.168 2.350 105 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 107 107 108 108 105 105 108 108 108 108 108 108 108

1.615 108 1.088 108 3.140 105 3.622 108 1.206 108 7.274 108 7.274 108

1.2.16

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Table 1.2.19 Element type CAXA41 CAXA42 CAXA43 CAXA44 CAXA4H1 CAXA4H2 CAXA4H3 CAXA4H4 CAXA4R1 CAXA4R2 CAXA4R3 CAXA4R4 CAXA4RH1 CAXA4RH2 CAXA4RH3 CAXA4RH4 CAXA81 CAXA82 CAXA83 CAXA84 CAXA8H1 CAXA8H2 CAXA8H3 CAXA8H4 CAXA8R1 CAXA8R2 CAXA8R3

Axisymmetric continuum elements. Number of zeroenergy modes 4/3 4/3 4/3 4/3 4/3 4/3 4/3 4/3 5/3 8/3 11/3 14/3 5/3 8/3 11/3 14/3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5/3 6/3 7/3 First nonzero eigenvalue 2.015 4.887 4.887 4.887 2.015 4.887 4.887 4.887 108 107 107 107 108 107 107 107

9.615 106 9.615 106 9.615 106 9.615 106 9.615 106 9.615 106 9.615 106 9.615 106 2.437 108 8.526 107 8.526 107 8.526 107 2.156 108 8.461 107 8.461 107 8.461 107 2.405 108 8.457 107 8.457 107

1.2.17

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type CAXA8R4 CAXA8RH1 CAXA8RH2 CAXA8RH3 CAXA8RH4 CAX3 CAX3H CAX4 CAX4H CAX4R CAX4RH CAX4I CAX4IH CAX6 CAX6H CAX6M CAX6MH CAX8 CAX8H CAX8R CAX8RH Table 1.2.110 Element type C3D10 C3D10H C3D10I C3D10M

Number of zeroenergy modes 8/3 5/3 6/3 7/3 8/3 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2/1 2/1

First nonzero eigenvalue 8.457 107 2.099 108 8.384 107 8.384 107 8.348 107 7.402 108 7.402 108 1.022 109 1.022 109 1.011 107 1.011 107 7.711 107 7.456 107 1.448 108 1.448 108 8.949 107 8.949 107 2.437 2.156 2.405 2.099 108 108 108 108

Three-dimensional continuum elements. Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6 6 First nonzero eigenvalue 4.500 4.500 4.500 7.486 109 109 109 107

1.2.18

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type C3D10MH C3D15 C3D15H C3D15V C3D15VH C3D20 C3D20H C3D20R C3D20RH C3D27 (21 nodes) C3D27 (22 nodes) C3D27 (23 nodes) C3D27 (24 nodes) C3D27 (25 nodes) C3D27 (26 nodes) C3D27 (27 nodes) C3D27H (21 nodes) C3D27H (22 nodes) C3D27H (23 nodes) C3D27H (24 nodes) C3D27H (25 nodes) C3D27H (26 nodes) C3D27H (27 nodes) C3D27R (21 nodes) C3D27R (22 nodes) C3D27R (23 nodes) C3D27R (24 nodes) C3D27R (25 nodes) C3D27R (26 nodes) C3D27R (27 nodes) C3D27RH (21 nodes) C3D27RH (22 nodes) C3D27RH (23 nodes)

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12/6 12/6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9/6 6 6 6

First nonzero eigenvalue 7.486 1.695 1.967 1.084 1.379 3.436 2.213 3.768 4.082 3.768 3.768 3.768 3.768 3.768 3.768 3.768 2.213 2.213 2.213 2.213 2.213 2.213 2.213 3.768 3.768 3.768 3.128 1.558 1.236 2.007 2.213 2.032 1.467 107 109 109 109 108 108 108 108 103 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108

1.2.19

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type C3D27RH (24 nodes) C3D27RH (25 nodes) C3D27RH (26 nodes) C3D27RH (27 nodes) C3D4 C3D4H C3D6 C3D6H C3D8 C3D8H C3D8I C3D8IH C3D8R C3D8RH CCL9 CCL9H CCL12 CCL12H CCL18 CCL18H CCL24 CCL24R CCL24H CCL24RH

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6 9/6 6 6 7/6 7/6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9/6 9/6 6 6 6 6 6 9/6 6 9/6

First nonzero eigenvalue 1.022 108 2.767 107 2.509 107 3.069 107 3.623 109 3.623 109 3.846 108 3.472 108 4.186 107 4.186 107 4.186 107 4.186 107 1.184 106 1.184 106 1.410 105 1.0572 3.1502 108 3.1502 108 1.089 1010 4.449 108 3.767 109 3.394 109 2.213 109 1.214 109

Table 1.2.111 Element type C3D10E C3D15E C3D20E

Piezoelectric elements. First nonzero eigenvalue 4.825 109 1.695 109 3.768 108

Number of zeroenergy modes 6 6 6

1.2.110

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Element type C3D20RE C3D4E C3D6E C3D8E CAX3E CAX4E CAX6E CAX8E CAX8RE CPE3E CPE4E CPE6E CPE8E CPE8RE CPS3E CPS4E CPS6E CPS8E CPS8RE T2D2E T2D3E T3D2E T3D3E

Number of zeroenergy modes 12/6 6 7/6 6 2/1 2/1 1 1 2/1 3 3 3 3 4/3 3 3 3 3 4/3 3 4/3 5 7/6

First nonzero eigenvalue 3.768 6.092 3.846 4.186 8.828 108 109 108 107 108

1.169 109 1.604 108 2.556 2.522 6.567 8.373 6.006 8.246 8.246 5.024 108 108 108 107 108 108 108 108

1.615 108 5.265 108 7.797 108 7.797 108 1.476 1.714 1.476 1.714 1013 1011 1013 1011

SPRING, MASS, and JOINT2D elements

The models for the eigenvalue extraction tests for SPRING and MASS element types are slightly more complex than the tests for the other elements. Elements of type SPRINGA and MASS are tested together in le exspame1.inp. Three nodes lie along a straight line. One of the nodes is constrained, and each of the other two nodes denes a point mass. SPRINGA elements are dened between each of the three possible pairs of nodes. The springmass system acts in degree of freedom 1. File exspbue1.inp tests element types SPRING1 and SPRING2 with a mass matrix dened by a user element. Two coincident nodes are dened. These two nodes are used in the denition of the

1.2.111

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

user element. A SPRING2 element connects the nodes, and each node is also connected to a SPRING1 element. No boundary conditions are required since, by denition, the other ends of the SPRING1 elements are connected to ground. The spring-mass system acts in degree of freedom 1. Results for both tests: =0.6340, =2.3660. File exepxme1.inp tests element type JOINT2D. One node of the JOINT2D element is fully constrained, and the other has MASS and ROTARYI elements applied to create a spring-mass system. The natural frequencies and modes correspond to analytically calculated values.
Input files Acoustic elements

ec12afe1.inp ec13afe1.inp ec23afe1.inp ec24afe1t.inp ec24afe1.inp ec26afe1.inp ec28afe1t.inp ec28afe1.inp ec34afe1.inp ec36afe1.inp ec38afe1.inp ec3aafe1.inp ec3fafe1.inp ec3kafe1.inp ec34afe1_ams.inp ec36afe1_ams.inp ec38afe1_ams.inp ec3aafe1_ams.inp ec3fafe1_ams.inp ec3kafe1.inp eca3afe1.inp eca4afe1t.inp eca4afe1.inp eca6afe1.inp eca8afe1t.inp eca8afe1.inp eca3afe1_ams.inp eca4afe1t_ams.inp eca4afe1_ams.inp eca6afe1_ams.inp eca8afe1t_ams.inp eca8afe1_ams.inp

AC1D2 elements. AC1D3 elements. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4 elements (triangle). AC2D4 elements. AC2D6 elements. AC2D8 elements (triangle). AC2D8 elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8 elements. AC3D10 elements. AC3D15 elements. AC3D20 elements. AC3D4 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D6 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D8 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D10 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D15 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D20 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4 elements (triangle). ACAX4 elements. ACAX6 elements. ACAX8 elements (triangle). ACAX8 elements. ACAX3 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX4 elements (triangle). ACAX4 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX6 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX8 elements (triangle), Abaqus/AMS. ACAX8 elements, Abaqus/AMS.

1.2.112

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Beam elements

eb22pxe1.inp eb2hpxe1.inp eb23pxe1.inp eb2ipxe1.inp eb2apxe1.inp eb2jpxe1.inp eb32pxe1.inp eb3hpxe1.inp ebo2ixe1.inp ebohixe1.inp eb33pxe1.inp eb3ipxe1.inp ebo3ixe1.inp eboiixe1.inp eb3apxe1.inp eb3jpxe1.inp
Cohesive elements

B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B23 elements. B23H elements. B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements. B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. B33 elements. B33H elements.

coh2d4_eig.inp cohax4_eig.inp coh3d6_eig.inp coh3d8_eig.inp

Elbow and pipe elements

COH2D4 elements. COHAX4 elements. COH3D6 elements. COH3D8 elements.

exel1xe1.inp exelbxe1.inp exelcxe1.inp exel2xe1.inp ep22pxe1.inp ep2hpxe1.inp ep23pxe1.inp ep2ipxe1.inp ep32pxe1.inp ep3hpxe1.inp ep33pxe1.inp ep3ipxe1.inp
Membrane elements

ELBOW31 elements. ELBOW31B elements. ELBOW31C elements. ELBOW32 elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements. PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements.

em33sfe1.inp em34sfe1.inp em34sre1.inp

M3D3 elements. M3D4 elements. M3D4R elements.

1.2.113

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

em36sfe1.inp em38sfe1.inp em38sre1.inp em39sfe1.inp em39sre1.inp ema2sre1.inp ema3sre1.inp emc6sre1.inp emc9sre1.inp

Shell elements

M3D6 elements. M3D8 elements. M3D8R elements. M3D9 elements. M3D9R elements. MAX1 elements. MAX2 elements. MCL6 elements. MCL9 elements.

esf3sxe1.inp ese4sxe1.inp esf4sxe1.inp es54sxe1.inp es68sxe1.inp es58sxe1.inp es59sxe1.inp es63sxe1.inp es56sxe1.inp esnssxe1.inp esntsxe1.inp esnusxe1.inp esnvsxe1.inp esnwsxe1.inp esnxsxe1.inp esnysxe1.inp esnzsxe1.inp esa2sxe1.inp esa3sxe1.inp esc6sxe1.inp esc8sxe1.inp
Truss elements

S3/S3R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements. SAXA11 elements. SAXA12 elements. SAXA13 elements. SAXA14 elements. SAXA21 elements. SAXA22 elements. SAXA23 elements. SAXA24 elements. SAX1 elements. SAX2 elements. SC6R elements. SC8R elements.

et22sfe1.inp et22she1.inp et23sfe1.inp et23she1.inp et32sfe1.inp et32she1.inp et33sfe1.inp et33she1.inp

T2D2 elements. T2D2H elements. T2D3 elements. T2D3H elements. T3D2 elements. T3D2H elements. T3D3 elements. T3D3H elements.

1.2.114

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

Two-dimensional continuum elements

ece3sfe1.inp ece3she1.inp ece4sfe1.inp ece4she1.inp ece4sie1.inp ece4sje1.inp ece4sre1.inp ece4sye1.inp ece6sfe1.inp ece6she1.inp ece6ske1.inp ece6sle1.inp ece8sfe1.inp ece8she1.inp ece8sre1.inp ece8sye1.inp ecg3sfe1.inp ecg3she1.inp ecg4sfe1.inp ecg4she1.inp ecg4sie1.inp ecg4sje1.inp ecg4sre1.inp ecg4sye1.inp ecg6sfe1.inp ecg6she1.inp ecg8sfe1.inp ecg8she1.inp ecg8sre1.inp ecg8sye1.inp ecs3sfe1.inp ecs4sfe1.inp ecs4sie1.inp ecs4sre1.inp ecs6sfe1.inp ecs6ske1.inp ecs8sfe1.inp ecs8sre1.inp Axisymmetric continuum elements ecnssfe1.inp ecntsfe1.inp

CPE3 elements. CPE3H elements. CPE4 elements. CPE4H elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4IH elements. CPE4R elements. CPE4RH elements. CPE6 elements. CPE6H elements. CPE6M elements. CPE6MH elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8H elements. CPE8R elements. CPE8RH elements. CPEG3 elements. CPEG3H elements. CPEG4 elements. CPEG4H elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4IH elements. CPEG4R elements. CPEG4RH elements. CPEG6 elements. CPEG6H elements. CPEG8 elements. CPEG8H elements. CPEG8R elements. CPEG8RH elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8 elements. CPS8R elements. CAXA41 elements. CAXA42 elements.

1.2.115

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

ecnusfe1.inp ecnvsfe1.inp ecnsshe1.inp ecntshe1.inp ecnushe1.inp ecnvshe1.inp ecnssre1.inp ecntsre1.inp ecnusre1.inp ecnvsre1.inp ecnssye1.inp ecntsye1.inp ecnusye1.inp ecnvsye1.inp ecnwsfe1.inp ecnxsfe1.inp ecnysfe1.inp ecnzsfe1.inp ecnwshe1.inp ecnxshe1.inp ecnyshe1.inp ecnzshe1.inp ecnwsre1.inp ecnxsre1.inp ecnysre1.inp ecnzsre1.inp ecnwsye1.inp ecnxsye1.inp ecnysye1.inp ecnzsye1.inp eca3sfe1.inp eca3she1.inp eca4sfe1.inp eca4she1.inp eca4sie1.inp eca4sje1.inp eca4sre1.inp eca4sye1.inp eca6sfe1.inp eca6she1.inp eca6ske1.inp eca6sle1.inp

CAXA43 elements. CAXA44 elements. CAXA4H1 elements. CAXA4H2 elements. CAXA4H3 elements. CAXA4H4 elements. CAXA4R1 elements. CAXA4R2 elements. CAXA4R3 elements. CAXA4R4 elements. CAXA4RH1 elements. CAXA4RH2 elements. CAXA4RH3 elements. CAXA4RH4 elements. CAXA81 elements. CAXA82 elements. CAXA83 elements. CAXA84 elements. CAXA8H1 elements. CAXA8H2 elements. CAXA8H3 elements. CAXA8H4 elements. CAXA8R1 elements. CAXA8R2 elements. CAXA8R3 elements. CAXA8R4 elements. CAXA8RH1 elements. CAXA8RH2 elements. CAXA8RH3 elements. CAXA8RH4 elements. CAX3 elements. CAX3H elements. CAX4 elements. CAX4H elements. CAX4I elements. CAX4IH elements. CAX4R elements. CAX4RH elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6H elements. CAX6M elements. CAX6MH elements.

1.2.116

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

eca8sfe1.inp eca8she1.inp eca8sre1.inp eca8sye1.inp

Three-dimensional continuum elements

CAX8 elements. CAX8H elements. CAX8R elements. CAX8RH elements.

ec3asfe1.inp ec3ashe1.inp ec3asie1.inp ec3aske1.inp ec3asle1.inp ec3fsfe1.inp ec3fshe1.inp ec3isfe1.inp ec3ishe1.inp ec3ksfe1.inp ec3kshe1.inp ec3ksre1.inp ec3ksye1.inp ec3rsfea.inp ec3rsfeb.inp ec3rsfec.inp ec3rsfed.inp ec3rsfee.inp ec3rsfef.inp ec3rsfeg.inp ec3rshea.inp ec3rsheb.inp ec3rshec.inp ec3rshed.inp ec3rshee.inp ec3rshef.inp ec3rsheg.inp ec3rsrea.inp ec3rsreb.inp ec3rsrec.inp ec3rsred.inp ec3rsree.inp ec3rsref.inp ec3rsreg.inp ec3rsyea.inp ec3rsyeb.inp

C3D10 elements. C3D10H elements. C3D10I elements. C3D10M elements. C3D10MH elements. C3D15 elements. C3D15H elements. C3D15V elements. C3D15VH elements. C3D20 elements. C3D20H elements. C3D20R elements. C3D20RH elements. C3D27 elements, 21 nodes. C3D27 elements, 22 nodes. C3D27 elements, 23 nodes. C3D27 elements, 24 nodes. C3D27 elements, 25 nodes. C3D27 elements, 26 nodes. C3D27 elements, 27 nodes. C3D27H elements, 21 nodes. C3D27H elements, 22 nodes. C3D27H elements, 23 nodes. C3D27H elements, 24 nodes. C3D27H elements, 25 nodes. C3D27H elements, 26 nodes. C3D27H elements, 27 nodes. C3D27R elements, 21 nodes. C3D27R elements, 22 nodes. C3D27R elements, 23 nodes. C3D27R elements, 24 nodes. C3D27R elements, 25 nodes. C3D27R elements, 26 nodes. C3D27R elements, 27 nodes. C3D27RH elements, 21 nodes. C3D27RH elements, 22 nodes.

1.2.117

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

ec3rsyec.inp ec3rsyed.inp ec3rsyee.inp ec3rsyef.inp ec3rsyeg.inp ec34sfe1.inp ec34she1.inp ec36sfe1.inp ec36she1.inp ec38sfe1.inp ec38she1.inp ec38sie1.inp ec38sje1.inp ec38sre1.inp ec38sye1.inp ecc9gfe1.inp ecc9ghe1.inp ecccgfe1.inp ecccghe1.inp eccigfe1.inp eccighe1.inp eccrgfe1.inp eccrgre1.inp eccrghe1.inp eccrgye1.inp
Piezoelectric elements

C3D27RH elements, 23 nodes. C3D27RH elements, 24 nodes. C3D27RH elements, 25 nodes. C3D27RH elements, 26 nodes. C3D27RH elements, 27 nodes. C3D4 elements. C3D4H elements. C3D6 elements. C3D6H elements. C3D8 elements. C3D8H elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8IH elements. C3D8R elements. C3D8RH elements. CCL9 elements. CCL9H elements. CCL12 elements. CCL12H elements. CCL18 elements. CCL18H elements. CCL24 elements. CCL24R elements. CCL24H elements. CCL24RH elements.

ec3aefe1.inp ec3fefe1.inp ec3kefe1.inp ec3kere1.inp ec34efe1.inp ec36efe1.inp ec38efe1.inp eca3efe1.inp eca4efe1.inp eca6efe1.inp eca8efe1.inp eca8ere1.inp ece3efe1.inp ece4efe1.inp ece6efe1.inp

C3D10E elements. C3D15E elements. C3D20E elements. C3D20RE elements. C3D4E elements. C3D6E elements. C3D8E elements. CAX3E elements. CAX4E elements. CAX6E elements. CAX8E elements. CAX8RE elements. CPE3E elements. CPE4E elements. CPE6E elements.

1.2.118

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

ece8efe1.inp ece8ere1.inp ecs3efe1.inp ecs4efe1.inp ecs6efe1.inp ecs8efe1.inp ecs8ere1.inp et22efe1.inp et23efe1.inp et32efe1.inp et33efe1.inp
Spring, mass, and joint elements

CPE8E elements. CPE8RE elements. CPS3E elements. CPS4E elements. CPS6E elements. CPS8E elements. CPS8RE elements. T2D2E elements. T2D3E elements. T3D2E elements. T3D3E elements.

exepxme1.inp exspame1.inp exspbue1.inp

JOINT2D elements. SPRINGA and MASS elements. SPRING1 and SPRING2 elements.

1.2.119

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

1.2.2

EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION FOR UNCONSTRAINED PATCHES OF ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

Elements tested

Continuum elements (excluding coupled temperature-displacement and pore pressure elements).

Problem description

The models consist of the same patches of elements used in the tests dened in Patch tests, Section 1.5. The rst step consists of an eigenvalue analysis of the model with no boundary conditions. The second step applies a uniform pressure load on all four edges and sets the NLGEOM parameter. The third step performs an eigenvalue analysis of the prestressed model with no boundary conditions. Results are printed only for the rst and third steps.
Results and discussion

For all elements the number of zero-energy modes for Steps 1 and 3 is the same and matches the number of rigid-body modes given in Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements, Section 1.2.1.
Input files

ec3asfe2.inp ec3ashe2.inp ec3asie2.inp ec3aske2.inp ec3asle2.inp ec3fsfe2.inp ec3fshe2.inp ec3isfe2.inp ec3ishe2.inp ec3ksfe2.inp ec3kshe2.inp ec3ksre2.inp ec3ksye2.inp ec3rsfe2.inp ec3rshe2.inp ec3rsre2.inp ec3rsye2.inp ec34sfe2.inp ec34she2.inp

C3D10 elements. C3D10H elements. C3D10I elements. C3D10M elements. C3D10MH elements. C3D15 elements. C3D15H elements. C3D15V elements. C3D15VH elements. C3D20 elements. C3D20H elements. C3D20R elements. C3D20RH elements. C3D27 elements. C3D27H elements. C3D27R elements. C3D27RH elements. C3D4 elements. C3D4H elements.

1.2.21

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

ec36sfe2.inp ec36she2.inp ec38sfe2.inp ec38she2.inp ec38sie2.inp ec38sje2.inp ec38sre2.inp ec38sye2.inp eca3sfe2.inp eca3she2.inp eca4sfe2.inp eca4she2.inp eca4sie2.inp eca4sje2.inp eca4sre2.inp eca4sye2.inp eca6sfe2.inp eca6she2.inp eca6ske2.inp eca6sle2.inp eca8sfe2.inp eca8she2.inp eca8sre2.inp eca8sye2.inp ece3sfe2.inp ece3she2.inp ece4sfe2.inp ece4she2.inp ece4sie2.inp ece4sje2.inp ece4sre2.inp ece4sye2.inp ece6sfe2.inp ece6she2.inp ece6ske2.inp ece6sle2.inp ece8sfe2.inp ece8she2.inp ece8sre2.inp ece8sye2.inp ecg3sfe2.inp ecg3she2.inp

C3D6 elements. C3D6H elements. C3D8 elements. C3D8H elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8IH elements. C3D8R elements. C3D8RH elements. CAX3 elements. CAX3H elements. CAX4 elements. CAX4H elements. CAX4I elements. CAX4IH elements. CAX4R elements. CAX4RH elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6H elements. CAX6M elements. CAX6MH elements. CAX8 elements. CAX8H elements. CAX8R elements. CAX8RH elements. CPE3 elements. CPE3H elements. CPE4 elements. CPE4H elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4IH elements. CPE4R elements. CPE4RH elements. CPE6 elements. CPE6H elements. CPE6M elements. CPE6MH elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8H elements. CPE8R elements. CPE8RH elements. CPEG3 elements. CPEG3H elements.

1.2.22

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

ecg4sfe2.inp ecg4she2.inp ecg4sie2.inp ecg4sje2.inp ecg4sre2.inp ecg4sye2.inp ecg6sfe2.inp ecg6she2.inp ecg8sfe2.inp ecg8she2.inp ecg8sre2.inp ecg8sye2.inp ecs3sfe2.inp ecs4sfe2.inp ecs4sie2.inp ecs4sre2.inp ecs6sfe2.inp ecs6ske2.inp ecs8sfe2.inp ecs8sre2.inp
II. BEAMS, PIPES, SHELLS

CPEG4 elements. CPEG4H elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4IH elements. CPEG4R elements. CPEG4RH elements. CPEG6 elements. CPEG6H elements. CPEG8 elements. CPEG8H elements. CPEG8R elements. CPEG8RH elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8 elements. CPS8R elements.

Elements tested

Beams, pipes, general shells.

Problem description

The models consist of the same patches of elements used in the tests dened in Patch tests, Section 1.5. There are no boundary conditions dened in these models.
Results and discussion

For all elements the number of zero-energy modes matches the number of rigid-body modes given in Eigenvalue extraction for single unconstrained elements, Section 1.2.1.
Input files

eb22rxe3.inp eb2hrxe3.inp eb23rxe3.inp eb2irxe3.inp eb2arxe3.inp eb2jrxe3.inp

B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B23 elements. B23H elements.

1.2.23

ELEMENT EIGENMODES

eb32rxe3.inp eb3hrxe3.inp ebo2ixe3.inp ebohixe3.inp eb33rxe3.inp eb3irxe3.inp ebo3ixe3.inp eboiixe3.inp eb3arxe3.inp eb3jrxe3.inp ep22pxe3.inp ep2hpxe3.inp ep23pxe3.inp ep2ipxe3.inp ep32pxe3.inp ep3hpxe3.inp ep33pxe3.inp ep3ipxe3.inp esf3sxe3.inp ese4sxe3.inp esf4sxe3.inp es54sxe3.inp es68sxe3.inp es58sxe3.inp es59sxe3.inp es63sxe3.inp es56sxe3.inp

B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements. B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. B33 elements. B33H elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements. PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements. S3/S3R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements.

1.2.24

ACOUSTIC MODES

1.2.3

ACOUSTIC MODES

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. ORGAN PIPE MODES

Elements tested

AC1D2 AC1D3 ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX6 ACAX8 AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D10 AC3D15
Features tested

AC3D20

*FREQUENCY *SIMPEDANCE
Problem description

Each member of the family of acoustic elements is used to model an organ pipe. The natural modes of vibration are extracted from the models for the case of an organ pipe with both ends open (open/open) and the case of an organ pipe with one end open and the other end closed (open/closed). The appropriate boundary condition at an open end is that the acoustic pressure degrees of freedom be set to zero (a free surface). A closed end requires no boundary condition; the natural boundary condition is that of a rigid surface adjacent to the uid. Results are compared with exact solutions. The model consists of a column of air 165.8 units high with a cross-sectional area of 1.0. The rst-order element model consists of 20 acoustic elements along the length of the uid column and one through the cross-section. The second-order element models consist of 10 elements. The material properties used for the air are = 1.293 and bulk modulus = 1.42176 105 .
Results and discussion

The geometry and material properties dened for this problem result in the natural frequencies of = 1.0 cycles/sec, = 2.0 cycles/sec, and = 3.0 cycles/sec for the open organ pipe and = 0.5 cycles/sec, = 1.5 cycles/sec, and = 2.5 cycles/sec for the closed organ pipe. The results deviate less than 1% from these frequencies for the rst-order elements and less than 0.1% for the second-order elements. More accuracy can be acquired with ner meshes. To match these frequencies with two- and three-dimensional nite elements, the length of the uid column is chosen considerably longer than the width of the column.
Input files

ec12afe4.inp ec13afe4.inp

AC1D2 elements. AC1D3 elements.

1.2.31

ACOUSTIC MODES

eca3afe4.inp eca4afe4.inp eca6afe4.inp eca8afe4.inp eca3afe4_ams.inp eca4afe4_ams.inp eca6afe4_ams.inp eca8afe4_ams.inp ec23afe4.inp ec24afe4.inp ec26afe4.inp ec28afe4.inp ec34afe4.inp ec36afe4.inp ec38afe4.inp ec3aafe4.inp ec3fafe4.inp ec3kafe4.inp ec34afe4_ams.inp ec36afe4_ams.inp ec38afe4_ams.inp ec3aafe4_ams.inp ec3fafe4_ams.inp ec3kafe4_ams.inp
II.

ACAX3 elements. ACAX4 elements. ACAX6 elements. ACAX8 elements. ACAX3 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX4 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX6 elements, Abaqus/AMS. ACAX8 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4 elements. AC2D6 elements. AC2D8 elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8 elements. AC3D10 elements. AC3D15 elements. AC3D20 elements. AC3D4 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D6 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D8 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D10 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D15 elements, Abaqus/AMS. AC3D20 elements, Abaqus/AMS.

EXTERIOR MODES WITH NONREFLECTING IMPEDANCE

Elements tested

ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX6 ACAX8 AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D10 AC3D15
Problem description

AC3D20

The models consist of duct-like meshes of length 0.1. The rst step consists of an eigenvalue analysis of the model with no boundary conditions. The second step applies a spherical nonreecting impedance on all exterior ends of the ducts. The third step performs an eigenvalue analysis of the model with the impedance conditions. Results are printed only for the rst and third steps.
Results and discussion

For all elements the modal analysis results agree with the expected behavior.

1.2.32

ACOUSTIC MODES

Input files

acoustic_exteig2d.inp acoustic_exteigax.inp acoustic_exteig3d.inp

AC2D3, AC2D4, AC2D6, and AC2D8 elements. ACAX3, ACAX4, ACAX6, and ACAX8 elements. AC3D4, AC3D6, AC3D8, AC3D10, AC3D15, and AC3D20 elements.

III.

EXTERIOR MODES WITH ACOUSTIC INFINITE ELEMENTS

Elements tested

Acoustic nite elements: ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX6 ACAX8 AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D10 AC3D15 Acoustic innite elements: ACINAX2 ACINAX3 ACIN2D2 ACIN2D3 ACIN3D3 ACIN3D4 ACIN3D6 ACIN3D8
Problem description

AC3D20

The models consist of duct-like meshes of length 0.1, terminated with acoustic innite elements. The rst analysis step consists of a real eigenvalue analysis of the model. The second step performs a complex eigenvalue analysis of the model.
Results and discussion

For all elements the modal analysis results agree with the expected behavior.
Input files

acoustic_infeig2d.inp acoustic_infeigax.inp acoustic_infeig3d.inp

ACIN2D2, ACIN2D3, AC2D3, AC2D4, AC2D6, and AC2D8 elements. ACINAX2, ACINAX3, ACAX3, ACAX4, ACAX6, and ACAX8 elements. ACIN3D3, ACIN3D4, ACIN3D6, ACIN3D8, AC3D4, AC3D6, AC3D8, AC3D10, AC3D15, and AC3D20 elements.

1.2.33

SIMPLE LOAD TESTS

1.3

Simple load tests

Membrane loading of plane stress, plane strain, membrane, and shell elements, Section 1.3.1 Generalized plane strain elements with relative motion of bounding planes, Section 1.3.2 Three-dimensional solid elements, Section 1.3.3 Axisymmetric solid elements, Section 1.3.4 Axisymmetric solid elements with twist, Section 1.3.5 Cylindrical elements, Section 1.3.6 Loading of piezoelectric elements, Section 1.3.7 Love-Kirchhoff beams and shells, Section 1.3.8 Shear exible beams and shells: I, Section 1.3.9 Shear exible beams and shells: II, Section 1.3.10 Initial curvature of beams and shells, Section 1.3.11 Normal denitions of beams and shells, Section 1.3.12 Constant curvature test for shells, Section 1.3.13 Verication of section forces for shells, Section 1.3.14 Composite shell sections, Section 1.3.15 Cantilever sandwich beam: shear exible shells, Section 1.3.16 Thermal stress in a cylindrical shell, Section 1.3.17 Variable thickness shells and membranes, Section 1.3.18 Shell offset, Section 1.3.19 Axisymmetric membrane elements, Section 1.3.20 Cylindrical membrane elements, Section 1.3.21 Verication of beam elements and section types, Section 1.3.22 Beam added inertia, Section 1.3.23 Beam uid inertia, Section 1.3.24 Beam with end moment, Section 1.3.25 Flexure of a deep beam, Section 1.3.26 Simple tests of beam kinematics, Section 1.3.27 Tensile test, Section 1.3.28 Simple shear, Section 1.3.29 Verication of the elastic behavior of frame elements, Section 1.3.30 Verication of the plastic behavior of frame elements, Section 1.3.31 Three-bar truss, Section 1.3.32

1.31

SIMPLE LOAD TESTS

Pure bending of a cylinder: CAXA elements, Section 1.3.33 Cylinder subjected to an asymmetric temperature eld: CAXA elements, Section 1.3.34 Cylinder subjected to asymmetric pressure loads: CAXA elements, Section 1.3.35 Cylinder subjected to an asymmetric pore pressure eld: CAXA elements, Section 1.3.36 Modal dynamic and transient dynamic analysis with CAXA and SAXA elements, Section 1.3.37 Simple load tests for thermal-electrical elements, Section 1.3.38 Hydrostatic uid elements, Section 1.3.39 Fluid link element, Section 1.3.40 Temperature-dependent lm condition, Section 1.3.41 Surface-based pressure penetration, Section 1.3.42 Gasket behavior verication, Section 1.3.43 Gasket element assembly, Section 1.3.44 Cohesive elements, Section 1.3.45 Coriolis loading for direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis, Section 1.3.46 Pipe-soil interaction elements, Section 1.3.47

1.32

MEMBRANE LOADING

1.3.1

MEMBRANE LOADING OF PLANE STRESS, PLANE STRAIN, MEMBRANE, AND SHELL ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CPS3 CPS4 CPS4I CPS4R CPS4RT CPS6 CPS6M CPS6MT CPS8 CPS8R CPE3 CPE3H CPE4 CPE4H CPE4I CPE4IH CPE4R CPE4RH CPE4RHT CPE4RT CPE6 CPE6H CPE6M CPE6MH CPE6MHT CPE6MT CPE8 CPE8H CPE8R CPE8RH CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RH CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG6M CPEG6MH CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8R CPEG8RH M3D3 M3D4 M3D4R M3D6 M3D8 M3D8R M3D9 M3D9R S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65 SC8R
Problem description

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3.

For the coupled temperature-displacement elements dummy thermal properties are prescribed to complete the material denitions.
Boundary conditions: Step 1

and, for shell elements,

at all nodes.

A distributed pressure of 1000/length is applied on each edge (for shell elements, equivalent concentrated loads). Equivalent concentrated shear forces corresponding to distributed shear loading of 1000/length are applied on each edge in the directions shown.

1.3.11

MEMBRANE LOADING

Response: Stresses

At every integration point

Strains

1000 and, for plane strain elements,

600.

Plane strain elements: 1.7333 105 , Plane stress and shell elements: 2.3333 105 ,
Displacements

8.6667 105 . 8.6667 105 .

For lower-order elements the test description is complete. For higher-order elements another step denition is included.
Step 2

Hydrostatic pressure loading along the two vertical faces, varying from 0 at the top to 1000/length at the bottom, is added to the loads already applied in Step 1.
Response: Stresses

1000(2 y),
Strains

1000, and, for plane strain elements,

Plane strain elements: (3.0333 (2 y) + 1.3) 105 , Plane stress and shell elements: (3.333 (2 y) + 1) 105 ,
Results and discussion

(1.3(2 y) 3.03333) 105 , ((2 y) 3.3333) 105 ,

8.66667 105 . 8.6667 105 .

The results for generalized plane strain elements depend on the boundary constraints applied to the generalized plane strain reference node. In these tests the reference nodes in the lower-order generalized plane strain elements are constrained such that the results are the same as their plane strain counterparts. For the higher-order generalized plane strain elements these nodes are unconstrained, so the results are the same as their plane stress counterparts. Elements using reduced integration may have additional boundary conditions to those specied above. All elements yield exact solutions.

1.3.12

MEMBRANE LOADING

Input files

ecs3sfs1.inp ecs4sfs1.inp ecs4sis1.inp ecs4srs1.inp ecs4trs1.inp ecs6sfs1.inp ecs6sks1.inp ecs6tks1.inp ecs8sfs1.inp ecs8srs1.inp ece3sfs1.inp ece3shs1.inp ece4sfs1.inp ece4shs1.inp ece4sis1.inp ece4sjs1.inp ece4srs1.inp ece4sys1.inp ece4tys1.inp ece4trs1.inp ece6sfs1.inp ece6shs1.inp ece6sks1.inp ece6sls1.inp ece6tls1.inp ece8sfs1.inp ece8shs1.inp ece8srs1.inp ece8sys1.inp ecg3sfs1.inp ecg3shs1.inp ecg4sfs1.inp ecg4shs1.inp ecg4sis1.inp ecg4sjs1.inp ecg4srs1.inp ecg4sys1.inp ecg6sfs1.inp ecg6shs1.inp ecg6sks1.inp

CPS3 elements. CPS4 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS6MT elements. CPS8 elements. CPS8R elements. CPE3 elements. CPE3H elements. CPE4 elements. CPE4H elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4IH elements. CPE4R elements. CPE4RH elements. CPE4RHT elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6 elements. CPE6H elements. CPE6M elements. CPE6MH elements. CPE6MHT elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8H elements. CPE8R elements. CPE8RH elements. CPEG3 elements. CPEG3H elements. CPEG4 elements. CPEG4H elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4IH elements. CPEG4R elements. CPEG4RH elements. CPEG6 elements. CPEG6H elements. CPEG6M elements.

1.3.13

MEMBRANE LOADING

ecg6sls1.inp ecg8sfs1.inp ecg8shs1.inp ecg8srs1.inp ecg8sys1.inp em33sfs1.inp em34sfs1.inp em34srs1.inp em36sfs1.inp em38sfs1.inp em38srs1.inp em39sfs1.inp em39srs1.inp ese4sxs1.inp esf4sxs1.inp es54sxs1.inp es68sxs1.inp es58sxs1.inp es59sxs1.inp es63sxs1.inp es56sxs1.inp esc8sxs1.inp esc8sxs1_eh.inp

CPEG6MH elements. CPEG8 elements. CPEG8H elements. CPEG8R elements. CPEG8RH elements. M3D3 elements. M3D4 elements. M3D4R elements. M3D6 elements. M3D8 elements. M3D8R elements. M3D9 elements. M3D9R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements. SC8R elements. SC8R elements with enhanced hourglass control.

1.3.14

GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

1.3.2

GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS WITH RELATIVE MOTION OF BOUNDING PLANES

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG3HT CPEG3T CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4HT CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RH CPEG4RHT CPEG4RT CPEG4T CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG6M CPEG6MH CPEG6MHT CPEG6MT CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8HT CPEG8R CPEG8RH CPEG8RHT CPEG8T
Problem description

regular nodes

y C D x

reference node A

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: Step 1 (Perturbation)

An out-of-plane displacement of 0.01 units (motion of one bounding plane relative to the other) is applied to degree of freedom 3 of the reference node, which is the change in ber length degree of freedom.

1.3.21

GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

Analytical solution: Stresses

At every node
Strains

3.0 105 . 3.0 103 , 1.0 102 .

At every node
Step 2 (Perturbation)

A relative rotation of 0.01 radians about the y-axis is applied to degree of freedom 5 of the reference node (the rotation degree of freedom of one bounding plane relative to the other).

Analytical solution: Stresses

Maximum tensile stress

Strains

1.5 105 . 5 103 .

Maximum tensile strain

Results and discussion

For Step 1, all element types yield the exact solution. The results for Step 2 are given in the following table: Element type CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG3HT CPEG3T CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4HT 1.264 1.264 1.264 1.264 1.131 1.131 1.131 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 4.167 4.167 4.167 4.167 3.750 3.750 3.750 103 103 103 103 103 103 103

1.3.22

GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

Element type CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RH CPEG4RHT CPEG4RT CPEG4T CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG6M CPEG6MH CPEG6MHT CPEG6MT CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8HT CPEG8R CPEG8RH CPEG8RHT CPEG8T 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.125 105 1.125 105 1.125 105 1.125 105 1.131 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.504 105 1.504 105 1.504 105 1.504 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 1.500 105 5.000 103 5.000 103 3.750 103 3.750 102 3.750 102 3.750 103 3.750 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103 5.000 103

Second-order quadrilateral elements, rst-order incompatible mode elements, and quadratic triangles yield the exact solutions. Modied triangles yield nearly exact solutions. Other element types exhibit stiff response.
Input files

ecg3sas2.inp ecg4sas2.inp ecg6sas2.inp ecg8sas2.inp ecg3tas2.inp ecg4tas2.inp

CPEG3 and CPEG3H elements. CPEG4, CPEG4I, CPEG4R, CPEG4IH, CPEG4H, and CPEG4RH elements. CPEG6, CPEG6H, CPEG6M, and CPEG6MH elements. CPEG8, CPEG8R, CPEG8H, and CPEG8RH elements. CPEG3HT and CPEG3T elements. CPEG4HT, CPEG4RHT, CPEG4RT, and CPEG4T elements.

1.3.23

GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

ecg6tas2.inp ecg8tas2.inp

CPEG6, CPEG6H, CPEG6MT, and CPEG6MHT elements. CPEG8HT, CPEG8RHT, and CPEG8T elements.

1.3.24

3-D SOLIDS

1.3.3

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D4 C3D4H C3D6 C3D6H C3D8 C3D8H C3D8I C3D8IH C3D8R C3D8RH C3D10 C3D10H C3D10I C3D10M C3D10MH C3D15 C3D15H C3D15V C3D15VH C3D20 C3D20H C3D20R C3D20RH C3D27 C3D27H C3D27R C3D27RH
Problem description
H G

D F

A y x 2

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: Step 1

= 0,

= 0,

= 0,

= 0.

A distributed pressure of 1000/area is applied on each face, and equivalent concentrated forces for shear loading, dened such that all three shear stresses are of magnitude 1000.

Response: Stresses

1000 at every integration point.

1.3.31

3-D SOLIDS

Strains

1.3333 105 ,
Displacements

8.6667 105 .

. For lower-order elements the test description is complete. For higher-order elements another step denition is included.
Step 2

Hydrostatic pressure loading is applied to the four vertical faces, varying from 0 at top to 1000/area at bottom, in addition to the Step 1 loads.

Response: Stresses

1000(2 z),
Strains

1000,

1000. 3.333 105 (0.2 0.6z),

3.333 105 (0.7z 1.1), 8.66667 105 .

Results and discussion

Elements using reduced integration may have additional boundary conditions to those specied above. Elements C3D27R and C3D27RH employ 21 nodes in this test to produce the exact solutions. The lack of midface nodes is consistent with the elements intended use, since no contact elements are present. All elements except C3D20RH yield exact solutions. The stresses calculated for this element are correct. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les to output accumulated quantities on the face in the y-z plane. The area of the face is 2.0 in both steps. The accumulated force is reported in a coordinate system that is local to the section. In Step 1 the force is 2000 in each local direction. In Step 2 the total force component in the local 1-direction (normal to the face) changes to 3000.
Input files

ec34sfs2.inp ec34shs2.inp ec36sfs2.inp ec36shs2.inp ec38sfs2.inp

C3D4 elements. C3D4H elements. C3D6 elements. C3D6H elements. C3D8 elements.

1.3.32

3-D SOLIDS

ec38shs2.inp ec38sis2.inp ec38sjs2.inp ec38srs2.inp ec38sys2.inp ec3asfs2.inp ec3ashs2.inp ec3asis2.inp ec3asks2.inp ec3asls2.inp ec3fsfs2.inp ec3fshs2.inp ec3isfs2.inp ec3ishs2.inp ec3ksfs2.inp ec3kshs2.inp ec3ksrs2.inp ec3ksys2.inp ec3rsfs2.inp ec3rshs2.inp ec3rsrs2.inp ec3rsys2.inp

C3D8H elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8IH elements. C3D8R elements. C3D8RH elements. C3D10 elements. C3D10H elements. C3D10I elements. C3D10M elements. C3D10MH elements. C3D15 elements. C3D15H elements. C3D15V elements. C3D15VH elements. C3D20 elements. C3D20H elements. C3D20R elements. C3D20RH elements. C3D27 elements. C3D27H elements. C3D27R elements. C3D27RH elements.

1.3.33

AXISYMMETRIC SOLIDS

1.3.4

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CAX3 CAX3H CAX4 CAX4H CAX4I CAX4IH CAX4R CAX4RH CAX4RT CAX6 CAX6H CAX6M CAX6MH CAX6MHT CAX6MT CAX8 CAX8H CAX8R CAX8RH
Problem description

CAX4RHT

C z

r 1000

A 2

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3.

For coupled temperature-displacement elements dummy thermal properties are prescribed to complete the material denition. Boundary conditions: .
Step 1

A distributed pressure loading of 1000/area is applied on each face.

Response: Stresses

At every integration point,

Strains

1000,

0.

1.3333 105 ,
Displacements

0. 1.33 105 z.

1.33 102 along

1000,

For lower-order elements the test description is complete. For higher-order elements, another step denition is included.

1.3.41

AXISYMMETRIC SOLIDS

Step 2

Hydrostatic pressure loading is applied along the two vertical faces, varying from 0 at the top to 1000/area at the bottom, in addition to the loads of Step 1. The following reference solution is obtained for Step 2 using CAXA84 axisymmetric solid elements with nonlinear, asymmetric deformation (input le eref84s3.inp) and is given at 0.5.
Stresses

1500,
Strains

1000,

1500,

0. 2.5 105 ,

2.5 105 ,
Results and discussion

3.33 106 ,

0.

Elements using reduced integration may have additional boundary conditions to those specied above. All elements yield exact solutions. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les to output accumulated quantities on the face CD. The quantities are reported in a system that is local to the section.
Input files

eca3sfs3.inp eca3shs3.inp eca4sfs3.inp eca4shs3.inp eca4sis3.inp eca4sjs3.inp eca4srs3.inp eca4sys3.inp eca4tys3.inp eca4trs3.inp eca6sfs3.inp eca6shs3.inp eca6sks3.inp eca6sls3.inp eca6tls3.inp eca6tks3.inp eca8sfs3.inp eca8shs3.inp eca8srs3.inp eca8sys3.inp

CAX3 elements. CAX3H elements. CAX4 elements. CAX4H elements. CAX4I elements. CAX4IH elements. CAX4R elements. CAX4RH elements. CAX4RHT elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6H elements. CAX6M elements. CAX6MH elements. CAX6MHT elements. CAX6MT elements. CAX8 elements. CAX8H elements. CAX8R elements. CAX8RH elements.

1.3.42

AXISYMMETRIC SOLIDS WITH TWIST

1.3.5

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID ELEMENTS WITH TWIST

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CGAX3 CGAX3H CGAX3HT CGAX3T CGAX4 CGAX4H CGAX4HT CGAX4R CGAX4RH CGAX4RHT CGAX4RT CGAX4T CGAX6 CGAX6H CGAX6M CGAX6MH CGAX6MHT CGAX6MT CGAX8 CGAX8H CGAX8HT CGAX8R CGAX8RH CGAX8RHT CGAX8RT CGAX8T
Problem description

axis of symmetry

z r

a=1

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: ; ; Step 1

A concentrated moment loading equivalent to a distributed moment loading M of 6402 is applied on top face CD.
Analytical solution: Twist

= 0.01 (on top face CD).

1.3.51

AXISYMMETRIC SOLIDS WITH TWIST

Stresses

.
Results and discussion

All elements yield the analytical solution. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les to output accumulated quantities on the face CD. The area of the face is 3.142.
Input files

eca3gfs3.inp eca3ghs3.inp eca3hhs3.inp eca3hfs3.inp eca4gfs3.inp eca4ghs3.inp eca4hhs3.inp eca4grs3.inp eca4gys3.inp eca4hys3.inp eca4hrs3.inp eca4hfs3.inp eca6gfs3.inp eca6ghs3.inp eca6gks3.inp eca6gls3.inp eca6hls3.inp eca6hks3.inp eca8gfs3.inp eca8ghs3.inp eca8hhs3.inp eca8grs3.inp eca8gys3.inp eca8hys3.inp eca8hrs3.inp eca8hfs3.inp

CGAX3 elements. CGAX3H elements. CGAX3HT elements. CGAX3T elements. CGAX4 elements. CGAX4H elements. CGAX4HT elements. CGAX4R elements. CGAX4RH elements. CGAX4RHT elements. CGAX4RT elements. CGAX4T elements. CGAX6 elements. CGAX6H elements. CGAX6M elements. CGAX6MH elements. CGAX6MHT elements. CGAX6MT elements. CGAX8 elements. CGAX8H elements. CGAX8HT elements. CGAX8R elements. CGAX8RH elements. CGAX8RHT elements. CGAX8RT elements. CGAX8T elements.

1.3.52

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

1.3.6

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CCL9 CCL9H CCL18 CCL18H CCL12 CCL24 CCL24R CCL24H CCL24RH

Features tested

CCL12H

Elements are tested for different load cases using the *CLOAD, *DLOAD, and *DSLOAD options. Different types of analyses (linear and nonlinear) are studied. Both elastic and hyperelastic material models are used.
Problem description

Mesh: The mesh presented above is used for elements with a rectangular cross-section. For elements

with a triangular cross-section, two elements are used for each element represented above. The axis of symmetry is the z-axis.
Material: Linear elasticity: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3.

Hyperelasticity: Hyperelastic, polynomial strain energy potential, N=2, = 1 105 , 5 5 5 7 = 0.5 10 , = 0.8 10 , = 0.75 10 , = 1 10 , = 1 107 .

= 0.5 105 ,

1.3.61

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

Boundary conditions: CASE 1

Segment AD is xed. Axisymmetric boundary conditions are enforced. CASE 2

Segment AD is xed. Axisymmetric boundary conditions are enforced.

1.3.62

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

CASE 3

CCL12 and CCL9: Segment AD is xed. Axisymmetric boundary conditions are enforced. CCL24 and CCL18: Segment AB is xed. Axisymmetric boundary conditions are enforced. CASE 4

r
Segment AB is xed.

1.3.63

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

Loading: CASE 1: *CLOAD CASE 2: *DLOAD CASE 3: *DSLOAD CASE 4: *CLOAD (See previous gures) Results and discussion

The results are compared to the results obtained using axisymmetric elements. CCL9 elements are compared to CAX3 (and CGAX3, when appropriate), CCL12 elements are compared to CAX4 (and CGAX4, when appropriate), CCL18 elements are compared to CAX6 (and CGAX6, when appropriate), and CCL24 are compared to CAX8 (and CGAX8, when appropriate). Cylindrical elements and axisymmetric elements yield the same results with differences less than 2%.
Input files

ecc9gfs1a.inp ecc9gfs1b.inp ecc9gfs1c.inp ecc9ghs1d.inp

ecc9gfs2a.inp ecc9gfs2b.inp ecc9gfs2c.inp ecc9ghs2d.inp

ecc9gfs3a.inp ecc9gfs3b.inp ecc9gfs3c.inp ecc9ghs3d.inp

CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, general step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL9H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, general step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL9H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, general step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL9H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material.

1.3.64

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

ecc9gfs4a.inp ecc9gfs4b.inp ecc9gfs4c.inp ecc9ghs4d.inp

ecccgfs1a.inp ecccgfs1b.inp ecccgfs1c.inp ecccghs1d.inp

ecccgfs2a.inp ecccgfs2b.inp ecccgfs2c.inp

ecccghs2d.inp

ecccgfs3a.inp ecccgfs3b.inp ecccgfs3c.inp ecccghs3d.inp

ecccgfs4a.inp ecccgfs4b.inp

CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, general step, elastic material. CCL9 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL9H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, general step, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL12H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, general step, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, additional linear perturbation step with *LOAD CASE, elastic material. CCL12H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, general step, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL12H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, general step, elastic material.

1.3.65

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

ecccgfs4c.inp ecccghs4d.inp

eccigfs1a.inp eccigfs1b.inp eccigfs1c.inp eccighs1d.inp

eccigfs2a.inp eccigfs2b.inp eccigfs2c.inp eccighs2d.inp

eccigfs3a.inp eccigfs3b.inp eccigfs3c.inp eccighs3d.inp

eccigfs4a.inp eccigfs4b.inp eccigfs4c.inp eccighs4d.inp

CCL12 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL12H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, general step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL18H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, general step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL18H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, general step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL18H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, general step, elastic material. CCL18 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL18H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material.

1.3.66

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

eccrgfs1a.inp eccrgfs1b.inp eccrgfs1c.inp eccrghs1d.inp

eccrgfs2a.inp eccrgfs2b.inp eccrgfs2c.inp eccrghs2d.inp

eccrgfs3a.inp eccrgfs3b.inp eccrgfs3c.inp eccrghs3d.inp

eccrgfs4a.inp eccrgfs4b.inp eccrgfs4c.inp eccrghs4d.inp

eccrgrs1a.inp eccrgrs1b.inp eccrgrs1c.inp

CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, general step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, general step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, general step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, general step, elastic material. CCL24 elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24H elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, general step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material.

1.3.67

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

eccrgys1d.inp

eccrgrs2a.inp eccrgrs2b.inp eccrgrs2c.inp eccrgys2d.inp

eccrgrs3a.inp eccrgrs3b.inp eccrgrs3c.inp eccrgys3d.inp

eccrgrs4a.inp eccrgrs4b.inp eccrgrs4c.inp eccrgys4d.inp

CCL24RH elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 1, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, general step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24RH elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 2, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, general step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24RH elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 3, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, perturbation step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, general step, elastic material. CCL24R elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, elastic material. CCL24RH elements, load and boundary conditions of Case 4, assumed nonlinear geometry, hyperelastic material.

1.3.68

LOADING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

1.3.7

LOADING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Elements tested

CPS3E

CPS4E

CPS6E

CPS8E

CPS8RE

CPE3E

CPE4E

CPE6E

CPE8E

CPE8RE

Problem description

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, no piezoelectric coupling,

isotropic dielectric constant 1.0 103 . Boundary conditions: 0, 0. Loading: Distributed pressure of 1000/length on each edge. Equivalent concentrated shear forces corresponding to distributed shear loading of 1000/length on each edge in the directions shown. Distributed charges of 1000/length on each edge. Concentrated charges at each node to negate the distributed charges, except for the distributed charge of 1000/length on the top surface.
Reference solution Stresses

Both plane stress and plane strain elements, 1000; and for plane strain elements, 600.

1.3.71

LOADING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Strains

Plane strain elements, 1.7333 105 , Plane stress elements, 2.3333 105 ,
Electrical fluxes

8.6667 105 . 8.6667 105 .

Both plane stress and plane strain elements,

Electrical potential gradients

0,

1000. 1.0 106 .

Both plane stress and plane strain elements,

Displacements

0,

,
Potentials

.
Results and discussion

Elements using reduced integration may have additional boundary conditions to those specied above. All elements yield exact solutions. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les to output accumulated quantities on the face in the xy plane.
Input files

ecs3efs1.inp ecs4efs1.inp ecs6efs1.inp ecs8efs1.inp ecs8ers1.inp ece3efs1.inp ece4efs1.inp ece6efs1.inp ece8efs1.inp ece8ers1.inp
II.

CPS3E elements. CPS4E elements. CPS6E elements. CPS8E elements. CPS8RE elements. CPE3E elements. CPE4E elements. CPE6E elements. CPE8E elements. CPE8RE elements.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Elements tested

C3D4E

C3D6E

C3D8E

C3D10E

C3D15E

C3D20E

C3D20RE

1.3.72

LOADING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Problem description
H G

D F

A y x 2

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus 30 106 , Poissons ratio 0.3, no piezoelectric coupling,

isotropic dielectric constant 1.0 103 . Boundary conditions: , , , , . Loading: Distributed pressure of 1000/area on each face, and equivalent concentrated forces for shear loading, dened such that all three shear stresses are of magnitude 1000. Distributed charges of 1000/area on each face. Concentrated charges at each node to negate the distributed charges, except for the distributed charge of 1000/area on the top surface.
Reference solution Stresses

1000.
Strains

1.3333 105 ,
Electrical fluxes

8.6667 105 .

0,

0,

1000. 1.0 106 .

Electrical potential gradients

0,
Displacements

0,

1.3.73

LOADING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Potentials

.
Results and discussion

Elements using reduced integration may have additional boundary conditions to those specied above. All elements yield exact solutions. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les to output accumulated quantities on the face in the xy plane.
Input files

ec34efs2.inp ec36efs2.inp ec38efs2.inp ec3aefs2.inp ec3fefs2.inp ec3kefs2.inp ec3kers2.inp

III.

C3D4E elements. C3D6E elements. C3D8E elements. C3D10E elements. C3D15E elements. C3D20E elements. C3D20RE elements.

AXISYMMETRIC PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Elements tested

CAX3E

CAX4E

CAX6E

CAX8E

CAX8RE

Problem description

C z

r 1000

A 2

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus 30 106 , Poissons ratio 0.3, no piezoelectric coupling,

isotropic dielectric constant 1.0 103 . Boundary conditions: . Loading: Distributed pressure of 1000/area on each face. Distributed charges of 1000/area on each face. Concentrated charges at each node to negate the distributed charges, except for the distributed charge of 1000/area on the top surface.

1.3.74

LOADING OF PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Reference solution Stresses

1000,
Strains

0.

1.3333 105 ,
Electrical fluxes

0.

0,

1000. 1.0 106 . 1.33 105 z.

Electrical potential gradients

0,
Displacements

= 1.33 102 along

Potentials

1000,

.
Results and discussion

Elements using reduced integration may have additional boundary conditions to those specied above. All elements yield exact solutions. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les to output accumulated quantities on the face in the xy plane.
Input files

eca3efs3.inp eca4efs3.inp eca6efs3.inp eca8efs3.inp eca8ers3.inp

CAX3E elements. CAX4E elements. CAX6E elements. CAX8E elements. CAX8RE elements.

1.3.75

LOVE-KIRCHHOFF BEAMS AND SHELLS

1.3.8

LOVE-KIRCHHOFF BEAMS AND SHELLS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

B23

B23H

B33

B33H

STRI3

STRI65

Problem description

0.5

A B 5.0 0.5 x

A three-dimensional problem is shown here. It may be particularized for two-dimensional beam elements. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: at end A, at end B. Loading: 25.0 at end A, 100.0 at end B. Only , , and are applied for shell models. Gauss integration is used for the shell cross-section for element STRI3.
Reference solution Displacements in beam elements

= 1.667 105 , = 4.92 103 ,

= 1.333 103 , = 0.01467 at node A, = 5.2 103 , = 1.2 103 at node .

Stress resultants in beam elements

25.0, 1.667 105 ,

25(1 x),

100 + 25(5 ),

100.0.

Displacements in shell elements

0.01467 at node A,

5.2 103 at node B.

1.3.81

LOVE-KIRCHHOFF BEAMS AND SHELLS

Results and discussion

Beam elements yield exact solutions. 3-node shell elements yield exact solutions for and but yield a value of 0.01412 for . 6-node shell elements yield exact solutions for and but yield a value of 0.01464 for .
Input files

eb2arxs4.inp eb2jrxs4.inp eb3arxs4.inp eb3jrxs4.inp es63sxs4.inp es56sxs4.inp

B23 elements. B23H elements. B33 elements. B33H elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements.

1.3.82

SHEAR BEAMS AND SHELLS: I

1.3.9

SHEAR FLEXIBLE BEAMS AND SHELLS: I

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

B21 B21H B22 B22H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OS PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32H S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5
Problem description

B32OSH

z y

A B 5.0

A three-dimensional problem is shown here, which can be particularized for two-dimensional beam elements. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: at end A, at end B. Loading: 25.0 at end A. Only and are applied for shell models. Section properties: 0.25, 1 106 , 0.0104167. The bending inertias have intentionally been chosen as very large values in order to test the shear-only modes. For pipe elements a circular cross-section of outer radius 0.5 and wall thickness 0.05 is used. For this case a different analytical solution based upon Timoshenko theory is used for comparison. Analogous problems are modeled in Abaqus/Explicit using linear beam and pipe elements. Unit density is prescribed for the material, and the solution is computed for unit time. Loads are applied smoothly for a quasi-static solution, similar to that from static analysis. The results using pipe elements are consistent to that using beam elements, both of which match the static analysis.
Reference solution Displacements in beam elements

at node A.

1.3.91

SHEAR BEAMS AND SHELLS: I

Regular and open section elements

1.667 105 ,
Pipe elements

4.333 105 . 2.194 103 .

2.792 105 ,

Stress resultants in beam and pipe elements

25.0, Transverse shear: 1.667 105 ,

Results and discussion

25(5 x), 25.0,

25(5 x), 25.0.

Displacements in shell elements

4.333 105 at node A.

All beam and shell elements yield exact solutions. Pipe element solutions are given in Table 1.3.91. Table 1.3.91 Pipe element solutions.

Analytical solution Linear pipe elements Quadratic pipe elements

Input files

2.792 105 2.792 105 2.792 105

2.194 103 2.093 103 2.106 103

eb22gxs5.inp eb2hgxs5.inp eb23gxs5.inp eb2igxs5.inp eb32gxs5.inp eb3hgxs5.inp ebo2gxs5.inp ebohgxs5.inp eb33gxs5.inp eb3igxs5.inp ebo3gxs5.inp eboigxs5.inp ep22pxs5.inp ep2hpxs5.inp ep23pxs5.inp

B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements. B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements.

1.3.92

SHEAR BEAMS AND SHELLS: I

ep2ipxs5.inp ep32pxs5.inp ep3hpxs5.inp ep33pxs5.inp ep3ipxs5.inp ese4sgs5.inp esf4sgs5.inp es54sgs5.inp es68sgs5.inp es58sgs5.inp es59sgs5.inp es56sgs5.inp force_shearex_beam2d_xpl.inp force_shearex_beam3d_xpl.inp force_shearex_pipe2d_xpl.inp force_shearex_pipe3d_xpl.inp

PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI65 elements. B21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. B31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit.

1.3.93

SHEAR BEAMS AND SHELLS: II

1.3.10

SHEAR FLEXIBLE BEAMS AND SHELLS: II

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

B21 B21H B22 B22H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OS PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32H S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI65
Problem description

B32OSH

z y

A B 5.0

A three-dimensional problem is shown here, which can be particularized for two-dimensional beam elements. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: at end A, at end B. Loading: 100.0 at end B. Only is applied for shell models. Analogous problems are modeled in Abaqus/Explicit using linear beam and pipe elements. Unit density is prescribed for the material, and the solution is computed for unit time. Loads are applied smoothly for a quasi-static solution, similar to that from static analysis. The results using pipe elements are consistent to that using beam elements, both of which match the static analysis.
Reference solution Displacements in regular beam elements

8 103 , 4.92 103 , 6.02 102 , 8.0 102 ,

8 103 at end 3.2 103 ,

, 3.2 103 at end B.

Displacements in open section beam elements

.2 at end A, 2.41 102 at end

1.3.101

SHEAR BEAMS AND SHELLS: II

Displacements in pipe elements

2.47 103 , 1.28 103 ,

2.47 103 at end A, 9.87 104 , 9.87 104 at end B. 100, 100.

Stress resultants in beam and pipe elements

0.0, 100, Transverse shear = 0.0.

Displacements in shell elements

8 103 at node A,
Results and discussion

3.2 103 at node B.

All beam and shell elements yield exact solutions. Pipe elements yield the following solutions: 2.475 103 , 2.475 103 at end , 3 1.287 10 , 9.90 104 , 9.90 104 at end B.
Input files

eb22rxs6.inp eb2hrxs6.inp eb23rxs6.inp eb2irxs6.inp eb32rxs6.inp eb32rxs7.inp eb32rxs8.inp eb3hrxs6.inp ebo2ixs6.inp ebohixs6.inp eb33rxs6.inp eb3irxs6.inp ebo3ixs6.inp eboiixs6.inp ep22pxs6.inp ep2hpxs6.inp ep23pxs6.inp ep2ipxs6.inp ep32pxs6.inp ep3hpxs6.inp ep33pxs6.inp ep3ipxs6.inp

B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B31 elements. B31 elements with a nondefault value of slenderness compensation factor. B31 elements with an internally calculated slenderness compensation factor. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements. B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements. PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements.

1.3.102

SHEAR BEAMS AND SHELLS: II

ese4sxs6.inp esf4sxs6.inp es54sxs6.inp es68sxs6.inp es58sxs6.inp es59sxs6.inp es56sxs6.inp moment_shearex_beam2d_xpl.inp moment_shearex_beam3d_xpl.inp moment_shearex_pipe2d_xpl.inp moment_shearex_pipe3d_xpl.inp

S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI65 elements. B21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. B31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit.

1.3.103

INITIAL CURVATURE

1.3.11

INITIAL CURVATURE OF BEAMS AND SHELLS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32OS B32OSH B33 B33H PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32H S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65 SC6R SC8R
Problem description

B32H

y A

5.0 x 10 B

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: End A is clamped.

25.0 at end B. Initial curvature is dened by specifying the direction cosines of the normals at the two ends. Gauss integration is used for the shell cross-section for the S4R elements.
Loading: Reference solution

Reference results are generated from models consisting of 20 B33 cubic beam elements. (Since only one element is used for modeling, if the direction cosines of the normals are not used, the solution will correspond to straight beam theory.) The reference tests use SECTION=RECT, SECTION=I, or SECTION=PIPE. These sections correspond to regular beams and shells, open section beams, and pipes, respectively. Only pipe elements are veried in Abaqus/Explicit.
Regular beams and shells (see erefrrs7.inp): Displacements, curved beam solution

2.1735 105 , 1.6667 105 ,

1.4570 104 .

Displacements, straight beam solution

0.0.

1.3.111

INITIAL CURVATURE

Open section beam elements (see erefois7.inp): Displacements, curved beam solution

3.1946 104 , 2.8153 104 ,

Pipe elements (see erefpps7.inp):

1.0962 103 .

Displacements, straight beam solution

0.0.

Displacements, curved beam solution

2.9461 105 , 2.7922 105 ,

Results and discussion

4.5078 105 .

Displacements, straight beam solution

0.0.

Table 1.3.111 Element Type B21 (1-element mesh) B21 (Rened mesh) B21H (1-element mesh) B21H (Rened mesh) B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 (1-element mesh) B31 (Rened mesh) B31H (1-element mesh) B31H (Rened mesh) B32 B32H B33 B33H

Regular beams and shells. Remarks

1.6667 105 2.1715 10 1.6667 10 2.1665 10

5 5 5

0.0 1.4343 10 0.0 1.4343 10

4 4

Straight* Curved Straight* Curved Curved Curved Curved Curved Straight*

4

2.1085 105 2.1085 10

5 5 5

1.4686 104 1.4686 10 1.4549 10 1.4549 10 0.0 1.4343 10 0.0 1.4343 10

4 4 4 4

2.0873 10 2.0873 10

1.6667 105 2.1715 10 1.6667 10 2.1715 10

5 5 5

Curved Straight Curved Curved Curved Curved Curved

2.1084 105 2.1084 10

5 5 5

1.4686 104 1.4686 10 1.4548 10 1.4548 10

4 4 4

2.0873 10 2.0873 10

1.3.112

INITIAL CURVATURE

Element Type S4 (1-element mesh) S4 (Rened mesh) S4R (1-element mesh) S4R (Rened mesh) S4R5 (1-element mesh) S4R5 (Rened mesh) S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65 SC6R SC8R SC8R SC8R** SC8R** 1.6292 105 2.1607 10 1.6666 10
5 5

Remarks 0.0 1.4314 10 0.0 1.4340 104 0.0 1.4344 10 1.4508 10

4 4 4

Straight* Curved Straight* Curved Straight* Curved Curved Curved Curved Straight
4

2.1661 105 1.6666 10

5 5 5

2.1667 10 2.1036 10

2.1001 105 2.1001 10 1.6667 10

5 5 5

1.4638 104 1.4638 10 0.0 1.4331 10 1.425 104 1.2402 10 2.5028 10 1.4175 10
4 4 4 4

2.0750 10

Curved Curved Curved Straight Curved Straight

2.1673 105 2.156 10

5 5 5

1.6608 10

2.1491 10

1.6276 105

2.4271 104

Table 1.3.112 Element Type B31OS (1-element mesh) B31OS (Rened mesh) B31OSH (1-element mesh) B31OSH (Rened mesh) B32OS (1-element mesh) B32OSH (Rened mesh)

Open section beam elements. Remarks

2.8153 10 3.2287 10 2.8153 10

4 4 4

0.0 1.0790 10 0.0 1.0790 103 1.1048 10 1.1048 10

3 3 3

Straight* Curved Straight* Curved Curved Curved

3.2287 104 3.1787 10 3.1787 10

4 4

1.3.113

INITIAL CURVATURE

Table 1.3.113 Element Type PIPE21 (1-element mesh) PIPE21 (Rened mesh) PIPE21H (1-element mesh) PIPE21H (Rened mesh) PIPE22 (1-element mesh) PIPE22H (1-element mesh) PIPE31 (1-element mesh) PIPE31 (Rened mesh) PIPE31H (1-element mesh) PIPE31H (Rened mesh) PIPE32 (1-element mesh) PIPE32H (1-element mesh)

Pipe elements. Remarks

2.7922 105 2.9768 10 2.7922 10

5 5 5

0.0 4.4373 10 0.0 4.4373 10

5 5

Straight* Curved Straight* Curved Curved Curved Straight*

5

2.9768 10

2.9572 105 2.9572 10 2.7922 10

5 5 5

4.5435 105 4.5435 10 0.0 4.4373 10 0.0 4.4373 10 4.5435 10 4.5435 10

5 5 5 5

2.9768 10

Curved Straight* Curved Curved Curved

2.7922 105 2.9768 10 2.9572 10 2.9572 10

5 5 5

* These are rst-order elements and are unable to capture initial curvature with a one-element mesh. However, a rened mesh for these elements yields very good results. Due to the lack of symmetry for triangular meshes, the displacements at the nodes that are at point B may differ slightly. The maximum values are documented here. ** These results are obtained using enhanced hourglass control.
Input files

Coarse mesh tests: eb22rms7.inp eb2hrms7.inp eb23rms7.inp eb2irms7.inp eb2arms7.inp eb2jrms7.inp eb32rms7.inp eb3hrms7.inp ebo2ims7.inp ebohims7.inp eb33rms7.inp eb3irms7.inp B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B23 elements. B23H elements. B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements.

1.3.114

INITIAL CURVATURE

ebo3ims7.inp eboiims7.inp eb3arms7.inp eb3jrms7.inp ep22pms7.inp inicurv_pipe2d_xpl.inp ep2hpms7.inp ep23pms7.inp ep2ipms7.inp ep32pms7.inp inicurv_pipe3d_xpl.inp ep3hpms7.inp ep33pms7.inp ep3ipms7.inp ese4sms7.inp esf4sms7.inp es54sms7.inp es68sms7.inp es58sms7.inp es59sms7.inp es63sms7.inp es56sms7.inp esc8sms7.inp esc8sms7_eh.inp Fine mesh tests: eb22rfs7.inp eb2hrfs7.inp eb32rfs7.inp eb3hrfs7.inp ebo2ifs7.inp ebohifs7.inp ep22pfs7.inp ep2hpfs7.inp ep32pfs7.inp ep3hpfs7.inp ese4sfs7.inp esf4sfs7.inp es54sfs7.inp esc6sfs7.inp esc8sfs7.inp esc8sfs7_eh.inp

B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. B33 elements. B33H elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements. PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements. SC8R elements. SC8R elements with enhanced hourglass control.

B21 elements. B21H elements. B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31H elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. SC6R elements. SC8R elements. SC8R elements with enhanced hourglass control.

1.3.115

NORMAL DEFINITION

1.3.12

NORMAL DEFINITIONS OF BEAMS AND SHELLS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OS B32OSH B33 B33H PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65
Problem description

PIPE32H

3 B C

5 y x A

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 . Boundary conditions: End A is clamped, Loading:

at end C.

25.0 at end C.

Section properties:

0.25, 0, 1.0 106 , 0.01041667. For B23, B23H, B33, B33H, and STRI3 elements, different values of are used: vertical members, 5.208 103 , horizontal members, 1.0 106 . For pipe elements a circular cross-section of outer radius 0.5 and wall thickness 0.05 is used. Five pipe elements are used along segment AB. A single linear beam element is used along BC with section properties as dened above. In Abaqus/Explicit the loading is applied using a smooth step amplitude to achieve a nearly static response at steady state, similar to that in Abaqus/Standard.

1.3.121

NORMAL DEFINITION

Remarks

Normal denitions written to the output le by the analysis input le processor are all correct.
Reference solution

Displacements: . For shear exible elements properties have been dened such that the rst term is negligible. For Love-Kirchhoff (cubic) elements the second term does not apply.
Results and discussion

Element Type B21(H) B22(H) B23(H) B31(H) B31OS(H) B32(H) B32OS(H) B33(H) PIPE21(H) PIPE22(H) PIPE31(H) PIPE32(H) S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65

(Abaqus) 5.098 105 5.098 105 6.662 103 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 6.662 103 2.166 103 2.167 103 2.166 10
3

(Analytical) 5.098 105 5.098 105 6.667 103 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 6.667 103 2.199 103 2.199 103 2.199 103 2.199 103 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 6.667 103 5.098 105

2.167 103 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 5.098 105 6.341 10
3

3.991 105

1.3.122

NORMAL DEFINITION

Due to the lack of symmetry for triangular meshes, the displacements at the nodes that are at point B differ slightly. The maximum values are documented here. For pipe elements in Abaqus/Explicit the results are very close to those obtained with Abaqus/Standard; the small differences can be attributed to steady-state oscillations.
Input files

eb22gxs8.inp eb2hgxs8.inp eb23gxs8.inp eb2igxs8.inp eb2agxs8.inp eb2jgxs8.inp eb32gxs8.inp eb3hgxs8.inp ebo2gxs8.inp ebohgxs8.inp eb33gxs8.inp eb3igxs8.inp ebo3gxs8.inp eboigxs8.inp eb3agxs8.inp eb3jgxs8.inp ep22pxs8.inp ep2hpxs8.inp ep23pxs8.inp ep2ipxs8.inp ep32pxs8.inp ep3hpxs8.inp ep33pxs8.inp ep3ipxs8.inp ese4sgs8.inp esf4sgs8.inp es54sgs8.inp es68sgs8.inp es58sgs8.inp es59sgs8.inp es63sgs8.inp es56sgs8.inp normdef_pipe2d_xpl.inp normdef_pipe3d_xpl.inp

B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B23 elements. B23H elements. B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements. B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. B33 elements. B33H elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements. PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements. PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements. PIPE21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit.

1.3.123

CURVATURE TESTS FOR SHELLS

1.3.13

CONSTANT CURVATURE TEST FOR SHELLS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

S3

S3R

S4

S4R

S4R5

S8R

S8R5

S9R5

STRI3

STRI65

Problem description

D y H

F 20 E 40 B

x A

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1 103 , Poissons ratio = 0.3.

at nodes A, B, and D, Loading: 2.0 at node C, 20.0 at nodes A and B, at nodes B and C, 10.0 at nodes A and D.
Boundary conditions: Reference solution

at all nodes along the perimeter. 20.0 at nodes C and D, 10.0

Displacements:
Results and discussion

12.48.

Element type S3/S3R S4R S4 S4R5 S8R* S8R5 12.51 12.54 12.54 12.496 12.555 12.527

1.3.131

CURVATURE TESTS FOR SHELLS

Element type S9R5 STRI3 STRI65 12.527 12.480 12.545

*A rened mesh consisting of two elements is used for the S8R model since hourglassing occurs in a one-element mesh.
Input files

esf3sxs9.inp ese4sxs9.inp esf4sxs9.inp es54sxs9.inp es68sxs9.inp es58sxs9.inp es59sxs9.inp es63sxs9.inp es56sxs9.inp

S3/S3R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements.

1.3.132

SHELL SECTION FORCES

1.3.14

VERIFICATION OF SECTION FORCES FOR SHELLS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

S4

S4R

S4R5

S8R

S8R5

S9R5

STRI3

STRI65

Problem description
z

D 0.1 0.1

C A 10 x B 1

Material: Linear elastic,

0.5 10 ,
Loading:

2.00313 107 , 0.5 10 .

5

5.00783 105 ,

1.25296 105 ,

Boundary conditions: Nodes along edge

are clamped.

0.5 at nodes B and C.

Orientations: 90 in the rst layer and 0 in the second layer, with respect to the x-axis, rotated about

the z-axis. There are two elements with identical geometries in the model. The rst element is dened via SHELL SECTION, COMPOSITE and uses *ORIENTATION options. The second element is dened * by *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, with the section stiffness matrix input directly, and is equivalent to the two-layer model presented above.

1.3.141

SHELL SECTION FORCES

The section stiffness is:

Symmetric

Reference solution

Stress resultants: Moment = 1.0(10.0 x).

Results and discussion

All elements yield acceptable solutions. The *EL FILE, DIRECTIONS=YES option is used in the input le with element type S8R5 (es58s2sc.inp).
Input files

ese4s2sc.inp esf4s2sc.inp es54s2sc.inp es68s2sc.inp es58s2sc.inp es59s2sc.inp es63s2sc.inp es56s2sc.inp

S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements.

1.3.142

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

1.3.15

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

S4

S4R

S4RS

S4RSW

Features tested

Shell general section, composite laminate, orientation.

Problem description

There are three different options for dening a composite shell section within Abaqus/Explicit: a. A shell general section in which the user supplies the (constant) stiffness coefcients for the shell section in matrix form (*SHELL GENERAL SECTION). b. A layered, elastic shell section, for which Abaqus/Explicit calculates a pre-integrated effective shell stiffness matrix (*SHELL GENERAL SECTION, COMPOSITE). With this option the user denes the number of layers, the material properties for each layer, and the orientation in each layer. The material denition must be elastic to pre-integrate the shell stiffnesses. This option will print the matrix of effective stiffness coefcients that are calculated from the layered shell section. c. A numerically integrated shell section (*SHELL SECTION, COMPOSITE). The shell section denition for this case is basically the same as for option (b) above: the user denes the number of layers, the material properties for each layer, the orientation in each layer, and the number of integration points through the thickness of each layer. The material properties for this case may be nonlinear (e.g., plasticity may be used). If only elastic properties are used with *SHELL SECTION, it is more efcient to use the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION option as in option (b) above. The purpose of this verication problem is to ensure that each of the different options for generating a shell section gives the same results for the same physical shell model. The test consists of six identical simply supported beams under uniform pressure loading. Two sets of analyses are performed: one in which the beams are modeled with S4R elements and the other in which the beams are modeled with S4RS elements. Due to symmetry only one-half of each beam is considered. Six cases are studied for each element type: 1. A sandwich beam modeled with the numerically integrated *SHELL SECTION option. There are three linear elastic layers consisting of an aluminum layer (thickness 8 mm) sandwiched between two steel layers (thickness 6 mm). Each layer has three material points through the thickness. 2. The same sandwich beam as Case 1, modeled with *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, COMPOSITE.

1.3.151

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

3.

The same sandwich beam as Case 1, modeled with *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, where the stiffness matrix (21 coefcients) of the shell section is given with values corresponding to the preintegrated Case 2.

4. The same as Case 1 except that an in-plane orientation angle of 90 is applied to each layer. Since the material is isotropic, the orientation should not affect the nal results. 5. The same as Case 2 except that an in-plane orientation angle of 90 is applied to each layer. 6. The same as Case 3 except that an orientation is applied to the whole section. The in-plane orientation is dened with the *ORIENTATION, DEFINITION=OFFSET TO NODES option.
Results and discussion

Figure 1.3.151 shows the contour plots of section moment SM1 on the deformed geometry for Cases 1 through 5 and section moment SM2 for Case 6 when the analysis is performed using the S4R element. Figure 1.3.152 shows the histories of the central deection of the beam for all six cases. Figure 1.3.153 shows the histories of the section force SF1 (membrane force) at the center of the beams. Note that in Abaqus/Explicit any orientation option will not affect the output of section forces as they will always be in the default shell system. The stresses and strains are output to the selected results le in the local material coordinate system. The directions of the local coordinate system for these quantities are automatically written to the results le. Figure 1.3.154 through Figure 1.3.156 show the analogous results for the analysis performed using S4RS elements.
Input files

shellsect.inp shellgensect.inp shellsect_s4rs.inp shellgensect_s4rs.inp shellsect_s4.inp shellgensect_s4.inp

shellgensect_s4rsw.inp

S4R model with the *SHELL SECTION option. S4R model with the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION option. S4RS model with the *SHELL SECTION option. S4RS model with the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION option. S4 model with the *SHELL SECTION option included for the purpose of testing performance only. S4 model with the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION option included for the purpose of testing performance only. S4RSW model with the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION option included for the purpose of testing performance only.

1.3.152

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

SM1

VALUE -1.26E+05 -1.14E+05 -1.02E+05 -9.09E+04 -7.90E+04 -6.71E+04 -5.52E+04 -4.33E+04 -3.14E+04

1,4: shell section 1 2,3,5: shell general section

2 1 3

SM2

VALUE -1.25E+05 -1.13E+05 -1.02E+05 -9.05E+04 -7.89E+04 -6.73E+04 -5.56E+04 -4.40E+04 -3.24E+04

6: shell general section with orientation

Figure 1.3.151

Contours of bending moment at 12 milliseconds (S4R model).

1.3.153

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

0.00

Vertical Displacement

U2_101 U2_601 U2_1101 U2_1601 U2_11101 U2_11601

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08
XMIN 0.000E+00 XMAX 1.200E-02 YMIN -8.601E-02 YMAX 0.000E+00

-0.10 0.000

0.005 TOTAL TIME

0.010

0.015

Figure 1.3.152

Histories of the central deections (S4R model).

80. SF1_101 SF1_601 SF1_1101 SF1_1601 SF1_11101 SF2_11601

[ x10 ]

60. Section Force

40.

20. SF1 at center of beams 1,2,3,4,5 SF2 at center of beam 6 0. 0.

XMIN XMAX

3.337E-06 1.200E-02

YMIN -3.519E+02 YMAX 8.598E+07

2.

4.

6. TOTAL TIME

8.

10.

[ x10

12. -3

Figure 1.3.153

Histories of the membrane forces (S4R model).

1.3.154

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

SM1

VALUE -1.26E+05 -1.14E+05 -1.02E+05 -9.02E+04 -7.84E+04 -6.66E+04 -5.48E+04 -4.30E+04 -3.12E+04

1,4: shell section 1 2,3,5: shell general section

2 1 3

SM2

VALUE -1.24E+05 -1.13E+05 -1.01E+05 -8.98E+04 -7.84E+04 -6.70E+04 -5.56E+04 -4.42E+04 -3.28E+04

2 1 3
6: shell general section with orientation

Figure 1.3.154

Contours of bending moment at 12 milliseconds (S4RS model).

1.3.155

COMPOSITE SHELL SECTIONS

.00

Vertical Displacement

U2_101 U2_601 U2_1101 U2_1601 U2_11101 U2_11601

-.02

-.04

-.06

XMIN .000E+00 XMAX 1.200E-02 YMIN -8.631E-02 YMAX .000E+00

-.08 0. 2. 4. 6. TOTAL TIME 8. 10. 12.

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.3.155

Histories of the central deections (S4RS model).

80. SF1_101 SF1_601 SF1_1101 SF1_1601 SF1_11101 SF2_11601

[ x10 ]

60. Section Force

40.

20.
XMIN .000E+00 XMAX 1.200E-02 YMIN -2.703E-12 YMAX 8.554E+07

SF1 at center of beams 1,2,3,4,5 SF2 at center of beam 6

0. 0.

2.

4.

6. TOTAL TIME

8.

10.

12.

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.3.156

Histories of the membrane forces (S4RS model).

1.3.156

SANDWICH BEAM

1.3.16

CANTILEVER SANDWICH BEAM: SHEAR FLEXIBLE SHELLS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

S4

S4R

S8R

S4T

S4RT

S8RT

Problem description

y 0.04 0.5

10

Material: For the face a linear elastic material with Youngs modulus = 1.0 107 and Poissons ratio = 0

is modeled. For the core the transverse shear moduli are given as 1.0 104 and all other properties in the plane are set to negligible values, using the LAMINA denition.
Boundary conditions: All nodes are clamped at one end. Loading:

750.0 distributed consistently to the nodes at the free end.

Gauss integration is used for the shell cross-section for the S4, S4R, and S8R elements. Simpson integration is used for the shell cross-section for the S4T, S4T, S4RT, and S8RT elements.
Reference solution

Displacement at the free end (Plantema, Sandwich Construction, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966): = 5.5684. Maximum bending stress at the top of the clamped end, for the case of warping prevention as enforced here: = 3.7275 105 .

1.3.161

SANDWICH BEAM

Results and discussion

Element Type S4 S4R S8R S4T S4RT S8RT

Input files

5.55 5.55 5.56 5.55 5.55 5.56

3.5136 105 3.5136 105 3.6439 105 3.537 105 3.537 105 3.6439 105

ese4scsi.inp esf4scsi.inp es68scsi.inp es34tcsi.inp es4rtcsi.inp es38tcsi.inp

S4 elements. S4R elements. S8R elements. S4T elements. S4RT elements. S8RT elements.

1.3.162

THERMAL STRESS IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL

1.3.17

THERMAL STRESS IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

DSAX1 DSAX2 DS3 DS4 DS6 DS8 DCAX8 DC3D20 SAX1 SAX2 SAX2T STRI65 S4R5 S8R5 S4RT S8RT CAX3T CAX4RT CAX4RHT CAX8R CAX8RT CGAX4RT CGAX8RT CGAX4RHT C3D4T C3D6T C3D8T C3D8RT C3D20R C3D20RT
Problem description

100 C 200 C R t R = 0.1 m t = 0.001 m

The cylindrical shell is shown above. A single element is used in the Abaqus/Standard analyses and in the Abaqus/Explicit analysis using the coupled thermal shell element. In the Abaqus/Explicit analyses that use solid elements, two elements are used in the radial direction. For the nonaxisymmetric elements the element subtends an angle of 11.25 at the center, which is equivalent to 32 elements around the circumference. Steady-state conditions are assumed in the Abaqus/Standard simulation. A transient simulation is performed in Abaqus/Explicit. The total simulation time is 0.4 seconds for the analyses using solid elements, and 0.06 seconds for the analysis using a shell element. This provides enough time for the transient solution to reach steady-state conditions in this problem. Mass scaling is used for the solid element analyses to reduce the computational cost of the Abaqus/Explicit analyses. Material: Density 7800 kg/m3 Conductivity 52 J/ms C Specic heat 586 J/kg C

1.3.171

THERMAL STRESS IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL

Thermal expansion coefcient Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

1.2 105 200 103 MPa 0.3

Boundary conditions: For the thermal analyses the temperatures of the inside and outside surfaces are prescribed to be 200C and 100C, respectively. For the stress analyses the rotation vector in the circumferential direction is constrained, but the cylinder is free to expand axially. For the continuum element meshes equations are used to provide the rotational constraints. For the nonaxisymmetric cases symmetrical constraints are applied in the circumferential direction to model the complete cylinder. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations the temperatures are applied gradually to ensure a quasi-static response.

For all of the analyses except those using the coupled temperature-displacement elements (SAX2T, S8RT, CAX4RT, CAX4RHT, CGAX4RT, CGAX4RHT, CAX8RT, CGAX8RT, and C3D20RT in Abaqus/Standard and S4RT, CAX3T, CAX4RT, C3D4T, C3D6T, C3D8RT, and C3D8T in Abaqus/Explicit), the analyses are run in pairs: a thermal analysis followed by its corresponding stress analysis. Gauss integration is used for the shell cross-section for input le es54sxsj.inp.
Reference solution

The temperature distribution through the thickness of the cylinder is given by

where is the outer radius, is the inner radius, is the outside temperature, and is the inside temperature. The analytical solution for the stresses is given in Chapter 15 of Theory of Plates and Shells, second edition, by Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger. The stresses at the outer and inner surfaces are given by

where E is Youngs modulus, is the coefcient of thermal expansion, and is Poissons ratio. The upper sign refers to the outer surface, indicating that a tensile stress will act on this surface if . This gives a theoretical stress of 171.43 MPa.
Results and discussion

The axisymmetric and second-order shell elements agree exactly with the theory. The rst-order threedimensional shells (S4R5) show an error of 5.1%. The continuum elements show small discrepancies (< 1%) from the reference solution.

1.3.172

THERMAL STRESS IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL

The results obtained with Abaqus/Explicit are in close agreement with the analytical solution and with those obtained with Abaqus/Standard.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

esa2dxsj.inp esa3dxsj.inp es33dxsj.inp es34dxsj.inp es36dxsj.inp es38dxsj.inp eca8dfsj.inp ec3kdfsj.inp esa2sxsj.inp esa3sxsj.inp es56sxsj.inp es54sxsj.inp es58sxsj.inp eca8srsj.inp ec3ksrsj.inp esa3txsj.inp es34txsj.inp es4rtxsj.inp es38txsj.inp ecax3tsj.inp eca4trsj.inp eca4tysj.inp eca4hrsj.inp eca4hysj.inp eca8trsj.inp eca8hrsj.inp ec3ktrsj.inp thermstresscyl_std_c3d4t.inp thermstresscyl_std_c3d6t.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

DSAX1 elements. DSAX2 elements. DS3 elements. DS4 elements. DS6 elements. DS8 elements. DCAX8 elements. DC3D20 elements. SAX1 elements. SAX2 elements. STRI65 elements. S4R5 elements. S8R5 elements. CAX8R elements. C3D20R elements. SAX2T elements. S4T elements. S4RT elements. S8RT elements. CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX4RHT elements. CGAX4RT elements. CGAX4RHT elements. CAX8RT elements. CGAX8RT elements. C3D20RT elements. C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements.

thermstresscyl_xpl_cax3t.inp thermstresscyl_xpl_cax4rt.inp thermstresscyl_xpl_c3d4t.inp thermstresscyl_xpl_c3d6t.inp thermstresscyl_xpl_c3d8rt.inp

CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements.

1.3.173

THERMAL STRESS IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL

thermstresscyl_xpl_c3d8t.inp thermstresscyl_xpl_s4rt.inp

C3D8T elements. S4RT elements.

1.3.174

VARIABLE THICKNESS

1.3.18

VARIABLE THICKNESS SHELLS AND MEMBRANES

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65 SAX1 SAX2 SAXA1n SAXA2n S4T S4RT S8RT SAX2T DS3 DS4 DS6 DS8 DSAX1 DSAX2 M3D3 M3D4 M3D4R M3D6 M3D8 M3D8R M3D9 MAX1 MAX2 MGAX1 MGAX2 MCL6 MCL9
Problem description

M3D9R

For the three-dimensional shell and membrane elements (except the cylindrical membrane elements), the model consists of a tapered plate of length 100 and width 20. The plate is clamped at one end, and the thickness varies linearly across the plate from 3 at the clamped end to 1 at the free end. The rst-order models consist of 10 elements along the length and two across the width; the second-order models consist of ve elements along the length and one across the width.

1 3 z y x 20 100

For the axisymmetric elements and the cylindrical membrane elements, the model consists of a tapered cylinder with a radius of 1 106 and a length of 100. The cylinder is clamped at one end, and the thickness varies linearly along the length of the cylinder from 3 at the clamped end to 1 at the free end. The radius is chosen to be very large to ensure that the effects of circumferential stresses are negligible. The cylinder is meshed with ten rst-order elements or ve second-order elements.

1.3.181

VARIABLE THICKNESS

100

r = 10

Material: For stress analysis: linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1000, Poissons ratio = 0; for heat transfer: conductivity = 1. Boundary conditions: Clamped at the end with thickness 3. Loading: Shell bending model

Bending moment of 3 per unit length at the thin end of the shell.
Membrane tension model

In-plane force of 50 per unit length at the thin end of the membrane.
Axisymmetric membrane tension model

In-plane force of 50 per unit length at the thin end of the membrane.
Cylindrical membrane tension model

In-plane force of 50 per unit length at the thin end of the membrane. A beam type multi-point constraint is used to tie all nodes at the thin end of the membrane to a master node. The load is then applied to the master node. This problem is set up using the symmetric model generation capability (*SYMMETRIC MODEL GENERATION), with the corresponding axisymmetric problem as the base model.

1.3.182

VARIABLE THICKNESS

Heat transfer shell model

Prescribed temperature = 0 at the thick end, prescribed temperature = 100 at the thin end.
Reference solution Shell bending model

Tip displacement
Membrane tension model

20.0, tip rotation

0.8.

Tip displacement

2.7465.

Axisymmetric membrane tension model

Tip displacement

2.7465.

Cylindrical membrane tension model

Tip displacement
Heat transfer shell model

2.7465.

Temperatures (20) = 13.03, (40) = 28.23, (60) = 46.50, (80) = 69.37.

Results and discussion

All numerical solutions agree closely with the analytical solutions. The maximum error is about 1%. The *EL FILE, DIRECTIONS=YES option is used in input les es34dnsq.inp and em34sfsq.inp.
Input files

esf3snsq.inp ese4snsq.inp esf4snsq.inp es54snsq.inp es68snsq.inp es58snsq.inp es59snsq.inp es63snsq.inp es56snsq.inp esa2snsq.inp esa3snsq.inp esnssnsq.inp esntsnsq.inp esnusnsq.inp esnvsnsq.inp esnwsnsq.inp

S3R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements. SAX1 elements. SAX2 elements. SAXA11 elements. SAXA12 elements. SAXA13 elements. SAXA14 elements. SAXA21 elements.

1.3.183

VARIABLE THICKNESS

esnxsnsq.inp esnysnsq.inp esnzsnsq.inp es34tnsq.inp es4rtnsq.inp es68tnsq.inp esa3tnsq.inp es33dnsq.inp es34dnsq.inp es36dnsq.inp es38dnsq.inp esa2dnsq.inp esa3dnsq.inp em33sfsq.inp em34sfsq.inp em34srsq.inp em36sfsq.inp em38sfsq.inp em38srsq.inp em39sfsq.inp em39srsq.inp ema2srsq.inp ema3srsq.inp emg2srsq.inp emg3srsq.inp emc6srsq.inp emc9srsq.inp

SAXA22 elements. SAXA23 elements. SAXA24 elements. S4T elements. S4RT elements. S8RT elements. SAX2T elements. DS3 elements. DS4 elements. DS6 elements. DS8 elements. DSAX1 elements. DSAX2 elements. M3D3 elements. M3D4 elements. M3D4R elements. M3D6 elements. M3D8 elements. M3D8R elements. M3D9 elements. M3D9R elements. MAX1 elements. MAX2 elements. MGAX1 elements. MGAX2 elements. MCL6 elements. MCL9 elements.

1.3.184

SHELL OFFSET

1.3.19

SHELL OFFSET

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

S4R

S8R

S8RT

Features tested

Shell offset used with the *SHELL SECTION and *SHELL GENERAL SECTION options.
Problem description
z

y 0.1 0.1

10 x 1

The model consists of a plate with a length of 10.0, a width of 1.0, and a thickness of 0.2. The end at 0 is xed, and all degrees of freedom except the rotation about the -axis are constrained at 10. A rotation 0.1 is applied at 10 for the static analyses. A single shell element with an offset of half the shells thickness from the midsurface is used to model the plate. The offset is dened with the *SHELL SECTION, OFFSET option or the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, OFFSET option. Simpsons rule is used for the shell cross-section for all the elements. Two additional input les (esf4sxsd.inp and esf4sgsb.inp) test the bending of a cantilevered halfcylinder with the *SHELL SECTION, OFFSET option or the *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, OFFSET option. The model has a radius of 5, a length of 20, and a thickness of 0.2. One end is completely constrained, and a uniform upward pressure is applied to all the elements. A general, nonlinear static procedure using NLGEOM is included. The *ELASTIC option is used to dene a material with 3.0 106 and 0.25 in all cases.

1.3.191

SHELL OFFSET

Results and discussion

The verication of the shell offset results is based on the formulation described in Transverse shear stiffness in composite shells and offsets from the midsurface, Section 3.6.8 of the Abaqus Theory Manual. The results are veried by comparing them to the results obtained from an equivalent model without offset. This equivalent model is dened using the *SHELL SECTION, COMPOSITE or *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, COMPOSITE option, where an extra layer that has a negligible material modulus is added to the model.
Input files

*SHELL SECTION, OFFSET: esf4sxsc.inp esf4sxsd.inp es68sxsc.inp es68sxsd.inp es68sxra.inp es68sxrb.inp es68sxxa.inp es68sxxb.inp *SHELL GENERAL SECTION, OFFSET: esf4sgsa.inp esf4sgsb.inp es68sgsa.inp es68sgsb.inp S4R elements; static steps. S4R elements; static steps using NLGEOM. S8R elements; static steps. S8R elements; frequency, steady-state dynamics, modal dynamic, and response spectrum steps. S4R elements; static steps. S4R elements; static steps using NLGEOM. S8R elements; static steps. S8R elements; frequency, steady-state dynamics, modal dynamic, and response spectrum steps. S8R elements; static steps with rebars. S8R elements; frequency, steady-state dynamics, modal dynamic, and response spectrum steps with rebars. S8R elements; static steps with thermal expansion. S8RT elements; coupled temperature-displacement steps with static loading.

1.3.192

AXISYMMETRIC MEMBRANES

1.3.20

AXISYMMETRIC MEMBRANE ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

MAX1

MAX2

MGAX1

MGAX2

Problem description

axis of symmetry

5 z

r r=1

Model: Thickness of membrane is 0.05. Material: For tests without orientation: linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 105 , Poissons ratio = 0.3,

thermal expansion coefcient = 107 . For tests using orientation: linear elastic, TYPE=ENGINEERING CONSTANTS with 108 , 102 , 0, and 102 . freedom 5 is xed for the bottom node for elements supporting twist.
Initial conditions: For tests without orientation an initial stress eld of

102 ,

Boundary conditions: Degree of freedom 2 is xed for the bottom node. In addition, degree of

0.001 and

0.001

is applied to all elements. The temperature of all nodes is set to 0 initially.

1.3.201

AXISYMMETRIC MEMBRANES

History definition I (for all element types) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: All degrees of freedom at all nodes are constrained. This step is recommended to apply the initial stresses. In subsequent steps the *BOUNDARY option can be used with the parameter OP=NEW to apply all the necessary boundary conditions.
Step 2 (PERTURBATION):

Loading: A concentrated force (in direction 2) of magnitude 314 is applied to the top node. Analytical solution: at top node = 0.04998.
Step 3 (PERTURBATION):

Loading: Internal pressure of magnitude 500. Analytical solution: Hoop stress = 10000.
Step 4 (PERTURBATION):

Loading: The temperature at all nodes is increased to 5000. Analytical solution: 0.0005.
History definition II (for element types MGAX1 and MGAX2) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: All degrees of freedom at all nodes are constrained. This step is recommended to apply the initial stresses. In subsequent steps the *BOUNDARY option can be used with the parameter OP=NEW to apply all the necessary boundary conditions.
Step 2 (PERTURBATION):

Loading: A concentrated moment (in degree of freedom 5) of magnitude 200 is applied to the top node. Analytical solution: Shear stress = 636.22.
History definition III (for element types MGAX1 and MGAX2 using *ORIENTATION) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: A concentrated load of magnitude 2 is applied to the top node.

Step 2 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: A concentrated moment of magnitude 2 is applied to the top node.

Results and discussion History definition I:

All elements yield exact solutions.

1.3.202

AXISYMMETRIC MEMBRANES

History definition II:

The deviation from the analytical solution is approximately 0.06%.

History definition III:

The results are compared with those from a similar well-rened model using CGAX4R (axisymmetric continuum elements that support twist) elements. Since the strain in the thickness direction is very small in the continuum model, the section Poissons ratio is set to 0 for the membrane model. The results match very well.
Input files

ema2srs3.inp ema3srs3.inp emg2srs3.inp emg3srs3.inp emg2srt3.inp emg3srt3.inp emg2sro3.inp emg3sro3.inp

MAX1 elements. MAX2 elements. MGAX1 elements without twist. MGAX2 elements without twist. MGAX1 elements with twist. MGAX2 elements with twist. MGAX1 elements with *ORIENTATION. MGAX2 elements with *ORIENTATION.

1.3.203

CYLINDRICAL MEMBRANES

1.3.21

CYLINDRICAL MEMBRANE ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

MCL6

MCL9

Problem description Model: The model consists of a cylinder with initial radius and height both equal to 1. The initial

thickness is 0.05. The cylinder is modeled using four cylindrical membrane elements, with each element spanning a 90 segment. Cylindrical transformation is used at all the nodes such that the boundary conditions and loads can be conveniently dened in the local radial, circumferential, and axial directions.
Material: For tests without orientation: linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 105 , Poissons ratio = 0.3,

thermal expansion coefcient = 107 . For tests using orientation: linear elastic, TYPE=ENGINEERING CONSTANTS with 102 , 8 2 2 10 , 10 , 0, and 10 . The orientation is dened such that the bers line up at an angle of 4 relative to the axial direction. With this setup, an axial force results in twist and, hence, development of shear strains. Boundary conditions: The boundary conditions are different in the different steps and are described in the history denition subsection.
Initial conditions: For all the tests an initial stress eld of 0.001 and 0.001 is applied to all elements. For tests that include thermal expansion the temperature of all nodes is set to 0 initially. History definition 1 (for all element types) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: All degrees of freedom at all nodes are constrained. This step is recommended to apply the initial stresses. In subsequent steps the *BOUNDARY, OP=NEW option can be used to apply all the necessary boundary conditions.
Step 2 (uses NLGEOM):

Boundary conditions: All nodes are xed in the radial and circumferential directions. The top nodes are moved axially by 0.2. Analytical solution: = 0.1823. The current membrane thickness is 0.04167.
Step 3 (uses NLGEOM):

Boundary conditions: Same as in Step 2 except that the radial motion of all nodes is unconstrained. Analytical solution: The axial strain remains unchanged. The radius and the thickness of the cylinder change in a manner such that the total volume is preserved.

1.3.211

CYLINDRICAL MEMBRANES

History definition 2 (for all element types) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: All degrees of freedom at all nodes are constrained. This step is recommended to apply the initial stresses. In subsequent steps the *BOUNDARY, OP=NEW option can be used to apply all the necessary boundary conditions.
Step 2 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading and boundary conditions: All nodes are xed in the circumferential direction. In addition, all nodes at the bottom of the cylinder are xed in the axial direction. The radial motion of all nodes are left unconstrained. Concentrated loads, which were obtained as reaction forces (at the bottom nodes of the cylinder) for the deformation state in history denition 1, are applied on the nodes on top of the cylinder. Analytical solution: The deformation should be consistent with that at the end of Step 3 in history denition 1.
History definition 3 (for all element types) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: All degrees of freedom at all nodes are constrained. This step is recommended to apply the initial stresses. In subsequent steps the *BOUNDARY, OP=NEW option can be used to apply all the necessary boundary conditions.
Step 2 (PERTURBATION):

Loading and boundary conditions: All nodes are xed in the circumferential direction. In addition, all nodes at the bottom of the cylinder are xed in the axial direction. The radial motion of all nodes is left unconstrained. An axial displacement of magnitude 0.2 is applied to all the nodes on the top of the cylinder. Analytical solution: = 0.2.
Step 3 (PERTURBATION):

Loading and boundary conditions: All nodes are xed in the circumferential direction. In addition, all nodes at the bottom of the cylinder are xed in the axial direction. The radial motion of all nodes is left unconstrained. Concentrated loads, which were obtained as reaction forces (at the bottom nodes of the cylinder) for the deformation state in Step 1, are applied on the nodes on top of the cylinder. Analytical solution: The deformation state should be identical to that obtained in Step 1.
Step 4 (PERTURBATION):

Loading and boundary conditions: All nodes are xed in the circumferential direction. In addition, all nodes at the bottom of the cylinder are xed in the axial direction. The radial motion of all nodes is left unconstrained. A distributed pressure load of magnitude 500 is applied to the inner surface, thereby expanding the cylinder uniformly. Analytical solution: The hoop stress is 10000.

1.3.212

CYLINDRICAL MEMBRANES

Step 5 (PERTURBATION):

Loading and boundary conditions: All nodes are xed in the circumferential direction. In addition, all nodes at the bottom of the cylinder are xed in the axial direction. The radial motion of all nodes is left unconstrained. The temperature of all nodes is prescribed to be 5000, leading to thermal strains. Analytical solution: = = 0.0005.
History definition 4 (for all element types; uses *ORIENTATION) Step 1 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: All degrees of freedom at all nodes are constrained. This step is recommended to apply the initial stresses. In subsequent steps the *BOUNDARY, OP=NEW option can be used to apply all the necessary boundary conditions.
Step 2 (uses NLGEOM):

Loading: A concentrated load of magnitude 2 is applied to the top of the cylinder. To facilitate the application of the load, a beam-type multi-point constraint is used to connect the nodes on top of the cylinder to a master node.
Results and discussion History definition 1:

All elements yield solutions that are very close to the analytical solutions.
History definition 2:

The solutions are very close to the state obtained at the end of Step 3 in history denition 1.
History definition 3:

All elements yield solutions that are very close to the analytical solutions.
History definition 4:

The results are compared with those from a similar model using an MGAX1 (axisymmetric membrane elements that support twist) element. The results match very well.
Input files

emc6srs3.inp emc9srs3.inp emc6srs4.inp emc9srs4.inp emc6srp3.inp emc9srp3.inp

MCL6 elements using history denition 1. MCL9 elements using history denition 1. MCL6 elements using history denition 2. MCL9 elements using history denition 2. MCL6 elements using history denition 3. MCL9 elements using history denition 3.

1.3.213

CYLINDRICAL MEMBRANES

emc6sro3.inp emc9sro3.inp

MCL6 elements with *ORIENTATION using history denition 4. MCL9 elements with *ORIENTATION using history denition 4.

1.3.214

BEAM TESTS

1.3.22

VERIFICATION OF BEAM ELEMENTS AND SECTION TYPES

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

B21H B22 B23H B31 B31OS B31OSH B32H PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE31H PIPE32 ELBOW31 ELBOW31B ELBOW31C ELBOW32
Problem description

B32OS

B32OSH

B33H

2 y x z Step 1 1

2 1

Step 2

The problem consists of a cantilever beam lying along the x-axis. The length of the beam is 75.0, and the model is made up of ve elements. For two-dimensional elements, the problem consists of one step in which a transverse load of 25.0 is applied to the end of the beam. For three-dimensional elements this is followed by an additional step in which a moment of 25.0 is applied around the x-axis. Numerous tests with similar geometries and loadings are run to test the available options associated with each of the section denitions. The *EL FILE, DIRECTIONS=YES option is used in the input les with the open thin-walled slit ring sections (eb3ia3sd.inp, eb3ja3sd.inp, ebo3a3sd.inp) and in two input les using *BEAM GENERAL SECTION (eb32gssd.inp, eb3jgssd.inp).
Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 3.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Section types: Arbitrary (Open and Closed), Box, Circular, Elbow, General, Hexagonal, I, L, Nonlinear General, Pipe, Rectangular, Trapezoidal. Section forces

All problems are statically determinate, and section forces have been veried to be correct.

1.3.221

BEAM TESTS

Reference solution Solid circular sections:

2.0

9.325 102 ,
Solid square sections:

1.865 103 (Step 1),

6.466 105 (Step 2)

2.0

2.0
.8789, 1.758 102 (Step 1), 7.224 104 (Step 2)

1.3.222

BEAM TESTS

Solid thin rectangular sections:

2 1 2.0

0.1

.7031,

1.406 102 (Step 1),

2.440 104 (Step 2)

Note: Loadings changed to .0025.

Closed thin-walled pipe sections:

2.0 1

0.2

.2712,

5.423 103 (Step 1),

1.885 104 (Step 2)

1.3.223

BEAM TESTS

Closed thin-walled box sections:

2 0.1

2.0 0.2 0.1 4.0 0.2

1.278,

2.556 102 (Step 1),

7.521 104 (Step 2)

Closed thin-walled hexagonal sections:

0.2

2.0

.3489,

6.978 103 (Step 1),

2.796 104 (Step 2)

1.3.224

BEAM TESTS

Open thin-walled I-sections:

2
2.0

0.2 1 0.2 0.2 2.4

3.0

.8931,

1.786 102 (Step 1),

7.537 102 (Step 2)

Open thin-walled C-sections:

0.2 0.1

4.0

0.2 2.0
.3564, 7.112 103 (Step 1), .1081 (Step 2)

1.3.225

BEAM TESTS

Open thin-walled slit ring sections:

0.5 1

0.1

29.84,

.5949 (Step 1),

1.388 (Step 2)

Open thin-walled L-sections:

0.1

4.0 0.1 1

4.0
1.422, 2.857 102 (Step 1), .6177 (Step 2)

1.3.226

BEAM TESTS

Open thin-walled T-sections:

2
1

0.2

2.0

0.2 2.0

4.069,
Results and discussion

8.138 102 (Step 1),

.1563 (Step 2)

The results for Step 1 are within 1% of the analytical values. The results for Step 2 are less accurate for . While results for rods and cylinders are exact, other closed sections can have an error of several percent. For open section beams can have errors in excess of 10% unless an open section beam element type is used. Open section beams include warping, which can have a signicant effect on .
Input files

Arbitrary cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb32a1sd.inp eb32a2sd.inp eb32a3sd.inp eb32absd.inp eb32aisd.inp eb32alsd.inp eb3ia1sd.inp eb3ia2sd.inp eb3ia3sd.inp eb3iabsd.inp eb3iaisd.inp eb3ialsd.inp B31 elements, channel-origin at shear center. B31 elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B31 elements, slit circular section. B31 elements, box section. B31 elements, I-section. B31 elements, L-section. B32H elements, channel-origin at shear center. B32H elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B32H elements, slit circular section. B32H elements, box section. B32H elements, I-section. B32H elements, L-section.

1.3.227

BEAM TESTS

eb3ja1sd.inp eb3ja2sd.inp eb3ja3sd.inp eb3jabsd.inp eb3jaisd.inp eb3jalsd.inp ebo2a1sd.inp ebo2a2sd.inp ebo2a3sd.inp ebo2aisd.inp ebo2alsd.inp ebo3a1sd.inp ebo3a2sd.inp ebo3a3sd.inp ebo3aisd.inp ebo3alsd.inp eboha1sd.inp eboha2sd.inp eboha3sd.inp ebohaisd.inp ebohalsd.inp eboia1sd.inp eboia2sd.inp eboia3sd.inp eboiaisd.inp eboialsd.inp

B33H elements, channel-origin at shear center. B33H elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B33H elements, slit circular section. B33H elements, box section. B33H elements, I-section. B33H elements, L-section. B31OS elements, channel-origin at shear center. B31OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B31OS elements, slit circular section. B31OS elements, I-section. B31OS elements, L-section. B32OS elements, channel-origin at shear center. B32OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B32OS elements, slit circular section. B32OS elements, I-section. B32OS elements, L-section. B31OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center. B31OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B31OSH elements, slit circular section. B31OSH elements, I-section. B31OSH elements, L-section. B32OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center. B32OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B32OSH elements, slit circular section. B32OSH elements, I-section. B32OSH elements, L-section.

Arbitrary cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb32d1sd.inp eb32d2sd.inp eb32d3sd.inp eb32dbsd.inp eb32disd.inp eb32dlsd.inp eb3id1sd.inp eb3id2sd.inp eb3id3sd.inp eb3idbsd.inp eb3idisd.inp eb3idlsd.inp eb3jd1sd.inp eb3jd2sd.inp B31 elements, channel-origin at shear center. B31 elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B31 elements, slit circular section. B31 elements, box section. B31 elements, I-section. B31 elements, L-section. B32H elements, channel-origin at shear center. B32H elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B32H elements, slit circular section. B32H elements, box section. B32H elements, I-section. B32H elements, L-section. B33H elements, channel-origin at shear center. B33H elements, channel-origin not at shear center.

1.3.228

BEAM TESTS

eb3jd3sd.inp eb3jdbsd.inp eb3jdisd.inp eb3jdlsd.inp ebo2d1sd.inp ebo2d2sd.inp ebo2d3sd.inp ebo2disd.inp ebo2dlsd.inp ebo3d1sd.inp ebo3d2sd.inp ebo3d3sd.inp ebo3disd.inp ebo3dlsd.inp ebohd1sd.inp ebohd2sd.inp ebohd3sd.inp ebohdisd.inp ebohdlsd.inp eboid1sd.inp eboid2sd.inp eboid3sd.inp eboidisd.inp eboidlsd.inp Box cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23bdsd.inp eb23bnsd.inp eb2hbdsd.inp eb2hbnsd.inp eb2jbdsd.inp eb2jbnsd.inp eb32bdsd.inp eb32bnsd.inp eb3ibdsd.inp eb3ibnsd.inp eb3jbdsd.inp eb3jbnsd.inp

B33H elements, slit circular section. B33H elements, box section. B33H elements, I-section. B33H elements, L-section. B31OS elements, channel-origin at shear center. B31OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B31OS elements, slit circular section. B31OS elements, I-section. B31OS elements, L-section. B32OS elements, channel-origin at shear center. B32OS elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B32OS elements, slit circular section. B32OS elements, I-section. B32OS elements, L-section. B31OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center. B31OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B31OSH elements, slit circular section. B31OSH elements, I-section. B31OSH elements, L-section. B32OSH elements, channel-origin at shear center. B32OSH elements, channel-origin not at shear center. B32OSH elements, slit circular section. B32OSH elements, I-section. B32OSH elements, L-section.

B22 elements, default integration. B22 elements, nondefault integration. B21H elements, default integration. B21H elements, nondefault integration. B23H elements, default integration. B23H elements, nondefault integration. B31 elements, default integration. B31 elements, nondefault integration. B32H elements, default integration. B32H elements, nondefault integration. B33H elements, default integration. B33H elements, nondefault integration.

Box cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23exsd.inp eb2hexsd.inp B22 elements. B21H elements.

1.3.229

BEAM TESTS

eb2jexsd.inp eb32exsd.inp eb3iexsd.inp eb3jexsd.inp Circular cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23cdsd.inp eb23cnsd.inp eb2hcdsd.inp eb2hcnsd.inp eb2jcdsd.inp eb2jcnsd.inp eb32cdsd.inp eb32cnsd.inp eb3icdsd.inp eb3icnsd.inp eb3jcdsd.inp eb3jcnsd.inp

B23H elements. B31 elements. B32H elements. B33H elements.

B22 elements, default integration. B22 elements, nondefault integration. B21H elements, default integration. B21H elements, nondefault integration. B23H elements, default integration. B23H elements, nondefault integration. B31 elements, default integration. B31 elements, nondefault integration. B32H elements, default integration. B32H elements, nondefault integration. B33H elements, default integration. B33H elements, nondefault integration.

Circular cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23fxsd.inp B22 elements. eb2hfxsd.inp B21H elements. eb2jfxsd.inp B23H elements. eb32fxsd.inp B31 elements. eb3ifxsd.inp B32H elements. eb3jfxsd.inp B33H elements. General cross-section tests: eb23gpsd.inp eb23gssd.inp eb2hgpsd.inp eb2hgssd.inp eb2jgpsd.inp eb2jgssd.inp eb32gisd.inp eb32gpsd.inp eb32gssd.inp eb3igpsd.inp eb3igssd.inp eb3jgpsd.inp eb3jgssd.inp ebo2gisd.inp ebo3gisd.inp

B22 elements, pipe section. B22 elements, solid square section. B21H elements, pipe section. B21H elements, solid square section. B23H elements, pipe section. B23H elements, solid square section. B31 elements, I-section. B31 elements, pipe section. B31 elements, solid square section. B32H elements, pipe section. B32H elements, solid square section. B33H elements, pipe section. B33H elements, solid square section. B31OS elements, I-section. B32OS elements, I-section.

1.3.2210

BEAM TESTS

ebohgisd.inp ebohgisd.inp

B31OSH elements, I-section. B32OSH elements, I-section.

Hexagonal cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23hdsd.inp B22 elements, default integration. eb23hnsd.inp B22 elements, nondefault integration. eb2hhdsd.inp B21H elements, default integration. eb2hhnsd.inp B21H elements, nondefault integration. eb2jhdsd.inp B23H elements, default integration. eb2jhnsd.inp B23H elements, nondefault integration. eb32hdsd.inp B31 elements, default integration. eb32hnsd.inp B31 elements, nondefault integration. eb3ihdsd.inp B32H elements, default integration. eb3ihnsd.inp B32H elements, nondefault integration. eb3jhdsd.inp B33H elements, default integration. eb3jhnsd.inp B33H elements, nondefault integration. Hexagonal cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23jxsd.inp B22 elements. eb2hjxsd.inp B21H elements. eb2jjxsd.inp B23H elements. eb32jxsd.inp B31 elements. eb3ijxsd.inp B32H elements. eb3jjxsd.inp B33H elements. I cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23idsd.inp eb23insd.inp eb2hidsd.inp eb2hinsd.inp eb2jidsd.inp eb2jinsd.inp eb32idsd.inp eb32insd.inp eb32itsd.inp eb3iidsd.inp eb3iinsd.inp eb3iitsd.inp eb3jidsd.inp eb3jinsd.inp eb3jitsd.inp ebo2idsd.inp ebo2insd.inp

B22 elements, default integration. B22 elements, nondefault integration. B21H elements, default integration. B21H elements, nondefault integration. B23H elements, default integration. B23H elements, nondefault integration. B31 elements, default integration. B31 elements, nondefault integration. B31 elements, T-section. B32H elements, default integration. B32H elements, nondefault integration. B32H elements, T-section. B33H elements, default integration. B33H elements, nondefault integration. B33H elements, T-section. B31OS elements, default integration. B31OS elements, nondefault integration.

1.3.2211

BEAM TESTS

ebo2itsd.inp ebo3idsd.inp ebo3insd.inp ebo3itsd.inp ebohidsd.inp ebohinsd.inp ebohitsd.inp eboiidsd.inp eboiinsd.inp eboiitsd.inp

B31OS elements, T-section. B32OS elements, default integration. B32OS elements, nondefault integration. B32OS elements, T-section. B31OSH elements, default integration. B31OSH elements, nondefault integration. B31OSH elements, T-section. B32OSH elements, default integration. B32OSH elements, nondefault integration. B32OSH elements, T-section.

I cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23kxsd.inp eb2hkxsd.inp eb2jkxsd.inp eb32ktsd.inp eb32kxsd.inp eb3iktsd.inp eb3ikxsd.inp eb3jktsd.inp eb3jkxsd.inp ebo2ktsd.inp ebo2kxsd.inp ebo3ktsd.inp ebo3kxsd.inp ebohktsd.inp ebohkxsd.inp eboiktsd.inp eboikxsd.inp L cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb32ldsd.inp eb32lnsd.inp eb3ildsd.inp eb3ilnsd.inp eb3jldsd.inp eb3jlnsd.inp ebo2ldsd.inp ebo2lnsd.inp ebo3ldsd.inp ebo3lnsd.inp ebohldsd.inp B31 elements, default integration. B31 elements, nondefault integration. B32H elements, default integration. B32H elements, nondefault integration. B33H elements, default integration. B33H elements, nondefault integration. B31OS elements, default integration. B31OS elements, nondefault integration. B32OS elements, default integration. B32OS elements, nondefault integration. B31OSH elements, default integration. B22 elements. B21H elements. B23H elements. B31 elements, T-section. B31 elements. B32H elements, T-section. B32H elements. B33H elements. T-section. B33H elements. B31OS elements, T-section. B31OS elements. B32OS elements, T-section. B32OS elements. B31OSH elements, T-section. B31OSH elements. B32OSH elements, T-section. B32OSH elements.

1.3.2212

BEAM TESTS

ebohlnsd.inp eboildsd.inp eboilnsd.inp

B31OSH elements, nondefault integration. B32OSH elements, default integration. B32OSH elements, nondefault integration.

L cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb32mxsd.inp B31 elements. eb3imxsd.inp B32H elements. eb3jmxsd.inp B33H elements. ebo2mxsd.inp B31OS elements. ebo3mxsd.inp B32OS elements. ebohmxsd.inp B31OSH elements. eboimxsd.inp B32OSH elements. Nonlinear general cross-section tests: eb23ncsd.inp eb23nvsd.inp eb2hncsd.inp eb2hnvsd.inp eb2jncsd.inp eb2jnvsd.inp eb32ncsd.inp eb32nvsd.inp eb3incsd.inp eb3invsd.inp eb3jncsd.inp eb3jnvsd.inp Pipe cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23pdsd.inp eb23pnsd.inp eb2hpdsd.inp eb2hpnsd.inp eb2jpdsd.inp eb2jpnsd.inp eb32pdsd.inp eb32pnsd.inp eb3ipdsd.inp eb3ipnsd.inp eb3jpdsd.inp

B22 elements, circular section. B22 elements, section data dened using a table of values. B21H elements, circular section. B21H elements, section data dened using a table of values. B23H elements, circular section. B23H elements, section data dened using a table of values. B31 elements, circular section. B31 elements, section data dened using a table of values. B32H elements, circular section. B32H elements, section data dened using a table of values. B33H elements, circular section. B33H elements, section data dened using a table of values.

B22 elements, default integration. B22 elements, nondefault integration. B21H elements, default integration. B21H elements, nondefault integration. B23H elements, default integration. B23H elements, nondefault integration. B31 elements, default integration. B31 elements, nondefault integration. B32H elements, default integration. B32H elements, nondefault integration. B33H elements, default integration.

1.3.2213

BEAM TESTS

eb3jpnsd.inp ep23pdsd.inp ep23pnsd.inp ep2hpdsd.inp ep2hpnsd.inp ep33pdsd.inp ep33pnsd.inp ep3hpdsd.inp ep3hpnsd.inp

B33H elements, nondefault integration. PIPE22 elements, default integration. PIPE22 elements, nondefault integration. PIPE21H elements, default integration. PIPE21H elements, nondefault integration. PIPE32 elements, default integration. PIPE32 elements, nondefault integration. PIPE31H elements, default integration. PIPE31H elements, nondefault integration.

Pipe cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23oxsd.inp eb2hoxsd.inp eb2joxsd.inp eb32oxsd.inp eb3ioxsd.inp eb3joxsd.inp B22 elements. B21H elements. B23H elements. B31 elements. B32H elements. B33H elements.

Rectangular cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23rssd.inp eb23r4sd.inp eb23rrsd.inp eb23r5sd.inp eb2hrssd.inp eb2hr4sd.inp eb2hrrsd.inp eb2hr5sd.inp eb2jrssd.inp eb2jr4sd.inp eb2jrrsd.inp eb2jr5sd.inp eb32rssd.inp eb32r4sd.inp eb32rrsd.inp B22 elements, solid square section, default integration. B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B22 elements, thin rectangular section. B22 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B21H elements, solid square section, default integration. B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B21H elements, thin rectangular section. B21H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B23H elements, solid square section, default integration. B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B23H elements, thin rectangular section. B23H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B31 elements, solid square section, default integration. B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B31 elements, thin rectangular section.

1.3.2214

BEAM TESTS

eb32r5sd.inp eb3irssd.inp eb3ir4sd.inp eb3irrsd.inp eb3ir5sd.inp eb3jrssd.inp eb3jr4sd.inp eb3jrrsd.inp eb3jr5sd.inp

B31 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B32H elements, solid square section, default integration. B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B32H elements, thin rectangular section. B32H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B33H elements, solid square section, default integration. B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B33H elements, thin rectangular section. B33H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.

Rectangular cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23qrsd.inp eb23qssd.inp eb2hqrsd.inp eb2hqssd.inp eb2jqrsd.inp eb2jqssd.inp eb32qrsd.inp eb32qssd.inp eb3iqrsd.inp eb3iqssd.inp eb3jqrsd.inp eb3jqssd.inp B22 elements, thin rectangular section. B22 elements, solid square section, default integration. B21H elements, thin rectangular section. B21H elements, solid square section, default integration. B23H elements, thin rectangular section. B23H elements, solid square section, default integration. B31 elements, thin rectangular section. B31 elements, solid square section, default integration. B32H elements, thin rectangular section. B32H elements, solid square section, default integration. B33H elements, thin rectangular section. B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.

Trapezoidal cross-section, *BEAM SECTION tests: eb23t4sd.inp eb23t5sd.inp eb23t6sd.inp eb23trsd.inp eb23tssd.inp eb2ht4sd.inp eb2ht5sd.inp B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B22 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B22 elements, thin rectangular section. B22 elements, solid square section, default integration. B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B21H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration.

1.3.2215

BEAM TESTS

eb2ht6sd.inp eb2htrsd.inp eb2htssd.inp eb2jt4sd.inp eb2jt5sd.inp eb2jt6sd.inp eb2jtrsd.inp eb2jtssd.inp eb32t4sd.inp eb32t5sd.inp eb32t6sd.inp eb32trsd.inp eb32tssd.inp eb3it4sd.inp eb3it5sd.inp eb3it6sd.inp eb3itrsd.inp eb3itssd.inp eb3jt4sd.inp eb3jt5sd.inp eb3jt6sd.inp eb3jtrsd.inp eb3jtssd.inp

B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B21H elements, thin rectangular section. B21H elements, solid square section, default integration. B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B23H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B23H elements, thin rectangular section. B23H elements, solid square section, default integration. B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B31 elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B31 elements, thin rectangular section. B31 elements, solid square section, default integration. B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B32H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B32H elements, thin rectangular section. B32H elements, solid square section, default integration. B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault integration. B33H elements, thin rectangular section, nondefault integration. B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B33H elements, thin rectangular section. B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.

Trapezoidal cross-section, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION tests: eb23s6sd.inp eb23srsd.inp eb23sssd.inp B22 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B22 elements, thin rectangular section. B22 elements, solid square section, default integration.

1.3.2216

BEAM TESTS

eb2hs6sd.inp eb2hsrsd.inp eb2hsssd.inp eb2js6sd.inp eb2jsrsd.inp eb2jsssd.inp eb32s6sd.inp eb32srsd.inp eb32sssd.inp eb3is6sd.inp eb3isrsd.inp eb3isssd.inp eb3js6sd.inp eb3jsrsd.inp eb3jsssd.inp Reference solutions: erefscsd.inp erefsisd.inp erefslsd.inp erefstsd.inp

B21H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B21H elements, thin rectangular section. B21H elements, solid square section, default integration. B23H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B23H elements, thin rectangular section. B23H elements, solid square section, default integration. B31 elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B31 elements, thin rectangular section. B31 elements, solid square section, default integration. B32H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B32H elements, thin rectangular section. B32H elements, solid square section, default integration. B33H elements, solid square section, nondefault local origin. B33H elements, thin rectangular section. B33H elements, solid square section, default integration.

Reference solution for the circular section beams. Reference solution for the I-section beams. Reference solution for the L-section beams. Reference solution for the T-section beams.

1.3.2217

BEAM ADDED INERTIA

1.3.23

BEAM ADDED INERTIA

Products: Abaqus/Standard Features tested

Abaqus/Explicit

This section provides basic verication tests for the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option that can be used with all Timoshenko beams. In Abaqus/Standard it also veries the isotropic versus the exact rotary inertia formulation for Timoshenko beams.
I. VERIFICATION TESTS FOR TIMOSHENKO BEAMS IN Abaqus/Standard

Elements tested

B21 B21H B22 B22H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OS PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32H
Problem description

B32OSH

There are two sets of problems presented in this section. The rst set includes four input les: b31_dyn_iso.inp, b31_dyn_exact.inp, b31_moddyn_iso.inp, and b31_moddyn_exact.inp. These analyses compare the dynamic response to an acceleration record on a single-element cantilever structure made of B31 elements using the isotropic or exact rotary inertia formulation. Comparisons are made between the *DYNAMIC and *MODAL DYNAMIC procedures. To change the rotary inertia formulation for Timoshenko beams, the ROTARY INERTIA parameter with the value ISOTROPIC or EXACT (default) is used on the *BEAM SECTION or *BEAM GENERAL SECTION option. The second set of problems veries the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option. This option allows adding mass and rotary inertia properties per element length at specied locations on the beam cross-section. The beams mass together with the added mass may combine to give an offset between the location of the node and the center of mass for the cross-section. That offset produces the coupling between the translational degrees of freedom and the rotational degrees of freedom in the mass matrix for the element. A pair of input les, xbeamaddinertia_std_lin3d.inp and xbeamaddinertia_std_quad3d.inp, shows the concept of the offset mass for the beam element that can also be modeled with MASS and ROTARYI elements with appropriate BEAM-type MPC denitions to accommodate the mass offset. The remaining single-element input les verify various cross-section types for transient dynamic and eigenvalue extraction procedures. Input les pmcp_pipe2d_bai.inp, pmcp_beam2d_bai.inp, pmcp_pipe3d_bai.inp, and pmcp_beam3d_bai.inp are collections of all pipe and all beam elements placed in a plane or space. The *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option is used for all beam section denitions. These multiple step analyses verify the *FREQUENCY, *STATIC (with mass depended loads), STEADY STATE (mode based and direct), *MODAL DYNAMIC, and *DYNAMIC procedures.

1.3.231

BEAM ADDED INERTIA

Results and discussion

The results compare well with the concentrated masses and rotary inertia element models and differ from the isotropic formulation as predicted.
Input files

b31_dyn_iso.inp b31_moddyn_iso.inp b31_dyn_exact.inp b31_moddyn_exact.inp b21_circ_bai_45.inp b22_rect_bai_freq.inp b21h_circ_bai_freq.inp b31_circ_bai.inp b31_circ_mass_ri.inp b32_box_bai.inp b31os_i_bai.inp pipe31h_bai_45.inp pmcp_beam2d_bai.inp pmcp_beam3d_bai.inp pmcp_pipe2d_bai.inp pmcp_pipe3d_bai.inp

B31 element, transient dynamic, isotropic rotary inertia formualtion. B31 element, modal dynamic, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, transient dynamic, exact rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, modal dynamic, exact rotary inertia formulation. B21 element with circular cross-section, transient dynamic. B22 element with rectangular cross-section, frequency extraction. B21H element with circular cross-section, frequency extraction. B31 element with circular cross-section, transient dynamic, and unsymmetric solver. MASS and ROTARYI elements, transient dynamic. B32 with box cross-section, transient dynamic. B31OS element with I cross-section, transient dynamic procedure. PIPE31H, transient dynamic. All two-dimensional beams, various dynamic procedures. All three-dimensional beams, various dynamic procedures. All two-dimensional pipe elements, various dynamic procedures. All three-dimensional pipe elements, various dynamic procedures.

II.

EXPLICIT DYNAMIC TEST OF BEAMS WITH *BEAM ADDED INERTIA

Elements tested

B21

B22

B31

B32

1.3.232

BEAM ADDED INERTIA

Problem description

This problem veries the use of the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option in Abaqus/Explicit. Identical beam elements are assigned additional mass and rotary inertia in two ways: using the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option and by dening additional point mass and rotary inertia elements and rigidly constraining them to the beam nodes using BEAM-type MPCs. The solutions obtained using the two methods are compared. Four cases, each comprising one of the four beam element types available in Abaqus/Explicit, are considered. For each case four beam elements with the same element length are dened. Two of the beam elements are assigned identical section properties using the *BEAM SECTION option, and the remaining two are assigned identical section properties using the *BEAM GENERAL SECTION option. One of the elements with section properties given by the *BEAM SECTION option has additional mass and rotary inertia assigned to it using the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option. For the second beam element with *BEAM SECTION, additional nodes are dened at locations offset from the element nodes and MASS and ROTARYI elements are dened at the offset nodes. BEAM-type MPCs connect each node of the second beam to its corresponding offset node. The offset node corresponding to each node of the second beam lies in the cross-section passing through the beam node and has the same local coordinates with respect to the beam node as the center of mass coordinates dened for the rst beam. Similarly, the mass and inertia assigned to the offset nodes are exactly equivalent to those assigned to the rst beam element using the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option. The two beam elements with *BEAM GENERAL SECTION are also subjected to the same test. One of them is assigned additional mass and inertia using the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option, while the other has BEAM-type MPCs connecting each node to nodal locations offset from it where MASS and ROTARYI elements with appropriate section properties are dened. All four beams are cantilevered at one end and are subjected to the same concentrated load at the other end.
Results and discussion

On comparing the nodal displacements and rotations of each beam element with *BEAM ADDED INERTIA to those of its corresponding element with BEAM-type MPCs, it is found that the nodal values match closely. This veries that the *BEAM ADDED INERTIA option is being used to assign mass and inertia values accurately.
Input files

xbeamaddinertia_xpl_lin2d.inp xbeamaddinertia_xpl_quad2d.inp xbeamaddinertia_xpl_lin3d.inp xbeamaddinertia_xpl_quad3d.inp

B21 elements. B22 elements. B31 elements. B32 elements.

1.3.233

BEAM FLUID INERTIA

1.3.24

BEAM FLUID INERTIA

Products: Abaqus/Standard Features tested

Abaqus/Explicit

This section provides basic verication tests for the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option that can be used with all Timoshenko beams.
Elements tested

B21

B22

B31

B32

Problem description

There are two sets of problems presented in this section. The rst set includes the input les b21_circ_b.inp and b21_circ_bai.inp and veries the use of the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option in a *DYNAMIC analysis. The second set consists of the remaining input les and tests the use of the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option in transient dynamic analysis with the *BEAM SECTION or *BEAM GENERAL SECTION option. The transient dynamic analyses are also performed using Abaqus/Explicit to verify the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option in Abaqus/Explicit.
Results and discussion

The results obtained from b21_circ_b.inp using *BEAM FLUID INERTIA agree well with the results from b21_circ_bai.inp, which uses *BEAM ADDED INERTIA to add equivalent masses. The comparison is meaningful only for the direction in which the external excitation is applied. The Abaqus/Explicit transient analysis results closely match the transient analysis results obtained using Abaqus/Standard.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

b21_circ_b.inp b21_circ_bai.inp iw_bs_b21_dyl_b.inp iw_bs_b22_dyl_b.inp iw_bs_b31_e_dyl_b.inp iw_bs_b31_i_dyl_b.inp

B21 element, frequency extraction, *BEAM FLUID INERTIA. B21 element, frequency extraction, *BEAM ADDED INERTIA. B21 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient dynamic. B22 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient dynamic. B31 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient dynamic, exact rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient dynamic, isotropic rotary inertia formulation.

1.3.241

BEAM FLUID INERTIA

iw_bs_b32_e_dyl_b.inp iw_bs_b32_i_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b21_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b22_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b31_e_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b31_i_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b32_e_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b32_i_dyl_b.inp iw_bgs_b31_dyl_b_half.inp

iw_b_std.inp

iw_b_std_bbl.inp

iw_b_std_refbbl.inp

iw_b_std_re.inp

iw_b_std_reec.inp

iw_bgsm_b_std_re.inp

B32 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient dynamic, exact rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient dynamic, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B21 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic. B22 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic. B31 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, exact rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, exact rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, the HALF parameter on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to constant plane-wave pressure gradients. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to bubble loading. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to bubble loading with reections from a hard plane. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to spherical loading with reections from a hard plane. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to planar loading with reections from a soft plane. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, comparison of meshed and general section denitions to test dynamic response to planar loading with reections from a hard plane.

1.3.242

BEAM FLUID INERTIA

Abaqus/Explicit input files

iw_bs_b21_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bs_b22_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bs_b31_e_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bs_b31_i_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bs_b32_e_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bs_b32_i_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bgs_b21_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bgs_b22_dyl_b_xpl.inp iw_bgs_b31_e_dyl_b_xpl.inp

iw_bgs_b31_i_dyl_b_xpl.inp

iw_bgs_b32_e_dyl_b_xpl.inp

iw_bgs_b32_i_dyl_b_xpl.inp

iw_bgs_b31_dyl_b_half_xpl.inp

iw_b_xpl.inp

iw_b_xpl_bbl.inp

iw_b_xpl_refbbl.inp

B21 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis. B22 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis. B31 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, exact rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, exact rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B21 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis. B22 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis. B31 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, exact rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, exact rotary inertia formulation. B32 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, isotropic rotary inertia formulation. B31 element, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient explicit dynamic analysis, the HALF parameter on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to constant plane-wave pressure gradients. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to bubble loading. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA

1.3.243

BEAM FLUID INERTIA

iw_b_xpl_re.inp

iw_b_xpl_reec.inp

iw_bgsm_b_xpl_re.inp

option to test dynamic response to bubble loading with reections from a hard plane. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to spherical loading with reections from a hard plane. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, different radii on the *BEAM FLUID INERTIA option to test dynamic response to planar loading with reections from a soft plane. B31 elements, *BEAM GENERAL SECTION, transient dynamic, comparison of meshed and general section denitions to test dynamic response to planar loading with reections from a hard plane.

1.3.244

BEAM WITH END MOMENT

1.3.25

BEAM WITH END MOMENT

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

CPE4R

CPE6M

C3D10M

Features tested

Concentrated loads, follower forces, multi-point constraints.

Problem description

This problem demonstrates the use of the *CLOAD option with CPE4R, CPE6M, and C3D10M elements in a large-strain analysis. Two beams are analyzed together. Both beams are cantilevered on one end and are subjected to a force couple (a balanced set of loads on the translation degrees of freedom) on the other end. The couple on Beam 1 (the upper beam) is comprised of follower forces, so the applied moment is independent of tip rotation. Non-follower forces generate the moment on Beam 2 (the lower beam), so the moment is a function of the tip rotation. This problem also demonstrates a technique for introducing follower forces into a mesh generated using solid elements. A follower force in Abaqus requires a rotational degree of freedom to introduce change of direction of the application of the force. However, nodes attached to solid elements have only translational degrees of freedom. The BEAM MPC is used to activate rotational degrees of freedom at nodes where the forces are applied. The LINEAR MPC is used to constrain the end of the beam to remain a plane section. Each beam is 400 mm long (L) and 20 mm thick (h). In the nite element model all the nodes at the right side are pinned, and the nodes at the left are constrained with BEAM and LINEAR MPCs so that they remain in a straight line of constant length. The material for this problem is elastic with a constant Youngs modulus of 1000 MPa and a Poissons ratio of 0. The density is 10000 kg/m3 . For small-strain elasticity the moment per unit width required to form a beam into a circle is given by

The force required for this moment (using the beam thickness as the moment arm) is 523.6 103 N. Because of dynamic effects the required forces are only 490.0 103 N for the CPE4R mesh, 510.0 103 N for the CPE6M mesh, and 4900.0 N for the C3D10M mesh. These forces are ramped on linearly over the analysis time of 0.2 seconds. The time period is chosen so that the quasi-static response can be observed with a minimum of dynamic vibration.

1.3.251

BEAM WITH END MOMENT

Results and discussion

Figure 1.3.251 shows the undeformed and deformed meshes (CPE4R) of both beams. Beam 1 forms a circle, while Beam 2 stops short of a 90 tip rotation. Since the load on Beam 2 is not a follower load, the moment arm of the force-couple decreases as the beam deection increases. Figure 1.3.252 shows the corresponding meshes composed of CPE6M elements. The undeformed and deformed meshes for C3D10M elements are shown in Figure 1.3.253. Figure 1.3.254 shows the time history of the tip rotations (in radians) of the two beams.
Input files

beamfollow.inp beamfollow_cpe6m.inp beamfollow_c3d10m.inp

CPE4R elements. CPE6M elements. C3D10M elements.

1.3.252

BEAM WITH END MOMENT

2 3 1

Figure 1.3.251

Deformed and undeformed beam meshes (CPE4R).

2 3 1

Figure 1.3.252

Deformed and undeformed beam meshes (CPE6M).

1.3.253

BEAM WITH END MOMENT

2 3 1

Figure 1.3.253

Deformed and undeformed beam meshes (C3D10M).

beam beam beam beam beam beam

2 1 2 1 2 1

(CPE4R) (CPE4R) (CPE6M) (CPE6M) (C3D10M) (C3D10M) tip rotation

6.

4.

2.

XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX

0.000E+00 2.000E-01 0.000E+00 6.254E+00

0. 0.00

0.05

0.10 time

0.15

0.20

Figure 1.3.254

Tip rotations of beams.

1.3.254

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

1.3.26

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

CPE4R

C3D8R

Features tested

Hourglass control, kinematic formulation, tied contact surfaces, multi-point constraints.

Problem description

In this example the exural response of a simply supported beam is modeled using continuum elements. The problem was originally used by Flanagan and Belystchko (1982) to test the hourglass control algorithms found in lower-order elements. The half-symmetry model of the beam has a half-span of 0.4 and a depth of 0.1. The mesh consists of 32 elements (8 4). The material is linear elastic with Youngs modulus = 1 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.0, and density = 1000. A pinned boundary condition (directions 1 and 2) is specied for the center node on the left boundary of the mesh. A symmetry condition (direction 1) is specied for all the nodes on the right boundary of the mesh. A constant pressure load of magnitude 720000 is applied instantaneously to the top surface of the beam at the beginning of the step. This problem is modeled with both two-dimensional and three-dimensional elements. In the twodimensional case all the elements are 4-node plane strain continuum elements (CPE4R). Figure 1.3.261 shows three meshes for the problem. The upper mesh is the standard case with 45 nodes. The center and lower mesh in the gure have been generated as two distinct parts each containing 16 elements (4 4) and 25 nodes. The two parts intersect along a vertical line of nodes where there are two nodes at each point with identical coordinates (coincident nodes). The mesh shown in the center is constrained to behave as the continuous mesh by using multi-point constraints (MPCs) to pin the coincident nodes along the interface between the two parts. In the lower mesh the *TIE option is used to constrain the nodes along the interface to have the same response as the original mesh. The three meshes should give identical results with these constraints. All the nodes that have boundary conditions or constraints are indicated in Figure 1.3.261 by circles. The three-dimensional case is identical to the two-dimensional case except that 8-node continuum elements (C3D8R) are used to model the beam. In this case the out-of-plane displacements are constrained to be zero (plane strain). Three meshes are also used in the three-dimensional case with the same constraints (in three dimensions) as described for the two-dimensional case. The above problems are solved with different section control options. For two-dimensional and three-dimensional solid elements the section control options in Abaqus/Explicit allow the user to choose between ve different hourglass control options. In addition, three different kinematic assumptions can

1.3.261

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

be chosen for the three-dimensional solid elements. A discussion of the accuracy and performance that can be obtained with the various section control options can be found in Section controls, Section 24.1.4 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual. Viscous hourglass control should not be used in quasi-static or low-mode dynamics problems, and analyses with this option are not included here. The section controls option in Abaqus/Standard allows the user to pick between two different hourglass control options. The reduced-integration elements in Abaqus/Standard allow only average strain kinematic formulation with second-order accuracy. Table 1.3.261 lists the various options and their plot legend and le descriptors.
Results and discussion

Figure 1.3.262 through Figure 1.3.264 show results for the two-dimensional analysis run with default section control options (the RELAX STIFFNESS form of hourglass control is used) with Abaqus/Explicit. Figure 1.3.262 shows the deformed shape for the two-dimensional case at the maximum deection (time=.016). The three-dimensional deformed shapes are indistinguishable from those for the two-dimensional case. Figure 1.3.263 shows the time history of vertical deection for the midpoint on the symmetry plane for the two-dimensional case. There are three values plotted in the gure (one for each mesh), and they are identical. Figure 1.3.264 shows the time history of the energies in the two-dimensional case. Figure 1.3.265 and Figure 1.3.266 show results for the three-dimensional analysis run with default section control options (AVERAGE STRAIN kinematics and the RELAX STIFFNESS form of hourglass control are used) with Abaqus/Explicit. Figure 1.3.265 shows the time history of vertical deection for the midpoint on the symmetry plane for the three-dimensional case. Figure 1.3.266 shows the time history of the energies in the three-dimensional case. All three values (one for each mesh) are plotted. The results correspond exactly with the results reported in Flanagan and Belystchko (1982). For this problem only slight differences are observed among the default and nondefault kinematic and hourglass options in Abaqus/Explicit. With the ENHANCED form of hourglass control, the solution for the two-dimensional case essentially matches the three-dimensional case with AVERAGE STRAIN kinematics. Figure 1.3.267 through Figure 1.3.269 show the history of the tip displacement for selected nondefault section control cases. Table 1.3.261 lists the peak response of the vertical displacements for all of the cases. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses were also run in Abaqus/Standard with the ENHANCED and STIFFNESS forms of hourglass control. Figure 1.3.2610 compares the time history of the tip displacement for ENHANCED hourglass control for the two-dimensional case between Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit. The Abaqus/Explicit analysis was run with the AVERAGE STRAIN kinematic formulation and SECOND ORDER accuracy, which are the only options available in Abaqus/Standard. The results show a close match. The results obtained using the STIFFNESS form of hourglass control and nondefault hourglass stiffness with Abaqus/Standard also agree with the results obtained with ENHANCED hourglass control for both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses.

1.3.262

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

Input files

bend2d_cs.inp bend2d_enhs.inp bend2d_rs.inp bend2d_ss.inp bend2d_enhs_std.inp bend2d_ss_std.inp bend3d_acs.inp bend3d_aenhs.inp bend3d_ars.inp

bend3d_ass.inp bend3d_ccs.inp bend3d_cenhs.inp bend3d_crs.inp bend3d_css.inp bend3d_ocs.inp bend3d_oenhs.inp bend3d_ors.inp

bend3d_oss.inp bend3d_aenhs_std.inp

Two-dimensional case with the COMBINED hourglass control. Two-dimensional case with the ENHANCED hourglass control. Two-dimensional case with the default section control options (RELAX STIFFNESS hourglass control). Two-dimensional case with the STIFFNESS hourglass control. Two-dimensional case with ENHANCED hourglass control in Abaqus/Standard. Two-dimensional case with STIFFNESS hourglass control in Abaqus/Standard. Three-dimensional case with the AVERAGE STRAIN kinematic and COMBINED hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the AVERAGE STRAIN kinematic and ENHANCED hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the default section control options (AVERAGE STRAIN kinematic and RELAX STIFFNESS hourglass control). Three-dimensional case with the AVERAGE STRAIN kinematic and STIFFNESS hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the CENTROID kinematic and COMBINED hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the CENTROID kinematic and ENHANCED hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the CENTROID kinematic and RELAX STIFFNESS hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the CENTROID kinematic and STIFFNESS hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the ORTHOGONAL kinematic and COMBINED hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the ORTHOGONAL kinematic and ENHANCED hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the ORTHOGONAL kinematic and RELAX STIFFNESS hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with the ORTHOGONAL kinematic and STIFFNESS hourglass control options. Three-dimensional case with ENHANCED hourglass control in Abaqus/Standard.

1.3.263

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

bend3d_ass_std.inp

Three-dimensional case with STIFFNESS hourglass control in Abaqus/Standard.

Reference

Flanagan, D. P., and T. Belystchko, A Uniform Strain Hexahedron and Quadrilateral with Orthogonal Hourglass Control, J. Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 17, pp. 679706, 1982.

Table 1.3.261 Peak response of the vertical displacement of the centerline of the beam for different section control options. Analysis File Peak Response ( 102 ) 6.638 6.630 6.743 6.409 6.394 6.423 6.466 6.451 6.566 6.401 6.466 6.451 6.566 6.401 6.464 6.449 6.565 6.392 6.394 6.286 Section Controls Kinematic n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a average average average average orthogonal orthogonal orthogonal orthogonal centroid centroid centroid centroid n/a n/a Hourglass relax stiffness combined enhanced enhanced stiffness relax stiffness combined enhanced relax stiffness combined enhanced relax stiffness combined enhanced enhanced stiffness

bend2d_rs bend2d_ss bend2d_cs bend2d_enhs bend2d_enhs_std bend2d_ss_std bend3d_ars bend3d_ass bend3d_acs bend3d_aenhs bend3d_ors bend3d_oss bend3d_ocs bend3d_oenhs bend3d_crs bend3d_css bend3d_ccs bend3d_cenhs bend3d_aenhs_std bend3d_ass_std

1.3.264

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

Original Mesh

Two Part Mesh MPC Constraint

Two Part Mesh Tied Contact Pair

Figure 1.3.261

Original mesh for exure.

2 3 1

Figure 1.3.262 Deformed mesh at T=0.016 sec (2-D case with default section controls).

1.3.265

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

0.00

Original Mesh MPC Mesh Tied Mesh

-0.01

-0.02 Vertical Displacement

XMIN 0.000E+00 XMAX 2.000E-02 YMIN -6.637E-02 YMAX 0.000E+00

-0.03

-0.04

-0.05

-0.06

0.

5.

10. Time

15.

20.

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.3.263

History of the vertical displacement of the centerline (2-D case with default section controls).

[ x10 3 ]
ALLIE ALLKE ALLVD ALLWK ETOTAL 0.8

0.6

ENERGY
XMIN 0.000E+00 XMAX 2.000E-02 YMIN -1.129E-01 YMAX 9.008E+02

0.4

0.2

0.0 0.

5.

10. Time

15.

20.

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.3.264

Time history of the energies (2-D case with default section controls).

1.3.266

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

0.00

Original Mesh MPC Mesh Tied Mesh

-0.01

-0.02 Vertical Displacement

XMIN 0.000E+00 XMAX 2.000E-02 YMIN -6.473E-02 YMAX 0.000E+00

-0.03

-0.04

-0.05

-0.06 0. 5. 10. Time 15. 20.

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.3.265

History of the vertical displacement of the centerline (3-D case with default section controls).

[ x10 3 ]
ALLIE ALLKE ALLVD ALLWK ETOTAL 0.8

0.6

ENERGY
XMIN 0.000E+00 XMAX 2.000E-02 YMIN -1.187E-01 YMAX 8.777E+02

0.4

0.2

0.0 0.

5.

10. Time

15.

20.

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.3.266

Time history of the energies (3-D case with default section controls).

1.3.267

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

bend2d_cs bend2d_enhs bend2d_rs bend2d_ss

Figure 1.3.267 Comparison of the tip displacement history for the 2-D case with different section control options (original mesh).

bend3d_aenhs bend3d_ars bend3d_cenhs bend3d_crs bend3d_oenhs bend3d_ors

Figure 1.3.268 Comparison of the tip displacement history for the 3-D case with different section control options (original mesh).

1.3.268

FLEXURE OF A DEEP BEAM

bend3d_acs bend3d_ass bend3d_ccs bend3d_css bend3d_ocs bend3d_oss

Figure 1.3.269 Comparison of the tip displacement history for the 3-D case with different section control options (original mesh).

bend2d_enhs_exp bend2d_enhs_std

Figure 1.3.2610 Comparison of the tip displacement history for the 2-D case with enhanced hourglass control (original mesh).

1.3.269

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

1.3.27

SIMPLE TESTS OF BEAM KINEMATICS

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

B21

B22

B31

B32

PIPE21

PIPE31

Features tested

Stability of beams in deformation and in rigid body rotation.

Problem description

This problem is used to verify that individual beam elements demonstrate stable behavior for both smalldisplacement response and large-rotation response. In the rst case the beam is loaded in the axial, bending, shear, and twisting (three-dimensional beams only) deformation modes and allowed to vibrate freely. The second case tests rigid body rotation of a beam about one of its endpoints. In both cases twodimensional and three-dimensional beams are tested with and without bulk viscosity. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional pipe elements are also tested for deformations, similar to beam elements with pipe cross-sections.
Deformation tests

These tests consist of three steps. In the rst step the bulk viscosity of the beam is set to zero, and a displacement or rotation is applied to the ends of the beam using a SMOOTH STEP amplitude. In the second step the displacement constraints are removed, and the beam is allowed to oscillate freely. Finally, in the third step the bulk viscosity is set to a value of 0.06 and the beam is allowed to oscillate with damping. Fixed time incrementation (*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT, FIXED) is used in all of the steps. This time incrementation strategy uses a time increment that is based on the critical element-by-element stable time increment estimates at the beginning of a step. It is used to avoid the propagation of noise in the solution that may occur when the default time incrementation strategy is used without bulk viscosity. Normally, the default bulk viscosity will damp out and prevent the propagation of this high-frequency noise.
Rigid body rotation tests

These tests consist of two steps. Initial velocities are applied to the beam to induce rotation, and initial axial stresses are applied to simulate the centrifugal stress generated in a rotating body. In the rst step the bulk viscosity is set to zero and the beam is allowed to rotate 5 complete revolutions about its endpoint. In the second step the bulk viscosity is set to 0.06 and the beam is allowed to rotate another 5 revolutions. In the two-dimensional case the axis of rotation is the z-axis. In the three-dimensional case the axis of rotation is in the XY plane aligned at 45 to the original y-axis.

1.3.271

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

Results and discussion

The results for each test are described in the following sections.
Deformation test results

This problem demonstrates that the beam elements used in Abaqus/Explicit provide stable behavior for free and damped vibration. Figure 1.3.271, Figure 1.3.272, and Figure 1.3.273, respectively, show typical displacement and rotation results for the axial, bending, and shear loading of a two-dimensional beam with a box cross-section. All displacements and rotations exhibit magnitudes equal to or less than those applied in Step 1. The energy balance for the axially loaded beam is poor, as shown in Figure 1.3.274. This inaccuracy occurs because too few increments are used to predict each cycle of the beams axial response. The inaccuracy occurs only in the axially loaded case because the period of the vibration in the other modes is signicantly higher, so more time increments are included in each vibration cycle. The displacement response and energy balance can be obtained more accurately by using direct time integration (*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT, DIRECT). The results obtained for the axial response of the two-dimensional box-section beam using direct time integration with a time increment of 1 104 are shown in Figure 1.3.275 (displacement) and Figure 1.3.276 (energy balance).
Rotation test results

All axial strains are zero for both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional cases. The displacement in the x-direction varies sinusoidally with a constant amplitude over the entire range of rotation. Plots of the displacement in the x-direction versus time are shown in Figure 1.3.277 for the two-dimensional case and Figure 1.3.278 for the three-dimensional case.
Input files

The input les included with the Abaqus release are named according to the following convention: bdimension_x-section_loading.inp, where dimension x-section indicates the dimension. The keys are 2d for two-dimensional beams, and 3d for three-dimensional beams. indicates the cross-section of the beam used in the analysis. The keys are: box circ hex i l pipe rect trap for a box cross-section, for a circular cross-section, for a hexagonal cross-section, for an I-section, for an L-section, for a pipe section, for a rectangular section, for a trapezoidal section,

1.3.272

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

arb_o arb_c gs gsbox gsl

for an arbitrary open section, and for an arbitrary closed section. for beam general section with SECTION=GENERAL. for beam general section with SECTION=BOX. for beam general section with SECTION=NONLINEAR and the LINEAR parameter associated with the *AXIAL, *M1, *M2, and *TORQUE options. for beam general section with SECTION=NONLINEAR and the ELASTIC parameter associated with the *AXIAL, *M1, *M2, and *TORQUE options. for beam general section with SECTION=NONLINEAR and no parameter associated with the *AXIAL, *M1, *M2, and *TORQUE options. for axial deformation, for bending, for shear deformation, for twisting deformation about the beam axis (three-dimensional beams only), and for rigid body rotation of the beam (circular cross-section only).

gsnl

gsp loading

indicates the displacement mode for the analysis. The loading keys are: axial bend shear twist rot

Additional input les for analyses of the box, circular, L, and rectangular cross-sections with *BEAM SECTION, POISSON include an _p after the loading parameter. For example: b2d_box_axial.inp Two-dimensional beam element with a box cross-section and axial loading. b3d_circ_twist_p.inp Three-dimensional beam element with a circular crosssection, applied twist, and an effective Poissons ratio dened for the section.

1.3.273

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

10.

[ x10 -3 ]
x_displacement_1

5.

DISPLACEMENT - U1

0.

-5.

-10. 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45 0.50

TOTAL TIME

Figure 1.3.271

B21 box cross-section with axial displacements.

10.

[ x10 -3 ]
z_rotation_1

5.

DISPLACEMENT - UR3

0.

-5.

-10. 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45 0.50

TOTAL TIME

Figure 1.3.272

B21 box cross-section with bending.

1.3.274

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

10.

[ x10 -3 ]
y_displacement_1

5.

DISPLACEMENT - U2

0.

-5.

-10. 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6 TOTAL TIME

0.8

1.0

1.2

Figure 1.3.273

B21 box cross-section with shearing displacements.

1.0

[ x10 6 ]
KE IE ET 0.5 WHOLE MODEL ENERGY

0.0

-0.5

-1.0 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45 0.50

TOTAL TIME

Figure 1.3.274

Energies for axial displacements (FIXED time increment control).

1.3.275

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

10.

[ x10 -3 ]
x_displacement_1

5.

DISPLACEMENT - U1

0.

-5.

-10. 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45 0.50

TOTAL TIME

Figure 1.3.275

B21 box-section with axial displacements (DIRECT time increment control).

1.0

[ x10
IE_D ET_D

0.8

WHOLE MODEL ENERGY

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45 0.50

TOTAL TIME

Figure 1.3.276

Energies for axial displacements (DIRECT time increment control).

1.3.276

SIMPLE BEAM TESTS

0.0

U1

-0.5 Tip Displacement in X Direction

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0 0. 2. 4. 6. Time 8. 10. 12.

Figure 1.3.277

B21 displacement in x-direction versus time.

0.0

U1

Tip Displacement in X Direction

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5 0. 2. 4. 6. Time 8. 10. 12.

Figure 1.3.278

B31 displacement in x-direction versus time.

1.3.277

TENSILE TEST

1.3.28

TENSILE TEST

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

CPS3

CPE3

CAX3

C3D6

M3D3

S3R

C3D4

Features tested

Concentrated loads.
Problem description

Elements are subjected to tensile loading in this problem. The problem is analyzed using seven different element types. The mesh is shown in Figure 1.3.281. The material model is isotropic linear elasticity. The material properties used are Youngs modulus = 1.0, Poissons ratio = 0.0, and density = 1. Taking advantage of the symmetry of the conguration, the bottom of the model in each case is constrained against displacement in the vertical direction, and the left side is constrained against displacement in the horizontal direction. The magnitude of the concentrated load is chosen such that the total strain is .01. The load magnitude is increased linearly from zero to its nal value over the rst half of the step; it is then held constant over the second half of the step to verify that any oscillatory dynamic effects are minimal.
Results and discussion

Figure 1.3.282 shows the elements in their displaced conguration, with the displacements magnied by a factor of 50. Figure 1.3.283 shows a history plot of vertical displacement versus time for each of the seven cases. Since Poissons ratio is 0.0, the results for the seven cases are identical.
Input files

tensile.inp tensile_c3d4.inp tensile_c3d6.inp tensile_c3d8r.inp tensile_cax3.inp tensile_cax4r.inp tensile_cpe3.inp tensile_cpe4r.inp tensile_cps3.inp tensile_cps4r.inp tensile_m3d3.inp

Input data used in this analysis. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8R elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. CPE3 elements. CPE4R elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4R elements. M3D3 elements.

1.3.281

TENSILE TEST

tensile_m3d4r.inp tensile_s3r.inp tensile_s4r.inp tensile_s3r_gauss2.inp tensile_s3r_gauss4.inp tensile_s3r_gauss5.inp tensile_s3r_gauss6.inp tensile_s3r_gauss7.inp

M3D4R elements. S3R elements. S4R elements. Shell elements with Gauss integration, 2 Gauss integration points used for the shell section integration. Shell elements with Gauss integration, 4 Gauss integration points used for the shell section integration. Shell elements with Gauss integration, 5 Gauss integration points used for the shell section integration. Shell elements with Gauss integration, 6 Gauss integration points used for the shell section integration. Shell elements with Gauss integration, 7 Gauss integration points used for the shell section integration.

103 104 102 101

203 204 202 201

303 304 302 301

403 404 402 401

503 504 502 501

603 604 602 601

703 704 705 702 701

CPS3

CPE3

CAX3

M3D3

S3R

C3D6

C3D4

2 3 1

Figure 1.3.281

Mesh for tensile test problem.

2 3 1

Figure 1.3.282

Displaced elements in tensile test problem.

1.3.282

TENSILE TEST

10. node node node node node node node 105 205 305 405 505 608 707

[ x10 -3 ]
8. Vertical displacement

6.

4.

2.
XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX 0.000E+00 2.000E+02 0.000E+00 1.012E-02

0. 0.

50.

100. Time

150.

200.

Figure 1.3.283

Vertical displacement versus time.

1.3.283

SIMPLE SHEAR

1.3.29

SIMPLE SHEAR

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

CPE4R

CPS4R

C3D8

C3D8R

M3D4R

S4

S4R

Features tested

Large deformation kinematics, stability of large-strain formulation.

Problem description

In this problem a state of simple shear is induced in a single element up to a nominal shear strain of 300%. The material model is isotropic linear elasticity. There are no physical materials that exhibit linear elastic response to such large shear strain. The purpose of this example problem is to verify the large deformation and large rotation algorithms in Abaqus/Explicit. The material properties used are Youngs modulus = 1.0, Poissons ratio = 0.0, and density = 1.346 104 . In this problem all the in-plane degrees of freedom are either zero or are prescribed as functions of time. The value used for the density controls the time increment size, and it was chosen to give a time increment size that results in about 1% shear strain per increment. This problem is analyzed using ve different element types, each of which is dened twice. Each element in the bottom row is sheared in the x-direction; each element in the top row is sheared in the y-direction.
Results and discussion

The computed stress-strain curves for the bottom and top rows of elements are in agreement with analytic solutions. These results demonstrate that the kinematic formulation is uniform across all the element types dened in Abaqus/Explicit.
Input files

shear.inp shear_c3d4.inp shear_c3d6.inp shear_c3d8r.inp shear_cax3.inp shear_cpe3.inp shear_cpe4r.inp

C3D8R, CPE4R, CPS4R, M3D4R, and S4R elements. C3D4 element. C3D6 element. C3D8R element. CAX3 element. CPE3 element. CPE4R element.

1.3.291

SIMPLE SHEAR

shear_cps3.inp shear_cps4r.inp shear_m3d3.inp shear_m3d4r.inp shear_s3r.inp shear_s4r.inp shear_c3d8.inp shear_s4.inp

CPS3 element. CPS4R element. M3D3 element. M3D4R element. S3R element. S4R element. C3D8 element included for the purpose of testing performance only. S4 element included for the purpose of testing performance only.

1.3.292

FRAME ELASTICITY

1.3.30

VERIFICATION OF THE ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF FRAME ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. SIMPLE LOAD TESTS

Elements tested

FRAME2D
Features tested

FRAME3D

The elastic behavior of frame elements with different cross-sections (BOX, CIRC, GENERAL, I, PIPE, RECT) is tested under the following loads: *CLOAD, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE, FDD, FD1, FD2, FDT, PB, WDD, WD1, WD2, FX, FY, FZ, F1, F2. These loads are considered to act either individually or in combination. Both regular static steps and linear perturbation steps are considered. The *TRANSFORM option is also tested. Temperature dependence of frame element properties is tested under thermal loading. The *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=STRESS and *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=TEMPERATURE options are also veried.
Problem description

The problem consists of a cantilever with a length of 75.0 units made of ve frame elements. Various orientations of the cantilever in space are considered. The cross-sectional dimensions shown in Verication of beam elements and section types, Section 1.3.22, are used for the ve section types (BOX, CIRC, PIPE, RECT, and I). The cantilever is subjected to concentrated tip loading that leads to both exure and torsion. The wind loads, WD1 and WD2, and the Aqua loads, FD1 and FD2, also apply concentrated forces at the nodes. The remaining loads cause uniformly distributed loading on the cantilever. Under thermal loading the free end of the cantilever is xed. The wind velocity prole is made nearly uniform with the height by setting the exponent to 1 10.09 on the *WIND option. The uid velocity in the Aqua loading is constant with height. With *FOUNDATION loads the boundary conditions of the cantilever are changed to simple supports, and the cantilever is pressed uniformly into the foundation using distributed loads.
Material:

Youngs modulus at temperature 10.0 units: Poissons ratio at temperature 10.0 units: Youngs modulus at temperature 90.0 units: Poissons ratio at temperature 90.0 units: Reference temperature for denition of thermal expansion coefcient: Thermal expansion coefcient at 10.0 temperature:

3 106 0.3 1.5 106 0.3 10.0 0.001

1.3.301

FRAME ELASTICITY

Thermal expansion coefcient at 90.0 temperature: Initial temperature: Material density: Gravitational constant: Density of air for wind loads: Density of uid for Aqua loads: Seabed level: Still uid level: Foundation stiffness:
Results and discussion

0.002 10.0 0.8 10.0 0.008 0.008 100.0 50.0 1500.0

The problem is statically determinate. The section forces and section strains match the analytical values.
Input files

frame2d_bs_thermal.inp frame2d_cs_wind_transform.inp frame2d_gs_foundation.inp frame2d_gs_sig0.inp frame2d_is_aqua.inp frame2d_ps_sig0.inp frame2d_rs_aqua.inp frame2d_rs_aqua_transform.inp frame2d_rs_foundation.inp frame3d_bs_wind.inp frame3d_cs_foundation.inp frame3d_cs_transform.inp frame3d_gs_sig0_transform.inp frame3d_is_aqua.inp frame3d_ps_foundation.inp frame3d_ps_thermal.inp frame3d_rs_sig0_transform.inp

Box section with thermal loading. Circular section with wind loading and *TRANSFORM. General section with *FOUNDATION loading. General section with initial stress, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. I-section with Aqua uid loading. Pipe section with initial stress. Rectangular section with Aqua uid loading. Rectangular section with Aqua uid loading and *TRANSFORM. Rectangular section with *FOUNDATION loading. Box section with wind loading. Circular section with *FOUNDATION loading. Circular section with *TRANSFORM. General section with initial stress. I-section with Aqua uid loading. Pipe section with *FOUNDATION loading. Pipe section with thermal loading. Rectangular section with initial stress and *TRANSFORM.

II.

ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENTS WITH PINNED ENDS

Elements tested

FRAME2D

FRAME3D

1.3.302

FRAME ELASTICITY

Features tested

The linear elastic uniaxial behavior of frame elements under a concentrated load is tested.
Problem description

The use of the PINNED parameter on the *FRAME SECTION option is required in this case indicating that the elements ends are pinned. In this example the frame element behaves as an axial spring with constant stiffness. In small-displacement analysis the element can be compared with truss or spring elements. The model and geometry used are the same as in the verication problem Three-bar truss, Section 1.3.32.
Results and discussion

All tests match the exact solution; for details, see Three-bar truss, Section 1.3.32.
Input files

frame2d_3bar_pinned.inp frame3d_3bar_pinned.inp
III.

Rectangular section with *CLOAD loading. Rectangular section with *CLOAD loading.

ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENTS WITH BUCKLING STRUT RESPONSE

Elements tested

FRAME2D
Features tested

FRAME3D

The uniaxial buckling strut behavior of frame elements with both ends pinned is tested.
Problem description

The buckling strut envelope corresponds to Marshall Strut theory. The tests consist of one frame element xed at one end and subjected to a prescribed displacement on the other. The value of the prescribed displacement changes according to an amplitude denition. The variation of the amplitude is chosen in such a way that the buckling strut envelope is traced for the compressive as well as for the tensile behavior up to and beyond the yield stress value. The PINNED, BUCKLING, and YIELD STRESS parameters on the *FRAME SECTION option are required for this case.
Model:

Pipes radius: Pipes thickness: Cross-sectional area:

2. 0.08122693 1.

1.3.303

FRAME ELASTICITY

Material:

Youngs modulus: Shear modulus: Yield stress:

Results and discussion

30 106 10 106 1 106

The uniaxial buckling and postbuckling behavior in compression and isotropic hardening behavior in tension can be seen by plotting the axial force in the element against the prescribed displacement; see Figure 1.3.301.
Input files

frame2d_pinned_buckl.inp frame3d_pinned_buckl.inp

Pipe section with prescribed displacement. Pipe section with prescribed displacement.

[ x10 6 ]
F-D_12 1.0

REACTION FORCE - RF1

XMIN -5.500E-01 XMAX 6.500E-01 YMIN -3.652E+05 YMAX 1.321E+06

0.5

0.0

-0.5

0.0 DISPLACEMENT - U1

0.5

Figure 1.3.301
IV.

Buckling response of FRAME2D element.

ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENT WITH BUCKLING STRUT RESPONSE FOR NONLINEAR GEOMETRY

Element tested

FRAME2D
Feature tested

A collapsing scaffold is investigated in a geometrically nonlinear analysis.

1.3.304

FRAME ELASTICITY

Problem description

The scaffold is made of three pinned frame elements with pipe cross-sections. The buckling strut envelope corresponds to Marshall Strut theory. The collapse occurs under a force-controlled loading. Model: Pipes radius: Pipes thickness:
Material:

0.2 0.01

Youngs modulus: Shear modulus: Yield stress:

Results and discussion

3. 106 1.5 106 51.9 103

The snap-through character of the response requires the Riks analysis procedure. Figure 1.3.302 plots the section force in each element versus the load factor from the Riks analysis. The buckling of frame elements 2 and 3 changes the force distribution of the entire structure. After element 3 buckles, it remains buckled throughout the loading process; element 2 buckles, then regains stiffness and develops tensile force, as seen in Figure 1.3.302.
Input file

frame2d_pinned_buckl_nlgeom.inp

Buckling pipe section with nonlinear geometry.

350. element_1 element_2 element_3

300.

250. SECTION FORCE - SF1

200.

150.

100.

50.

XMIN 1.000E-02 XMAX 1.287E+00 YMIN -5.573E+01 YMAX 3.858E+02

0.

-50. 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6 LOAD FACTOR

0.8

1.0

1.2

Figure 1.3.302

Buckling response of scaffold with FRAME2D pipe elements.

1.3.305

FRAME ELASTICITY

V.

ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENTS WITH SWITCHING ALGORITHM FOR NONLINEAR GEOMETRY

Elements tested

FRAME2D
Feature tested

FRAME3D

A collapsing scaffold with geometry and material properties as described in Elastic frame element with buckling strut response for nonlinear geometry in Verication of the elastic behavior of frame elements, Section 1.3.30 is investigated using frame elements with the switching algorithm.
Problem description

The BUCKLING parameter is used on the *FRAME SECTION option to switch from frame element to buckling strut response. The ISO equation is used as a criterion for the switching algorithm, and the default buckling envelope governs the postbuckling behavior.
Results and discussion

Two types of problems are tested here: an in-plane scaffold structure modeled with FRAME2D and FRAME3D elements and a three-dimensional scaffold supported by an additional out-of-plane element. The default buckling envelope is used for the in-plane scaffold problems, and a nondefault buckling envelope is used in the three-dimensional scaffold. In all problems the buckling reduction factors are 1.0 in both directions. All end points of the scaffold structure are xed, and a prescribed displacement is applied to node 2. The value of the displacement is chosen such that elements 1, 3, and 4 in the threedimensional scaffold will violate the ISO equation and, therefore, will cause a switch to strut response. Figure 1.3.303 plots the axial force in elements 1 and 3 versus the time for the scaffold in plane. Element 3 buckles at the value of critical compressive force 56.75 and loses its stiffness at 58% of the prescribed displacement values; element 1 buckles next and retains a small stiffness through the loading history. The behavior of the three-dimensional scaffold is different. The rst element that switches to the strut response is element 4, followed by elements 3 and 1. At 72.5% of the prescribed displacement values, elements 3 and 4 have already lost their stiffness.
Input files

frame2d_el_switch.inp frame3d_el_switch.inp frame3d_inspace_switch.inp

FRAME2D element with switching algorithm. FRAME3D element with switching algorithm. FRAME3D element with switching algorithm.

1.3.306

FRAME ELASTICITY

0.

SECTION FORCE - SF1

-20.

elem1 elem3

-40.

-60.

0.0

0.2

0.4 TOTAL TIME

0.6

0.8

1.0

Figure 1.3.303

Buckling response of scaffold with FRAME2D and switching algorithm.

1.3.307

FRAME PLASTICITY

1.3.31

VERIFICATION OF THE PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF FRAME ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

FRAME2D
Features tested

FRAME3D

The plastic behavior of frame elements with PIPE, BOX, and I cross-sections is tested under different loads (*CLOAD and *DLOAD) and geometries in two- and three-dimensional problems. The yield surface is represented by an interaction of plastic axial forces with plastic moments including plastic torque. User-dened as well as default generalized plastic forces are used.
Problem description

The rst problem (frame2d_pps_cload.inp) consists of three plane frame elements with PIPE crosssections forming a statically determinate system. In three load steps concentrated forces are applied at the nodes. The values for plastic axial force and plastic bending moment are user-dened. In the second statically determinate system (frame2d_pbs_cload.inp), two frame elements are simply supported at both sides with concentrated forces applied at the middle node in the rst load step. In the second load step an additional constant bending moment is applied to the system. The values for plastic axial force and plastic bending moment are user-dened. The third example (frame3d_pis_cload.inp) is a one-element test in which an axial force, a bending load, and a torque are applied in three subsequent load steps. The plastic behavior is dened by default values from a given yield stress. The fourth problem (frame3d_pps_dload.inp) is a statically determinate frame consisting of three elements that is loaded with various distributed loads, causing axial force, bending, and torque. The values for plastic axial force, plastic bending moment, and plastic torque are user-dened.
Model: Cross-sectional dimensions are given in the order required by the beam cross-sectional library.

PIPE cross-section: BOX cross-section: I cross-section:

Material:

1., .174355 1., 1., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 .2, .4, .1, .1, .015, .015, .01 3.0 106 0.3 50. 103

Youngs modulus: Poissons ratio: Yield stress:

1.3.311

FRAME PLASTICITY

Results and discussion

In all problems the plastic hinges were created at predicted locations indicated by the active yield ag. The value of the plastic displacement is given by requesting output variable SEP.
Input files

frame2d_pps_cload.inp frame2d_pbs_cload.inp frame3d_pis_cload.inp frame3d_pps_dload.inp

Plastic pipe section with concentrated loads. Plastic box section with concentrated loads, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. Plastic I-section with concentrated load. Plastic pipe section with distributed loads.

1.3.312

THREE-BAR TRUSS

1.3.32

THREE-BAR TRUSS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

T2D2 T2D2H T2D3 T2D3H FRAME2D FRAME3D

Problem description

T3D2

T3D2H

T3D3

T3D3H

5 A B

5 C

3 10

y D

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30.0 106 . Boundary conditions: Nodes A, Loading: 10000.0. Reference solution

, and C are pinned.

1.3711 102 ,
Results and discussion

32907 in elements 1 and 3,

41134 in element 2.

All elements yield exact solutions. Multi-point constraints are required to eliminate singularities in the three-node element tests using truss elements; e.g., T3D3. The frame elements tested have rectangular cross-sections with the same cross-sectional area as the truss elements tested. The PINNED parameter is used on the *FRAME SECTION option to indicate that the frame elements have pinned connections at the joints. Since the frame elements are formulated

1.3.321

THREE-BAR TRUSS

in terms of section properties, stress output is not available; instead, the section forces are available. Stresses calculated from the axial force and the cross-sectional area match the stresses obtained from the truss element tests.
Input files

et22sfse.inp et22shse.inp et23sfse.inp et23shse.inp et32sfse.inp et32shse.inp et33sfse.inp et33shse.inp frame2d_3bar_pinned.inp frame3d_3bar_pinned.inp

T2D2 elements. T2D2H elements. T2D3 elements. T2D3H elements. T3D2 elements. T3D2H elements. T3D3 elements. T3D3H elements. FRAME2D elements. FRAME3D elements.

1.3.322

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER

1.3.33

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER: CAXA ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA4Rn (n=1, 2, 3, 4)

Problem description

CAXA8n

CAXA8Rn

z B D =0

L=6

A Ri=2 Ro=6

A hollow cylinder of circular cross-section, inner radius , outer radius , and length is subjected to a bending moment, M, applied to its end planes. For a linear elastic material with Youngs modulus E and Poissons ratio , the solutions for stress and displacement are as follows:

1.3.331

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER

where is the moment of inertia of the cylinder and r, , and z are the cylindrical coordinates. Only one-half of the structure is considered, with a symmetry plane at 0. The form of the displacement solution, which is a quadratic function in both r and z, suggests that a single second-order element should model the structure accurately. The full- and reduced-integration second-order elements do use a single element mesh, but an 8 12 mesh is used for the fully integrated rst-order elements and a 16 24 mesh is used for the reduced-integration rst-order elements. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.33. Boundary conditions: 0 on the 0 plane; at on the 0 plane, at 0 is set equal to at 180 with the *EQUATION option to remove the rigid body motion in the global x-direction. Loading: The bending load is simulated by applying a surface traction of the form on the plane of the cylinder. This is done by applying the appropriate nonuniform pressure load with the *DLOAD option and dening the variation of the pressure in both the r- and -directions with user subroutine DLOAD. In the user subroutine the value at each integration point, which is stored in COORDS(3), is expressed in degrees.
Results and discussion

The analytical solution and the Abaqus results for the CAXA8n, CAXA8Rn, CAXA4n, and CAXA4Rn (n=1, 2, 3 or 4) elements are tabulated below for a structure with 1 and dimensions 6, 2, and 6. The output locations are at points , , , and on the 0 plane, as shown in the gure on the previous page, and at points , and H, which are at the corresponding locations on the 180 plane. The CAXA8n elements match the exact solution precisely. Variable at A at A at A Exact 2 0 0 CAXA8n 2 0 0 CAXA8Rn 2.040 0 0 CAXA4n 2.102 0 0 CAXA4Rn 2.124 0 0

1.3.332

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER

Variable at B at B at B at C at C at C at D at D at D at E at E at E at F at F at F at G at G at G at H at H at H

Exact 2 6 10
7

CAXA8n 2 6 10
7

CAXA8Rn 2 5.927 10
7

CAXA4n 2.098 6.000 10

7

CAXA4Rn 2.091 6.015 107 3.984 107 5.877 1.762 107 0 5.908
7

4 107 6 1.76 107 0 6 7.76 10

7

4 107 6 1.76 107 0 6 7.76 10

7

4.164 107 5.979 1.881 107 0 6 7.954 10

7

3.996 107 5.895 1.757 107 0 5.898 7.757 10 1.200 106 2.102 0 0 2.098

7.779 107 1.203 106 2.124 0 0 2.091

1.2 106 2 0 0 2 6 10
7

1.2 106 2 0 0 2 6 10
7

1.211 106 2.040 0 0 2 5.927 10

7

6.000 10

6.015 107 3.984 107 5.877 1.762 107 0 5.908

4 107 6 1.76 107 0 6 7.76 10

7

4 107 6 1.76 107 0 6 7.76 10

7

4.164 107 5.979 1.881 107 0 6 7.954 10

7

3.996 107 5.895 1.757 107 0 5.898 7.757 10

7

7.779 107 1.203 106

1.2 106

1.2 106

1.211 106

1.200 106

Note: The results are independent of n, the number of Fourier modes. Figure 1.3.331 through Figure 1.3.334 show plots of the undeformed mesh, the deformed mesh, the contours of , and the contours of , respectively, for the CAXA4R4 model.
Input files

ecnssfsk.inp ecnssfsk.f ecntsfsk.inp ecntsfsk.f

CAXA41 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnssfsk.inp. CAXA42 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecntsfsk.inp.

1.3.333

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER

ecnusfsk.inp ecnusfsk.f ecnvsfsk.inp ecnvsfsk.f ecnssrsk.inp ecnssrsk.f ecntsrsk.inp ecntsrsk.f ecnusrsk.inp ecnusrsk.f ecnvsrsk.inp ecnvsrsk.f ecnwsfsk.inp ecnwsfsk.f ecnxsfsk.inp ecnxsfsk.f ecnysfsk.inp ecnysfsk.f ecnzsfsk.inp ecnzsfsk.f ecnwsrsk.inp ecnwsrsk.f ecnxsrsk.inp ecnxsrsk.f ecnysrsk.inp ecnysrsk.f ecnzsrsk.inp ecnzsrsk.f

CAXA43 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnusfsk.inp. CAXA44 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnvsfsk.inp. CAXA4R1 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnssrsk.inp. CAXA4R2 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecntsrsk.inp. CAXA4R3 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnusrsk.inp. CAXA4R4 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnvsrsk.inp. CAXA81 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnwsfsk.inp. CAXA82 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnxsfsk.inp. CAXA83 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnysfsk.inp. CAXA84 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnzsfsk.inp. CAXA8R1 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnwsrsk.inp. CAXA8R2 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnxsrsk.inp. CAXA8R3 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnysrsk.inp. CAXA8R4 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnzsrsk.inp.

1.3.334

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER

1 3

Figure 1.3.331

Undeformed mesh.

1 3

Figure 1.3.332

Deformed mesh.

1.3.335

PURE BENDING OF A CYLINDER

U1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

VALUE -6.58E-07 -5.38E-07 -4.18E-07 -2.99E-07 -1.79E-07 -5.98E-08 +5.98E-08 +1.79E-07 +2.99E-07 +4.18E-07 +5.38E-07 +6.58E-07

1 3

10 9 8 10 11 9 8 10 7 9 11 8 10 7 8 6 9 11 7 10 12 6 8 9 11 10 7 6 8 9 10 11 12 7 5 6 8 9 11 12 10 9 7 6 8 11 55 7 10 9 6 12 8 4 7 11 6 10 9 12 8 55 7 11 6 10 9 5 44 8 12 11 7 6 6 10 9 8 7 12 11 55 44 10 9 8 6 7 12 11 5 4 33 10 9 8 7 6 11 8 7 66 555 4 44 12 9 8 33 11 10 3 10 9 3 7 6 3 11 4 5 12 10 12 12 8 7 12 12 3 11 9 4 12 5 12 12 12 6 12 2 10 8 7 6 5 3 12 11 12 9 8 5 4 44 4 3 3 3 11 10 9 22 7 65 10 9 8 7 5 11 1111 11 3 11 1111 4 1110 22 54 11 11 3 6 11 8 2 11 3 9 11 7 11 11 11 8 7 6 5 33 1110 9 8 11 22 2 11 11 22 1 7 6 43 9 10 9 10 10 1010 10 10 10 8 10 22 10 10 1010 1 7 6 54 10 10 10 10 10 8 3 22 22 10 7 1 2 10 10 4 10 9 88 3 6 5 1 7 2 53 11 9 6 7 1 1 8 9 9 9 99 99 3 1 99 9 9 7 99 9 9 9 9 9 99 6 5 99 8 9 7 54 4 1 3 2 6 7 8 4 1 2 6 7 6 1 8 3 7 6 5 22 22 1 2 7 8 8 88 8 8 8 88 4 88 2 2 1 11 35 8 7 88 8 8 3 6 8 8 3 1 22 8 7 11 5 33 4 88 3 7 2 11 33 2 88 6 8 2 2 33 6 44 8 1 1 4 3 65 77 8 44 33 2222 11 8 3 44 7 22 7 33 77 7 77 44 6 22 2 4 5 77 7 3 5 6 3 7 4 55 7 44 33 5 7 44 55 33 3 7 6 5 44 55 3 5 55 4 4 4 66 44 5 55 66 44 5 55 66 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 5

Figure 1.3.333

Contours of r-displacement.

U2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

VALUE -1.01E-06 -8.32E-07 -6.47E-07 -4.62E-07 -2.77E-07 -9.25E-08 +9.25E-08 +2.77E-07 +4.62E-07 +6.47E-07 +8.32E-07 +1.01E-06

1 3

3 4 5 3 2 4 5 3 6 5 4 3 2 6 4 5 7 2 3 6 4 5 7 1 6 2 5 3 4 7 6 2 5 1 8 3 4 7 5 6 8 4 7 3 5 2 6 1 8 4 7 3 5 6 9 4 8 7 2 6 1 5 9 3 8 4 7 6 3 5 8 9 2 7 8 4 6 5 8 7 9 4 1 3 8 6 5 2 10 7 6 9 4 8 5 10 7 6 3 10 9 4 5 8 6 7 5 9 2 3 4 10 8 6 11 7 5 9 11 8 6 10 7 2 9 4 5 11 11 1 9 2 2 6 7 8 9 4 5 2 3 10 11 7 6 8 22 3 2 5 9 3 8 10 11 6 7 8 3 4 22 3 2 5 8 11 6 22 3 7 9 10 4 5 11 22 2 10 3 6 4 9 11 7 8 33 5 9 12 4 6 33 7 8 6 5 33 4 9 33 4 7 10 6 12 33 11 5 7 4 1211 33 8 9 3 4 33 6 3 7 10 5 4 8 11 7 6 12 12 10 11 44 7 8 5 12 11 6 89 44 4 4 4 4 6 7 4 5 9 5 44 4 12 4 4 4 6 44 5 7 89 9 10 6 5 11 11 55 7 8 9 10 6 10 55 10 10 11 6 11 12 12 9 55 5 9 7 6 10 5 11 5 12 55 5 11 5 5 55 5 10 11 12 55 5 55 9 6 7 10 9 10 11 11 12 9 10 9 12 7 8 66 10 7 11 12 9 11 12 7 9 12 10 8 66 8 10 11 6 10 6 66 9 6 11 1211 9 8 10 9 6 666 10 11 9 11 78 8 10 6 66 6 6 9 6 6 6 6 10 11 7 9 11 11 9 10 8 99 7 8 11 10 8 10 8 99 108 10 8 10 7 88 9 10 99 10 8 8 99 10 88 7 7 9 8 77 99 9 88 9 7 8 77 88 7 77 88 7 88 8 77 8 77 77 7 77 77 7

Figure 1.3.334

Contours of z-displacement.

1.3.336

ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD

1.3.34

CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO AN ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD: CAXA ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA4Rn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Problem description

CAXA8n

CAXA8Rn

z B D =0

L=6

A Ri=2 Ro=6

A hollow cylinder of circular cross-section, inner radius , outer radius , and length , is subjected to an asymmetric temperature distribution that is a linear function of the spatial coordinates:

1.3.341

ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD

where is the constant temperature at the outside surface of the cylinder at 0 and r, , and z (see displacement solution, below) are the cylindrical coordinates. For a linear elastic material of Youngs modulus E, Poissons ratio , and thermal expansion coefcient , the solution for a structure subjected to such a temperature distribution is stress-free, with displacements as follows:

Only one-half of the structure is considered, with a symmetry plane at 0. The form of the displacement solution, which is a quadratic function in both r and z, indicates that a single second-order element can model the structure adequately and yield accurate results. This problem is also solved with an 8 12 mesh of fully integrated rst-order elements and a 16 24 mesh of reduced integration rstorder elements.
Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.33, coefcient of thermal

expansion = 1 104 . 0 on the 0 plane; 0.06 is applied at and 0 to eliminate the rigid body motion in the global x-direction. This value of is obtained from the equation for above.
Boundary conditions: Loading: A temperature eld of the form is applied. This is accomplished by calculating the temperature at each node and dening the temperature value using the *TEMPERATURE option. Results and discussion

The analytical solution and the Abaqus results for the CAXA8n, CAXA8Rn, CAXA4n, and CAXA4Rn (n = 1, 2, 3 or 4) elements are tabulated below for a structure with these parameters: 6, 2, 6, and 300. The output locations are at points , , , and on the 0 plane, as shown in the gure on the previous page, and at points , and H, which are at the corresponding locations on the 180 plane. While both the CAXA8n and CAXA8Rn elements match the exact solution precisely with a zero state of stress, the models using the CAXA4n and CAXA4Rn elements fail to predict a stress-free state, even though the displacement solutions predicted are quite reasonable. However, the CAXA4Rn models give much more accurate results than the CAXA4n models. This example demonstrates that the fully integrated rst-order elements do not handle bending problems very well.

1.3.342

ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD

Variable at A at A at A at B at B at B at C at C at C at D at D at D at E at E at E at F at F at F at G at G at G at H at H at H

Exact 0 6 10 0 0 3 102 6 102 0 1.4 10 0 0 5 10

2 2 2

CAXA8n 0 6 10 0 0 3 102 6 102 0 1.4 10 0 0 5 10

2 2 2

CAXA8Rn 0 6 10 0 0 3 102 6 102 0 1.4 10 0 0 5 10

2 2 2

CAXA4n 14071 6 10 0 11664 2.9644 102 6.0312 102 14076 1.3993 10 0 11108 5.0306 10
2 2 2

CAXA4Rn 0.0168 6 102 0 3.2186 2.9999 102 6.0001 102 0.0162 1.4 102 0 3.5190 5.0001 102 18 102 0.0168 6 102 0 3.2186 2.9999 102 6.0001 102 3.5100
2

18 102 0 6 10 0 0 3 102 6 102 0 1.4 10 0 0 5 10

2 2 2

18 102 0 6 10 0 0 3 102 6 102 0 1.4 10 0 0 5 10

2 2 2

18 102 0 6 10 0 0 3 102 6 102 0 1.4 10 0 0 5 10

2 2 2

17.95 102 14071 6 10 0 11664 2.9644 102 6.0312 102 14076 1.3993 10 0 11108 5.0306 10
2 2

1.4 102 0 3.5100 5.0001 102 18 102

18 102

18 102

18 102

17.95 102

Note: The results are independent of n, the number of Fourier modes. Figure 1.3.341 through Figure 1.3.344 show plots of the undeformed and deformed meshes, the applied asymmetric temperature eld, the contours of , and the contours of , respectively, for the CAXA84 model.

1.3.343

ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD

Input files

ecnssfsl.inp ecntsfsl.inp ecnusfsl.inp ecnvsfsl.inp ecnssrsl.inp ecntsrsl.inp ecnusrsl.inp ecnvsrsl.inp ecnwsfsl.inp ecnxsfsl.inp ecnysfsl.inp ecnzsfsl.inp ecnwsrsl.inp ecnxsrsl.inp ecnysrsl.inp ecnzsrsl.inp

CAXA41 elements. CAXA42 elements. CAXA43 elements. CAXA44 elements. CAXA4R1 elements. CAXA4R2 elements. CAXA4R3 elements. CAXA4R4 elements. CAXA81 elements. CAXA82 elements. CAXA83 elements. CAXA84 elements. CAXA8R1 elements. CAXA8R2 elements. CAXA8R3 elements. CAXA8R4 elements.

1 3

Figure 1.3.341

Deformed mesh.

1.3.344

ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD

5 6 5
NT11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE

6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 7 8 7 11 8 12 9 9 10 12 11 12 6 77 8 5 5 8 9 10 10 11 6 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 8

6 5 6 7 3 2 4 5 1 7 6 6 7

-1.18E-01 -9.69E-02 -7.53E-02 -5.38E-02 -3.23E-02 -1.07E-02 +1.07E-02 +3.23E-02 +5.38E-02 +7.53E-02 +9.69E-02 +1.18E-01

7 6

5 5

44

1 3

Figure 1.3.342

Applied temperature eld.

5 6 5
U1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE

6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 7 8 7 11 8 12 9 9 10 12 11 12 6 77 8 5 5 8 9 10 10 11 6 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 8

6 5 6 7 3 2 4 5 1 7 6 6 7

-1.18E-01 -9.69E-02 -7.53E-02 -5.38E-02 -3.23E-02 -1.07E-02 +1.07E-02 +3.23E-02 +5.38E-02 +7.53E-02 +9.69E-02 +1.18E-01

7 6

5 5

44

1 3

Figure 1.3.343

Contours of r-displacement.

1.3.345

ASYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE FIELD

2 1
U2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE

3 3

4 5

2 1 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 7 99 8 7 8 5 6 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 4 5 8 6 10 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 11 12 12 10 11 9 10 10 8 7 9 10 9 11 10 11 12 12 11

-1.52E-01 -1.24E-01 -9.69E-02 -6.92E-02 -4.15E-02 -1.38E-02 +1.38E-02 +4.15E-02 +6.92E-02 +9.69E-02 +1.24E-01 +1.52E-01

1 3

Figure 1.3.344

Contours of z-displacement.

1.3.346

ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS

1.3.35

CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS: CAXA ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA4Rn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Problem description

CAXA8n

CAXA8Rn

z A C =0

L=6

A Ri=2 Ro=6

A hollow cylinder of circular cross-section, inner radius , outer radius , and length is subjected to both internal and external pressure loads that are asymmetric. The pressure stresses take the following forms: at and at , where p is a pressure value and r and are the cylindrical coordinates. Assuming plane strain conditions and a linear elastic material with Youngs modulus E and Poissons ratio , the small-displacement solutions for stress and displacement are as follows:

1.3.351

ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS

where

Only a slice of the cylinder is considered. Plane strain conditions are applied by setting 0 everywhere. In the r-direction 10 elements are used in the second-order element models. In models using the rst-order elements, 20 and 40 elements are used in the full- and reduced-integration models, respectively.
Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: 0 everywhere; 9.9854 104 at and 0, as obtained from the equation for above. These constraints eliminate the rigid body motions in the global z- and x-directions, respectively. Loading: The asymmetric pressure loads are prescribed by applying the appropriate nonuniform

distributed load types on the inside and outside surfaces of the cylinder with the *DLOAD option and dening the pressure stress equations for in user subroutine DLOAD. In the user subroutine, the value at each integration point, which is stored in COORDS(3), is expressed in degrees.
Results and discussion

The analytical solution and the Abaqus results for the CAXA8n, CAXA8Rn, CAXA4n, and CAXA4Rn (n = 1, 2, 3 or 4) elements are tabulated below for a cylinder with these parameters: 6, 2, 6, and 10 103 . The output locations are at points and on the 0 plane, where z can be any value along lines and in the gure shown on the previous page since the solution is independent of z, and at points E and G, which are at the corresponding locations on the 180 plane. The solutions predicted by Abaqus agree well with the exact solution. Closer agreement is anticipated if a denser mesh is used.

1.3.352

ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS

Variable at A at A at A at A at A at C at C at C at C at C at E at E at E at E at E at G at G at G at G at G

Exact 30000.0 7890.4 6089.6 0.0 9.9854 104 10000.0 3969.9 2029.9 0.0 2.9222 10 30000.0 7890.4 6089.6 0.0 9.9854 10 10000.0 3969.9 2029.9 0.0 2.9222 10
3 4 3

CAXA8n 29610.0 7702.7 6268.2 0.0 9.9854 104 9988.9 3964.4 2024.3 0.0 2.9222 10 29610.0 7702.7 6268.2 0.0 9.9854 10 9988.9 3964.4 2024.3 0.0 2.9222 10
3 4 3

CAXA8Rn 29760.0 7849.6 5973.4 0.0 9.9854 104 9992.4 3967.9 2031.5 0.0 2.9222 10 29760.0 7849.6 5973.4 0.0 9.9854 10 9992.4 3967.9 2031.5 0.0 2.9222 10
3 4 3

CAXA4n 28617.0 7885.1 6034.6 0.0 9.9854 104 10101.0 3952.2 2013.4 0.0 2.9207 10 28617.0 7885.1 6034.6 0.0 9.9854 10 10101.0 3952.2 2013.4 0.0 2.9207 10
3 4 3

CAXA4Rn 29132.0 7722.9 5729.2 0.0 9.9854 104 10205.0 3978.2 1902.1 0.0 2.9221 103 29132.0 7722.9 5729.2 0.0 9.9854 104 10067.0 3978.2 1987.9 0.0 2.9221 103

Note: The results are independent of n, the number of Fourier modes. The variable is not compared, since is treated as an internal variable in these elements and is not available for output. The accuracy of may be assumed to be comparable to the accuracy of . Figure 1.3.351 through Figure 1.3.354 show plots of the undeformed mesh, the deformed mesh, the contours of , and the contours of , respectively, for the CAXA8R3 model.
Input files

ecnssfsm.inp ecnssfsm.f ecntsfsm.inp ecntsfsm.f

CAXA41 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnssfsm.inp. CAXA42 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecntsfsm.inp.

1.3.353

ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS

ecnusfsm.inp ecnusfsm.f ecnvsfsm.inp ecnvsfsm.f ecnssrsm.inp ecnssrsm.f ecntsrsm.inp ecntsrsm.f ecnusrsm.inp ecnusrsm.f ecnvsrsm.inp ecnvsrsm.f ecnwsfsm.inp ecnwsfsm.f ecnxsfsm.inp ecnxsfsm.f ecnysfsm.inp ecnysfsm.f ecnzsfsm.inp ecnzsfsm.f ecnwsrsm.inp ecnwsrsm.f ecnxsrsm.inp ecnxsrsm.f ecnysrsm.inp ecnysrsm.f ecnzsrsm.inp ecnzsrsm.f

CAXA43 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnusfsm.inp. CAXA44 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnvsfsm.inp. CAXA4R1 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnssrsm.inp. CAXA4R2 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecntsrsm.inp. CAXA4R3 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnusrsm.inp. CAXA4R4 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnvsrsm.inp. CAXA81 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnwsfsm.inp. CAXA82 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnxsfsm.inp. CAXA83 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnysfsm.inp. CAXA84 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnzsfsm.inp. CAXA8R1 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnwsrsm.inp. CAXA8R2 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnxsrsm.inp. CAXA8R3 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnysrsm.inp. CAXA8R4 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecnzsrsm.inp.

1.3.354

ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS

1 3

Figure 1.3.351

Undeformed mesh.

1 3

Figure 1.3.352

Deformed mesh.

1.3.355

ASYMMETRIC PRESSURE LOADS

8
S11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE -2.51E+04 -2.06E+04 -1.60E+04 -1.14E+04 -6.86E+03 -2.28E+03 +2.28E+03 +6.86E+03 +1.14E+04 +1.60E+04 +2.06E+04 +2.51E+04

9 99

9 10

6 6 6 8 6 7 6 8 9 9 7 6 8 9 7 6 8 10 109 8 10 10 10 8 7 6 55 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 9 11 11 6 7 5 5 11 12 11 5 54 12 4 4 4 8 6 3 3 4 4 10 4 4 22 3 3 2 4 12 3 2 4 11 1 3 1 4 1 2 3 4 8 999

8 8 8

7 7 7 7 7

12 11

5 3

1 1

2 3 4

Figure 1.3.353

Contours of radial stress.

U1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

VALUE -2.47E-03 -2.02E-03 -1.57E-03 -1.12E-03 -6.74E-04 -2.24E-04 +2.24E-04 +6.74E-04 +1.12E-03 +1.57E-03 +2.02E-03 +2.47E-03

10 8 9 11 10 8 11 7 9 10 6 8 7 9 10 11 6 8 9 12 7 9 6 10 5 8 11 7 6 5 9 11 8 4 12 10 7 6 8 5 4 9 7 11 6 12 5 8 4 10 9 11 12 7 6 5 10 8 5 3 5 10 9 7 6 8 4 3 5 7 11 3 3 8 7 4 11 9 5 8 9 3 6 10 4 10 9 12 2 3 6 4 4 5 4 2 7 5 2 3 5 2 2 11 3 4 3 5 4 10 9 2 1 4 3 3 22 11 4 3 2 1

6 1

2 4 1 3 3 2 1

Figure 1.3.354

Contours of r-displacement.

1.3.356

ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD

1.3.36

CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO AN ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD: CAXA ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CAXA8Pn CAXA8RPn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Problem description
z B D F =0

L=6

A Ri=2 R=4 Ro=6

A hollow cylindrical soil column of circular cross-section, inner radius is subjected to an asymmetric pore pressure distribution of the form

, outer radius

, and length

where is the constant pore pressure at the outside surface of the cylinder at 0 and r and are the cylindrical coordinates. The presence of pore pressure gradients in the radial and circumferential directions causes the pore uid in the soil to ow in these directions, and bending of the cylinder results. This is a coupled problem in which the stress equilibrium and uid continuity equations must be solved

1.3.361

ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD

simultaneously with the pore pressure CAXA elements. For illustration purposes we consider only the steady-state coupled problem, and we assume that the material is linear with constant permeability and is made up of incompressible grains and uid. The results predicted by the pore pressure CAXA models will be compared with those predicted by the corresponding three-dimensional model. Only one-half of the structure is considered, with a symmetry plane at 0. A mesh convergence study indicates that a single second-order CAXA element can model the structure adequately and yield accurate results. However, two elements are used in the radial direction so that direct comparison of results obtained with the three-dimensional model can be made. In the three-dimensional model the C3D20P element is used in a nite element mesh with 2 elements in the radial direction, 1 in the axial direction, and 12 in the circumferential direction. To facilitate comparison of results with the CAXA models, all nodes in the three-dimensional model are transformed to a local cylindrical system, and a cylindrical orientation is applied to the material so that displacement, stress, and strain components are output in the same cylindrical system.
Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1 108 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, permeability = 1 105 ,

initial void ratio = 1.0 everywhere.

Boundary conditions: 0 on the 0 plane; the rigid body motion in the global x-direction.

0 is applied at

and

0 to eliminate

Loading: A pore pressure eld of the form is applied. The pore pressure at each corner node on the inside and outside walls of the cylinder is calculated, and the pore pressure values are prescribed via degree of freedom 8 in the *BOUNDARY option. Results and discussion

The results obtained with the CAXA8Pn and CAXA8RPn (n = 1, 2, 3 or 4) elements and those obtained with the C3D20P elements are tabulated below for a structure with these parameters: 6, 2, 6, and 3 106 . The output locations are at points , , , , , and on the 0 plane, as shown in the gure on the previous page. Results that are exactly equal and opposite to those shown below are obtained at the same locations on the 180 plane. It is apparent that the results of the CAXA models match closely with the results of the three-dimensional model. The stress solution, which is shown in the table below, reveals that the effective stress components are identical to the pore pressure everywhere so that the total stress is zero everywhere in the cylinder. The results obtained from the CAXA models are independent of n, the number of Fourier modes, and appear to be more accurate than the three-dimensional model because the applied asymmetric pore pressure eld can be prescribed precisely in the CAXA models. In the three-dimensional model more elements are needed in the -direction to get results with higher accuracy. Note the similarity between the solution to this problem and the asymmetric temperature analysis described in Cylinder subjected to an asymmetric temperature eld: CAXA elements, Section 1.3.34.

1.3.362

ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD

Variable at A at A U at A at A at A at A at B at B U at B at B at B at B at C at C U at C at C at C at C at D at D U at D at D at D at D at E at E U at E at E

C3D20P 0 0 1 10
6

CAXA8Pn 0 0 1 10
6

CAXA8RPn 0 0 1 106 1 106 1 106 1 106 3.6 102 2.4 102 1 106 1 106 1 106 1 106 1.2 102 0 2 106 2 106 2 106 2 106 2.4 102 4.8 102 2 106 2 106 2 106 2 106 3.2 102 0 3 106 3 106

9.9066 105 9.9397 105 9.9751 105 3.5791 102 2.3853 102 1 106 9.9066 105 9.9397 105 9.9751 105 1.1926 102 0 1.9987 10
6

1 106 1 106 1 106 3.6 102 2.4 102 1 106 1 106 1 106 1 106 1.2 102 0 2 10
6

1.9944 106 1.9947 106 2.0038 106 2.3864 102 4.7711 102 1.9987 106 1.9943 106 1.9945 106 2.0036 106 3.1819 102 0 3 10
6

2 106 2 106 2 106 2.4 102 4.8 102 2 106 2 106 2 106 2 106 3.2 102 0 3 10
6

3.004 106

3 106

1.3.363

ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD

Variable at E at E at F at F U at F at F at F at F

C3D20P 2.9961 106 3.0105 106 3.9718 102 7.1581 102 3 106 3.004 106 2.9965 106 3.0105 106

CAXA8Pn 3 106 3 106 0.4 102 7.2 102 3 106 3 106 3 106 3 106

CAXA8RPn 3 106 3 106 0.4 102 7.2 102 3 106 3 106 3 106 3 106

Figure 1.3.361 through Figure 1.3.364 show plots of the undeformed and deformed meshes, the applied asymmetric pore pressure eld, the contours of , and the contours of , respectively, in the CAXA8P4 model.
Input files

ecnwpfsn.inp ecnxpfsn.inp ecnypfsn.inp ecnzpfsn.inp ecnwprsn.inp ecnxprsn.inp ecnyprsn.inp ecnzprsn.inp eref3ksn.inp

CAXA8P1 elements. CAXA8P2 elements. CAXA8P3 elements. CAXA8P4 elements. CAXA8RP1 elements. CAXA8RP2 elements. CAXA8RP3 elements. CAXA8RP4 elements. C3D20P elements (reference solution).

1.3.364

ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD

1 3

Figure 1.3.361

Deformed mesh.

3 2
POR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE -2.53E+06 -2.07E+06 -1.61E+06 -1.15E+06 -6.92E+05 -2.30E+05 +2.30E+05 +6.92E+05 +1.15E+06 +1.61E+06 +2.07E+06 +2.53E+06

4 5 5 6

5 6 7 8 7 8 8 9 89 9 10 10 11 12 10 11 12 8 9 9 6 10 10 11

3 4 4 4 4 5

1 1 2

2 3 3

2 1 3 4

12 2 9 1 3 10 12 11

Figure 1.3.362

Contours of pore pressure.

1.3.365

ASYMMETRIC PORE PRESSURE FIELD

7 8
U1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE

7 8 99 8 8 8

8
-3.04E-02 -2.49E-02 -1.93E-02 -1.38E-02 -8.30E-03 -2.76E-03 +2.76E-03 +8.30E-03 +1.38E-02 +1.93E-02 +2.49E-02 +3.04E-02

9 10

10 9 4 3 5 8 7 7 6

2 1 5

6 7 6 6 10 5 5 11 6 10 9 7 12 11 44 12 5 12 109 8 10 5 7 5 33 33 4 12 12 11 2 9 8 10 2 11 11 4 4 1 2 3 1 5 10 9 8 3 10 9 8 2 1 7 1 2 5 3 2 8 9 8 6 4 3 3 4 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 7 6 7 4 7 5 7 8 6 7 5 9 6 10 6 6 11 8 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 12

9 10 10

6 7 8 9 10 11

1 3

Figure 1.3.363

Contours of r-displacement.

2 1
U2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VALUE

3 3

5 7 5

2 1 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 4 5 5 5 3 4 4

4 4 5 5

5 6

6 8 8 7 9 9 8 8 9 8 9 9 10 8 7 7 8 7 9 8 9 7 8 7 7 9 10 11 12 12 10 11 11 9 10 10 8 12 11 10 10 11 11 10

-6.09E-02 -4.98E-02 -3.87E-02 -2.76E-02 -1.66E-02 -5.53E-03 +5.53E-03 +1.66E-02 +2.76E-02 +3.87E-02 +4.98E-02 +6.09E-02

6 7 6

12 12

10

1 3

Figure 1.3.364

Contours of z-displacement.

1.3.366

CAXA AND SAXA ELEMENTS IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

1.3.37

MODAL DYNAMIC AND TRANSIENT DYNAMIC ANALYSIS WITH CAXA AND SAXA ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. MODAL DYNAMIC AND TRANSIENT DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA4Rn (n = 2, 3, 4)
Problem description

CAXA4RHn

CAXA8n

CAXA8Rn

CAXA8RHn

SAXA1n

SAXA2n

A cantilever pipe 100 units long with an outer radius of 1.2675 units and a wall thickness of 0.2 units subjected to tip loading is analyzed. The pipe is modeled with all the elements listed above. The rstorder, fully integrated CAXA model consists of 2 20 elements in the mesh, while the CAXA4Rn and the CAXA4RHn models consist of 4 40 elements in the mesh. The second-order CAXA models use 20 elements along the length of the pipe. The rst-order SAXAn model uses 20 elements along the length of the pipe, while 10 elements are used in the SAXA2n model. The material behavior is assumed to be isotropic elastic with a Youngs modulus of 30.E6 and Poissons ratio of 0.3. The modal procedures *MODAL DYNAMIC and *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, the directsolution steady-state procedure *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, DIRECT, the subspace-based steadystate procedure *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, SUBSPACE PROJECTION, and the transient dynamic procedure *DYNAMIC are used in the verication tests. A sinusoidal load with a maximum amplitude of 1.0E4 units is applied to the tip of the cantilever pipe. The concentrated load is split in two, with half applied to the midside nodes in each of the 0 and 180 planes on the loaded end of the pipe. All the nodes on one end of the pipe are xed. To avoid any deformation through the wall thickness in the CAXA model caused by the application of concentrated loads on the loaded end, the radial displacements at the midside nodes are constrained to be equal to the average radial motion of the nodes at the inside and outside radii.
Results and discussion

The results of the tests agree well with the results obtained by modeling the cantilever pipe with beam elements having pipe cross-sections.
Input files

ecntsfdyn.inp ecnusfdyn.inp ecnvsfdyn.inp ecntsrdyn.inp ecnusrdyn.inp

CAXA42 elements. CAXA43 elements. CAXA44 elements. CAXA4R2 elements. CAXA4R3 elements.

1.3.371

CAXA AND SAXA ELEMENTS IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

ecnvsrdyn.inp ecnxsfdyn.inp ecnysfdyn.inp ecnzsfdyn.inp ecnxsrdyn.inp ecnysrdyn.inp ecnzsrdyn.inp esntsxdyn.inp esnusxdyn.inp esnvsxdyn.inp esnxsxdyn.inp esnysxdyn.inp esnzsxdyn.inp
II. RANDOM RESPONSE ANALYSIS

CAXA4R4 elements. CAXA82 elements. CAXA83 elements. CAXA84 elements. CAXA8R2 elements. CAXA8R3 elements. CAXA8R4 elements. SAXA12 elements. SAXA13 elements. SAXA14 elements. SAXA22 elements. SAXA23 elements. SAXA24 elements.

Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA8n (n = 2, 3, 4)
Problem description

SAXA1n

SAXA2n

The cantilever pipe described in the previous section is used in these verication tests. A white noise power spectral density is used to describe the applied ground accelerations. The material denition is assumed to be isotropic elastic. The values are not important. Since random response analysis is a modal-based procedure, a *FREQUENCY step is required to obtain the mode shapes and natural frequencies of the system. The rst ten modes are used in the *RANDOM RESPONSE steps with a damping ratio of 0.01 for each mode. The base motion is applied only to degree of freedom 1.
Results and discussion

The results of the analysis compare well with the results obtained by modeling the cantilever pipe with beam elements having pipe cross-sections.
Input files

ecntsfrr.inp ecnusfrr.inp ecnvsfrr.inp ecnxsfrr.inp ecnysfrr.inp ecnzsfrr.inp esntsxrr.inp

CAXA42 elements. CAXA43 elements. CAXA44 elements. CAXA82 elements. CAXA83 elements. CAXA84 elements. SAXA12 elements.

1.3.372

CAXA AND SAXA ELEMENTS IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

esnusxrr.inp esnvsxrr.inp esnxsxrr.inp esnysxrr.inp esnzsxrr.inp

III.

SAXA13 elements. SAXA14 elements. SAXA22 elements. SAXA23 elements. SAXA24 elements.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Elements tested

CAXA42

CAXA82

Problem description

The model consists of a cylinder 300 units in length with an outer radius of 2 units. The nite element mesh consists of a single element that has nodes lying on the axis from each of the planes forming the element. The nodes on the axis are tied such that the element can simulate a solid cylinder. The material properties are assumed to be isotropic elastic. The values are not important. The spectrum of peak displacement values as a function of frequency and damping ratio is specied on the *SPECTRUM option, and the base motion is applied in directions 1 (r-direction) and 2 (z-direction) using the *RESPONSE SPECTRUM option.
Results and discussion

The results of the analysis compare well with the results obtained by modeling the cylinder with beam elements.
Input files

ecntsfrs.inp ecnxsfrs.inp
IV.

CAXA42 elements. CAXA82 elements.

MODAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS WITH BASELINE CORRECTION

Element tested

CAXA4H2
Problem description

This problem is similar to the verication problem pmodbas3.inp using CAX4H elements described in Modal dynamic analysis with baseline correction, Section 3.2.1. CAXA4H2 elements are used in the present verication test. The test illustrates the use of *BASELINE CORRECTION and *BASE MOTION for CAXA elements. The structure analyzed is a cylinder made of rubberlike material. An 8 8 mesh of CAXA4H2 elements is employed. The nodes on the axis of the cylinder are constrained such that they do not move away from the axis after deformation.

1.3.373

CAXA AND SAXA ELEMENTS IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

The structure is preloaded statically in compression in the axial direction by a rigid platen. The response to applied axial excitation at the rigid surface is sought. The acceleration records are the same as those used in the problem pmodbase.inp (see Modal dynamic analysis with baseline correction, Section 3.2.1).
Results and discussion

The results agree with those obtained with the verication problem pmodbas3.inp.
Input file

ecntsfbc.inp
V.

CAXA4H2 elements.

FREE CYLINDER: AXISYMMETRIC VIBRATION

Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA8n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Problem description

This problem is similar to the problem described in FV41: Free cylinder: axisymmetric vibration, Section 4.4.8 of the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual, where axisymmetric elements are used. The axisymmetric behavior is simulated by imposing the condition that the radial and axial displacements of the nodes on planes other than the 0 plane be the same as the nodes on the 0 plane.
Results and discussion

The results obtained by using CAXA elements compare well with those described in FV41: Free cylinder: axisymmetric vibration, Section 4.4.8 of the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual.
Input files

ecnssffv41.inp ecntsffv41.inp ecnusffv41.inp ecnvsffv41.inp ecnwsffv41.inp ecnxsffv41.inp ecnysffv41.inp ecnzsffv41.inp

CAXA41 elements. CAXA42 elements. CAXA43 elements. CAXA44 elements. CAXA81 elements. CAXA82 elements. CAXA83 elements. CAXA84 elements.

1.3.374

CAXA AND SAXA ELEMENTS IN DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

VI.

THICK HOLLOW SPHERE: UNIFORM RADIAL VIBRATION

Elements tested

CAXA4n CAXA8n (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)
Problem description

This problem is similar to the problem described in FV42: Thick hollow sphere: uniform radial vibration, Section 4.4.9 of the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual, where axisymmetric elements are used.
Results and discussion

The results obtained by using CAXA elements compare well with those described in FV42: Thick hollow sphere: uniform radial vibration, Section 4.4.9 of the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual.
Input files

ecnssffv42.inp ecntsffv42.inp ecnusffv42.inp ecnvsffv42.inp ecnwsffv42.inp ecnxsffv42.inp ecnysffv42.inp ecnzsffv42.inp

CAXA41 elements. CAXA42 elements. CAXA43 elements. CAXA44 elements. CAXA81 elements. CAXA82 elements. CAXA83 elements. CAXA84 elements.

1.3.375

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL SIMPLE LOAD TESTS

1.3.38

SIMPLE LOAD TESTS FOR THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

DC1D2E DC1D3E DC2D3E DC2D4E DC2D6E DC2D8E DCAX3E DCAX4E DCAX6E DCAX8E DC3D4E DC3D6E DC3D8E DC3D10E DC3D15E
Problem description

DC3D20E

The problem illustrated in Figure 1.3.381 consists of a 1-m-long conductor through which a constant current density of 6.58E5 Am2 is established by creating a potential difference across the ends of the conductor or by prescribing a concentrated current. The electrical energy generated by the ow of current is converted into heat, which results in a temperature distribution through the conductor. Only a steadystate solution is considered for each test. A reasonable mesh is used in each case to obtain the quadratic distribution of heat.

y -1 x = 0 Cm =0V z

1.0 m x

J = 6.58E5 Am { = 100 C or = 0.1 V { = 100 C

-2

Figure 1.3.381

Model of conductor. m. 0Cm1 ) at

Material: Thermal conductivity = 45 W/mC; electrical conductivity = 6.58E6 1/ Boundary conditions: Zero potential (

0 V) and zero temperature gradient (

0 m. Potential 0.1 V and temperature 100C, or current density of 6.58E5 Am2 and temperature 100C at 1 m. With these boundary conditions the problem is one-dimensional. It is assumed that all electrical energy is converted into heat.

1.3.381

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL SIMPLE LOAD TESTS

Reference solution

In this uniaxial problem the exact solution for the temperature is of the form , where , , and are real constants. Application of the above material properties and boundary conditions leads to the exact solution

where

1462.2.

Results and discussion

The tests are composed of three steps. In Step 1 the proper temperature boundary conditions are applied, and the ow of current is obtained by a potential difference between the two ends of the conductor. The coupled thermal-electrical procedure is used to obtain the desired temperature distribution across the conductor. For rst-order elements the results are a function of y and z when the mesh generated is skewed in the xy plane and/or the xz plane. For the different test cases studied, the temperature may vary by as much as 3% in the yz plane for a given x-value. Therefore, special care is needed when using triangular and tetrahedral elements. The exact solution is recovered in most test cases, with a maximum deviation of 1.5% from the exact solution observed with the DC3D6E elements. For second-order elements the exact results are obtained since the results are at most a quadratic function of the variable x. Moreover, skewed meshes do not affect the results. Step 2 is a heat transfer step in which the conductor is allowed to cool down. Step 3 invokes a coupled thermal-electrical procedure in which the same amount of electrical energy as that of Step 1 is provided to the specimen. However, energy is now supplied by specifying a prescribed current at 1 m instead of a potential of 0.1 V. Here again, the temperature results are identical to those obtained in Step 1, and the potential distribution that served as input for Step 1 is retrieved as output in this step.
Input files

eca3vfsj.inp eca4vfsj.inp eca6vfsj.inp eca8vfsj.inp ec12vfsj.inp ec13vfsj.inp ec23vfsj.inp ec24vfsj.inp ec26vfsj.inp ec28vfsj.inp ec34vfsj.inp

DCAX3E elements. DCAX4E elements. DCAX6E elements. DCAX8E elements. DC1D2E elements. DC1D3E elements. DC2D3E elements. DC2D4E elements. DC2D6E elements. DC2D8E elements. DC3D4E elements.

1.3.382

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL SIMPLE LOAD TESTS

ec36vfsj.inp ec38vfsj.inp ec3avfsj.inp ec3fvfsj.inp ec3kvfsj.inp

DC3D6E elements. DC3D8E elements. DC3D10E elements. DC3D15E elements. DC3D20E elements.

1.3.383

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

1.3.39

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

F2D2

F3D3

F3D4

FAX2

Problem description

These analyses test the family of hydrostatic uid elements. For the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases, a block of incompressible uid is subjected to a system of loads, as shown in Figure 1.3.391. The downward force causes the uid to compress vertically and expand horizontally, while maintaining the original uid volume (since the uid is incompressible). The spring resists the horizontal expansion of the uid, thus generating internal pressure in the uid. The rst axisymmetric problem is similar: the uid volume is now a cylinder, compressed axially, with a spring resisting the radial expansion. In the second axisymmetric problem the pressure inside the uid is specied. No external loading is applied, and the walls bounding the uid are xed.

fluid

Figure 1.3.391

Loading of uid elements.

The two-dimensional uid block measures 1 1 and has unit thickness, while the three-dimensional uid block measures 1 1 1. Node 1 is the cavity reference node for the uid cavity. In each case a single grounded spring acting in the x-direction is attached to a node on the outermost face of the model perpendicular to the x-direction. In addition, all nodes on this face are constrained to displace equally in

1.3.391

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

the x-direction. The downward force is applied as a concentrated load to a single node on the uppermost face of the model perpendicular to the y-direction. All nodes on this face are constrained to displace equally in the y-direction. Finally, a grounded spring of negligible stiffness acting in the y-direction is attached to a single node on this face to preclude solver problems in the solution.

Figure 1.3.392

F2D2 element.

*ELEMENT, TYPE=F2D2, ELSET=CAV1 1, 2, 3 2, 3, 4 *FLUID PROPERTY, ELSET=CAV1, REFNODE=1, TYPE=HYDRAULIC 1.0

4 5 3

y 6 1 x 2 z

Figure 1.3.393

F3D3 element.

1.3.392

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

*ELEMENT, TYPE=F3D3, ELSET=CAV1 1, 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 7, 6 3, 7, 3, 4 4, 4, 8, 7 5, 6, 7, 8 6, 5, 6, 8 *FLUID PROPERTY, ELSET=CAV1, REFNODE=1, TYPE=HYDRAULIC

4 5 3

y 6 1 x 2 z

Figure 1.3.394

F3D4 element.

*ELEMENT, TYPE=F3D4, ELSET=CAV1 1, 2, 3, 7, 6 2, 3, 4, 8, 7 3, 6, 7, 8, 5 *FLUID PROPERTY, ELSET=CAV1, REFNODE=1, TYPE=HYDRAULIC The axisymmetric uid cylinder has a radius of 1 and a height of 1. Node 1 is the cavity reference node for the uid cavity. In the rst problem a single grounded spring acting in the r-direction is attached to a node on the outermost face of the model perpendicular to the r-direction. All nodes on this face are additionally constrained to displace equally in the r-direction. The downward force is applied as a concentrated load to a single node on the uppermost face of the model perpendicular to the z-direction. All nodes on this face are constrained to displace equally in the z-direction. Finally, a grounded spring of negligible stiffness acting in the z-direction is attached to a single node on this face to preclude solver problems in the solution. In the second problem all nodes are xed in space, and the pressure inside the uid is specied at node 1. No external force is specied, and no springs are used in the model.

1.3.393

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

z 4 3

r
Figure 1.3.395 FAX2 element.

*ELEMENT, TYPE=FAX2, ELSET=CAV1 1, 2, 3 2, 3, 4 *FLUID PROPERTY, ELSET=CAV1, REFNODE=1, TYPE=HYDRAULIC

Material: Fluid: incompressible, density = 10.0 (arbitrary).

Spring:

400.

Loading: The concentrated force applied to all models except the second axisymmetric analysis

( 600 at node 4) is ramped linearly from zero to the nal value of 600 over a single static step. Results are reported at the end of the step. 1 for the second axisymmetric analysis. Two-dimensional boundary conditions: 0 at node 4; is constrained to be equal at nodes 2 and 3. 0 at node 2; is constrained to be equal at nodes 3 and 4. Three-dimensional boundary conditions: 0 at nodes 4, 5, and 8; is constrained to be equal at nodes 2, 3, 6, and 7. 0 at nodes 2, 5, and 6; is constrained to be equal at nodes 3, 4, 7, and 8. 0 at nodes 2 through 8. Axisymmetric boundary conditionsProblem 1: 0 at node 4; is constrained to be equal at nodes 2 and 3. 0 at node 2; is constrained to be equal at nodes 3 and 4. Axisymmetric boundary conditionsProblem 2: 0 at nodes 2, 3, and 4. 0 at nodes 2, 3, and 4.

1.3.394

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

Reference solution

Since the uid is incompressible, the original uid volume should be maintained. For the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases CVOL = 1.0, and for the axisymmetric case CVOL = . For the second axisymmetric problem, the reaction forces at the nodes are as follows: Node 2 3 4
Results and discussion

RF 0.0

RF 0.0 2 3 3

Table 1.3.391 Node 1 2 3 4 0.5919 0.5919 0.0 0.0 0.3718 0.3718

F2D2 results. PCAV 376.9 CVOL 1.000

Table 1.3.392 Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.5919 0.5919 0.0 0.0 0.5919 0.5919 0.0 0.0 0.3718 0.3718 0.0 0.0 0.3718 0.3718

F3D3 results. PCAV 376.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CVOL 1.000

1.3.395

HYDROSTATIC FLUID ELEMENTS

Table 1.3.393 Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.5919 0.5919 0.0 0.0 0.5919 0.5919 0.0 0.0 0.3718 0.3718 0.0 0.0 0.3718 0.3718

F3D4 results. PCAV 376.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CVOL 1.000

Table 1.3.394 Node 1 2 3 4 0.4711 0.4711 0.0

FAX2 results: Problem 1. PCAV 88.25 0.0 0.5380 0.5380 CVOL 3.142

Table 1.3.395 Node 1 2 3 4

Input files

FAX2 results: Problem 2. RF 0.0 2.0944 1.0472 PCAV 1.0 CVOL 3.142

RF 3.1416 3.1416 0.0

ef22sxso.inp ef33sxso.inp ef34sxso.inp efa2sxso.inp efa2sxsr.inp

F2D2 elements. F3D3 elements. F3D4 elements. FAX2 elements, problem 1. FAX2 elements, problem 2.

1.3.396

FLUID LINK ELEMENT

1.3.40

FLUID LINK ELEMENT

Product: Abaqus/Standard Features tested

This section provides basic verication tests for the uid link element.
I. CONNECTED FLUID CAVITIES

Elements tested

FLINK

F2D2

Problem description

A uid link element is used to transfer uid between two vessels lled with incompressible uid, as shown in Figure 1.3.401. One of the vessels is subjected to internal pressure by applying a load F. The other vessel is always maintained at zero pressure. The difference in pressures between the two vessels causes uid to be transferred. Two analyses are performed to verify the uid transfer rate between the two vessels using either of the options available for the specication of the mass ow rate: TYPE=FUNCTION and TYPE=TABULAR. Each vessel is modeled using a two-dimensional uid block that measures 1 1 with unit thickness, as shown in Figure 1.3.402. Nodes 1 and 11 are the cavity reference nodes for the two uid cavities. The downward force on the rst uid cavity is applied as a concentrated load to node 4 in the y-direction. Nodes 3 and 4 are constrained to displace equally in the y-direction. Nodes 13 and 14 are also constrained to displace equally in the y-direction. Finally, grounded springs of very small stiffness acting in the y-direction are attached to nodes 4 and 14 to preclude solver problems in the solution.
Material: Fluid: incompressible, density = 10.0 (arbitrary).

Fluid link: TYPE=FUNCTION Field variable 10 1.0 10 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.001 0.001 10 100 10 100 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

The data used for the TYPE=TABULAR analysis was computed using the implicit functional relationship between q and discussed in Fluid link elements, Section 29.8.3 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual, and the values of and in the above table. To capture the nonlinear

1.3.401

FLUID LINK ELEMENT

relationship between q and accurately, 33 values of q were included in the data lines of the *FLUID LINK, TYPE=TABULAR option for various combinations of and the one eld variable.
Loading: The concentrated force of 100 units is applied instantaneously over all static steps. In the rst

step the temperature and the eld variable are held xed at 10 and 1, respectively, for a time period of 0.20. In the second step the temperature is ramped from 10 to 100 for a time period of 0.01, while the eld variable remains xed at 1. The third step is a dummy perturbation step. This step is included to verify that an intermittent perturbation step has no effect on the subsequent general step. In the fourth step the temperature is held xed at 100, with the eld variable instantaneously changed to 2 for a time period of 0.01. Results are reported at the end of each general step.
Reference solution

Since the uid is incompressible, the total uid volume should be maintained; i.e., CVOL=2.0. The pressure in the rst cavity should always be 100. Because of the presence of grounded springs of very small stiffness, the pressure in the second cavity is not zero.
Results and discussion

The results for TYPE=FUNCTION and TYPE=TABULAR analyses compare quite well with one another. The agreement between the two models could be further improved by rening the tabular data for the TYPE=TABULAR model to better represent the nonlinear relationship between q and as dened by the TYPE=FUNCTION model. TYPE=FUNCTION Step 1 2 4 MFL 10.0 30.8 95.4 MFLT 2.00 2.22 3.17 PCAV 100.0 100.0 100.0 TYPE=TABULAR Step 1 2 4
Input files

CVOL 0.800 0.778 0.683

PCAV 2.00E7 2.22E7 3.17E7

CVOL 1.20 1.22 1.32

MFL 10.0 31.3 95.4

MFLT 2.00 2.22 3.18

PCAV 100.0 100.0 100.0

CVOL 0.800 0.778 0.683

PCAV 2.00E7 2.22E7 3.18E7

CVOL 1.20 1.22 1.32

e2sfsp.inp e2stsp.inp

F2D2 elements, TYPE=FUNCTION. F2D2 elements, TYPE=TABULAR.

1.3.402

FLUID LINK ELEMENT

1.0

fluid

fluid

1.0

1.0

1.0

Figure 1.3.401

Fluid link analysis.

14

13

x 1 2 11 12

fluid link

Figure 1.3.402

Fluid link model.

1.3.403

FLUID LINK ELEMENT

II.

SINGLE FLUID CAVITY WITH A FLUID LINK ELEMENT

Elements tested

FLINK

F2D2

Problem description

A uid link element with one end connected and the other end free is used to transfer uid to a single uid cavity. The vessel is modeled using a two-dimensional uid block that measures 1 1 with unit thickness. The model in this example is identical to the model shown in Figure 1.3.402 except that the cavity dened by nodes 12, 13 and 14 is absent. Node 1 is the cavity reference node for the uid cavity. Node 11 is connected to the uid link element but not to a uid cavity. Nodes 3 and 4 are constrained to displace equally in the y-direction. A grounded spring of unit stiffness acting in the y-direction is attached to node 4. Two models are considered, one with an incompressible hydraulic uid and the other with a compressible pneumatic uid. The hydraulic uid is given an arbitrary uid density of . For the pneumatic uid the ambient pressure, , is set to 10; the reference gauge pressure, , is set to 0; and the reference uid density, , is set to 10. See Hydrostatic uid models, Section 23.4.1 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual, for details. The uid link is dened using the TYPE=FUNCTION parameter with =0.1 and =0. It is a simple exercise to show that with a single uid link element and xed temperature the change , where is the initial volume of the in mass in the uid cavity is given by uid cavity and is the change in volume of the uid cavity with respect to . For an incompressible hydraulic uid , in which case the change in mass is simply .
Loading: Four steps are used in the analyses. In Step 1 a constant mass ow rate of 10 is applied to node

11 on the uid link element using the *FLUID FLUX option. In Step 2 the uid ux loading is removed and the pressure at node 11 is held at its value at the end of step one using the *BOUNDARY, FIXED option. In Step 3 the pressure at node 11 is ramped up to 5. Finally, in Step 4 all pressure boundary conditions are removed, and the system comes to rest.
Results and discussion

A comparison of the Abaqus results for the cavity pressure (pressure at node 1) to exact solutions for both the hydraulic and pneumatic uids is shown in Figure 1.3.403. It is clear that Abaqus is accurately modeling the uid cavity response.
Input files

onecav_hydr.inp onecav_pneu.inp

F2D2 elements, hydraulic uid. F2D2 elements, pneumatic uid.

1.3.404

FLUID LINK ELEMENT

hydraulic hydraulic pneumatic pneumatic

(ABAQUS) (exact) (ABAQUS) (exact)

Figure 1.3.403

Cavity pressure.

1.3.405

FILM CONDITION

1.3.41

TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT FILM CONDITION

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

CPE3T

CPE4RT

CPS3T

CPS4RT

DC2D4

S4RT

Features tested

Temperature-dependent lm conditions.
Problem description

An innite plate of width 0.1 unit and thickness 1 unit is considered. A zero ux boundary condition is imposed on all of the surfaces except the top surface. A lm condition and sink temperature are imposed on the top surface, and the transient solution to the heat transfer problem is sought. In Abaqus/Standard the problem is modeled with 10 DC2D4 elements of dimension 0.01 0.01. In Abaqus/Explicit two-dimensional (plane strain and plane stress) elements are used to model the plate: 10 elements are used through the width of the plate when using CPE4RT and CPS4RT elements, while 20 elements are used when using CPE3T and CPS3T elements. The problem is also modeled using S4RT elements in Abaqus/Explicit. Only one coupled thermal shell element is used, and the shells thickness represents the length of the model. The lm condition is applied on one face of the shell, and a large number of temperature points are considered through the thickness (19 points, which is the maximum allowable temperature points.)
Material: Thermal conductivity,

1.4; sink temperature, 100(1 + t/3600); specic heat, 260; lm coefcient, 10 + 0.02 ; density, 7800; initial temperature, 0. In Abaqus/Explicit dummy mechanical properties are prescribed to complete the material denition.

Results and discussion

The transient solution at 3600 units is plotted for all four cases; the nite difference solution is plotted as a solid line, and the three nite element results as markers at the centroid of the elements. The results obtained with Abaqus/Explicit are in close agreement with those obtained with Abaqus/Standard.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ec24dfd1.f

FORTRAN program to compute the nite difference solution to the differential equation

1.3.411

FILM CONDITION

ec24dfd2.inp ec24dfd3.inp ec24dfd3.f ec24dfd4.inp

ec24dfd4.f ec24dfd5.inp ec24dfd6.inp ec24dfd6.f ec24dfd7.inp ec24dfd7.f

Abaqus/Explicit input files

with appropriate boundary conditions for the lm and sink conditions. The solution is computed at 101 points through the width of the plate at time steps of 0.01 units. Finite element model of the problem as described above. Finite element model with temperature dependent lm condition prescribed through user subroutine FILM. User subroutine FILM used in ec24dfd3.inp. Finite element model where the lm condition is changed using a eld variable which is prescribed through user subroutine UFIELD. User subroutine UFIELD used in ec24dfd4.inp. Same as problem ec24dfd2.inp with surface-based loads. Same as problem ec24dfd3.inp with surface-based loads. User subroutine FILM used in ec24dfd6.inp. Same as problem ec24dfd4.inp with surface-based loads. User subroutine UFIELD used in ec24dfd7.inp.

tempdeplm_xpl_cpe3t.inp tempdeplm_xpl_cpe4rt.inp tempdeplm_xpl_cps3t.inp tempdeplm_xpl_cps4rt.inp tempdeplm_xpl_s4rt.inp

CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. S4RT elements.

1.3.412

FILM CONDITION

FILM CONDITION
60.

T-FDIFF T-FELEM T-UFILM T-FVARS 40. 50.

TEMPERATURE

30.

20.

10.

2 3 1
0. 0.00

0.02

0.04 Y

0.06

0.08

0.10

Figure 1.3.411

Finite element model and temperature prole (Abaqus/Standard).

1.3.413

PRESSURE PENETRATION

1.3.42

SURFACE-BASED PRESSURE PENETRATION

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CPE4

CPE8

CAX4

CAX8

SAX1

SAX2

Features tested

Contact between a deformable body and a rigid surface and contact between two deformable surfaces exposed to a uid pressure at both ends of the surfaces are tested through the use of the *PRESSURE PENETRATION option.
Problem description

10 11 12 13 12 14 15 16 17 18 1 1 x

Figure 1.3.421

Contact between a deformable surface and a rigid surface.

1.3.421

PRESSURE PENETRATION

10 11 12 13 12 14 15 16 17 18 2 x

Figure 1.3.422

Contact between two deformable surfaces with matching meshes.

y 10 2 2 12 x 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Figure 1.3.423

Contact between two deformable surfaces with nonmatching meshes.

Material: Youngs modulus = 1 105 ; Poissons ratio = 0.3. Boundary conditions: The rigid surface is constrained in all degrees of freedom. When the contact

between two deformable surfaces is considered, the nodes at 0 in Figure 1.3.422 and the nodes at 0 in Figure 1.3.423 are constrained in all degrees of freedom. Loading: For the models illustrated in Figure 1.3.421 and Figure 1.3.422:

1.3.422

PRESSURE PENETRATION

Step 1: A nonuniform displacement, , is applied in the negative x-direction on the surface of 2.0 when solid elements are used. is the displacement at node 14, and d is the distance measured from node 14. When shell elements are used, a nonuniform pressure, , is applied on the surface of 2.0. is the pressure at the element containing node 14, and is the distance measured from node 14 to the center of an element. Step 2: Two ends of the contacting surfaces ( with a magnitude of 800.0. For the model illustrated in Figure 1.3.423: Step 1: A nonuniform displacement, of 2.0. , is applied in the negative y-direction on the surface 0 and 12.0) are exposed to a uid pressure

Step 3: Increase the uid pressure to 900.0 at both ends.

2, is exposed to a uid pressure with a magnitude Step 2: One end of the contacting surfaces, of 550; and the other end, 14, is exposed to a uid pressure with a magnitude of 800. Step 3: Increase the magnitudes of the uid pressure to 650 from 550 and to 900 from 800, respectively, at both ends.
Results and discussion

The contact pressure and the uid pressure at each slave node on the contacting surfaces are output.
Input files

Deformable surface in contact with a rigid surface: ei22srs1_ppen.inp ei23srs1_ppen.inp eia2srs1_ppen.inp eia2srs3_ppen.inp eia3srs1_ppen.inp eia3srs1_ppen_auglagr.inp eia3srs3_ppen.inp eia3srs3_ppen_auglagr.inp eia2srs2_ppen.inp eia2srs4_ppen.inp eia3srs2_ppen.inp eia3srs4_ppen.inp CPE4 elements. CPE8 elements. CAX4 elements. CAX4 elements with elements. CAX8 elements. CAX8 elements. CAX8 elements with elements. CAX8 elements with elements. SAX1 elements. SAX1 elements with elements. SAX2 elements. SAX2 elements with elements.

a rigid body created from MAX1

a rigid body created from MAX1 a rigid body created from MAX1

a rigid body created from SAX1

a rigid body created from SAX1

1.3.423

PRESSURE PENETRATION

Two deformable surfaces with matching meshes in contact with each other: ei22sss1_ppen.inp ei23sss1_ppen.inp ei23sss1_ppen_auglagr.inp eia2sss1_ppen.inp eia2sss2_ppen.inp eia2sss3_ppen.inp CPE4 elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8 elements. CAX4 elements. SAX1 elements. SAX1 and CAX4 elements.

Two deformable surfaces with nonmatching meshes in contact with each other: ei22sss2_ppen.inp eia2sss4_ppen.inp CPE4 elements. CAX4 elements.

1.3.424

GASKET ELEMENTS

1.3.43

GASKET BEHAVIOR VERIFICATION

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

GKPE4 GK2D2 GKAX4 GK3D2 GK3D8

GKPE6 GKPS4 GKPS4N GKPS6 GKPS6N GK2D2N GKAX4N GKAX6 GKAX6N GK3D2N GK3D4L GK3D4LN GK3D6 GK3D6L GK3D6LN GK3D8N GK3D12M GK3D12MN GK3D18 GK3D18N

GK3D6N

Problem description

Gasket elements are used to model sealing components between structural members. They are designed primarily to provide appropriate pressure-closure behavior in the thickness direction, which is uncoupled from the transverse shear and membrane behavior. This uncoupled pressure-closure behavior is specied with the suboptions of the *GASKET BEHAVIOR option. These gasket behavior models are separate from the models in the material library. For some gasket behaviors that are not addressed readily by these special behavior models, such as coupled compression-membrane behaviors or through-thickness tensile behavior, Abaqus provides an alternative way for the user to model such behavior by specifying either a built-in or user-dened material model with the *MATERIAL option. Gasket elements with all displacement degrees of freedom active at their nodes are used to model all three types of behavior (thickness-direction, membrane, and transverse shear). Elements that have only one displacement degree of freedom at their nodes consider the thickness-direction behavior only. Analyses are performed to verify that the generalized strains (displacements and strains) in the gaskets are obtained properly from the nodal displacements and that the generalized stresses (forces, forces per unit length, or stresses) are obtained properly from the generalized strains through the constitutive relations for the different types of behavior.
Behavior

The element tests included in this section cover three different types of model behavior in the thickness direction: elastic with damage, elastic-plastic with high initial stiffness so that yield occurs at the second data point given along the initial loading curve, and elastic-plastic with low initial stiffness so that initial yield occurs further along the initial loading curve. Rate-dependent (creep) effects through the thickness of the gasket may be added to the elastic-plastic model. These models are used with or without any initial gap. Thermal expansion is also considered along the thickness direction of the gasket with or without an initial void. The thickness-direction behavior is dened in terms of stress in most cases but is dened as force or force per unit length whenever it is appropriate for the element type. Membrane behavior and transverse shear behavior are modeled as linear elastic. Thermal expansion is also considered for the membrane response.

1.3.431

GASKET ELEMENTS

Some tests involving viscoelastic effects (in the frequency domain) in conjunction with the elastic or elastic-damage models have also been included. These tests model the frequency-dependent stiffness and damping characteristics of gaskets for different levels (as measured by closure) of preload. Only thickness-direction viscoelastic behavior is modeled in these cases. Field expansion is also tested for a 2node two-dimensional gasket.
Model

Each model contains a set of 1 to 4 gasket elements of the same type. The initial geometry may or may not be aligned with the global axes. When gasket elements with thickness-direction-only behavior are used, the model may also contain a rigid element that is used to control the loading of the gasket. The tests for the gasket elements using suboptions of the *MATERIAL option are elastic-plastic creep analyses. Corresponding solid elements are included in the tests to facilitate the comparison of solutions. The material properties for the tests involving viscoelastic behavior include specication of storage and loss moduli as functions of excitation frequency and level of preload (closure).
Loading history

The different tests include compression along the thickness direction of the gasket, shearing of the top surface of the gasket with respect to its bottom surface (whenever possible), and uniform extension or compression of the gasket membrane. The tests are displacement- or load-controlled through direct control of the gasket elements nodes or through a contact pair that involves the gasket and a rigid component compressing the gasket. The tests also include thermal loading in the gasket membrane and/or gasket thickness direction. The tests performed along the thickness direction of the gasket involve, in most cases, a series of loading and unloading steps to verify that the user-prescribed loading and unloading curves are followed properly and that interpolation between user-specied unloading curves is done correctly. The tests involving the modeling of viscoelastic behavior consist of steady-state harmonic oscillations at different excitation frequencies about base states that involve different levels of closure. These tests are displacement controlled.
Results and discussion

The results are obtained at the end of each step in terms of generalized stresses, generalized strains, reaction forces, and nodal displacements. The results obtained in each test match the results obtained by hand calculations.
Input files

ege4gcxx.inp Linear perturbation analysis: eg22nlxp.inp egs4gdxp.inp

GKPE4 elements, quasi-static analysis with creep.

GK2D2N elements, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. GKPS4 elements, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE.

1.3.432

GASKET ELEMENTS

Generation of missing nodes: eg3rgdxm.inp eg3rndxm.inp eg3rnhxm.inp Dependency on eld variable and temperature: ega4glxv.inp ega6glxv.inp ega6nhxv.inp egl4glxv.inp egl4nhxv.inp egl6ghxv.inp egl6nhxv.inp Solid element numbering: eg3agdxs.inp eg3rgdxs.inp egs4gdxs.inp egs6gdxs.inp User subroutine UVARM: ega4glxu.inp ega4glxu.f ega6nhxu.inp ega6nhxu.f egl4glxu.inp egl4glxu.f egl6ghxu.inp egl6ghxu.f Yield option: ega4glxy.inp ega4nhxy.inp ega6glxy.inp ega6nhxy.inp egl4glxy.inp egl4nhxy.inp egl6ghxy.inp egl6nhxy.inp GKAX4 elements. GKAX4N elements. GKAX6 elements. GKAX6N elements. GK3D4L elements. GK3D4LN elements. GK3D6L elements. GK3D6LN elements. GKAX4 elements. User subroutine UVARM used in ega4glxu.inp. GKAX6N elements. User subroutine UVARM used in ega6nhxu.inp. GK3D4L elements. User subroutine UVARM used in egl4glxu.inp. GK3D6L elements. User subroutine UVARM used in egl6ghxu.inp. GK3D12M elements. GK3D18 elements. GKPS4 elements. GKPS6 elements. GKAX4 elements. GKAX6 elements. GKAX6N elements. GK3D4L elements. GK3D4LN elements. GK3D6L elements. GK3D6LN elements. GK3D18 elements. GK3D18N elements, elastic with damage. GK3D18N elements, elastic-plastic (high stiffness).

initial

1.3.433

GASKET ELEMENTS

Slope drop option: eg22gcxz.inp eg22gdxz.inp eg36gcxz.inp eg36gdxz.inp ega2gcxz.inp ega4glxz.inp ega4nhxz.inp ega6glxz.inp ega6nhxz.inp ege4gdxz.inp egl4gcxz.inp egl4gdxz.inp egl4glxz.inp egl4nhxz.inp egl6ghxz.inp egl6nhxz.inp Static analysis with load control: eg32gdxl.inp eg32glxl.inp eg38gdxl.inp eg38ghxl.inp eg3rgdxl.inp eg3rghxl.inp ega4gdxl.inp ega4glxl.inp ege4gdxl.inp ege4ghxl.inp egl6gdxl.inp egl6ghxl.inp egs4gdxl.inp egs4ghxl.inp Static analysis with displacement control: eg22gdxd.inp eg22glxd.inp eg36gdxd.inp eg36glxd.inp eg3agdxd.inp GK2D2 elements, elastic with damage. GK2D2 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GK3D6 elements, elastic with damage. GK3D6 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GK3D12M elements, elastic with damage. GK3D2 elements, elastic with damage. GK3D2 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GK3D8 elements, elastic with damage. GK3D8 elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D18 elements, elastic with damage. GK3D18 elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GKAX4 elements, elastic with damage. GKAX4 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GKPE4 elements, elastic with damage. GKPE4 elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D6L elements, elastic with damage. GK3D6L elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GKPS4 elements, elastic with damage. GKPS4 elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK2D2 elements, elastic-plastic with creep. GK2D2 elements, elastic with damage. GK3D6 elements, elastic-plastic with creep. GK3D6 elements, elastic with damage. GKAX2 elements, elastic-plastic with creep. GKAX4 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GKAX4N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GKAX6 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GKAX6N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GKPE4 elements, elastic with damage. GK3D4L elements, elastic-plastic with creep. GK3D4L elements, elastic with damage. GK3D4L elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GK3D4LN elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D6L elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D6LN elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness).

1.3.434

GASKET ELEMENTS

eg3aglxd.inp ega6gdxd.inp ega6glxd.inp ege6gdxd.inp ege6ghxd.inp egl4gdxd.inp egl4glxd.inp egs6gdxd.inp egs6glxd.inp

GK3D12M elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GKAX6 elements, elastic with damage. GKAX6 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GKPE6 elements, elastic with damage. GKPE6 elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D4L elements, elastic with damage. GK3D4L elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness). GKPS6 elements, elastic with damage. GKPS6 elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness).

Static analysis with load control enforced through a contact pair: eg24ndxk.inp eg24nhxk.inp eg32ndxk.inp eg32nhxk.inp eg38ndxk.inp eg38nhxk.inp eg38nhxk_auglagr.inp eg3rndxk.inp eg3rnhxk.inp ega4ndxk.inp ega4nhxk.inp egl6ndxk.inp egl6nhxk.inp GKPS4N elements, elastic with damage. GKPS4N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D2N elements, elastic with damage. GK3D2N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D8N elements, elastic with damage. GK3D8N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D8N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness), augmented Lagrangian contact model. GK3D18N elements, elastic with damage. GK3D18N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GKAX4N elements, elastic with damage. GKAX4N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D6LN elements, elastic with damage. GK3D6LN elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness).

Static analysis with displacement control enforced through a contact pair: eg22ndxc.inp eg22nhxc.inp eg26ndxc.inp eg26nhxc.inp eg36ndxc.inp eg36nhxc.inp eg3andxc.inp eg3andxc_auglagr.inp eg3anlxc.inp GK2D2N elements, elastic with damage. GK2D2N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GKPS6N elements, elastic with damage. GKPS6N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D6N elements, elastic with damage. GK3D6N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D12MN elements, elastic with damage. GK3D12MN elements, elastic with damage, augmented Lagrangian contact model. GK3D12MN elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness).

1.3.435

GASKET ELEMENTS

eg3anlxc_auglagr.inp ega6ndxc.inp ega6nhxc.inp egl4ndxc.inp egl4nhxc.inp

GK3D12MN elements, elastic-plastic (low initial stiffness), augmented Lagrangian contact model. GKAX6N elements, elastic with damage. GKAX6N elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness). GK3D4LN elements, elastic with damage. GK3D4LN elements, elastic-plastic (high initial stiffness).

Steady-state dynamic analysis with displacement control about different preloaded base states: gasket2d_visc1_str.inp Two-dimensional gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios). Two-dimensional gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli). Three-dimensional gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios). Three-dimensional gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli). Axisymmetric gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios). Axisymmetric gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli). Three-dimensional line gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios). Three-dimensional line gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli). Two-dimensional link gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios). Two-dimensional link gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli). Three-dimensional link gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios).

gasket2d_visc2_str.inp

gasket3d_visc1_str.inp

gasket3d_visc2_str.inp

gasketaxi_visc1_str.inp

gasketaxi_visc2_str.inp

gasketline3d_visc1_force.inp

gasketline3d_visc2_force.inp

gasketlink2d_visc1_force.inp

gasketlink2d_visc2_force.inp

gasketlink3d_visc1_force.inp

1.3.436

GASKET ELEMENTS

gasketlink3d_visc2_force.inp

gasketlinkaxi_visc1_force.inp

gasketlinkaxi_visc2_force.inp

Three-dimensional link gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli). Axisymmetric link gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened in terms of storage and loss moduli ratios). Axisymmetric link gasket elements, elastic with damage and viscoelastic (dened directly in terms of storage and loss moduli).

Field expansion test: eldexp-gasket.inp Fully constrained GK2D2 element including eld expansion in the thickness-direction behavior. The eld expansion is driven by two different eld variables. Both general static and linear perturbation steps are tested.

1.3.437

GASKET ELEMENTS

1.3.44

GASKET ELEMENT ASSEMBLY

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

GKPE4 GKPE6 GKPS4 GKPS4N GKPS6 GKPS6N GK3D6 GK3D6N GK3D8 GK3D8N GK3D12M GK3D12MN
Problem description

GK3D18

GK3D18N

The different methods for joining gaskets to the remainder of the mesh are tested in this section. A 1 mm thick cylindrical gasket, sandwiched between two coaxial cylindrical tubes, is considered. The inner cylindrical tube has an inner radius of 10 mm and an outer radius of 24 mm, whereas the outer cylindrical tube has an inner radius of 25 mm and an outer radius of 50 mm. The outer cylinder is subjected to a pressure of 300 MPa on the outer surface.

gasket

P = 300 MPa.

10

14

25

The problem is modeled either as a plane strain problem, a plane stress problem, or a three-dimensional problem. Using symmetry conditions, a quarter of the geometry is modeled. A unit-thickness slice is modeled in all cases. The thickness direction of all gasket elements is the positive radial direction. Therefore, for any gasket element the surface closest to the cylindrical axis represents the bottom surface and the farthest surface represents the top surface. The thickness direction is specied using the *NORMAL option at the symmetry planes. The gasket is modeled either as a singleor two-layer gasket. The gasket is joined to the rest of the model by using shared nodes, TIE and PIN

1.3.441

GASKET ELEMENTS

MPCs, or contact pairs with no friction. When contact pairs are used, the input les demonstrate the use of general and tied contact conditions. Different element types are used to model the tubes and the gasket, and suitable methods are chosen to join the two materials. For example, element types C3D27R and GK3D18 are used with shared nodes, whereas C3D20R and GK3D18N are used with contact pairs. The *ORIENTATION option is used to specify the local 2 and 3 directions for all three-dimensional gasket elements. No mesh convergence studies of the solution have been performed. Material: Cylindrical tubes: Youngs modulus = 2.0 105 MPa, Poissons ratio = 0.3. Gasket: The thickness-direction behavior is linear elastic such that, for a gasket of unit thickness, the pressure is 400 MPa for a closure of 0.002 mm. The damage model with no unloading curve is used to specify this behavior. The membrane behavior of the gasket has the same Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio as the cylindrical tubes. Depending on the type of gasket elements used and the method used to join them to the cylindrical tubes, the membrane behavior may or may not be used.
Results and discussion

The generalized strains in the gasket elements are consistent with the displacements of their top and bottom surfaces, and the generalized stresses are obtained correctly from the generalized strains through the specied gasket behavior.
Input files

ege4gdxf.inp ege6gdxf.inp egs4gdxf.inp egs4gdxs.inp eg24ndxf.inp egs6gdxf.inp egs6gdxs.inp eg26ndxf.inp eg36gdxf.inp eg36ndxf.inp eg38gdxf.inp eg38ndxf.inp eg3agdxf.inp eg3agdxs.inp eg3andxf.inp eg3rgdxf.inp eg3rgdxm.inp eg3rgdxs.inp eg3rndxf.inp eg3rndxm.inp

GKPE4 elements. GKPE6 elements. GKPS4 elements. GKPS4 elements; SOLID ELEMENT NUMBERING. GKPS4N elements. GKPS6 elements. GKPS6 elements; SOLID ELEMENT NUMBERING. GKPS6N elements. GK3D6 elements. GK3D6N elements. GK3D8 elements. GK3D8N elements. GK3D12M elements. GK3D12M elements; SOLID ELEMENT NUMBERING. GK3D12MN elements. GK3D18 elements. GK3D18 elements; generation of missing nodes. GK3D18 elements; SOLID ELEMENT NUMBERING. GK3D18N elements. GK3D18N elements; generation of missing nodes.

1.3.442

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

1.3.45

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Features tested

Abaqus/Explicit

This section provides verication for the following options: *COHESIVE SECTION *DAMAGE INITIATION *DAMAGE EVOLUTION The pressure continuity is also veried for the undamaged pore pressure cohesive elements in Abaqus/Standard.
I. ELEMENT KINEMATICS

Elements tested

COH3D8

COH3D6

COH2D4

COHAX4

Problem description

The following three types of constitutive response for cohesive elements are veried in this test: *COHESIVE SECTION, RESPONSE=GASKET *COHESIVE SECTION, RESPONSE=CONTINUUM *COHESIVE SECTION, RESPONSE=TRACTION SEPARATION Each response is veried for deformation in pure normal and two pure shear modes (one shear mode for two-dimensional and axisymmetric elements) by applying appropriate displacement boundary conditions.

E F
1

H G

A B
1

D
1

1 3

1.3.451

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

Model: This test comprises single-element models, the geometry of which is dened so that the initial thickness is 1.0 for each case. The thickness direction for the elements is set to the global 1-direction using the *COHESIVE SECTION, STACK DIRECTION option, except for COH3D6, for which the thickness direction is set to the default direction. Material: The response of cohesive elements is tested for the following material models:

Linear elastic (*ELASTIC) Hyperelastic (*HYPERELASTIC) Hyperfoam (*HYPERFOAM) Mises plasticity (*PLASTIC) Drucker-Prager plasticity (*DRUCKER PRAGER)

Boundary conditions: Pure normal mode:

= =

= =

= =

= 1.0 =1.0

Pure shear in the first shear direction:

= =

= =

= =

= 1.0 =1.0

Pure shear in the second shear direction:

= =

= =

= =

= 1.0 =1.0

All degrees of freedom other than those listed above are xed.
Results and discussion

The response of the cohesive elements matches the analytical results.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

lk_coh3d8_ts_stack1_std.inp lk_coh3d8_co_stack1_std.inp lk_coh3d8_gk_stack1_std.inp lk_coh3d6_ts_std.inp lk_coh3d6_co_std.inp lk_coh3d6_gk_std.inp lk_coh2d4_ts_stack1_std.inp lk_coh2d4_co_stack1_std.inp lk_coh2d4_gk_stack1_std.inp lk_cohax4_ts_stack1_std.inp

TRACTION SEPARATION response for COH3D8. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8. GASKET response for COH3D8. TRACTION SEPARATION response for COH3D6. CONTINUUM response for COH3D6. GASKET response for COH3D6. TRACTION SEPARATION response for COH2D4. CONTINUUM response for COH2D4. GASKET response for COH2D4. TRACTION SEPARATION response for COHAX4.

1.3.452

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

lk_cohax4_co_stack1_std.inp lk_cohax4_gk_stack1_std.inp coh_co_hyper_std.inp coh_gk_hyper_std.inp coh_co_hyperfoam_std.inp coh_gk_hyperfoam_std.inp coh_co_mises_std.inp coh_gk_mises_std.inp coh_co_dp_std.inp coh_transshear_std.inp

CONTINUUM response for COHAX4. GASKET response for COHAX4. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperelasticity. GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperelasticity. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperfoam material. GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperfoam material. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Drucker-Prager plasticity. COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with uncoupled transverse shear stiffness specied using the *TRANSVERSE SHEAR STIFFNESS option.

Abaqus/Explicit input files

lk_coh3d8_ts_stack1_xpl.inp lk_coh3d8_co_stack1_xpl.inp lk_coh3d8_gk_stack1_xpl.inp lk_coh3d6_ts_xpl.inp lk_coh3d6_co_xpl.inp lk_coh3d6_gk_xpl.inp lk_coh2d4_ts_stack1_xpl.inp lk_coh2d4_co_stack1_xpl.inp lk_coh2d4_gk_stack1_xpl.inp lk_cohax4_ts_stack1_xpl.inp lk_cohax4_co_stack1_xpl.inp lk_cohax4_gk_stack1_xpl.inp coh_co_hyper_xpl.inp coh_gk_hyper_xpl.inp coh_co_hyperfoam_xpl.inp coh_gk_hyperfoam_xpl.inp

TRACTION SEPARATION response for COH3D8. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8. GASKET response for COH3D8. TRACTION SEPARATION response for COH3D6. CONTINUUM response for COH3D6. GASKET response for COH3D6. TRACTION SEPARATION response for COH2D4. CONTINUUM response for COH2D4. GASKET response for COH2D4. TRACTION SEPARATION response for COHAX4. CONTINUUM response for COHAX4. GASKET response for COHAX4. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperelasticity. GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperelasticity. CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperfoam material. GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with hyperfoam material.

1.3.453

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh_transshear_xpl.inp

COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with uncoupled transverse shear stiffness specied using the *TRANSVERSE SHEAR STIFFNESS option.

II.

DAMAGE MODELING VERIFICATION

Elements tested

COH3D8

COH3D6

COH2D4

COHAX4

COH3D8P

COH3D6P

COH2D4P

COHAX4P

Problem description

This test veries damage modeling for cohesive elements using different damage initiation criteria and damage evolution laws to simulate the failure of cohesive layers. A linear elastic material model is used to verify the MAXE and QUADS damage initiation criteria. The DUCTILE and SHEAR initiation criteria are tested with Mises and Drucker-Prager plasticity. Damage evolution is dened based on either effective displacement or energy dissipated. Linear, exponential, and tabular softening laws are dened to specify the nature of the evolution of the damage variable. Each damage model is veried for damage in pure normal and two pure shear modes (one shear mode for two-dimensional and axisymmetric elements). The dependence of damage evolution on the mode mix measure specied in tabular, power law, or Benzeggagh-Kenane form is also considered in this test. In addition, the test veries the overall damage of cohesive elements when multiple damage initiation criteria are active for the same material denition.
Results and discussion

Degradation of the response of a cohesive element begins when the specied damage initiation criterion is met. The damage variable evolves according to the evolution law specied in terms of displacement or energy dissipation.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

coh3d8_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh3d8_qds_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh3d8_mxe_damdisp_softexp_std.inp coh3d8_qds_damdisp_softexp_std.inp coh3d8_mxe_damdisp_softtab_std.inp coh3d8_qds_damdisp_softtab_std.inp

MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D8.

1.3.454

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh3d8_mxe_damener_softlin_std.inp coh3d8_qds_damener_softlin_std.inp coh3d8_mxe_damener_softexp_std.inp coh3d8_qds_damener_softexp_std.inp coh3d8_nomodemix_std.inp coh3d8p_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh3d6_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh3d6_qds_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh3d6_mxe_damdisp_softexp_std.inp coh3d6_qds_damdisp_softexp_std.inp coh3d6_mxe_damdisp_softtab_std.inp coh3d6_qds_damdisp_softtab_std.inp coh3d6_mxe_damener_softlin_std.inp coh3d6_qds_damener_softlin_std.inp coh3d6_mxe_damener_softexp_std.inp coh3d6_qds_damener_softexp_std.inp coh3d6_nomodemix_std.inp coh3d6p_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh2d4_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh2d4_qds_damdisp_softlin_std.inp coh2d4_mxe_damdisp_softexp_std.inp

MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8P. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6P. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4.

1.3.455

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh2d4_qds_damdisp_softexp_std.inp coh2d4_mxe_damdisp_softtab_std.inp coh2d4_qds_damdisp_softtab_std.inp coh2d4_mxe_damener_softlin_std.inp coh2d4_qds_damener_softlin_std.inp coh2d4_mxe_damener_softexp_std.inp coh2d4_qds_damener_softexp_std.inp coh2d4_nomodemix_std.inp coh2d4p_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp cohax4_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp cohax4_qds_damdisp_softlin_std.inp cohax4_mxe_damdisp_softexp_std.inp cohax4_qds_damdisp_softexp_std.inp cohax4_mxe_damdisp_softtab_std.inp cohax4_qds_damdisp_softtab_std.inp cohax4_mxe_damener_softlin_std.inp cohax4_qds_damener_softlin_std.inp cohax4_mxe_damener_softexp_std.inp cohax4_qds_damener_softexp_std.inp cohax4_nomodemix_std.inp cohax4p_mxe_damdisp_softlin_std.inp

QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4P. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4P.

1.3.456

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh3d8_coupled_multi_std.inp coh2d4_coupled_multi_std.inp coh3d8_ts_dam_loadcycle_std.inp

coh2d4_damdisp_mixtrac_std.inp coh2d4_damdisp_mixener_std.inp coh2d4_damener_mixtrac_std.inp coh2d4_damener_mixener_std.inp coh3d8_damdisp_mixtrac_std.inp coh3d8_damdisp_mixener_std.inp coh3d8_damener_mixtrac_std.inp coh3d8_damener_mixener_std.inp coh_co_misesduct_std.inp

coh_co_misesshear_std.inp

coh_co_dpduct_std.inp

coh_co_dpshear_std.inp

COH3D8 with multiple damage models and coupled traction-separation behavior. COH2D4 with multiple damage models and coupled traction-separation behavior. COH3D8 subjected to loading and unloading in pure normal (both tension and compression) and pure shear modes after partial damage. Displacement-based damage evolution with tractiondependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Displacement-based damage evolution with energydependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Energy-based damage evolution with traction-dependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Energy-based damage evolution with energy-dependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Displacement-based damage evolution with tractiondependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. Displacement-based damage evolution with energydependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. Energy-based damage evolution with traction-dependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. Energy-based damage evolution with energy-dependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. DUCTILE damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. SHEAR damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. DUCTILE damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Drucker-Prager plasticity. SHEAR damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with DruckerPrager plasticity.

Abaqus/Explicit input files

coh3d8_mxe_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d8_qds_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp

MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8.

1.3.457

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh3d8_mxe_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d8_qds_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d8_mxe_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp coh3d8_qds_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp coh3d8_mxe_damener_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d8_qds_damener_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d8_mxe_damener_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d8_qds_damener_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d8_nomodemix_xpl.inp coh3d6_mxe_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d6_qds_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d6_mxe_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d6_qds_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d6_mxe_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp coh3d6_qds_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp coh3d6_mxe_damener_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d6_qds_damener_softlin_xpl.inp coh3d6_mxe_damener_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d6_qds_damener_softexp_xpl.inp coh3d6_nomodemix_xpl.inp coh2d4_mxe_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp

MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D8. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COH3D8. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH3D6. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COH3D6. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4.

1.3.458

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh2d4_qds_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp coh2d4_mxe_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp coh2d4_qds_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp coh2d4_mxe_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp coh2d4_qds_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp coh2d4_mxe_damener_softlin_xpl.inp coh2d4_qds_damener_softlin_xpl.inp coh2d4_mxe_damener_softexp_xpl.inp coh2d4_qds_damener_softexp_xpl.inp coh2d4_nomodemix_xpl.inp cohax4_mxe_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp cohax4_qds_damdisp_softlin_xpl.inp cohax4_mxe_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp cohax4_qds_damdisp_softexp_xpl.inp cohax4_mxe_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp cohax4_qds_damdisp_softtab_xpl.inp cohax4_mxe_damener_softlin_xpl.inp cohax4_qds_damener_softlin_xpl.inp cohax4_mxe_damener_softexp_xpl.inp cohax4_qds_damener_softexp_xpl.inp cohax4_nomodemix_xpl.inp

QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR-softening for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COH2D4. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COH2D4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, displacement-based damage evolution with TABULAR softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with LINEAR softening for COHAX4. MAXE damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. QUADS damage initiation, energy-based damage evolution with EXPONENTIAL softening for COHAX4. Damage evolution independent of mode mix for COHAX4.

1.3.459

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

coh_co_misesduct_xpl.inp

coh_gk_misesduct_xpl.inp

coh_co_misesshear_xpl.inp

coh_gk_misesshear_xpl.inp

coh_co_dpduct_xpl.inp

coh_co_dpshear_xpl.inp

coh3d8_coupled_multi_xpl.inp coh2d4_coupled_multi_xpl.inp coh3d8_ts_dam_loadcycle_xpl.inp

coh2d4_damdisp_mixtrac_xpl.inp coh2d4_damdisp_mixener_xpl.inp coh2d4_damener_mixtrac_xpl.inp coh2d4_damener_mixener_xpl.inp coh3d8_damdisp_mixtrac_xpl.inp coh3d8_damdisp_mixener_xpl.inp coh3d8_damener_mixtrac_xpl.inp coh3d8_damener_mixener_xpl.inp

DUCTILE damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. DUCTILE damage initiation; GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. SHEAR damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. SHEAR damage initiation; GASKET response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Mises plasticity. DUCTILE damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with Drucker-Prager plasticity. SHEAR damage initiation; CONTINUUM response for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, COHAX4 with DruckerPrager plasticity. COH3D8 with multiple damage models and coupled traction-separation behavior. COH2D4 with multiple damage models and coupled traction-separation behavior. COH3D8 subjected to loading and unloading in pure normal (both tension and compression) and pure shear modes after partial damage. Displacement-based damage evolution with tractiondependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Displacement-based damage evolution with energydependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Energy-based damage evolution with traction-dependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Energy-based damage evolution with energy-dependent mode mix measure for COH2D4. Displacement-based damage evolution with tractiondependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. Displacement-based damage evolution with energydependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. Energy-based damage evolution with traction-dependent mode mix measure for COH3D8. Energy-based damage evolution with energy-dependent mode mix measure for COH3D8.

1.3.4510

COHESIVE ELEMENTS

III.

PRESSURE CONTINUITY FOR PORE PRESSURE COHESIVE ELEMENTS

Elements tested

COH3D8P

COH3D6P

COH2D4P

COHAX4P

Problem description

This test veries the pressure continuity for pore pressure cohesive elements without damage. The model contains two blocks meshed by using pore pressure solid elements. One block is on the top, while another one is on the bottom. They are connected to each other through a layer of pore pressure cohesive elements. No damage is introduced to the pore pressure cohesive elements in the tests. When different pressure is specied at the top and the bottom sides of model, the driven uid ows smoothly across the layer of cohesive elements generating the same pressure gradient everywhere. In some tests resistance is introduced to the ow by building a lter cake using the *FLUID LEAKOFF option. In some tests the solid and cohesive elements have different mesh densities; therefore, the *TIE option will be used to connect them to each other.
Results and discussion

The smooth variation of pore pressure can be observed crossing the layer of cohesive elements.
Input files Available only in Abaqus/Standard

coh2d4p_cont.inp coh3d6p_cont.inp coh3d8p_cont.inp cohax4p_cont.inp coh2d4p_cont_leak.inp coh3d6p_cont_leak.inp coh3d8p_cont_leak.inp cohax4p_cont_leak.inp coh2d4p_cont_tie.inp coh3d6p_cont_tie.inp coh3d8p_cont_tie.inp cohax4p_cont_tie.inp

CPE4P with COH2D4P. C3D8P with COH3D6P. C3D8P with COH3D8P. CAX4P with COHAX4P. CPE4P with COH2D4P using *FLUID LEAKOFF. C3D8P with COH3D6P using *FLUID LEAKOFF. C3D8P with COH3D8P using *FLUID LEAKOFF. CAX4P with COHAX4P using *FLUID LEAKOFF. CPE4P with COH2D4P using *TIE. C3D8P with COH3D6P using *TIE. C3D8P with COH3D8P using *TIE. CAX4P with COHAX4P using *TIE.

1.3.4511

CORIOLIS LOADING FOR SSD

1.3.46

CORIOLIS LOADING FOR DIRECT-SOLUTION STEADY-STATE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

T2D2 T2D3 T3D2 T3D3 CPE3 CPS3 CPE4 CPS4 CPE6 CPS6 CPE6M CPS6M CPE8 CPEG3 CPEG4 CPEG6 CPEG8 C3D4 C3D6 C3D8 C3D10 C3D10M C3D15 C3D20 C3D27
Problem description

CPS8

The effect of Coriolis loading in a direct-solution steady-state dynamics analysis is veried. A four-step *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS, DIRECT analysis is performed on a unit length rod for trusses, on a unit square plate for two-dimensional solids, and on a unit cube for three-dimensional solids. Two elements are used for the triangular and prism element shapes, ve elements are used for the tetrahedral element shapes, and one element is used for all other element shapes. The elements are constrained at all nodes and displaced in one degree of freedom: degree of freedom 1 in Steps 1 and 2 and degree of freedom 2 in Steps 3 and 4. Coriolis loading is activated in Steps 2 and 4, and the resulting additional reaction forces and phase shifts are veried by comparing them to analytical values. One representative element type is tested for all solid and truss element classes that can be used in *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS analyses and that support Coriolis loading. The use of this feature with submodeling is veried by performing a global and a submodel analysis with CPE4 elements.
Material:

Length for truss models Area Planar dimensions for two-dimensional solids Thickness Cubic dimensions for three-dimensional solids Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Damping Coriolis loading Coriolis axis of rotation

1 1 11 1 111 1000.0 0.3 1.0 =1.0, =0.0 1.0 (0, 0, 1) through point (0.5, 10, 0)

1.3.461

CORIOLIS LOADING FOR SSD

Results and discussion

The reaction forces and the phase angle shifts due to the Coriolis loading match the analytical results for all of the elements that are tested.
Input files

ece4sfdg.inp ece4sfds.inp et22sfdc.inp et23sfdc.inp et32sfdc.inp et33sfdc.inp ece3sfdc.inp ecs3sfdc.inp ece4sfdc.inp ecs4sfdc.inp ece6sfdc.inp ecs6sfdc.inp ece6smdc.inp ecs6smdc.inp ece8sfdc.inp ecs8sfdc.inp ecg3sfdc.inp ecg4sfdc.inp ecg6sfdc.inp ecg8sfdc.inp ec34sfdc.inp ec36sfdc.inp ec38sfdc.inp ec3asfdc.inp ec3asmdc.inp ec3fsfdc.inp ec3ksfdc.inp ec3rsfdc.inp

CPE4 elements, global model. CPE4 elements, submodel. T2D2 elements. T2D3 elements. T3D2 elements. T3D3 elements. CPE3 elements. CPS3 elements. CPE4 elements. CPS4 elements. CPE6 elements. CPS6 elements. CPE6M elements. CPS6M elements. CPE8 elements. CPS8 elements. CPEG3 elements. CPEG4 elements. CPEG6 elements. CPEG8 elements. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8 elements. C3D10 elements. C3D10M elements. C3D15 elements. C3D20 elements. C3D27 elements.

1.3.462

PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION

1.3.47

PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

PSI24

PSI26

PSI34

PSI36

Features tested

The constitutive behavior of the pipe-soil interaction (PSI) elements is tested. The material is dened with different material response in the different directions. The axial and transverse vertical response is symmetric about the origin, while the vertical response uses different behavior for positive and negative relative displacement. An isotropic model, which uses the same material model in all the directions, is also tested. The *ORIENTATION option is also tested. Temperature and eld variable dependence of material properties is tested.
Problem description

The problem consists of a single PSI element subjected to a prescribed displacement history. The far-eld edge is xed, and the displacement history is applied to the pipeline side. The value of the prescribed displacement changes in such a way that the constitutive response corresponding to negative and positive relative displacement is veried. Each input le contains as many PSI elements as the number of coordinate directions; i.e., two for the two-dimensional elements (PSI24 and PSI26) and three for the three-dimensional elements (PSI34 and PSI36). The prescribed displacement applied to each element is in a different direction. The elements are not connected in any way. Both regular static steps, with small and large displacements, and linear perturbation steps are considered. Material: Elastic stiffness in axial direction: 1.0 106 Elastic stiffness in vertical direction: 2.0 106 Elastic stiffness in horizontal direction: 4.0 106 ASCE formulae for sand: Axial direction: 19000.0 0.3 30.0 D 0.6 0.003

1.3.471

PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION

Vertical direction: 24000.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.15 0.015 Horizontal direction: 0.25 0.1 ASCE formulae for clay: Axial direction: S D Vertical direction: 0.8 0.4 0.15 0.1 Horizontal direction: 0.25 0.1
Results and discussion

1000 1.0 0.6 0.005

The forces applied to the pipeline match the analytical values.

Input files

Linear material behavior: epsi24ls1.inp epsi24ls2.inp epsi24ls3.inp PSI24 element with small displacements. PSI24 element with user-dened orientation, small displacements. PSI24 element with user-dened orientation, unsymmetric stiffness, small displacements.

1.3.472

PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION

epsi34ls1.inp epsi24ln3.inp epsi26ln1.inp epsi26ln2.inp epsi36lp1.inp epsi36ln1.inp Nonlinear material behavior: epsi24ns1.inp epsi26ns1.inp epsi26nn2.inp epsi34np1.inp epsi34ns1.inp epsi36ns1.inp ASCE formulae for sand: epsi24ss1.inp epsi24sn1.inp epsi34sn1.inp epsi36sn1.inp ASCE formulae for clay: epsi24cn1.inp epsi26cn1.inp epsi34cs1.inp epsi34cn3.inp User subroutine: epsi26un1.inp epsi26un1.f

PSI34 element with small displacements, isotropic behavior. PSI24 element with eld variable dependence, large displacements, isotropic behavior. PSI26 element with large displacements. PSI26 element with user-dened orientation, unsymmetric stiffness, large displacements. PSI36 element with perturbations. PSI36 element with temperature dependence, large displacements.

PSI24 element with small displacements. PSI26 element with isotropic behavior. PSI26 element with temperature dependence, large displacements. PSI34 element with perturbation. PSI34 element with temperature dependence, small displacements. PSI36 element with large displacements.

PSI24 element with small displacements. PSI24 element with large displacements, user-dened orientation. PSI34 element with temperature dependence, large displacements. PSI36 element with large displacements, temperature dependence.

PSI24 element with large displacements, user-dened orientation. PSI26 element with large displacements, user-dened orientation. PSI34 element with small displacements. PSI34 element with eld variable dependence, large displacements.

PSI26 element with large displacements. The user subroutine used with epsi26un1.inp.

1.3.473

PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION

epsi34us1.inp epsi34us1.f

PSI34 element with small displacements. The user subroutine used with epsi34us1.inp.

1.3.474

ELEMENT LOADING OPTIONS

1.4

Element loading options

Continuum stress/displacement elements, Section 1.4.1 Beam stress/displacement elements, Section 1.4.2 Pipe stress/displacement elements, Section 1.4.3 Shell, membrane, and truss stress/displacement elements, Section 1.4.4 Cohesive element load verication, Section 1.4.5 ELBOW elements, Section 1.4.6 Continuum pore pressure elements, Section 1.4.7 Continuum and shell heat transfer elements, Section 1.4.8 Coupled temperature-displacement elements, Section 1.4.9 Piezoelectric elements, Section 1.4.10 Continuum mass diffusion elements, Section 1.4.11 Thermal-electrical elements, Section 1.4.12 Rigid elements, Section 1.4.13 Mass and rotary inertia elements, Section 1.4.14 Abaqus/Explicit element loading verication, Section 1.4.15 Incident wave loading, Section 1.4.16 Distributed traction and edge loads, Section 1.4.17

1.41

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

1.4.1

CONTINUUM STRESS/DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. PLANE STRESS, PLANE STRAIN, AND GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

Problem description

Note: Meshes for tests of foundation types F2 , F3 , and F4 are irregularly shaped.
Model:

Square dimensions Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Coriolis axis of rotation Gravitational load vector
Material:

77 1.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 1, 0) 3 106 0.3 .0001 5 105

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density

Initial conditions:

Initial temperature Initial velocity (Coriolis loading) Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation
Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0 lower-order elements: 7.0 higher-order elements: 3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CPEG3 element load tests: ecg3sfd1.inp BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.11

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ecg3sfd2.inp ecg3sfd3.inp ecg3sfd4.inp ecg3sfda.inp ecg3sfdc.inp ecg3sfdi.inp ecg3sfdr.inp CPEG3H element load tests: ecg3shd1.inp ecg3shd2.inp ecg3shd3.inp ecg3shd4.inp ecg3shda.inp ecg3shdi.inp ecg3shdr.inp CPEG4 element load tests: ecg4sfd1.inp ecg4sfd2.inp ecg4sfd3.inp ecg4sfd4.inp ecg4sfd5.inp ecg4sfda.inp ecg4sfdc.inp ecg4sfdi.inp ecg4sfdr.inp CPEG4H element load tests: ecg4shd1.inp ecg4shd2.inp ecg4shd3.inp ecg4shd4.inp ecg4shd5.inp ecg4shda.inp ecg4shdi.inp ecg4shdr.inp

F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.12

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

CPEG4I element load tests: ecg4sid1.inp ecg4sid2.inp ecg4sid3.inp ecg4sid4.inp ecg4sid5.inp ecg4sida.inp ecg4sidi.inp ecg4sidr.inp CPEG4IH element load tests: ecg4sjd1.inp ecg4sjd2.inp ecg4sjd3.inp ecg4sjd4.inp ecg4sjd5.inp ecg4sjda.inp ecg4sjdi.inp ecg4sjdr.inp CPEG4R element load tests: ecg4srd1.inp ecg4srd2.inp ecg4srd3.inp ecg4srd4.inp ecg4srd5.inp ecg4srda.inp ecg4srdi.inp ecg4srdr.inp CPEG4RH element load tests: ecg4syd1.inp ecg4syd2.inp ecg4syd3.inp ecg4syd4.inp ecg4syd5.inp ecg4syda.inp ecg4sydi.inp ecg4sydr.inp BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.13

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

CPEG6 element load tests: ecg6sfd1.inp ecg6sfd2.inp ecg6sfd3.inp ecg6sfd4.inp ecg6sfda.inp ecg6sfdc.inp ecg6sfdi.inp ecg6sfdr.inp CPEG6H element load tests: ecg6shd1.inp ecg6shd2.inp ecg6shd3.inp ecg6shd4.inp ecg6shda.inp ecg6shdi.inp ecg6shdr.inp CPEG6M element load tests: ecg6skd1.inp ecg6skd2.inp ecg6skd3.inp ecg6skd4.inp ecg6skda.inp ecg6skdc.inp ecg6skdi.inp ecg6skdr.inp CPEG6MH element load tests: ecg6sld1.inp ecg6sld2.inp ecg6sld3.inp ecg6sld4.inp ecg6slda.inp ecg6sldi.inp ecg6sldr.inp BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.14

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

CPEG8 element load tests: ecg8sfd1.inp ecg8sfd2.inp ecg8sfd3.inp ecg8sfd4.inp ecg8sfd5.inp ecg8sfda.inp ecg8sfdc.inp ecg8sfdi.inp ecg8sfdr.inp CPEG8H element load tests: ecg8shd1.inp ecg8shd2.inp ecg8shd3.inp ecg8shd4.inp ecg8shd5.inp ecg8shda.inp ecg8shdi.inp ecg8shdr.inp CPEG8R element load tests: ecg8srd1.inp ecg8srd2.inp ecg8srd3.inp ecg8srd4.inp ecg8srd5.inp ecg8srda.inp ecg8srdi.inp ecg8srdr.inp CPEG8RH element load tests: ecg8syd1.inp ecg8syd2.inp ecg8syd3.inp ecg8syd4.inp ecg8syd5.inp ecg8syda.inp BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.15

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ecg8sydi.inp ecg8sydr.inp CPE3 element load tests: ece3sfd1.inp ece3sfd2.inp ece3sfd3.inp ece3sfd4.inp ece3sfda.inp ece3sfdc.inp ece3sfdi.inp ece3sfdr.inp CPE3H element load tests: ece3shd1.inp ece3shd2.inp ece3shd3.inp ece3shd4.inp ece3shda.inp ece3shdi.inp ece3shdr.inp CPE4 element load tests: ece4sfd1.inp ece4sfd2.inp ece4sfd3.inp ece4sfd4.inp ece4sfd5.inp ece4sfda.inp ece4sfdc.inp ece4sfdg.inp ece4sfdi.inp ece4sfdr.inp ece4sfds.inp CPE4H element load tests: ece4shd1.inp ece4shd2.inp ece4shd3.inp

HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CORIO.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2.

1.4.16

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ece4shd4.inp ece4shd5.inp ece4shda.inp ece4shdi.inp ece4shdr.inp CPE4I element load tests: ece4sid1.inp ece4sid2.inp ece4sid3.inp ece4sid4.inp ece4sid5.inp ece4sida.inp ece4sidi.inp ece4sidr.inp CPE4IH element load tests: ece4sjd1.inp ece4sjd2.inp ece4sjd3.inp ece4sjd4.inp ece4sjd5.inp ece4sjda.inp ece4sjdi.inp ece4sjdr.inp CPE4R element load tests: ece4srd1.inp ece4srd2.inp ece4srd3.inp ece4srd4.inp ece4srd5.inp ece4srda.inp ece4srdi.inp ece4srdr.inp CPE4RH element load tests: ece4syd1.inp ece4syd2.inp

F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1.

1.4.17

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ece4syd3.inp ece4syd4.inp ece4syd5.inp ece4syda.inp ece4sydi.inp ece4sydr.inp CPE6 element load tests: ece6sfd1.inp ece6sfd2.inp ece6sfd3.inp ece6sfd4.inp ece6sfda.inp ece6sfdc.inp ece6sfdr.inp CPE6H element load tests: ece6shd1.inp ece6shd2.inp ece6shd3.inp ece6shd4.inp ece6shda.inp ece6shdr.inp CPE6M element load tests: ece6skd1.inp ece6skd2.inp ece6skd3.inp ece6skd4.inp ece6skda.inp ece6skdi.inp ece6skdr.inp CPE6MH element load tests: ece6sld1.inp ece6sld2.inp ece6sld3.inp ece6sld4.inp ece6slda.inp

F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO.

1.4.18

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ece6sldi.inp ece6sldr.inp CPE8 element load tests: ece8sfd1.inp ece8sfd2.inp ece8sfd3.inp ece8sfd4.inp ece8sfd5.inp ece8sfda.inp ece8sfdc.inp ece8sfdi.inp ece8sfdr.inp CPE8H element load tests: ece8shd1.inp ece8shd2.inp ece8shd3.inp ece8shd4.inp ece8shd5.inp ece8shda.inp ece8shdi.inp ece8shdr.inp CPE8R element load tests: ece8srd1.inp ece8srd2.inp ece8srd3.inp ece8srd4.inp ece8srd5.inp ece8srda.inp ece8srdi.inp ece8srdr.inp CPE8RH element load tests: ece8syd1.inp ece8syd2.inp ece8syd3.inp ece8syd4.inp

HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3.

1.4.19

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ece8syd5.inp ece8syda.inp ece8sydi.inp ece8sydr.inp CPS3 element load tests: ecs3sfd1.inp ecs3sfd2.inp ecs3sfd3.inp ecs3sfd4.inp ecs3sfda.inp ecs3sfdc.inp ecs3sfdi.inp CPS4 element load tests: ecs4sfd1.inp ecs4sfd2.inp ecs4sfd3.inp ecs4sfd4.inp ecs4sfd5.inp ecs4sfda.inp ecs4sfdc.inp ecs4sfdi.inp ecs4sfdr.inp CPS4I element load tests: ecs4sid1.inp ecs4sid2.inp ecs4sid3.inp ecs4sid4.inp ecs4sid5.inp ecs4sida.inp ecs4sidi.inp ecs4sidr.inp CPS4R element load tests: ecs4srd1.inp ecs4srd2.inp ecs4srd3.inp

F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2.

1.4.110

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ecs4srd4.inp ecs4srd5.inp ecs4srda.inp ecs4srdi.inp CPS6 element load tests: ecs6sfd1.inp ecs6sfd2.inp ecs6sfd3.inp ecs6sfd4.inp ecs6sfda.inp ecs6sfdc.inp ecs6sfdi.inp ecs6sfdr.inp CPS6M element load tests: ecs6skd1.inp ecs6skd2.inp ecs6skd3.inp ecs6skd4.inp ecs6skda.inp ecs6skdi.inp ecs6skdr.inp CPS8 element load tests: ecs8sfd1.inp ecs8sfd2.inp ecs8sfd3.inp ecs8sfd4.inp ecs8sfd5.inp ecs8sfda.inp ecs8sfdc.inp ecs8sfdi.inp ecs8sfdr.inp CPS8R element load tests: ecs8srd1.inp ecs8srd2.inp ecs8srd3.inp

F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2.

1.4.111

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ecs8srd4.inp ecs8srd5.inp ecs8srda.inp ecs8srdi.inp ecs8srdr.inp

II.

F3. F4. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector

Material:

33 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 5 105

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CAX3 element load tests: eca3sfd1.inp eca3sfd2.inp eca3sfd3.inp eca3sfd4.inp eca3sfdi.inp CAX3H element load tests: eca3shd1.inp eca3shd2.inp BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. F1. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. F1. F2. F3. HP, P.

1.4.112

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

eca3shd3.inp eca3shd4.inp CAX4 element load tests: eca4sfd1.inp eca4sfd2.inp eca4sfd3.inp eca4sfd4.inp eca4sfd5.inp eca4sfdi.inp CAX4H element load tests: eca4shd1.inp eca4shd2.inp eca4shd3.inp eca4shd4.inp eca4shd5.inp eca4shdi.inp CAX4I element load tests: eca4sid1.inp eca4sid2.inp eca4sid3.inp eca4sid4.inp eca4sid5.inp eca4sidi.inp CAX4IH element load tests: eca4sjd1.inp eca4sjd2.inp eca4sjd3.inp eca4sjd4.inp eca4sjd5.inp eca4sjdi.inp CAX4R element load tests: eca4srd1.inp eca4srd2.inp

F2. F3.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1.

1.4.113

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

eca4srd3.inp eca4srd4.inp eca4srd5.inp eca4srdi.inp CAX4RH element load tests: eca4syd1.inp eca4syd2.inp eca4syd3.inp eca4syd4.inp eca4syd5.inp eca4sydi.inp CAX6 element load tests: eca6sfd1.inp eca6sfd2.inp eca6sfd3.inp eca6sfd4.inp eca6sfdi.inp CAX6H element load tests: eca6shd1.inp eca6shd2.inp eca6shd3.inp eca6shd4.inp eca6shdi.inp CAX6M element load tests: eca6skd1.inp eca6skd2.inp eca6skd3.inp eca6skd4.inp eca6skdi.inp CAX6MH element load tests: eca6sld1.inp eca6sld2.inp eca6sld3.inp

F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. F1. F2. F3. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. F1. F2. F3. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. F1. F2. F3. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. F1. F2.

1.4.114

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

eca6sld4.inp eca6sldi.inp CAX8 element load tests: eca8sfd1.inp eca8sfd2.inp eca8sfd3.inp eca8sfd4.inp eca8sfd5.inp eca8sfdi.inp CAX8H element load tests: eca8shd1.inp eca8shd2.inp eca8shd3.inp eca8shd4.inp eca8shd5.inp eca8shdi.inp CAX8R element load tests: eca8srd1.inp eca8srd2.inp eca8srd3.inp eca8srd4.inp eca8srd5.inp eca8srdi.inp CAX8RH element load tests: eca8syd1.inp eca8syd2.inp eca8syd3.inp eca8syd4.inp eca8syd5.inp

F3. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. F1. F2. F3. F4.

1.4.115

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

III.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLIDS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions Centrifugal and Coriolis axes of rotation Gravitational load vector
Material:

777 (0, 1, 0) through (1000, 3.5, 3.5) (1, 0, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 .0001 10.0

Initial temperature Initial velocity (Coriolis loading) Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation
Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0 0.0 7.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

C3D4 element load tests: ec34sfd1.inp ec34sfd2.inp ec34sfd3.inp ec34sfd4.inp ec34sfd5.inp ec34sfda.inp ec34sfdc.inp ec34sfdi.inp ec34sfdr.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.116

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

C3D4H element load tests: ec34shd1.inp ec34shd2.inp ec34shd3.inp ec34shd4.inp ec34shd5.inp ec34shda.inp ec34shdr.inp C3D6 element load tests: ec36sfd1.inp ec36sfd2.inp ec36sfd3.inp ec36sfd4.inp ec36sfd5.inp ec36sfd6.inp ec36sfda.inp ec36sfdc.inp ec36sfdi.inp ec36sfdr.inp C3D6H element load tests: ec36shd1.inp ec36shd2.inp ec36shd3.inp ec36shd4.inp ec36shd5.inp ec36shd6.inp ec36shda.inp ec36shdi.inp ec36shdr.inp C3D8 element load tests: ec38sfd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. ROTA.

ec38sfd2.inp ec38sfd3.inp ec38sfd4.inp

1.4.117

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ec38sfd5.inp ec38sfd6.inp ec38sfd7.inp ec38sfda.inp ec38sfdc.inp ec38sfdi.inp ec38sfdr.inp C3D8H element load tests: ec38shd1.inp

F4. F5. F6. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec38shd2.inp ec38shd3.inp ec38shd4.inp ec38shd5.inp ec38shd6.inp ec38shd7.inp ec38shda.inp ec38shdi.inp ec38shdr.inp C3D8I element load tests: ec38sid1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec38sid2.inp ec38sid3.inp ec38sid4.inp ec38sid5.inp ec38sid6.inp ec38sid7.inp ec38sida.inp ec38sidi.inp ec38sidr.inp C3D8IH element load tests: ec38sjd1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec38sjd2.inp ec38sjd3.inp ec38sjd4.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3.

1.4.118

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ec38sjd5.inp ec38sjd6.inp ec38sjd7.inp ec38sjda.inp ec38sjdi.inp ec38sjdr.inp C3D8R element load tests: ec38srd1.inp

F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec38srd2.inp ec38srd3.inp ec38srd4.inp ec38srd5.inp ec38srd6.inp ec38srd7.inp ec38srda.inp ec38srdi.inp ec38srdr.inp C3D8RH element load tests: ec38syd1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec38syd2.inp ec38syd3.inp ec38syd4.inp ec38syd5.inp ec38syd6.inp ec38syd7.inp ec38syda.inp ec38sydi.inp ec38sydr.inp C3D10 element load tests: ec3asfd1.inp ec3asfd2.inp ec3asfd3.inp ec3asfd4.inp ec3asfd5.inp ec3asfda.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO.

1.4.119

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ec3asfdc.inp ec3asfdr.inp C3D10H element load tests: ec3ashd1.inp ec3ashd2.inp ec3ashd3.inp ec3ashd4.inp ec3ashd5.inp ec3ashda.inp ec3ashdr.inp C3D10I element load tests: ec3asid1.inp ec3asid2.inp ec3asid3.inp ec3asid4.inp ec3asid5.inp ec3asida.inp ec3asidc.inp ec3asidr.inp C3D10M element load tests: ec3askd1.inp ec3askd2.inp ec3askd3.inp ec3askd4.inp ec3askd5.inp ec3askda.inp ec3askdr.inp C3D10MH element load tests: ec3asld1.inp ec3asld2.inp ec3asld3.inp ec3asld4.inp ec3asld5.inp ec3aslda.inp ec3asldr.inp

CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. CORIO. ROTA.

1.4.120

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

C3D15 element load tests: ec3fsfd1.inp ec3fsfd2.inp ec3fsfd3.inp ec3fsfd4.inp ec3fsfd5.inp ec3fsfd6.inp ec3fsfda.inp ec3fsfdc.inp ec3fsfdi.inp ec3fsfdr.inp C3D15H element load tests: ec3fshd1.inp ec3fshd2.inp ec3fshd3.inp ec3fshd4.inp ec3fshd5.inp ec3fshd6.inp ec3fshda.inp ec3fshdi.inp ec3fshdr.inp C3D20 element tests: ec3ksfd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec3ksfd2.inp ec3ksfd3.inp ec3ksfd4.inp ec3ksfd5.inp ec3ksfd6.inp ec3ksfd7.inp ec3ksfda.inp ec3ksfdc.inp ec3ksfdi.inp ec3ksfdr.inp

1.4.121

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

C3D20H element load tests: ec3kshd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec3kshd2.inp ec3kshd3.inp ec3kshd4.inp ec3kshd5.inp ec3kshd6.inp ec3kshd7.inp ec3kshda.inp ec3kshdi.inp ec3kshdr.inp C3D20R element load tests: ec3ksrd1.inp

ec3ksrd2.inp ec3ksrd3.inp ec3ksrd4.inp ec3ksrd5.inp ec3ksrd6.inp ec3ksrd7.inp ec3ksrda.inp ec3ksrdi.inp ec3ksrdr.inp C3D20RH element load tests: ec3ksyd1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec3ksyd2.inp ec3ksyd3.inp ec3ksyd4.inp ec3ksyd5.inp ec3ksyd6.inp ec3ksyd7.inp ec3ksyda.inp ec3ksydi.inp ec3ksydr.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.122

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

IV.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL VARIABLE NUMBER OF NODE SOLIDS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions Centrifugal and Coriolis axes of rotation Gravitational load vector
Material:

777 (0, 1, 0) through (1000, 3.5, 3.5) (1, 0, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 .0001 10.0

Initial temperature Initial velocity (Coriolis loading) Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation
Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0 0.0 7.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

C3D15V element load tests: ec3isfd1.inp ec3isfd2.inp ec3isfd3.inp ec3isfd4.inp ec3isfd5.inp ec3isfd6.inp ec3isfda.inp ec3isfdi.inp ec3isfdr.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.123

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

C3D15VH element load tests: ec3ishd1.inp ec3ishd2.inp ec3ishd3.inp ec3ishd4.inp ec3ishd5.inp ec3ishd6.inp ec3ishda.inp ec3ishdi.inp ec3ishdr.inp C3D27 element load tests: ec3rsfd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec3rsfd2.inp ec3rsfd3.inp ec3rsfd4.inp ec3rsfd5.inp ec3rsfd6.inp ec3rsfd7.inp ec3rsfda.inp ec3rsfdc.inp ec3rsfdi.inp ec3rsfdr.inp C3D27H element load tests: ec3rshd1.inp

ec3rshd2.inp ec3rshd3.inp ec3rshd4.inp ec3rshd5.inp ec3rshd6.inp ec3rshd7.inp ec3rshda.inp ec3rshdi.inp ec3rshdr.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.124

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

C3D27R element load tests: ec3rshd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

ec3rshd2.inp ec3rshd3.inp ec3rshd4.inp ec3rshd5.inp ec3rshd6.inp ec3rshd7.inp ec3rshda.inp ec3rshdi.inp ec3rshdr.inp C3D27RH element load tests: ec3rsyd1.inp

ec3rsyd2.inp ec3rsyd3.inp ec3rsyd4.inp ec3rsyd5.inp ec3rsyd6.inp ec3rsyd7.inp ec3rsyda.inp ec3rsydi.inp ec3rsydr.inp

V.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. F3. F4. F5. F6. CORIO. HP, P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID ELEMENTS WITH TWIST

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector

33 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

1.4.125

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 5 105

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CGAX3 element load tests: eca3gfd1.inp eca3gfdi.inp CGAX3H element load tests: eca3ghd1.inp eca3ghdi.inp CGAX4 element load tests: eca4gfd1.inp eca4gfdi.inp CGAX4H element load tests: eca4ghd1.inp eca4ghdi.inp CGAX4R element load tests: eca4grd1.inp eca4grdi.inp CGAX4RH element load tests: eca4gyd1.inp eca4gydi.inp

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, P1, P2, P3. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. HP, P.

BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. HP, P.

1.4.126

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

CGAX6 element load tests: eca6gfd1.inp eca6gfdi.inp CGAX6H element load tests: eca6ghd1.inp eca6ghdi.inp CGAX6M element load tests: eca6gkd1.inp eca6gkdi.inp CGAX6MH element load tests: eca6gld1.inp eca6gldi.inp CGAX8 element load tests: eca8gfd1.inp eca8gfdi.inp CGAX8H element load tests: eca8ghd1.inp eca8ghdi.inp CGAX8R element load tests: eca8grd1.inp eca8grdi.inp CGAX8RH element load tests: eca8gyd1.inp eca8gydi.inp BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3. HP, P. BR, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3. HP, P.

1.4.127

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

VI.

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID ELEMENTS WITH NONLINEAR ASYMMETRIC DEFORMATION

Problem description Model: Circular cross-section pipe with the global z-axis as the pipe axis.

Length Outer radius Wall thickness

Material:

1.0 1.0 0.5

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion

Initial conditions:

30 106 0.3 .00001

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

1E6 0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

All the elements are tested with the following loads: BZ, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, and P4.
Axisymmetric element tests

ecnssfd1.inp ecnsshd1.inp ecnssrd1.inp ecnssyd1.inp ecntsfd1.inp ecntshd1.inp ecntsrd1.inp ecntsyd1.inp ecnusfd1.inp ecnushd1.inp ecnusrd1.inp ecnusyd1.inp ecnvsfd1.inp

CAXA41 element. CAXA4H1 element. CAXA4R1 element. CAXA4RH1 element. CAXA42 element. CAXA4H2 element. CAXA4R2 element. CAXA4RH2 element. CAXA43 element. CAXA4H3 element. CAXA4R3 element. CAXA4RH3 element. CAXA44 element.

1.4.128

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

ecnvshd1.inp ecnvsrd1.inp ecnvsyd1.inp ecnwsfd1.inp ecnwshd1.inp ecnwsrd1.inp ecnwsyd1.inp ecnxsfd1.inp ecnxshd1.inp ecnxsrd1.inp ecnxsyd1.inp ecnysfd1.inp ecnyshd1.inp ecnysrd1.inp ecnysyd1.inp ecnzsfd1.inp ecnzshd1.inp ecnzsrd1.inp ecnzsyd1.inp
VII. CYLINDRICAL SOLID ELEMENTS

CAXA4H4 element. CAXA4R4 element. CAXA4RH4 element. CAXA81 element. CAXA8H1 element. CAXA8R1 element. CAXA8RH1 element. CAXA82 element. CAXA8H2 element. CAXA8R2 element. CAXA8RH2 element. CAXA83 element. CAXA8H3 element. CAXA8R3 element. CAXA8RH3 element. CAXA84 element. CAXA8H4 element. CAXA8R4 element. CAXA8RH4 element.

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inner radius Circumferential extent Centrifugal and Coriolis axes of rotation Gravitational load vector
Material:

33 1 180 (0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 0, 1)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 .0001 10.0

Initial temperature Initial velocity (Coriolis loading)

ALL, 10.0 ALL, 1, 5.0

1.4.129

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CCL9 element load tests: ecc9gfd1.inp ecc9gfd2.inp ecc9gfda.inp ecc9gfdi.inp CCL9H element load tests: ecc9ghd1.inp ecc9ghd2.inp ecc9ghda.inp ecc9ghdi.inp CCL12 element load tests: eccigfd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

ecccgfd2.inp ecccgfda.inp ecccgfdi.inp CCL12H element load tests: eccighd1.inp

ecccghd2.inp ecccghda.inp ecccghdi.inp CCL18 element load tests: eccigfd1.inp eccigfd2.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5.

1.4.130

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

eccigfda.inp eccigfdi.inp CCL18H element load tests: eccighd1.inp eccighd2.inp eccighda.inp eccighdi.inp CCL24 element load tests: eccrgfd1.inp

CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

eccrgfd2.inp eccrgfda.inp eccrgfdi.inp CCL24H element load tests: eccrghd1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

eccrghd2.inp eccrghda.inp eccrghdi.inp CCL24R element load tests: eccrgrd1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

eccrgrd2.inp eccrgrda.inp eccrgrdi.inp CCL24RH element load tests: eccrgyd1.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

eccrgyd2.inp eccrgyda.inp eccrgydi.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, *TEMPERATURE. F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6. CORIO, ROTA. HP, P.

1.4.131

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

VIII.

FIELD EXPANSION TESTS

Problem description Model: This section lists a number of simple tests that verify the eld expansion capability. In most cases a single element or a small assembly of elements is loaded using the eld expansion capability. Material: Most tests use a linear elastic material model. There are a few tests that use a hyperelastic

material model. In all cases a eld expansion coefcient is dened and is associated with at least one, and in some cases more than one, predened eld variable.
Initial conditions: In all cases the initial value of all relevant eld variables is assumed to be zero at

all the nodes.

Results and discussion

The results for loading based on eld expansion match those obtained from a similar model using thermal expansion.
Input files

eldexp_cpe4.inp eldexp_cps4.inp eldexp_c3d8.inp hyper-eld-expand.inp

hyper-thermeld-expand.inp

hyper-twoeld-expand.inp

CPE4 element using a linear elastic material model and loaded with both eld and thermal expansion. CPS4 element using a linear elastic material and loaded with both eld and thermal expansion. C3D8 element using a linear elastic material and loaded with both eld and thermal expansion. C3D8 element using a hyperelastic material loaded with eld expansion driven by a single eld variable. Tests nonlinear static, static perturbation, and buckle procedures. C3D8 element using a hyperelastic material loaded with both eld and thermal expansion. The eld expansion is driven by a single eld variable. Tests nonlinear static, static perturbation, and buckle procedures. C3D8 element using a hyperelastic material loaded with eld expansion driven by two different eld variables. Tests nonlinear static, static perturbation, and buckle procedures.

1.4.132

BEAM ELEMENTS

1.4.2

BEAM STRESS/DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. LOAD TYPES: CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE, ROTA

Problem description Model:

Length Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector Beam section data: Arbitrary (closed)

15.0 (0, 0, 1) through (7.5, 0, 0) (1, 0, 0) n = 4, A = (.995, 1.49), B = (.995, 1.49), = 0.01, C = (.995, 1.49), = 0.02, = 0.01, E = (.995, 1.49), D = (.995, 1.49), = 0.02 = 0.1, n = 2, A = (0.0, 3.95), B = (0.0, 0.0), = 0.1 C = (3.95, 0.0), a = 2.0, b = 3.0, = = 0.01, = = 0.02 r = 2.0 = = 12.566, J = 25.133 A = 12.566, r = 2, t = 0.02 h = 2.4, l = 1.2, = 3.0, = 2.0, = = = 0.02 a = 4.0, b = 4.0, c = 0.1, d = 0.1 r = 2.0, t = 0.2 a = 2.0, b = 3.0 a = 2.0, b = 3.0, c = 2.0, d = 1.5

Arbitrary (open) Box Circle General Hexagonal I-section L-section Pipe Rectangular Trapezoidal
Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Coefcient of thermal expansion

3 106 0.3 0.16667 0.0001

1.4.21

BEAM ELEMENTS

Initial conditions:

Initial temperature
Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files Rectangular section

B21 element load tests: eb22qxd1.inp eb22qxdi.inp eb22rgd1.inp eb22rgdi.inp eb22rvd1.inp eb22rvdi.inp eb22rxdr.inp B21H element load tests: eb2hqxd1.inp eb2hqxdi.inp eb2hrgd1.inp eb2hrgdi.inp eb2hrvd1.inp eb2hrvdi.inp eb2hrxdr.inp B22 element load tests: eb23qxd1.inp eb23qxdi.inp eb23rgd1.inp eb23rgdi.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.22

BEAM ELEMENTS

eb23rvd1.inp eb23rvdi.inp eb23rxdr.inp B22H element load tests: eb2iqxd1.inp eb2iqxdi.inp eb2irgd1.inp eb2irgdi.inp eb2irvd1.inp eb2irvdi.inp eb2irxdr.inp B23 element load tests: eb2aqxd1.inp eb2aqxdi.inp eb2argd1.inp eb2argdi.inp eb2arvd1.inp eb2arvdi.inp eb2arxdr.inp B23H element load tests: eb2jqxd1.inp eb2jqxdi.inp eb2jrgd1.inp eb2jrgdi.inp eb2jrvd1.inp eb2jrvdi.inp eb2jrxdr.inp

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.23

BEAM ELEMENTS

B31 element load tests: eb32qxd1.inp eb32rgd1.inp eb32rvd1.inp eb32rxdr.inp B31H element load tests: eb3hqxd1.inp eb3hrgd1.inp eb3hrvd1.inp eb3hrxdr.inp B32 element load tests: eb33qxd1.inp eb33rgd1.inp eb33rvd1.inp eb33rxdr.inp B32H element load tests: eb3iqxd1.inp eb3irgd1.inp eb3irvd1.inp eb3irxdr.inp B33 element load tests: eb3aqxd1.inp eb3argd1.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.24

BEAM ELEMENTS

eb3arvd1.inp eb3arxdr.inp B33H element load tests: eb3jqxd1.inp eb3jrgd1.inp eb3jrvd1.inp eb32rxdr.inp
I-section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

B22H element load tests: eb2iigd1.inp eb2iigdi.inp eb2iivd1.inp eb2iivdi.inp eb2ikxd1.inp eb2ikxdi.inp B31OS element load tests: ebo2igd1.inp ebo2ivd1.inp ebo2ixdr.inp ebo2kxd1.inp B31OSH element load tests: ebohigd1.inp ebohivd1.inp ebohixdr.inp ebohkxd1.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.25

BEAM ELEMENTS

B32H element load tests: eb3iigd1.inp eb3iivd1.inp eb3ikxd1.inp B32OS element load tests: ebo3igd1.inp ebo3ivd1.inp ebo3ixdr.inp ebo3kxd1.inp B32OSH element load tests: eboiigd1.inp eboiivd1.inp eboiixdr.inp eboikxd1.inp
Box section, arbitrary closed section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

B22H element load tests: eb2ibgd1.inp eb2ibgdi.inp eb2ibvd1.inp eb2ibvdi.inp eb2iexd1.inp eb2iexdi.inp B32H element load tests: eb3ibgd1.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.26

BEAM ELEMENTS

eb3ibvd1.inp eb3iexd1.inp eb3iabd1.inp eb3ia1d1.inp eb3idbd1.inp

Circular section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

B22H element load tests: eb2icgd1.inp eb2icgdi.inp eb2icvd1.inp eb2icvdi.inp eb2ifxd1.inp eb2ifxdi.inp B32H element load tests: eb3icgd1.inp eb3icvd1.inp eb3ifxd1.inp
General section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

B22H element load tests: eb2igxd1.inp eb2igxdi.inp B32H element load test: eb3igxd1.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.27

BEAM ELEMENTS

Hexagonal section

B22H element load tests: eb2ihgd1.inp eb2ihgdi.inp eb2ihvd1.inp eb2ijxd1.inp eb2ijxdi.inp B32H element load tests: eb3ihgd1.inp eb3ihvd1.inp eb3ijxd1.inp
L-section, arbitrary open section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

B32H element load tests: eb3ilgd1.inp eb3ilvd1.inp eb3imxd1.inp eb3iald1.inp eb3ia2d1.inp eb3idld1.inp
Pipe section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

B22H element load tests: eb2ipgd1.inp eb2ipgdi.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.28

BEAM ELEMENTS

eb2ipvd1.inp eb2ipvdi.inp eb2ioxd1.inp eb2ioxdi.inp B32H element load tests: eb3ipgd1.inp eb3ipvd1.inp eb3ioxd1.inp
Trapezoidal section

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE.

B22H element load tests: eb2itgd1.inp eb2itgdi.inp eb2itvd1.inp eb2itvdi.inp eb2isxd1.inp eb2isxdi.inp B32H element load tests: eb3itgd1.inp eb3itvd1.inp eb3isxd1.inp CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, PX, PY, PZ, P1, P2, *TEMPERATURE. P, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.29

BEAM ELEMENTS

II.

LOAD TYPES: F1, F2

Problem description Model:

Length Rectangular section data I-section data

Material:

15.0 a = 2.0, b = 3.0 h = 2.4, l = 1.2,

= 3.0,

= 2.0,

= 0.2

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

3 106 0.3

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files Rectangular section

eb22rxd3.inp eb2hrxd3.inp eb23rxd3.inp eb2irxd3.inp eb2arxd3.inp eb2jrxd3.inp eb32rxd2.inp eb32rxd3.inp eb3hrxd2.inp eb3hrxd3.inp eb33rxd2.inp eb33rxd3.inp eb3irxd2.inp eb3irxd3.inp eb3arxd2.inp eb3arxd3.inp eb3jrxd2.inp eb3jrxd3.inp

B21: F2. B21H: F2. B22: F2. B22H: F2. B23: F2. B23H: F2. B31: F1. B31: F2. B31H: F1. B31H: F2. B32: F1. B32: F2. B32H: F1. B32H: F2. B33: F1. B33: F2. B33H: F1. B33H: F2.

1.4.210

BEAM ELEMENTS

I-section

ebo2ixd2.inp ebo2ixd3.inp ebohixd2.inp ebohixd3.inp ebo3ixd2.inp ebo3ixd3.inp eboiixd2.inp eboiixd3.inp

III. FOUNDATION TYPES: FX, FY, FZ

B31OS: F1. B31OS: F2. B31OSH: F1. B31OSH: F2. B32OS: F1. B32OS: F2. B32OSH: F1. B32OSH: F2.

Problem description Model:

Length Orientation Pipe section data I-section data

Material:

10 45 with horizontal axis r = 1.0, t = 0.05 h = 2.4, l = 1.2, = 3.0,

= 2.0,

= 0.2

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

Results and discussion

30 106 0.3

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files Pipe section

eb22pxd9.inp eb2hpxd9.inp eb23pxd9.inp eb2ipxd9.inp eb2apxd9.inp eb2jpxd9.inp eb32pxd9.inp eb3hpxd9.inp eb33pxd9.inp eb3ipxd9.inp

B21: FX, FY. B21H: FX, FY. B22: FX, FY. B22H: FX, FY. B23: FX, FY. B23H: FX, FY. B31: FX, FY, FZ. B31H: FX, FY, FZ. B32: FX, FY, FZ. B32H: FX, FY, FZ.

1.4.211

BEAM ELEMENTS

eb3apxd9.inp eb3jpxd9.inp
I-section

B33: FX, FY, FZ. B33H: FX, FY, FZ.

ebo2ixd9.inp ebohixd9.inp ebo3ixd9.inp eboiixd9.inp

IV. CORIOLIS LOADING

B31OS: FX, FY, FZ. B31OSH: FX, FY, FZ. B32OS: FX, FY, FZ. B32OSH: FX, FY, FZ.

Problem description Model:

Pipe section data I-section data Axis of rotation

Material:

r = 10.0, t = 1.0 h = 2.4, l = 1.2, = 3.0, (0, 0, 1) through (0, 0, 0)

= 2.0,

= 0.2

Youngs modulus
Initial conditions:

30 106

Initial velocity

ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0 ALL, 3, 2.0 (for 3-D beams)

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

All elements are tested with the CORIO load.

Pipe section

eb22pxda.inp eb2hpxda.inp eb23pxda.inp eb2ipxda.inp eb2apxda.inp eb2jpxda.inp eb32pxda.inp

B21 element. B21H element. B22 element. B22H element. B23 element. B23H element. B31 element.

1.4.212

BEAM ELEMENTS

eb3hpxda.inp eb33pxda.inp eb3ipxda.inp eb3apxda.inp eb3jpxda.inp

I-section

B31H element. B32 element. B32H element. B33 element. B33H element.

ebo2ixda.inp ebohixda.inp ebo3ixda.inp eboiixda.inp

B31OS element. B31OSH element. B32OS element. B32OSH element.

1.4.213

PIPE ELEMENTS

1.4.3

PIPE STRESS/DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard I.

Abaqus/Explicit

DISTRIBUTED LOADS

Problem description

Internal pressures are applied to an effective diameter of 3.6, whereas external pressures are applied to an effective diameter of 4.0. The effective axial force output variable ESF1 is also tested. Model: Length Pipe section data Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

15.0 r = 2.0, t = 0.2 (0, 0, 1) through (7.5, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 0.4188

Initial temperature Initial velocity (Coriolis loading) Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation
Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0 100.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

PIPE21 element load tests: ep22pxd1.inp ep22pxd3.inp ep22pxdr.inp CENT, CENTRIF, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F2. ROTA.

1.4.31

PIPE ELEMENTS

PIPE21H element load tests: ep2hpxd1.inp ep2hpxd3.inp ep2hpxdr.inp PIPE22 element load tests: ep23pxd1.inp ep23pxd3.inp ep23pxdr.inp PIPE22H element load tests: ep2ipxd1.inp ep2ipxd3.inp ep2ipxdr.inp PIPE31 element load tests: ep32pxd1.inp ep32pxd2.inp ep32pxd3.inp ep32pxdr.inp PIPE31H element load tests: ep3hpxd1.inp ep3hpxd2.inp ep3hpxd3.inp ep3hpxdr.inp PIPE32 element load tests: ep33pxd1.inp ep33pxd2.inp ep33pxd3.inp ep33pxdr.inp PIPE32H element load tests: ep3ipxd1.inp CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, PZ, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, PZ, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, PZ, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, PZ, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F1. F2, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F2. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F2. ROTA. CENT, CENTRIF, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, GRAV, CORIO, *TEMPERATURE. F2. ROTA.

1.4.32

PIPE ELEMENTS

ep3ipxd2.inp ep3ipxd3.inp ep3ipxdr.inp PIPE21 element load tests in Abaqus/Explicit: pipe21_load_options_xpl.inp PIPE31 element load tests in Abaqus/Explicit: pipe31_load_options_xpl.inp

F1. F2. ROTA.

P2, PI, PE, HPI, *TEMPERATURE.

HPE,

PX,

PY,

GRAV,

P1, P2, PI, PE, HPI, HPE, PX, PY, PZ, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE.

II.

FOUNDATION TYPES: FX, FY, FZ

Problem description Model:

Length Orientation Pipe section data

Material:

10 45 with horizontal axis r = 1.0, t = 0.05

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

Results and discussion

30 106 0.3

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

ep22pxd9.inp ep2hpxd9.inp ep23pxd9.inp ep2ipxd9.inp ep32pxd9.inp ep3hpxd9.inp ep33pxd9.inp ep3ipxd9.inp

PIPE21: FX, FY. PIPE21H: FX, FY. PIPE22: FX, FY. PIPE22H: FX, FY. PIPE31: FX, FY, FZ. PIPE31H: FX, FY, FZ. PIPE32: FX, FY, FZ. PIPE32H: FX, FY, FZ.

1.4.33

PIPE ELEMENTS

III.

EFFECTIVE AXIAL FORCE WITH MODAL PROCEDURES

Element tested

PIPE21
Problem description

Internal pressures are applied to an effective area of 1.0, while external pressures are applied to an effective area of 2.0. The effective axial force output variable ESF1 is also tested.
Model:

Length Orientation Pipe section data

Material:

100.0 90 and 45 with horizontal axis r = 1.0, t = 0.25

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Results and discussion

1 106 0.0 1.0

The effective axial force output, ESF1, agrees with the analytically determined values, which are documented at the top of the input le.
Input file

xesf1mod.inp

Input le for this analysis.

1.4.34

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

1.4.4

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS STRESS/DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. AXISYMMETRIC SHELLS

Problem description Model:

Length Radius Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector

Material:

10.0 5.0 0.5 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0) 3 106 0.3 1.0

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

12.0 0.0

Gauss integration is used for the shell cross-section in input le esa2sxd1.inp.

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

SAX1 element load tests: esa2sxd1.inp esa2sxd8.inp esa2sxdi.inp SAX2 element load tests: esa3sxd1.inp esa3sxd8.inp esa3sxdi.inp BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. P, HP. BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. P, HP.

1.4.41

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

II.

AXISYMMETRIC MEMBRANES

Problem description Model:

Length Radius Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector

Material:

10.0 5.0 0.5 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 1.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

12.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

MAX1 element load tests: ema2srd1.inp ema2srd8.inp ema2srdi.inp MAX2 element load tests: ema3srd1.inp ema3srd8.inp ema3srdi.inp MGAX1 element load tests: emg2srd1.inp emg2srd8.inp emg2srdi.inp BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. P, HP. BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. P, HP. BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. P, HP.

1.4.42

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

MGAX2 element load tests: emg3srd1.inp emg3srd8.inp emg3srdi.inp

III. CYLINDRICAL MEMBRANES

BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. P, HP.

Problem description Model:

Length Radius Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Coriolis axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

10.0 5.0 0.5 (0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 0, 1)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 1.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

12.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

MCL6 element load tests: emc6srd1.inp emc6srd8.inp emc6srda.inp emc6srdr.inp MCL9 element load tests: emc9srd1.inp emc9srd8.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP. F.

1.4.43

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

emc9srda.inp emc9srdr.inp
IV.

CORIO. ROTA.

GENERAL SHELLS AND MEMBRANES: GENERAL ELEMENT LOADING

Problem description Model:

Square dimensions Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Coriolis axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

77 2.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 0, 1) 3 106 0.3 1.0 .0001

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Coefcient of thermal expansion

Initial conditions:

Initial temperature Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation Initial velocity (Coriolis loading)
Results and discussion

ALL, 10 7.0 0.0 ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

S3/S3R element load tests: esf3sgd1.inp esf3sgdi.inp esf3sxd1.inp esf3sxdi.inp esf3sxdr.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.44

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

S4 element load tests: ese4sgd1.inp ese4sgdi.inp ese4sxd1.inp ese4sxd8.inp ese4sxda.inp ese4sxdi.inp S4R element load tests: esf4sgd1.inp esf4sgdi.inp esf4sxd1.inp esf4sxd8.inp esf4sxda.inp esf4sxdi.inp esf4sxdr.inp S4R5 element load tests: es54sgd1.inp es54sgdi.inp es54sxd1.inp es54sxd8.inp es54sxda.inp es54sxdi.inp es54sxdr.inp S8R element load tests: es68sgd1.inp es68sgdi.inp es68sxd1.inp es68sxd8.inp es68sxda.inp es68sxdi.inp es68sxdr.inp S8R5 element load tests: es58sgd1.inp es58sgdi.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.45

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

es58sxd1.inp es58sxd8.inp es58sxda.inp es58sxdi.inp es58sxdr.inp S9R5 element load tests: es59sgd1.inp es59sgdi.inp es59sxd1.inp es59sxd8.inp es59sxda.inp es59sxdi.inp es59sxdr.inp STRI3 element load tests: es63sgd1.inp es63sgdi.inp es63sxd1.inp es63sxd8.inp es63sxda.inp es63sxdi.inp es63sxdr.inp STRI65 element load tests: es56sgd1.inp es56sgdi.inp es56sxd1.inp es56sxd8.inp es56sxda.inp es56sxdi.inp es56sxdr.inp M3D3 element load tests: em33sfd1.inp em33sfd8.inp em33sfda.inp em33sfdi.inp em33sfdr.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.46

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

M3D4 element load tests: em34sfd1.inp em34sfd8.inp em34sfda.inp em34sfdi.inp em34sfdr.inp M3D4R element load tests: em34srd1.inp em34srd8.inp em34srda.inp em34srdi.inp em34srdr.inp M3D6 element load tests: em36sfd1.inp em36sfd8.inp em36sfda.inp em36sfdi.inp em36sfdr.inp M3D8 element load tests: em38sfd1.inp em38sfd8.inp em38sfda.inp em38sfdi.inp em38sfdr.inp M3D8R element load tests: em38srd1.inp em38srd8.inp em38srda.inp em38srdi.inp em38srdr.inp M3D9 element load tests: em39sfd1.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

1.4.47

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

em39sfd8.inp em39sfda.inp em39sfdi.inp em39sfdr.inp M3D9R element load tests: em39srd1.inp em39srd8.inp em39srda.inp em39srdi.inp em39srdr.inp
V.

F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. F. CORIO. P, HP, *TEMPERATURE. ROTA.

GENERAL SHELLS AND MEMBRANES: UNCONSTRAINED THERMAL EXPANSION

Problem description

Unconstrained expansion of a hollow cylinder subject to uniform thermal loading is investigated. Onequarter of the cylinder is modeled with a 6 6 mesh of quadrilateral elements with appropriate boundary conditions applied along lines of symmetry. A similar discretization is used (with the diagonals crossed on the quadrilaterals) to test triangular elements. Model: Length Radius Thickness
Material:

0.405 0.2875 0.05

Coefcient of thermal expansion

Initial conditions:

4.87 106

Initial temperature
Results and discussion

ALL, 70.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

esf3sxdg.inp ese4sgdg.inp ese4sxdg.inp esf4sxdg.inp es54sxdg.inp

S3/S3R: *TEMPERATURE. S4: *TEMPERATURE. S4: *TEMPERATURE. S4R: *TEMPERATURE. S4R5: *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.48

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

es68sxdg.inp es58sxdg.inp es59sxdg.inp es63sxdg.inp es56sxdg.inp

VI.

S8R: *TEMPERATURE. S8R5: *TEMPERATURE. S9R5: *TEMPERATURE. STRI3: *TEMPERATURE. STRI65: *TEMPERATURE.

AXISYMMETRIC SHELLS WITH NONLINEAR ASYMMETRIC DEFORMATION

Problem description Model:

Length Radius Thickness

Material:

10.0 5.0 0.01

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density

Initial conditions:

3 107 0.3 1.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

1 106 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

esnssxd1.inp esntsxd1.inp esnusxd1.inp esnvsxd1.inp esnwsxd1.inp esnxsxd1.inp esnysxd1.inp esnzsxd1.inp

SAXA11: SAXA12: SAXA13: SAXA14: SAXA21: SAXA22: SAXA23: SAXA24:

BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P. BX, BZ, HP, P.

1.4.49

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

VII.

TRUSS ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Length Area Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector

Material:

1.0 0.1 (0, 1, 0) through (.5, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0) 3 106 0.3 .0001 5 105

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density

Initial conditions:

Initial temperature Initial velocity (Coriolis loading) (3-D only)

Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 ALL, 1, 10.0 ALL, 2, 5.0 ALL, 3, 2.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

T2D2 element load tests: et22sfd1.inp et22sfda.inp et22sfdc.inp et22sfdr.inp T2D2H element load tests: et22shd1.inp et22shda.inp et22shdr.inp T2D3 element load tests: et23sfd1.inp BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. ROTA. BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. CORIO. ROTA.

1.4.410

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

et23sfda.inp et23sfdc.inp et23sfdr.inp T2D3H element load tests: et23shd1.inp et23shda.inp et23shdr.inp T3D2 element load tests: et32sfd1.inp et32sfda.inp et32sfdc.inp et32sfdr.inp T3D2H element load tests: et32shd1.inp et32shda.inp et32shdr.inp T3D3 element load tests: et33sfd1.inp et33sfda.inp et33sfdc.inp et33sfdr.inp T3D3H element load tests: et33shd1.inp et33shda.inp et33shdr.inp
VIII. FIELD EXPANSION TESTS

CORIO. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. CORIO. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, *TEMPERATURE. CORIO. ROTA.

Problem description Model: This section lists a number of simple tests that verify the eld expansion capability. In most cases a single element or a small assembly of elements is loaded using the eld expansion capability. Material: All tests use a linear elastic material model. In all cases a eld expansion coefcient is dened and associated with at least one, and in some cases more than one, predened eld variable.

1.4.411

SHELL, MEMBRANE, AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

Initial conditions: In all tests the initial value of all relevant eld variables is assumed to be zero at all

the nodes.
Results and discussion

The results for loading based on eld expansion match those obtained from a similar model using thermal expansion. The one-dimensional elements are subjected to eld and thermal expansion while fully constrained, and the results have been veried by analytical means.
Input files

eldexp_s4r.inp eldexp_sc8r.inp

eldexp_m3d4.inp buckleplate_s8r5_eldexpan_riks.inp

eldexp-t2d2-multd.inp

eldexp-t2d2-reftemp.inp

uexpan1x_eld.inp

S4R element using a linear elastic material model and loaded with both eld and thermal expansion. SC8R element using a linear elastic material model and loaded with eld expansion driven by a single eld variable. Tests nonlinear static and linear perturbation steps. M3D4R element using a linear elastic material model and loaded with both eld and thermal expansion. S8R5 element using an elastic material model loaded with eld expansion driven by a single eld variable. Tests Riks procedure and produces same result as buckleplate_s8r5_riks.inp in Buckling of a simply supported square plate, Section 1.2.4 of the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual. T2D2 element using a linear elastic material model loaded with both eld and thermal expansions. The eld expansion behavior is driven by three different eld variables. Tests proper interpolation of temperature and predened eld-variable-dependent material data dening eld expansion coefcient. T2D2 element using a linear elastic material model loaded with both eld and thermal expansions. The eld expansion behavior is driven by two different eld variables. The thermal expansion coefcient and the two eld expansion coefcients are assumed to be associated with a nonzero reference temperature and nonzero reference eld variable values, respectively. T2D2 element using a linear elastic material model loaded with eld expansion dened using user subroutine UEXPAN.

1.4.412

COHESIVE ELEMENT LOAD VERIFICATION

1.4.5

COHESIVE ELEMENT LOAD VERIFICATION

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

COH3D8

COH3D6

COH2D4

COHAX4

COH3D8P

COH3D6P

COH2D4P

COHAX4P

Features tested

The following features are tested in this verication problem:

Element-based distributed loading specied using the *DLOAD option. Surface-based distributed loading specied using the *DSLOAD option. Thermal loading specied using the *TEMPERATURE option.

Problem description

In this verication test all the nodes of each element are xed, and the reaction forces generated at the nodes as a result of the load application are used to verify the element load calculations. In addition, the effect of thermal loading applied using the *TEMPERATURE option is veried by allowing each element to deform freely in the thickness direction with the change in temperature. The resulting thermal strains in the thickness direction are compared with the analytical results. Model: COH3D8, COH3D6, COH3D8P, and COH3D6P: Cubic dimensions Thickness Thickness direction Response Centrifugal axis of rotation Coriolis axis of rotation Gravitational load vector COH2D4 and COH2D4P: Planar dimensions Thickness Thickness direction Response Centrifugal axis of rotation 77 Geometry Global 2 Continuum (1, 0, 0) through (3.5, 1000, 0.0) 777 Geometry Global 2 Continuum (1, 0, 0) through (3.5, 1000, 3.5) (1, 0, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

1.4.51

COHESIVE ELEMENT LOAD VERIFICATION

Coriolis axis of rotation Gravitational load vector COHAX4 and COHAX4P: Planar dimensions Thickness Thickness direction Response Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector
Material:

(0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 1, 0)

10 10 Geometry Global 1; Global 2 Continuum (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 0.0001 10.0

Initial temperature
Results and discussion

ALL, 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads. In addition, the thermal stresses and strains in the thickness direction match the analytical results for the case of thermal loading.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

coh3d8_loads_std.inp coh3d6_loads_std.inp coh2d4_loads_std.inp cohax4_loads_std.inp coh3d8p_loads_std.inp coh3d6p_loads_std.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, ROTA, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P, *TEMPERATURE for COH3D8. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, ROTA, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P, *TEMPERATURE for COH3D6. BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, ROTA, P1, P2, P3, P4, P, *TEMPERATURE for COH2D4. BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P, *TEMPERATURE for COHAX4. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, ROTA, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P, *TEMPERATURE for COH3D8P. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, ROTA, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P, *TEMPERATURE for COH3D6P.

1.4.52

COHESIVE ELEMENT LOAD VERIFICATION

coh2d4p_loads_std.inp cohax4p_loads_std.inp coh_corioload.inp cohp_corioload.inp

Abaqus/Explicit input files

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, ROTA, P1, P2, P3, P4, P, *TEMPERATURE for COH2D4P. BR, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P, *TEMPERATURE for COHAX4P. CORIO for COH3D8, COH3D6, and COH2D4. CORIO for COH3D8P, COH3D6P, and COH2D4P.

coh_bf_grav_xpl.inp coh_p_vp_xpl.inp coh_thermal_xpl.inp

BX, BR, BY, BZ, GRAV for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, and COHAX4. P1, P2, P3, P, VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, and COHAX4. *TEMPERATURE for COH3D8, COH3D6, COH2D4, and COHAX4.

1.4.53

ELBOW ELEMENTS

1.4.6

ELBOW ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. GENERAL LOADING

Problem description Model:

Length Elbow section data Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

15.0 = 10.0, t = 1.0 (0, 0, 1) through midspan (0, 0, 1)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Coefcient of thermal expansion

Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 1.0 0.0001

Initial temperature

ALL, 10.0

The boundary condition NODEFORM is used for load types BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, and ROTA on ELBOW31 and ELBOW32 elements, preventing cross-sectional deformations.
Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

exel1xd1.inp

exel1xdr.inp exelbxd1.inp exelbxdr.inp exelcxd1.inp

ELBOW31: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, PI, CENTRIF, *TEMPERATURE, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. ELBOW31: ROTA. ELBOW31B: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, PI, CENTRIF, *TEMPERATURE. ELBOW31B: ROTA. ELBOW31C: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, PI, CENTRIF, *TEMPERATURE.

1.4.61

ELBOW ELEMENTS

exelcxdr.inp exel2xd1.inp exel2xdr.inp

II.

ELBOW31C: ROTA. ELBOW32: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, PI, CENTRIF, *TEMPERATURE. ELBOW32: ROTA.

CLOSED-END PRESSURE LOADING

Problem description

Closed-end pressure loading of ELBOW elements is veried. A single element is oriented at 45 to the x- and z-axis in a uid of density 1 103 . The magnitude of the acceleration resulting from gravity is 9.8, and the positive hydrostatic pressure gradient is in the negative 3-direction. The test consists of completely constraining all degrees of freedom and recovering the reaction forces under the hydrostatic pressure load on the elbow. According to Archimedes Principle, the net reaction in the 3-direction should be the buoyant force, which in this case is 2203.04. All other reaction forces and moments should sum to zero. The results also indicate that the directions of the nonzero reaction forces and moments on individual nodes are correct. The second test is of a curved elbow with closed-end conditions modeled by an ELBOW element. Internal pressure is applied to the elbow. The reaction forces should sum to 0. in all directions. Model: Length Elbow section data Effective diameter Gravity vector
Material:

1.0 = 0.275, t = 0.025 0.535 (0, 0, 1)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

Loading:

1 1010 0.33

Uniform pressure magnitude

Initial conditions:

10.0

Zero pressure height Reference pressure height Reference pressure magnitude

Results and discussion

0.0 2.0 1.96 104

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.62

ELBOW ELEMENTS

Input files

exel1xdh.inp exelbxdh.inp exelcxdh.inp exel2xdh.inp

ELBOW31: HPE, PI. ELBOW31B: HPE, PI. ELBOW31C: HPE, PI. ELBOW32: HPE, PI.

1.4.63

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

1.4.7

CONTINUUM PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS WITH PORE PRESSURE

Problem description Model:

Planar dimension Gravity load vector

Material:

35 (1, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Permeability Specic weight of uid

Initial conditions:

1 108 0.0 1.4142 1 105 1.0

Initial void ratio Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation Sink pore pressure
Results and discussion

1.0 5.0 0.0 14.7

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CPE4P element load tests: ece4pfde.inp ece4pfdl.inp ece4pfdr.inp CPE4PH element load tests: ece4phde.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4.

1.4.71

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

ece4phdl.inp ece4phdr.inp CPE4RP element load tests: ece4prde.inp ece4prdl.inp ece4prdr.inp CPE4RPH element load tests: ece4pyde.inp ece4pydl.inp ece4pydr.inp CPE6MP element load tests: ece6pkde.inp ece6pkdl.inp ece6pkdr.inp CPE6MPH element load tests: ece6plde.inp ece6pldl.inp ece6pldr.inp CPE8P element load tests: ece8pfde.inp

P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, Q1, Q2, Q3, S1, S2, S3. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, Q1, Q2, Q3, S1, S2, S3. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

ece8pfdl.inp ece8pfdr.inp CPE8PH element load tests: ece8phde.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

ece8phdl.inp ece8phdr.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

1.4.72

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

CPE8RP element load tests: ece8prde.inp CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

ece8prdl.inp ece8prdr.inp CPE8RPH element load tests: ece8pyde.inp

ece8pydl.inp ece8pydr.inp
II.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

AXISYMMETRIC ELEMENTS WITH PORE PRESSURE

Problem description Model:

Planar dimension Inside radius Gravity load vector

Material:

35 1.0 (1, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Permeability Specic weight of uid

Initial conditions:

1 108 0.0 1.4142 1 105 1.0

Initial void ratio Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation Sink pore pressure
Results and discussion

1.0 5.0 0.0 14.7

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.73

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Input files

CAX4P element load tests: eca4pfde.inp eca4pfdl.inp CAX4PH element load tests: eca4phde.inp eca4phdl.inp CAX4RP element load tests: eca4prde.inp eca4prdl.inp CAX4RPH element load tests: eca4pyde.inp eca4pydl.inp CAX6MP element load tests: eca6pkde.inp eca6pkdl.inp CAX6MPH element load tests: eca6plde.inp eca6pldl.inp CAX8P element load tests: eca8pfde.inp

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S.

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S.

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S.

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S.

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, Q1, Q2, Q3, S1, S2, S3. P, HP, Q, S.

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, Q1, Q2, Q3, S1, S2, S3. P, HP, Q, S.

eca8pfdl.inp CAX8PH element load tests: eca8phde.inp

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S.

eca8phdl.inp

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S.

1.4.74

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

CAX8RP element load tests: eca8prde.inp CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S.

eca8prdl.inp CAX8RPH element load tests: eca8pyde.inp

eca8pydl.inp
III.

CENTRIF, BR, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, QD, S.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS WITH PORE PRESSURE

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimension Gravity load vector

Material:

351 (1, 1, 1)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Permeability Specic weight of uid

Initial conditions:

1 108 0.0 1.7321 1 105 1.0

Initial void ratio Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation Sink pore pressure
Results and discussion

1.0 5.0 0.0 14.7

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.75

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Input files

C3D8P element load tests: ec38pfde.inp CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

ec38pfdl.inp ec38pfdr.inp C3D8PH element load tests: ec38phde.inp

ec38phdl.inp ec38phdr.inp C3D8RP element load tests: ec38prde.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

ec38prdl.inp ec38prdr.inp C3D8RPH element load tests: ec38pyde.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

ec38pydl.inp ec38pydr.inp C3D10MP element load tests: ec3apkde.inp ec3apkdl.inp ec3apkdr.inp C3D10MPH element load tests: ec3aplde.inp ec3apldl.inp ec3apldr.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. P, HP, Q, S. ROTA.

1.4.76

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

C3D20P element load tests: ec3kpfde.inp CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, Q5D, Q6D, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. User subroutines FLOW and DFLOW used in ec3kpfde.inp. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

ec3kpfde.f ec3kpfdl.inp ec3kpfdr.inp C3D20PH element load tests: ec3kphde.inp

ec3kphdl.inp ec3kphdr.inp C3D20RP element load tests: ec3kprde.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, Q5D, Q6D, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

ec3kprdl.inp ec3kprdr.inp C3D20RPH element load tests: ec3kpyde.inp

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, Q5D, Q6D, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

ec3kpydl.inp ec3kpydr.inp
IV.

CENTRIF, BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, Q5D, Q6D, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. P, HP, Q, QD, S. ROTA.

CAXA ELEMENTS WITH PORE PRESSURE

Problem description Model:

Planar dimension Inside radius Gravity load vector

35 1.0 (1, 1, 0)

1.4.77

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Permeability Specic weight of uid

Initial conditions:

1 108 0.0 1.4142 1 105 1.0

Initial void ratio Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation Sink pore pressure
Results and discussion

1.0 5.0 0.0 14.7

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

ecnwpfde.inp

ecnwprde.inp

ecnxpfde.inp

ecnxprde.inp

ecnypfde.inp

ecnyprde.inp

ecnzpfde.inp

CAXA8P1: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAXA8RP1: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAXA8P2: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAXA8RP2: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAXA8P3: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAXA8RP3: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAXA8P4: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4.

1.4.78

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

ecnzprde.inp

CAXA8RP4: BX, BZ, GRAV, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q1D, Q2D, Q3D, Q4D, S1, S2, S3, S4.

V.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PORE-THERMAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimension Gravity direction

Material:

777 (1, 0, 0)

Modulus Density Expansion Specic heat Conductivity Density, pore uid Expansion, pore uid Specic heat, pore uid Conductivity, pore uid Permeability Specic weight of uid
Initial conditions:

3 106 10.0 0.0001 1.0 0.1 10.0 0.0001 1.0 0.1 0.01 1.0

Initial void ratio Initial temperature Initial pore pressure

Results and discussion

1.0 0.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

c3d8pt_loads.inp c3d8rpt_loads.inp

C3D8PT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6. C3D8RPT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6.

1.4.79

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

c3d8rpht_loads.inp c3d10mpt_loads.inp

C3D8RPHT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6. C3D10MPT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4.

VI.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PORE-THERMAL ELEMENTS WITH FLOW LOADS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimension Gravity direction

Material:

531 (1, 1, 1)

M odulus Density Expansion Specic heat Conductivity Density, pore uid Expansion, pore uid Specic heat, pore uid Conductivity, pore uid Permeability Specic weight of uid
Initial conditions:

1 108 1.7321 0.0 10.0 1.0 1.7321 0.0 10.0 1.0 1 105 1.0

Initial void ratio Initial temperature Initial pore pressure

Results and discussion

1.0 0.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

c3d8pt_dow_loads.inp

C3D8PT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6.

1.4.710

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

c3d8pt_sow_loads.inp c3d8rpt_dow_loads.inp

c3d8rpht_dow_loads.inp

c3d10mpt_ow_loads.inp

c3d10mpt_dsow_loads.inp
VII.

C3D8PT: P, HP, Q, S. C3D8RPT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. C3D8RPHT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. C3D10MPT: BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. C3D10MPT: P, HPQ, S.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PORE-THERMAL ELEMENTS WITH HEAT LOADS

Problem description Model: For this set of verication problems both the solid and the pore uid used identical heat transfer properties so that results could be compared with conventional heat transfer elements.

Cubic dimension
Material:

777

Modulus Density Expansion Specic heat Conductivity Density, pore uid Expansion, pore uid Specic heat, pore uid Conductivity, pore uid Permeability Specic weight of uid
Initial conditions:

3 106 82.9 0.0 0.39 3.77 105 82.9 0.0 0.39 3.77 105 0.001 10.0

Initial void ratio Initial temperature Initial pore pressure

1.0 0.0 0.0

1.4.711

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

c3d8pt_heat_loads.inp c3d8rpt_heat_loads.inp c3d8rpht_heat_loads.inp c3d10mpt_heat_loads.inp

VIII.

C3D8PT: S, F, R. C3D8RPT: S, F, R. C3D8RPHT: S, F, R. C3D10MPT: S, F, R.

AXISYMMETRIC PORE-THERMAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimension
Material:

33

Modulus Density Expansion Specic heat Conductivity Density, pore uid Expansion, pore uid Specic heat, pore uid Conductivity, pore uid Permeability Specic weight of uid
Initial conditions:

3 106 5 105 0.0001 1.0 0.1 5 105 0.0001 1.0 0.1 0.01 1.0

Initial void ratio Initial temperature Initial pore pressure

Results and discussion

1.0 0.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.712

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Input files

cax4pt_loads.inp cax4rpt_loads.inp cax4rpht_loads.inp

CAX4PT: CENT, CENTRIF, BR, GRAV,HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. CAX4RPT: CENT, CENTRIF, BR, GRAV,HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4. CAX4RPHT: CENT, CENTRIF, BR, GRAV,HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, P1, P2, P3, P4.

IX.

AXISYMMETRIC PORE-THERMAL ELEMENTS WITH FLOW LOADS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimension
Material:

35

Modulus Density Expansion Specic heat Conductivity Density, pore uid Expansion, pore uid Specic heat, pore uid Conductivity, pore uid Permeability Specic weight of uid
Initial conditions:

1 108 1.4142 0.0 10.0 1.0 1.4142 0.0 10.0 1.0 1 105 1.0

Initial void ratio Initial temperature Initial pore pressure

Results and discussion

1.0 0.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.713

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Input files

cax4pt_dow_loads.inp cax4rpt_dow_loads.inp cax4rpht_dow_loads.inp

CAX4PT: CENTRIF, BR,HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAX4RPT: CENTRIF, BR,HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4. CAX4RPHT: CENTRIF, BR,HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1, S2, S3, S4.

X.

AXISYMMETRIC PORE-THERMAL ELEMENTS WITH HEAT LOADS

Problem description Model: For this set of verication problems both the solid and the pore uid used identical heat transfer properties so that results could be compared with conventional heat transfer elements.

Cubic dimension
Material:

77

Modulus Density Expansion Specic heat Conductivity Density, pore uid Expansion, pore uid Specic heat, pore uid Conductivity, pore uid Permeability Specic weight of uid
Initial conditions:

30 106 82.9 0.0 0.39 3.77 105 82.9 0.0 0.39 3.77 105 0.001 10.0

Initial void ratio Initial temperature Initial pore pressure

Results and discussion

1.0 0.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.714

PORE PRESSURE ELEMENTS

Input files

cax4pt_heat_loads.inp cax4rpt_heat_loads.inp cax4rpht_heat_loads.inp

CAX4PT: S, F, R. CAX4RPT: S, F, R. CAX4RPHT: S, F, R.

1.4.715

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

1.4.8

CONTINUUM AND SHELL HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Length Area

7.0 3.0

The area of element types DCCAX2 and DCCAX2D is 0.4774648.

Material:

Thermal conductivity Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature Specic heat Density
Results and discussion

3.77 105 75.0 460.0 0.39 82.9

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

ec12dfdc.inp ec13dfdc.inp ec12dcdc.inp ec12dddc.inp eca2dcdc.inp eca2dddc.inp

II.

DC1D2: BF, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. DC1D3: BF, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. DCC1D2: BF, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. DCC1D2D: BF, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. DCCAX2: BF, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. DCCAX2D: BF, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2.

PLANAR SOLID HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Square dimension Thickness

77 1.0

1.4.81

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Material:

Thermal conductivity Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature Specic heat Density
Results and discussion

3.77 105 75.0 460.0 0.39 82.9

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

DC2D3 element load tests: ec23dfdc.inp ec23dfdj.inp DC2D4 element load tests: ec24dfdc.inp ec24dfdj.inp DC2D6 element load tests: ec26dfdc.inp ec26dfdj.inp DC2D8 element load tests: ec28dfdc.inp ec28dfdj.inp DCC2D4 element load tests: ec24dcdc.inp ec24dcdj.inp DCC2D4D element load tests: ec24dddc.inp ec24dddj.inp BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. F, R, S.

1.4.82

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

III.

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inside radius

Material:

77 1.0

Thermal conductivity Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature Specic heat Density
Results and discussion

3.77 105 75.0 460.0 0.39 82.9

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

DCAX3 element load tests: eca3dfdc.inp eca3dfdj.inp DCAX4 element load tests: eca4dfdc.inp eca4dfdj.inp DCAX6 element load tests: eca6dfdc.inp eca6dfdj.inp DCAX8 element load tests: eca8dfdc.inp eca8dfdj.inp DCCAX4 element load tests: eca4dcdc.inp eca4dcdj.inp

BF, F1, F2, F3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S.

1.4.83

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

DCCAX4D element load tests: eca4dddc.inp eca4dddj.inp

IV.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. F, R, S.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions
Material:

777

Thermal conductivity Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature Specic heat Density
Results and discussion

3.77 105 75.0 460.0 0.39 82.9

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

DC3D4 element load tests: ec34dfdc.inp ec34dfdj.inp DC3D6 element load tests: ec36dfdc.inp ec36dfdj.inp DC3D8 element load tests: ec38dfdc.inp ec38dfdj.inp DC3D10 element load tests: ec3adfdc.inp ec3adfdj.inp BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. AVG, F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. AVG, F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. AVG, F, R, S. BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. AVG, F, R, S.

1.4.84

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

DC3D15 element load tests: ec3fdfdc.inp ec3fdfdj.inp DC3D20 element load tests: ec3kdfdc.inp ec3kdfdj.inp DCC3D8 element load tests: ec38dcdc.inp ec38dcdj.inp DCC3D8D element load tests: ec38dddc.inp ec38dddj.inp
V.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. AVG, F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. AVG, F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. F, R, S.

BF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. F, R, S.

AXISYMMETRIC HEAT TRANSFER SHELL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Length Radius Thickness

Material:

10.0 5.0 0.5

Thermal conductivity Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature Specic heat Density
Results and discussion

3.77 105 75.0 460.0 0.39 82.9

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.85

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Input files

DSAX1 element load tests: esa2dxdc.inp esa2dxdj.inp DSAX2 element load tests: esa3dxdc.inp esa3dxdj.inp

BF, FNEG, FPOS, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. F, R, S.

BF, FNEG, FPOS, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. F, R, S.

VI.

GENERAL HEAT TRANSFER SHELL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Thickness

Material:

77 0.5

Thermal conductivity Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature Specic heat Density
Results and discussion

3.77 105 75.0 460.0 0.39 82.9

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

DS3 element load tests: es33dxdc.inp es33dxdj.inp DS4 element load tests: es34dxdc.inp es34dxdj.inp DS6 element load tests: es36dxdc.inp es36dxdj.inp

BF, FNEG, FPOS, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. F, R, S. BF, FNEG, FPOS, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. F, R, S. BF, FNEG, FPOS, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. F, R, S.

1.4.86

HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

DS8 element load tests: es38dxdc.inp es38dxdj.inp BF, FNEG, FPOS, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. F, R, S.

1.4.87

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

1.4.9

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard I.

Abaqus/Explicit

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT TRUSS ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Length Area Centrifugal axis of rotation Coriolis axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

7.0 3.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 0, 1) through origin (2-D) (0, 1, 0) through origin (3-D) (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Coefcient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

30 106 0.0 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Initial velocity

ALL, 1, 5.0 ALL, 2, 2.0

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

T2D2T element load tests: et22tfdd.inp et22tfdr.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. ROTA.

1.4.91

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

T2D3T element load tests: et23tfdd.inp et23tfdr.inp T3D2T element load tests: et32tfdd.inp et32tfdd_po.inp et32tfdr.inp T3D3T element load tests: et33tfdd.inp et33tfdr.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. ROTA. BX, BY,BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. *POST OUTPUT analysis. ROTA. BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, R1, R2, S1, S2. ROTA.

II.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT PLANE STRESS, PLANE STRAIN AND GENERALIZED PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Square dimensions Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Coriolis axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

77 1.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 0, 1) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature

30 106 0.3 0.0 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

1.4.92

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Initial conditions:

Initial velocity Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

ALL, 1, 10 ALL, 2, 5 3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

CPE3T element load tests: coupledtempload_std_cpe3t.inp coupledtempload_s_std_cpe3t.inp CPE4HT element load tests: ece4thdd.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S. BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_std_cpe3t.inp except with surface-based loads.

ece4thdr.inp ece4thdk.inp CPE4T element load tests: ece4tfdd.inp

ece4tfdr.inp ece4tfdk.inp CPE8HT element load tests: ece8thdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ece8thdr.inp ece8thdk.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

1.4.93

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

CPE8RHT element load tests: ece8tydd.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ece8tydr.inp ece8tydk.inp CPE8RT element load tests: ece8trdd.inp

ece8trdr.inp ece8trdk.inp CPE8T element load tests: ece8tfdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ece8tfdr.inp ece8tfdk.inp CPEG3HT element load tests: ecg3thdd.inp ecg3thdr.inp ecg3thdk.inp CPEG3T element load tests: ecg3tfdd.inp ecg3tfdr.inp ecg3tfdk.inp CPEG4HT element load tests: ecg4thdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, P1, HP1, R1, S1. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, P1, HP1, R1, S1. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecg4thdr.inp ecg4thdk.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

1.4.94

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

CPEG4RHT element load tests: ecg4tydd.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecg4tydr.inp ecg4tydk.inp CPEG4RT element load tests: ecg4trdd.inp

ecg4trdr.inp ecg4trdk.inp CPEG4T element load tests: ecg4tfdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecg4tfdr.inp ecg4tfdk.inp CPEG6MHT element load tests: ecg6tldd.inp ecg6tldd_po.inp ecg6tldr.inp ecg6tldk.inp CPEG6MT element load tests: ecg6tkdd.inp ecg6tkdr.inp ecg6tkdk.inp CPEG8HT element load tests: ecg8thdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3,R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. *POST OUTPUT analysis. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3,R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecg8thdr.inp ecg8thdk.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

1.4.95

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

CPEG8RHT element load tests: ecg8tydd.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecg8tydr.inp ecg8tydk.inp CPEG8T element load tests: ecg8tfdd.inp

ecg8tfdr.inp ecg8tfdk.inp CPS3T element load tests: coupledtempload_std_cps3t.inp coupledtempload_s_std_cps3t.inp CPS4T element load tests: ecs4tfdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_std_cps3t.inp except with surface-based loads.

ecs4tfdr.inp ecs4tfdk.inp CPS8RT element load tests: ecs8trdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecs8trdr.inp ecs8trdk.inp CPS8T element load tests: ecs8tfdd.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ecs8tfdr.inp ecs8tfdk.inp

BX, BY, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, CORIO, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

1.4.96

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Abaqus/Explicit input files

CPE3T element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cpe3t.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cpe3t.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cpe3t.inp except with surface-based loads.

CPE4RT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cpe4rt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cpe4rt.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cpe4rt.inp except with surface-based loads.

CPE6MT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cpe6mt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cpe6mt.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cpe6mt.inp except with surface-based loads.

CPS3T element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cps3t.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cps3t.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cps3t.inp except with surface-based loads.

CPS4RT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cps4rt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cps4rt.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cps4rt.inp except with surface-based loads.

CPS6MT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cps6mt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cps6mt.inp BX, BY, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cps6mt.inp except with surface-based loads.

1.4.97

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

III.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT AXISYMMETRIC SOLID ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inside radius Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Mesh:

77 1.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Linear elements Quadratic elements

Material:

2 elements in radial direction 1 element in radial direction

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

30 106 0.3 0.0 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

CAX3T element load tests: coupledtempload_std_cax3t.inp coupledtempload_s_std_cax3t.inp

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_std_cax3t.inp except with surface-based loads.

1.4.98

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

CAX4HT element load tests: eca4thdd.inp BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca4thdk.inp CAX4T element load tests: eca4tfdd.inp

eca4tfdk.inp CAX8HT element load tests: eca8thdd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8thdk.inp CAX8RHT element load tests: eca8tydd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8tydk.inp CAX8RT element load tests: eca8trdd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8trdk.inp CAX8T element load tests: eca8tfdd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8tfdk.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

CAX3T element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cax3t.inp BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3.

1.4.99

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

coupledtempload_s_xpl_cax3t.inp CAX4RT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cax4rt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cax4rt.inp CAX6MT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_cax6mt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_cax6mt.inp

Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cax3t.inp except with surface-based loads.

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cax4rt.inp except with surface-based loads.

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_cax6mt.inp except with surface-based loads.

IV.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector

Material:

777 (0, 1, 0) through (1000, 3.5, 3.5) (1, 2, 3)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

30 106 0.3 0.0 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

0.0 7.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.910

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

C3D4T element load tests: coupledtempload_std_c3d4t.inp coupledtempload_s_std_c3d4t.inp C3D6T element load tests: coupledtempload_std_c3d6t.inp coupledtempload_s_std_c3d6t.inp C3D8T element load tests: ec38tfdd.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S. BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. Same as coupledtempload_std_c3d6t.inp except with surface-based loads. BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. Same as coupledtempload_std_c3d4t.inp except with surface-based loads.

ec38tfdr.inp ec38tfdk.inp C3D8HT element load tests: ec38thdd.inp

ec38thdd_po.inp ec38thdr.inp ec38thdk.inp C3D20T element load tests: ec3ktfdd.inp

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. *POST OUTPUT analysis. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ec3ktfdr.inp ec3ktfdk.inp

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

1.4.911

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

C3D20HT element load tests: ec3kthdd.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ec3kthdr.inp ec3kthdk.inp C3D20RT element load tests: ec3ktrdd.inp

ec3ktrdr.inp ec3ktrdk.inp C3D20RHT element load tests: ec3ktydd.inp

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

ec3ktydr.inp ec3ktydk.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

C3D4T element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_c3d4t.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_c3d4t.inp C3D6T element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_c3d6t.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_c3d6t.inp C3D8RT element load tests: coupledtempload_xpl_c3d8rt.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_c3d6t.inp except with surface-based loads. BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_c3d4t.inp except with surface-based loads.

1.4.912

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

coupledtempload_s_xpl_c3d8rt.inp coupledtempload_s_xpl_sc8rt.inp C3D8T element load test: coupledtempload_xpl_c3d8t.inp

Same as coupledtempload_xpl_c3d8rt.inp except with surface-based loads. Same as coupledtempload_xpl_sc8rt.inp except with surface-based loads.

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6.

V.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT AXISYMMETRIC SHELL ELEMENT

Problem description Model:

Length Radius Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector

Material:

10.0 5.0 0.5 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

7.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.913

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Input files

SAX2T element load tests: esa3txdd.inp esa3txdk.inp

VI.

BR, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, FNEG, FPOS, P, HP, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. HP, P, F, R, S.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT GENERAL SHELL ELEMENT

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Thickness Centrifugal and Coriolis axes of rotation Gravity load vector
Material:

77 2.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

3 106 0.3 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

7.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

S4T element load tests: es34txdd.inp es34txdr.inp es34txdk.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, FNEG, FPOS, P, HP, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

1.4.914

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

S4RT element load tests: es4rtxdd.inp es4rtxdr.inp es4rtxdk.inp S8RT element load tests: es38txdd.inp es38txdr.inp es38txdk.inp
VII.

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, FNEG, FPOS, P, HP, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, FNEG, FPOS, P, HP, RNEG, RPOS, SNEG, SPOS. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT AXISYMMETRIC TWIST ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inside radius Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector
Mesh:

77 1.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Linear elements Quadratic elements

Material:

2 elements in radial direction 1 element in radial direction

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

30 106 0.3 0.0 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

3.0 0.0

1.4.915

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CGAX3T element load tests: eca3hfdd.inp eca3hfdk.inp CGAX3HT element load tests: eca3hhdd.inp eca3hhdk.inp CGAX4T element load tests: eca4hfdd.inp BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S. BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. HP, P, F, R, S. BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, R1, R2, R3, S1, S2, S3. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca4hfdk.inp CGAX4HT element load tests: eca4hhdd.inp

eca4hhdk.inp CGAX4RT element load tests: eca4hrdd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S. BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S. BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S. BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, P1, P2, HP1, HP2, R1, R2, S1, S2. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca4hrdk.inp CGAX4RHT element load tests: eca4hydd.inp

eca4hydk.inp CGAX6MT element load tests: eca6hfdd.inp eca6hfdk.inp

1.4.916

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

CGAX6MHT element load tests: eca6hhdd.inp eca6hhdk.inp CGAX8T element load tests: eca8hfdd.inp BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S. BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, P1, P2, HP1, HP2, R1, R2, S1, S2. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8hfdk.inp CGAX8HT element load tests: eca8hhdd.inp

eca8hhdk.inp CGAX8RT element load tests: eca8hrdd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8hrdk.inp CGAX8RHT element load tests: eca8hydd.inp

BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

eca8hydk.inp
VIII.

BR, BZ, BF, CENT, CENTRIF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, R1, R2, R3, R4, S1, S2, S3, S4. HP, P, F, R, S.

COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTINUUM SHELL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector

Material:

777 (0, 1, 0) through (1000, 3.5, 3.5) (1, 2, 3)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

30 106 0.3

1.4.917

TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Coefcient of thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Density Sink (bulk uid) temperature Absolute zero temperature
Initial conditions:

0.0 3.77 105 82.9 75.0 460.0

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

0.0 7.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

SC8RT element load tests: esc8tfdd.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6,S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. Same as esc8tfdd.inp except with surface-based loads. ROTA. HP, P, F, R, S.

esc8tsdd.inp esc8tfdr.inp esc8tfdk.inp

Abaqus/Explicit input file

SC8RT element load test: coupledtempload_xpl_sc8rt.inp BX, BY, BZ, BF, GRAV, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6.

1.4.918

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

1.4.10

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard

Piezoelectric elements have both displacements and electric potentials as degrees of freedom. These elements include truss, plane stress, plane strain, axisymmetric, or three-dimensional continuum. The elements are identical to the basic stress/displacement elements except for the coupling between the stress eld and the electrical potential gradients. The mechanical loads are tested for these elements but are not reported here since they are identical to those reported in the section for continuum stress/displacement elements. Only the additional loads associated with body and distributed charges are reported in this section.
I. TRUSS ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Length Area Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector

Material:

1.0 0.1 (0, 1, 0) through (.5, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Coefcient of thermal expansion Density Piezoelectric coupling matrix

3 106 .0001 5 105

Dielectric term
Initial conditions:

5.872 109

Initial temperature
Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.101

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Input files

T2D2E element load tests: et22efdf.inp et22efdr.inp T3D2E element load tests: et32efdf.inp et32efdr.inp T2D3E element load tests: et23efdf.inp et23efdr.inp T3D3E element load tests: et33efdf.inp et33efdr.inp
II.

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, EBF. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, EBF. ROTA.

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, EBF. ROTA.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, EBF. ROTA.

PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Square dimensions Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector

Material:

77 1.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density Piezoelectric coupling matrix

3 106 0.3 .0001 5 105

Dielectric term

5.872 109

1.4.102

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Initial conditions:

Initial temperature Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 lower-order elements: 7.0 higher-order elements: 3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CPS3E element load tests: ecs3efdf.inp ecs3efdr.inp ecs3efdm.inp CPE3E element load tests: ece3efdf.inp ece3efdr.inp ece3efdm.inp CPS4E element load tests: ecs4efdf.inp ecs4efdr.inp ecs4efdm.inp CPE4E element load tests: ece4efdf.inp ece4efdr.inp ece4efdm.inp CPS6E element load tests: ecs6efdf.inp ecs6efdr.inp ecs6efdm.inp BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3. ROTA. ES, HP, P. BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P. BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P. BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3. ROTA. ES, HP, P. BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

1.4.103

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

CPE6E element load tests: ece6efdf.inp ece6efdr.inp ece6efdm.inp CPS8E element load tests: ecs8efdf.inp ecs8efdr.inp ecs8efdm.inp CPE8E element load tests: ece8efdf.inp ece8efdr.inp ece8efdm.inp CPS8RE element load tests: ecs8erdf.inp ecs8erdr.inp ecs8erdm.inp CPE8RE element load tests: ece8erdf.inp ece8erdr.inp ece8erdm.inp
III. AXISYMMETRIC ELEMENTS

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

BX, BY, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inside radius Outside radius Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravitational load vector

33 1.0 4.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin (0, 1, 0)

1.4.104

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density Piezoelectric coupling matrix

3 106 0.3 .0001 5 105

Dielectric term
Initial conditions:

5.872 109

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

3.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

CAX3E element load tests: eca3efdf.inp eca3efdm.inp CAX4E element load tests: eca4efdf.inp eca4efdm.inp CAX6E element load tests: eca6efdf.inp eca6efdm.inp CAX8E element load tests: eca8efdf.inp eca8efdm.inp

BZ, GRAV, CENT, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3. ES, HP, P.

BZ, GRAV, CENT, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ES, HP, P.

BZ, GRAV, CENT, P1, P2, P3, HP1, HP2, HP3, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3. ES, HP, P.

BZ, GRAV, CENT, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ES, HP, P.

1.4.105

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

CAX8RE element load tests: eca8erdf.inp eca8erdm.inp

IV. THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLIDS

BZ, GRAV, CENT, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ES, HP, P.

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions Centrifugal axes of rotation Gravitational load vector

Material:

777 (0, 1, 0) through (1000, 3.5, 3.5) (1, 0, 0)

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Coefcient of thermal expansion Density Piezoelectric coupling matrix

3 106 0.3 .0001 10.0

Dielectric term
Initial conditions:

5.872 109

Initial temperature Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

ALL, 10.0 0.0 7.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.106

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

Input files

C3D4E element load tests: ec34efdf.inp ec34efdr.inp ec34efdm.inp C3D6E element load tests: ec36efdf.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4, ES5. ROTA. ES, HP, P. BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

ec36efdr.inp ec36efdm.inp C3D8E element load tests: ec38efdf.inp

ec38efdr.inp ec38efdm.inp C3D10E element load tests: ec3aefdf.inp ec3aefdr.inp ec3aefdm.inp C3D15E element load tests: ec3fefdf.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4, ES5, ES6. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

ec3fefdr.inp ec3fefdm.inp C3D20E element load tests: ec3kefdf.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4, ES5. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

ec3kefdr.inp ec3kefdm.inp

BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4, ES5, ES6. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

1.4.107

PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENTS

C3D20RE element load tests: ec3kerdf.inp BX, BY, BZ, GRAV, CENT, CENTRIF, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4, HP5, HP6, EBF, ES1, ES2, ES3, ES4, ES5, ES6. ROTA. ES, HP, P.

ec3kerdr.inp ec3kerdm.inp

1.4.108

MASS DIFFUSION ELEMENTS

1.4.11

CONTINUUM MASS DIFFUSION ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. PLANAR SOLID MASS DIFFUSION ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Square dimension Thickness

Material:

77 1.0

Solubility
Results and discussion

1.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

ec23mfdc.inp ec23mfdc.inp ec24mfdc.inp ec26mfdc.inp

ec28mfdc.inp

DC2D3; Diffusivity: 3.77 105 ( ), 7.54 105 5 ( ), 11.31 10 ( ); Loads: BF, S1, S2, S3. DC2D3; Diffusivity: 3.77 105 ( ), 7.54 105 5 ( ), 11.31 10 ( ); Loads: BF, S1, S2, S3. DC2D4; Diffusivity: 3.77 105 ; Loads: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4. DC2D6; Diffusivity: 3.77 105 ( ), 3.77 106 5 6 ( ), 7.54 10 ( ), 3.77 10 ( ), 3.77 106 5 ( ), 11.31 10 ( ); Loads: BF, S1, S2, S3. DC2D8; Diffusivity: 3.77 105 ; Loads: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4.

II.

AXISYMMETRIC SOLID MASS DIFFUSION ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inside radius

77 1.0

1.4.111

MASS DIFFUSION ELEMENTS

Material:

Diffusivity Solubility

3.77 105 1.0

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

eca3mfdc.inp eca4mfdc.inp eca6mfdc.inp eca8mfdc.inp

III.

DCAX3: DCAX4: DCAX6: DCAX8:

BF, S1, S2, S3. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4. BF, S1, S2, S3. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID MASS DIFFUSION ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions
Material:

777

Diffusivity Solubility
Results and discussion

3.77 105 1.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

ec34mfdc.inp ec36mfdc.inp ec36mfdc_po.inp ec38mfdc.inp ec3amfdc.inp ec3amfdc_po.inp ec3fmfdc.inp ec3kmfdc.inp

DC3D4: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4. DC3D6: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. *POST OUTPUT analysis. DC3D8: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6. DC3D10: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4. *POST OUTPUT analysis. DC3D15: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. DC3D20: BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6.

1.4.112

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

1.4.12

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard

I.

ONE-DIMENSIONAL THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Length Area
Material:

7.0 3.0

Thermal conductivity Electrical conductivity Joule heat fraction

Results and discussion

3.77 105 3.77 105 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

ec12vfdf.inp ec13vfdf.inp

DC1D2E: BF, S1, S2, CBF, CS1, CS2. DC1D3E: BF, S1, S2, CBF, CS1, CS2.

II.

PLANAR THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Square dimension Thickness

Material:

77 1.0

Thermal conductivity Joule heat fraction

3.77 105 0.0

1.4.121

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

DC2D3E element load tests: ec23vfdf.inp ec23vfdm.inp DC2D4E element load tests: ec24vfdf.inp ec24vfdf_po.inp ec24vfdm.inp DC2D6E element load tests: ec26vfdf.inp ec26vfdm.inp DC2D8E element load tests: ec28vfdf.inp ec28vfdm.inp BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4. *POST OUTPUT analysis. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3. S, CS.

III.

AXISYMMETRIC THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Planar dimensions Inside radius

Material:

77 1.0

Thermal conductivity Joule heat fraction

Results and discussion

3.77 105 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

1.4.122

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Input files

DCAX3E element load tests: eca3vfdf.inp eca3vfdm.inp DCAX4E element load tests: eca4vfdf.inp eca4vfdm.inp DCAX6E element load tests: eca6vfdf.inp eca6vfdm.inp DCAX8E element load tests: eca8vfdf.inp eca8vfdm.inp BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3. S, CS.

IV.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Cubic dimensions
Material:

777

Thermal conductivity Joule heat fraction

Results and discussion

3.77 105 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

DC3D4E element load tests: ec34vfdf.inp ec34vfdf_po.inp ec34vfdm.inp BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4. *POST OUTPUT analysis. S, CS.

1.4.123

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

DC3D6E element load tests: ec36vfdf.inp ec36vfdm.inp DC3D8E element load tests: ec38vfdf.inp ec38vfdf_po.inp ec38vfdm.inp DC3D10E element load tests: ec3avfdf.inp ec3avfdm.inp DC3D15E element load tests: ec3fvfdf.inp ec3fvfdm.inp DC3D20E element load tests: ec3kvfdf.inp ec3kvfdm.inp BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6. *POST OUTPUT analysis. S, CS. BF, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, CBF, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5. S, CS.

1.4.124

RIGID ELEMENTS

1.4.13

RIGID ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. TWO-DIMENSIONAL RIGID ELEMENT

Problem description Model:

Length Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation

Results and discussion

1.0 0.1 (1, 0, 0) through (1, 1, 0)

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input file

erp2sxd1.inp
II. AXISYMMETRIC RIGID ELEMENT

R2D2: CENT, BX, BY.

Problem description Model:

Length of link Thickness of link Radius Centrifugal axis of rotation

Initial conditions:

10 0.5 5 (0, 1, 0) through origin

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

10.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

era2sxd1.inp era2sxdi.inp

RAX2: CENT, BR, BZ, P, HP. RAX2: P, HP.

1.4.131

RIGID ELEMENTS

III.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL RIGID ELEMENTS

Problem description Model:

Square dimensions Thickness Centrifugal axis of rotation

Initial conditions:

77 2.0 (0, 1, 0) through origin

Hydrostatic pressure datum Hydrostatic pressure elevation

Results and discussion

7.0 0.0

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

er33sxd1.inp er33sxdi.inp er34sxd1.inp er34sxdi.inp

R3D3: R3D3: R3D4: R3D4:

CENT, BX, BY, BZ, P, HP. P, HP. CENT, BX, BY, BZ, P, HP. P, HP.

1.4.132

MASS AND ROTARY INERTIA ELEMENTS

1.4.14

MASS AND ROTARY INERTIA ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Problem description Model:

Mass Rotary inertia

100.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 (0, 0, 1) through (0, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1) through (0, 0, 0)

Centrifugal axis of rotation Gravity load vector Rotary acceleration axis

The ROTARYI element is also tested with *ORIENTATION and with nite rotation.
Results and discussion

The calculated reactions are in agreement with the applied loads.

Input files

emassd1.inp erotaryidr.inp

MASS: GRAV, CENTRIF, ROTA. ROTARYI: ROTA.

1.4.141

Abaqus/Explicit ELEMENT LOADING VERIFICATION

1.4.15

Abaqus/Explicit ELEMENT LOADING VERIFICATION

Product: Abaqus/Explicit I. GRAVITY LOAD

Elements tested

MASS T2D2 T3D2 B21 B31 PIPE21 PIPE31 SAX1 S3R S4R M3D3 CPE3 CPE4R CPS3 CPS4R CAX3 CAX4R C3D4 C3D6 C3D8R
Features tested

M3D4R

Gravity load and nonstructural mass.

Problem description

In this verication test all the available element types are tested by loading them with a gravity load. All the element nodes are xed in position, and the reaction forces generated at the nodes are used to verify the element load calculations. The material model is isotropic linear elasticity. The material properties used are dened as follows: Youngs modulus = 193.1 109 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, and density = 7850. A nonstructural mass contribution to the element mass is dened while the effective density is maintained at the above specied value by reducing the material density to the extent of the added nonstructural mass. Because the GRAV load is applied on both the structural mass and the nonstructural mass, the analytical solution used to verify the numerical results remains the same. In the rst step a gravity load is applied in the vertical direction (y-direction). The amplitude function for this gravity load is dened such that the load is ramped up to a value of 10 over the rst half of the step and held constant over the second half of the step. In the second step the gravity load in the vertical direction is replaced with a gravity load in the horizontal direction (x-direction), which has an amplitude function that is similar to the vertical load.
Results and discussion

The results for all the elements agree with the analytical values, which are included at the top of the input le.
Input file

element_grav.inp

Input data used for this test.

1.4.151

Abaqus/Explicit ELEMENT LOADING VERIFICATION

II.

UNIFORM BODY FORCES

Elements tested

T2D2 CPE3

T3D2 SAX1 S3R S4R M3D3 M3D4R CPE4R CPS3 CPS4R CAX3 CAX4R C3D4

C3D6

C3D8R

Features tested

Uniform body forces.

Problem description

In this verication test all the available element types are tested by loading them with a uniform body force. All the element nodes are xed in position, and the reaction forces generated at the nodes are used to verify the element load calculations. The material model is isotropic linear elasticity. The material properties used are dened as follows: Youngs modulus = 193.1 109 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, and density = 785. In the rst step a uniform body force of 1.0 105 is applied in the x-direction for all the elements except the axisymmetric elements, where it is applied in the r-direction. The amplitude function for this body force is dened such that the load is ramped on over the rst half of the step and held constant for the rest of the analysis. In the second step another uniform body force of 1.0 105 is applied in the y-direction for all the elements except the axisymmetric elements, where it is applied in the z-direction. This load is applied using the same amplitude function that was used in the rst step. For C3D4, C3D6, C3D8R, S3R, S4R, M3D3, and M3D4R elements, another uniform body force of 1.0 105 is applied in the z-direction in a third step. This load also has the same amplitude function that was used in the rst step.
Results and discussion

The results for all the elements agree with the analytical values, which are included at the top of the input le.
Input file

element_body.inp
III. UNIFORM PRESSURE LOAD

Input data used for this test.

Elements tested *DLOAD option

RAX2 R2D2 R3D3 R3D4 B21 B31 PIPE21 PIPE31 SAX1 S3R M3D3 M3D4R CPE3 CPE4R CPS3 CPS4R CAX3 CAX4R C3D4 C3D6 C3D8R

S4R

1.4.152

Abaqus/Explicit ELEMENT LOADING VERIFICATION

*DSLOAD option

RAX2 R2D2 R3D3 R3D4 SAX1 S3R S4R M3D3 M3D4R CPE3 CPE4R CPS3 CPS4R CAX3 CAX4R C3D4 C3D6 C3D8R
Features tested

Uniform pressure load prescribed with the *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options.
Problem description

In these verication tests all the available element types are tested by loading them with uniform pressure using distributed element-based loads (*DLOAD) and distributed surface loads (*DSLOAD). All the element nodes are xed in position, and the reaction forces generated at the nodes are used to verify the load applications. Pipe elements (PIPE21 and PIPE31) are tested only with distributed element-based loads (*DLOAD). Multiple steps are used to apply different loads. All the loads applied in previous steps are removed at the beginning of each step. Loads are linearly increased over the rst half of each step and held constant over the second half. Isotropic linearly elastic material is used for all elements. The material properties used are dened as follows: Youngs modulus = 193.1 109 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, and density = 785. For beam (B21, B31) and pipe (PIPE21, PIPE31) elements in the case of element-based loads, uniform distributed force per unit length of 1.0 105 is applied in along the x- and y-direction in the rst and second steps, respectively. In the third step uniform distributed force per unit length of 1.0 105 along the z-direction is applied on three-dimensional beam (B31) and pipe (PIPE31) elements. For shell elements (S3R, S4R) and axisymmetric line elements (SAX1) uniform distributed normal force per unit area of 1.0 105 is applied in the rst step. For three-edged planar elements (CPE3, CPE6M, CPS3, CPS6M) and axisymmetric elements (CAX3, CAX4R) a uniform distributed normal force per unit length of 1.0 105 is applied on each element edge in the rst three steps. For four-edged planar elements (CPE4R, CPS4R) and axisymmetric elements (CAX4R) a uniform distributed normal force per unit length of 1.0 105 is applied on each element edge in the rst four steps. For tetrahedral three-dimensional continuum elements (C3D4, C3D10M) a uniform distributed force per unit area of 1.0 105 is applied on each face in the rst four steps. For prismatic three-dimensional continuum elements (C3D6) a uniform distributed force per unit area of 1.0 105 is applied on each face in the rst ve steps. For hexahedral three-dimensional continuum elements (C3D8) a uniform distributed force per unit area of 1.0 105 is applied on each face in the rst six steps. In the case of surface-based loads, in the rst step a uniform pressure of 1.0 105 is applied on one of the element edge surfaces (for CPE3, CPE4R, CPS3, CPS4R, CAX3, CAX4R, SAX1, R2D2, and RAX2 elements) or element faces (for C3D4, C3D6, C3D8R, S3R, S4R, M3D3, M3D4R, R3D3, and R3D4 elements). In the second step the same uniform pressure is applied on other element edge surfaces or element faces.

1.4.153

Abaqus/Explicit ELEMENT LOADING VERIFICATION

Results and discussion

The results for all the elements agree with the analytical values, which are included at the top of the input le.
Input files

element_pres.inp surface_pres.inp

Input data for element-based pressure loads used for this test. Input data for surface-based pressure loads used for this test.

IV.

VISCOUS PRESSURE LOAD

Elements tested *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options

SAX1 S3R S4R M3D3 M3D4R CPE3 CPE4R CPS3 CPS4R CAX3
Feature tested

CAX4R

C3D4

C3D6

C3D8R

Viscous pressure load.

Problem description

In this verication test all the available element types are tested by loading them with a viscous pressure load. The nodes belonging to the plane strain, plane stress, and axisymmetric elements (CPE3, CPE4R, CPS3, CPS4R, CAX3, and CAX4R) are constrained in the x-direction; and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the y-direction. The nodes belonging to the three-dimensional elements (C3D4, C3D6, and C3D8R) are constrained in the x- and z-directions, and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the y-direction. The nodes belonging to the shell and membrane elements (S3R, S4R, M3D3, and M3D4R) are constrained in the x- and y-directions, and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the z-direction. The nodes belonging to the axisymmetric shell element (SAX1) are constrained in the z-direction, and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the r-direction. The material model is isotropic linear elasticity. The material properties used are dened as follows: Youngs modulus = 193.1 109 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, and density = 7850. The coefcient of viscosity is 1000. The viscous pressure load generates reaction forces at the nodes, which are used to verify the element load calculations. This test has only one step.
Results and discussion

The results for all the elements agree with the analytical values, which are included at the top of the input le.

1.4.154

Abaqus/Explicit ELEMENT LOADING VERIFICATION

Input files

element_vpres.inp surface_vpres.inp
V.

Input data for element-based loads used for this test. Input data for surface-based loads used for this test.

VISCOUS BODY AND STAGNATION LOADS

Elements tested *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options

SAX1 S3R S4R M3D3 M3D4R CPE3 CPE4R CPS3 CPS4R CAX3
Features tested

CAX4R

C3D4

C3D6

C3D8R

Viscous body and stagnation loads.

Problem description

In this verication test all the available element types are tested by loading them with a viscous body or a stagnation load. The nodes belonging to the plane strain, plane stress, and axisymmetric elements (CPE3, CPE4R, CPS3, CPS4R, CAX3, and CAX4R) are constrained in the x-direction; and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the y-direction. The nodes belonging to the three-dimensional elements (C3D4, C3D6, and C3D8R) are constrained in the x- and z-directions, and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the y-direction. The nodes belonging to the shell and membrane elements (S3R, S4R, M3D3, and M3D4R) are constrained in the x- and y-directions, and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the z-direction. The nodes belonging to the axisymmetric shell element (SAX1) are constrained in the z-direction, and an initial velocity of 100 is prescribed in the r-direction. The material model is isotropic linear elasticity. The material properties used are dened as follows: Youngs modulus = 193.1 109 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, and density = 7850. The viscous body and stagnation loads generate reaction forces at the nodes, which are used to verify the element load calculations.
Results and discussion

Viscous body force loading provides an alternative way to dene the mass-proportional damping as a function of relative velocities and a step-dependent damping coefcient. In the testing of viscous body force loading, the results agree with those obtained by using the mass-proportional damping with damping factor of 7.85.
Input files

element_vbf.inp surface_sp.inp element_sp.inp element_sbf.inp

Input data for viscous body loads. Input data for surface-based stagnation pressure loads. Input data for element-based stagnation pressure loads. Input data for stagnation body loads.

1.4.155

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

1.4.16

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

Products: Abaqus/Standard Features tested

Abaqus/Explicit

*INCIDENT WAVE *INCIDENT WAVE PROPERTY *INCIDENT WAVE INTERACTION *INCIDENT WAVE INTERACTION PROPERTY *INCIDENT WAVE FLUID PROPERTY *INCIDENT WAVE REFLECTION *ACOUSTIC WAVE FORMULATION
I. ACOUSTIC ELEMENT TESTS

Elements tested

AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D4R AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D8R AC3D10 AC3D15 ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX4R ACAX6 ACAX8
Feature tested

AC3D20

Incident wave loading on acoustic elements in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit.

Problem description

One-dimensional incident wave loading is tested in this verication set. The model consists of a column of uid 1 m long with a square cross-section of area equal to 104 m2 . The length direction is the x-axis, while the cross-section is parallel to the y- and z-axes. In the axisymmetric case the column is oriented along the axial direction. The rst-order element models consist of 100 elements for the quadrilateral cases and 200 elements for the triangular cases. The second-order element models consist of 50 and 100 elements for the quadrilateral and triangular cases, respectively. For all cases one element is used along the breadth and width directions. A nonreective boundary condition is imposed on one end of the column via the *IMPEDANCE option. The sound source is located at (10, 0, 0) for the planar waves and at (100000, 0, 0) for the spherical waves, while the standoff point is located at (0, 0, 0). The material properties of the uid are the same as those of the surrounding medium. The material used is air with the following properties: density, 1.21 kg/m3 ; bulk modulus, 1.424 105 Pa. The sound source excitation is applied in two ways: through the pressure amplitude and through the corresponding acceleration amplitude. The pressure is applied as a ramp function beginning at zero and

1.4.161

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

reaching a magnitude of 1.826 Pa at the end of 4.4 ms. The acceleration amplitude is applied through a step function with a magnitude of 1 m/s2 . Transient simulations are performed in both Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit. The validity of the solution is checked by comparing the POR value at the rst node with the expected value of 1.826 Pa at the end of the step. The total wave formulation option is also tested. The acoustic solution under the specied incident wave loading obtained using the total wave formulation option is compared to the acoustic solution obtained while using the default scattered wave formulation option. A similar model is also created to test the bubble loading, with water used as the material instead of air.
Results and discussion

With the meshes used in these tests the result for all elements except AC3D4 is POR=1.825 Pa at node 1. The AC3D4 mesh yields a value of POR=1.865 Pa at node 1. Finer meshes yield more accurate results. The results obtained using the total wave formulation option are found to be identical to those obtained using the default scattered wave formulation.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

Planar wavefront, pressure amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d4_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d6_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d8_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d4_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d6_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d8_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d10_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d15_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d20_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_acax3_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_acax4_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_acax6_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_acax8_dyl_p_pa.inp Spherical wavefront, pressure amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d4_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d6_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d8_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d4_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d6_dyl_s_pa.inp AC2D3 elements. AC2D4 elements. AC2D6 elements. AC2D8 elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4 elements. AC2D6 elements. AC2D8 elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8 elements. AC3D10 elements. AC3D15 elements. AC3D20 elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4 elements. ACAX6 elements. ACAX8 elements.

1.4.162

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_1d_ac3d8_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d10_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d15_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d20_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_acax3_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_acax4_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_acax6_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_acax8_dyl_s_pa.inp Planar wavefront, acceleration amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac2d4_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac2d6_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac2d8_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d4_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d6_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d8_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d10_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d15_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d20_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_acax3_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_acax4_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_acax6_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_acax8_dyl_p_aa.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_dyl_b_pa.inp bubbledrag_iwi.inp bubbledrag_iw.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

AC3D8 elements. AC3D10 elements. AC3D15 elements. AC3D20 elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4 elements. ACAX6 elements. ACAX8 elements. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4 elements. AC2D6 elements. AC2D8 elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8 elements. AC3D10 elements. AC3D15 elements. AC3D20 elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4 elements. ACAX6 elements. ACAX8 elements. AC2D3 elements. S4 elements, *INCIDENT WAVE INTERACTION (preferred interface). S4 elements, *INCIDENT WAVE (alternative interface).

Planar wavefront, pressure amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d4r_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d4_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d6_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d8r_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_acax3_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_acax4r_xpl_p_pa.inp iwt_1d_ac2d4r_xpl_p_pa.inp iwt_1d_ac3d6_xpl_p_pa.inp iwt_1d_acax4r_xpl_p_pa.inp

AC2D3 elements. AC2D4R elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8R elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4R elements. AC2D4R elements, total wave formulation. AC3D6 elements, total wave formulation. ACAX4R elements, total wave formulation.

1.4.163

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

Spherical wavefront, pressure amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac2d4r_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d4_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d6_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_ac3d8r_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_acax3_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_acax4r_xpl_s_pa.inp iwt_1d_ac2d3_xpl_s_pa.inp iwt_1d_ac3d8r_xpl_s_pa.inp iwt_1d_acax3_xpl_s_pa.inp Planar wavefront, acceleration amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac2d4r_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d4_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d6_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_ac3d8r_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_acax3_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_acax4r_xpl_p_aa.inp iwt_1d_ac2d3_xpl_p_aa.inp iwt_1d_ac3d4_xpl_p_aa.inp iwt_1d_ac3d8r_xpl_p_aa.inp iwt_1d_acax3_xpl_p_aa.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_ac2d3_xpl_b_pa.inp Spherical, generalized decay: iw_1d_ac3d4_xpl_s_pa_gendecay.inp iw_1d_ac3d8r_xpl_s_pa_gendecay.inp iw_aco_fastdecay.inp iw_aco_highc.inp iw_aco_nearlyacoustic.inp iw_aco_slowdecay.inp iw_b31_fastdecay.inp iw_b31_highc.inp iw_b31_nearlyacoustic.inp iw_b31_slowdecay.inp iw_cpl_fastdecay.inp AC3D4 elements; generalized decay. AC3D8R elements; generalized decay. AC3D8R elements; high spatial decay. AC3D8R elements; high speed of sound. AC3D8R elements; generalized, but nearly acoustic, decay. AC3D8R elements; generalized, but very slow, decay. B31 elements; high spatial decay. B31 elements; high speed of sound. B31 elements; generalized, but nearly acoustic, decay. B31 elements; generalized, but very slow, decay. Coupled S4R and AC3D8R elements; high spatial decay. AC2D3 elements. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4R elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8R elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4R elements. AC2D3 elements, total wave formulation. AC3D4 elements, total wave formulation. AC3D8R elements, total wave formulation. ACAX3 elements, total wave formulation. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4R elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8R elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4R elements. AC2D3 elements, total wave formulation. AC3D8R elements, total wave formulation. ACAX3 elements, total wave formulation.

1.4.164

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_cpl_highc.inp iw_cpl_nearlyacoustic.inp iw_cpl_nearlyacoustic0.inp

iw_cpl_slowdecay.inp iw_shl_fastdecay.inp iw_shl_highc.inp iw_shl_nearlyacoustic.inp iw_shl_slowdecay.inp

II.

Coupled S4R and AC3D8R elements; high speed of sound. Coupled S4R and AC3D8R elements; generalized, but nearly acoustic, decay. Coupled S4R and AC3D8R elements; generalized, but nearly acoustic, decay. Second test with different model properties. Coupled S4R and AC3D8R elements; generalized, but very slow, decay. S4R elements; high spatial decay. S4R elements; high speed of sound. S4R elements; generalized, but nearly acoustic, decay. S4R elements; generalized, but very slow, decay.

INITIALIZATION OF ACOUSTIC FIELDS

Elements tested

AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D4R AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D8R AC3D10 AC3D15 ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX4R ACAX6 ACAX8
Feature tested

AC3D20

Incident wave loading on acoustic elements using incident wave loads and the total wave formulation in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit.
Problem description

These are multiple-element tests that model sound sources of planar waves and spherical waves exciting traveling waves in ducts. Two cases are studied: a spherical wave source using an exponentially decaying time amplitude and a plane wave source using a sinusoidal amplitude. In both cases the total wave formulation is used and the standoff point of the incident wave loading is specied to be inside the nite element mesh. Consequently, at the start of the analysis the incident waves have already travelled into the nite element domain. These tests show that at the start of the rst dynamic step in the analysis the acoustic eld is properly initialized to the values of the incident wave eld.
Results and discussion

The results match the expected values for all cases.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

std_twinit_2d_dcay.inp

Decay amplitude with spherical wavefront; dimensional elements.

two-

1.4.165

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

std_twinit_3d_dcay.inp std_twinit_ax_dcay.inp std_twinit_2d_sine.inp std_twinit_3d_sine.inp std_twinit_ax_sine.inp

Abaqus/Explicit input files

Decay amplitude with spherical wavefront; threedimensional elements. Decay amplitude with spherical wavefront; axisymmetric elements. Sinusoidal amplitude with planar wavefront; twodimensional elements. Sinusoidal amplitude with planar wavefront; threedimensional elements. Sinusoidal amplitude with planar wavefront; axisymmetric elements.

xpl_twinit_2d_dcay.inp xpl_twinit_3d_dcay.inp xpl_twinit_ax_dcay.inp xpl_twinit_2d_sine.inp xpl_twinit_3d_sine.inp xpl_twinit_ax_sine.inp

Decay amplitude with spherical wavefront; twodimensional elements. Decay amplitude with spherical wavefront; threedimensional elements. Decay amplitude with spherical wavefront; axisymmetric elements. Sinusoidal amplitude with planar wavefront; twodimensional elements. Sinusoidal amplitude with planar wavefront; threedimensional elements. Sinusoidal amplitude with planar wavefront; axisymmetric elements.

III.

BEAM ELEMENT TESTS

Elements tested

B21

B21H

B22

B22H

B23

B23H

B31

PIPE21

PIPE31

Features tested

Incident wave loading on two-dimensional beam elements in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit. Pipe elements and three-dimensional beams are also tested in Abaqus/Explicit.
Problem description

In the case of two-dimensional modeling single-element tests are used to verify incident wave loading on two-dimensional beam and pipe elements, where the wave source is located at (0.5, 10) for the planar waves and at (0.5, 100000) for the spherical waves. The single element for each case is placed along the x-axis with end points at (0, 0) and (1, 0). All nodes are completely xed. The standoff point is at (0.5, 0). The beam element has a square cross-section of area 1 104 m2 , whereas the pipe has an outer diameter of 1.0 102 m and the thickness of 1.0 103 m. The material properties for the beam are =

1.4.166

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

1.0 106 Pa and = 1000 kg/m3 . The properties of the surrounding medium are the same as those used in the previous section. The loading is applied as a ramp function with a maximum value of 1000 Pa attained at the end of the step at 0.5 ms. The reaction forces at the element nodes are compared. The expected reaction force at each of the end nodes is 500 N for the linear elements. For quadratic elements the expected reaction force is 166.7 N at each of the end nodes and 666.7 N at the mid node. The bubble loading is also tested but with water used as the material instead of air. In the case of three-dimensional modeling for verication on three-dimensional beam and pipe elements in Abaqus/Explicit, a beam comprised of 50 beam (B31) or pipe (PIPE31) elements, placed along the x-axis with end points (50, 0,0) and (50,0,0) is used. In both cases a cross-section of type pipe with an outer diameter of 2.5 m and a thickness of 0.1 m is used. The material properties for the beam are = 2.0 1011 Pa and = 10000 kg/m3 . The source of the spherical wave, due to an under water explosion, is located at (0,30,0); and the stand-off point is located at (0,5,0). The wave load is applied over a cylindrical skin modeled with surface membrane elements (SFM3D4R) that is tied to the outer surface of the beam. Boundary conditions on the beam disallow any axial displacement and rotations along the y- and z-axis. The solution is computed for 0.1s.
Results and discussion

The results exactly match the expected values for all cases.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

Planar wavefront, NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_b21_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b21h_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b22_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b22h_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b23_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b23h_dyl_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront, NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_b21_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b21h_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b22_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b22h_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b23_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b23h_dyl_s_pp.inp Planar wavefront, NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_b21_dyn_p_pp.inp B21 element. B21 element. B21H element. B22 element. B22H element. B23 element. B23H element. B21 element. B21H element. B22 element. B22H element. B23 element. B23H element.

1.4.167

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_1d_b21h_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b22_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b22h_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b23_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b23h_dyn_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront, NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_b21_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b21h_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b22_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b22h_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b23_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_b23h_dyn_s_pp.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_b21_dyl_b_pp.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

B21H element. B22 element. B22H element. B23 element. B23H element.

B21 element. B21H element. B22 element. B22H element. B23 element. B23H element.

B21 element.

iw_1d_b21_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_b21_xpl_s_pp.inp iwt_1d_b21_xpl_p_pp.inp iwt_1d_b21_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_p21_xpl_p_pp.inp b31_sfm_iw.inp p31_sfm_iw.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_b21_xpl_b_pp.inp
IV. SHELL ELEMENT TESTS

B21 element with planar wavefront. B21 element with spherical wavefront. B21 element with planar wavefront. B21 element with spherical wavefront. PIPE21 element with planar wavefront. B31 element with spherical wavefront. PIPE31 element with spherical wavefront.

B21 element.

Elements tested

S3R S3RS S4R SAX1 SAX2

Feature tested

S4R5

S4RS

S4RSW

S8R

S8R5

S9R5

STRI3

STRI65

Incident wave loading on shell elements in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit.

Problem description

These are single-element tests that model a sound source at (0.5, 0.5, 10) for the planar shells and at (0, 10) for the axisymmetric shells for the planar waves. For the spherical waves the source is moved to (0.5, 0.5, 100000) for the planar shells and to (0, 100000) for the axisymmetric shells. The planar shell

1.4.168

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

is modeled to be in the XY plane with unit length on all sides. The standoff point is located at (0.5, 0.5, 0). In the axisymmetric case the shell is oriented along the radial direction and the standoff point is at (0, 0). The shell thickness is 104 m. The shell material properties are the same as those of the beam in the previous section. The properties of the surrounding medium are kept the same as those used in the previous cases. All nodes are xed completely. The loading is applied as a ramp function attaining a maximum of 1000 Pa at the end of the step at 0.5 ms. The reaction forces are compared with the expected values, which when summed should produce a total force of 1000 N. A similar model is also created to test the bubble loading, with water used as the material instead of air.
Results and discussion

The results for all tested elements exactly match the expected values.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

Planar wavefront, NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_s3r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r5_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r5_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s9r5_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_stri3_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_stri65_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_sax1_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_sax2_dyl_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront, NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_s3r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r5_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r5_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s9r5_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_stri3_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_stri65_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_sax1_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_sax2_dyl_s_pp.inp S3R element. S4 element. S4R element. S4R5 element. S8R element. S8R5 element. S9R5 element. STRI3 element. STRI65 element. SAX1 element. SAX2 element. S3R element. S4 element. S4R element. S4R5 element. S8R element. S8R5 element. S9R5 element. STRI3 element. STRI65 element. SAX1 element. SAX2 element.

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INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

Planar wavefront, NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_s3r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r5_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r5_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s9r5_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_stri3_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_stri65_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_sax1_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_sax2_dyn_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront, NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_s3r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r5_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s8r5_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s9r5_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_stri3_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_stri65_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_sax1_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_sax2_dyn_s_pp.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_s4_dyl_b_pp.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

S3R element. S4 element. S4R element. S4R5 element. S8R element. S8R5 element. S9R5 element. STRI3 element. STRI65 element. SAX1 element. SAX2 element.

S3R element. S4 element. S4R element. S4R5 element. S8R element. S8R5 element. S9R5 element. STRI3 element. STRI65 element. SAX1 element. SAX2 element.

S4 element.

Planar wavefront: iw_1d_s3r_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s3rs_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4rs_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_s4rsw_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_sax1_xpl_p_pp.inp iwt_1d_sax1_xpl_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront: iw_1d_s3r_xpl_s_pp.inp S3R element. S3R element. S3RS element. S4R element. S4RS element. S4RSW element. SAX1 element. SAX1 element.

1.4.1610

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_1d_s3rs_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4r_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4rs_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_s4rsw_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_sax1_xpl_s_pp.inp iwt_1d_s3rs_xpl_s_pp.inp iwt_1d_s4r_xpl_s_pp.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_s4r_xpl_b_pp.inp
V. SOLID ELEMENT TESTS

S3RS element. S4R element. S4RS element. S4RSW element. SAX1 element. S3RS element. S4R element.

S4R element.

Elements tested

CPE3 CPE4I CPE4R CPEG4I CPEG4R CPE6M CPEG6M CPS3 CPS4I CPS4R CPS6 CPS6M CPS8R C3D4 C3D6 C3D8I C3D8R C3D10M C3D15V C3D20 CAX3 CAX4R CAX6 CAX6M CAX8R
Feature tested

CPE8

CPEG8

Incident wave loading on solid elements in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit.

Problem description

These tests use exactly the same geometry as that used in the acoustic element tests, except that the length is reduced to 0.1 m. Consequently, 10 and 20 rst-order elements are used in the quadrilateral and triangular cases, respectively; and 5 and 10 second-order elements are used for the quadrilateral and triangular cases, respectively. The sound source is at (10, 0) for the planar waves and at (100000, 0, 0) for the spherical waves. All nodes are xed in the y-direction, while the end nodes on the surface further away from the source are xed additionally in the x-direction. The stresses in the elements are compared with those obtained using the equivalent *DSLOAD option. A similar model is also created to test the bubble loading, with water used as the material instead of air.
Results and discussion

The solution is exactly the same as that obtained using the equivalent *DSLOAD option, except for the CPE6M element which gives a small percentage of error in the Abaqus/Explicit analysis.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

Planar wavefront, NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_cpe3_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4i_dyl_p_pp.inp CPE3 elements. CPE4I elements.

1.4.1611

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_1d_cpe4r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4i_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe6m_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg6m_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe8_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg8_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps3_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4i_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6m_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps8r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d4_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d6_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8i_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d10m_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d15v_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d20_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax3_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax4r_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6m_dyl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax8r_dyl_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront, NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_cpe3_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4i_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4i_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe6m_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg6m_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe8_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg8_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps3_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4i_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6m_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps8r_dyl_s_pp.inp

CPE4R elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4R elements. CPE6M elements. CPEG6M elements. CPE8 elements. CPEG8 elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8R elements. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8R elements. C3D10M elements. C3D15V elements. C3D20 elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6M elements. CAX8R elements.

CPE3 elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4R elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4R elements. CPE6M elements. CPEG6M elements. CPE8 elements. CPEG8 elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8R elements.

1.4.1612

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_1d_c3d4_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d6_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8i_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d10m_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d15v_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d20_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax3_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax4r_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6m_dyl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax8r_dyl_s_pp.inp Planar wavefront, NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_cpe3_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4i_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4i_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe6m_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg6m_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe8_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg8_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps3_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4i_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6m_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps8r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d4_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d6_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8i_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d10m_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d15v_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d20_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax3_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax4r_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6m_dyn_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax8r_dyn_p_pp.inp

C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8R elements. C3D10M elements. C3D15V elements. C3D20 elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6M elements. CAX8R elements.

CPE3 elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4R elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4R elements. CPE6M elements. CPEG6M elements. CPE8 elements. CPEG8 elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8R elements. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8R elements. C3D10M elements. C3D15V elements. C3D20 elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6M elements. CAX8R elements.

1.4.1613

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

Spherical wavefront, NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_cpe3_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4i_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4i_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg4r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe6m_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg6m_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe8_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpeg8_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps3_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4i_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps6m_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps8r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d4_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d6_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8i_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d10m_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d15v_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d20_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax3_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax4r_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax6m_dyn_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax8r_dyn_s_pp.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_cpe4r_dyl_b_pp.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

CPE3 elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4R elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4R elements. CPE6M elements. CPEG6M elements. CPE8 elements. CPEG8 elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8R elements. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8R elements. C3D10M elements. C3D15V elements. C3D20 elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. CAX6 elements. CAX6M elements. CAX8R elements.

CPE4R elements.

Planar wavefront: iw_1d_cpe3_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4r_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe6m_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps3_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4r_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d4_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d6_xpl_p_pp.inp CPE3 elements. CPE4R elements. CPE6M elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4R elements. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements.

1.4.1614

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iw_1d_c3d8r_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d10m_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax3_xpl_p_pp.inp iw_1d_cax4r_xpl_p_pp.inp iwt_1d_c3d6_xpl_p_pp.inp iwt_1d_cax3_xpl_p_pp.inp Spherical wavefront: iw_1d_cpe3_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe4r_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cpe6m_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps3_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cps4r_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d4_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d6_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d8r_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_c3d10m_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax3_xpl_s_pp.inp iw_1d_cax4r_xpl_s_pp.inp iwt_1d_cpe4r_xpl_s_pp.inp iwt_1d_c3d8r_xpl_s_pp.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_cpe4r_xpl_b_pp.inp
VI. COUPLED TESTS

C3D8R elements. C3D10M elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. C3D6 elements. CAX3 elements. CPE3 elements. CPE4R elements. CPE6M elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4R elements. C3D4 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D8R elements. C3D10M elements. CAX3 elements. CAX4R elements. CPE4R elements. C3D8R elements.

CPE4R elements.

Elements tested

AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D4R AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D6 AC3D8 ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX6 B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 S3R S4R S4RS STRI3 SAX1 SAX2 C3D6 CAX3 CPE4R CPE6M CPEG4R CPS4R CPS8R
Feature tested

AC3D8R

Incident wave loading in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit with solid-uid coupling using the *TIE option.
Problem description

One-dimensional incident wave loading is tested for coupled analysis in this verication set. When solid and beam elements are coupled with the acoustic elements, the sound source is located at (10, 0, 0) for the planar waves and at (100000, 0, 0) for the spherical waves. For coupling with shell elements the

1.4.1615

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

sound source is located at (0, 0, 10) for the planar waves and at (0, 0, 100000) for the spherical waves. For all the axisymmetric cases the sound source is located at (0, 10) for the planar waves and at (0, 100000) for the spherical waves. The standoff point is located at (0, 0, 0). One acoustic element is used for the coupling analysis. The two-dimensional acoustic element has a length and width of 1 m and a thickness of 104 m. The three-dimensional acoustic element has unit length on all sides. The material properties for the acoustic elements are as follows: density, 1.21 kg/m3 ; 5 bulk modulus, 1.424 10 Pa. The material properties of the surrounding medium are the same as those of the uid. The planar shells are modeled in the XY plane with a surface lying on one face of the acoustic element. The shell element thickness is 104 m. The beam elements are modeled parallel to the y-direction and lying on one edge of the two-dimensional acoustic element. The beam has a square cross-section area of 104 m2 . Solid elements are modeled with the length direction as the x-axis and the other two directions parallel to the y- and z-axes; they are placed adjacent to the acoustic elements. In axisymmetric cases the elements are oriented in the axial direction. The material properties of the solid and structural elements are the same as those used in the previous cases. All nodes are kept xed for the beam and shell elements. For the solid elements all nodes are xed in the y-direction, and the nodes that are further away from the tied surface are xed additionally in the x-direction. For the acoustic elements the loading is applied as a ramp function attaining a maximum of 2.0755 Pa at the end of the step at 5 ms. Additionally, pressure is applied for the solid and structural elements as a ramp function with a maximum of 5 Pa at the end of the step. The results are compared with the expected values of reaction forces and POR. Two similar models are also created to test the bubble loading, with water used as the material instead of air.
Results and discussion

The results exactly match the expected values for all cases.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

Planar wavefront, pressure amplitude, and NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_sac_b_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_dyl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyl_p_pa.inp AC2D4/B23 elements. ACAX4/SAX1 elements. AC2D4/CPE4R elements.

Spherical wavefront, pressure amplitude, and NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_sac_b_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_dyl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyl_s_pa.inp AC2D8/B22H elements. AC3D8/STRI3 elements. AC3D8/C3D8 elements.

Planar wavefront, acceleration amplitude, and NLGEOM=NO: iw_1d_sac_b_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_dyl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyl_p_aa.inp AC2D4/B23 elements. ACAX4/SAX1 elements. AC2D4/CPE4R elements.

1.4.1616

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

Planar wavefront, pressure amplitude, and NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_sac_b_dyn_p_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_dyn_p_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyn_p_pa.inp AC2D8/B22 elements. AC3D8/S4R elements. AC2D3/CPEG4R elements.

Spherical wavefront, pressure amplitude, and NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_sac_b_dyn_s_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_dyn_s_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyn_s_pa.inp AC2D4/B21H elements. ACAX6/SAX2 elements. AC2D6/CPE6M elements.

Planar wavefront, acceleration amplitude, and NLGEOM=YES: iw_1d_sac_b_dyn_p_aa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_dyn_p_aa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyn_p_aa.inp Bubble-loading amplitude: iw_1d_sac_b_dyl_b_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_dyl_b_pa.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

AC2D8/B22 elements. AC3D8/S4R elements. AC2D3/CPEG4R elements.

AC2D8/B22H elements. AC3D8/C3D8 elements.

Planar wavefront, pressure amplitude: iw_1d_sac_b_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_xpl_p_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_xpl_p_pa.inp Spherical wavefront, pressure amplitude: iw_1d_sac_b_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_xpl_s_pa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_xpl_s_pa.inp Planar wavefront, acceleration amplitude: iw_1d_sac_b_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_sac_s_xpl_p_aa.inp iw_1d_sac_c_xpl_p_aa.inp
VII.

AC2D3/B21 elements. AC3D8R/S3R elements. AC2D4/CPS4R elements.

AC2D4R/B21 elements. AC3D8R/S4RS elements. ACAX3/CAX3 elements.

AC2D3/B21 elements. AC3D8R/S3R elements. AC2D4/CPS4R.

INCIDENT WAVE REFLECTION: SPHERICAL WAVES

Elements tested

S4R

AC3D8

AC3D8R

1.4.1617

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

Feature tested

Incident wave reection in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit with solid-uid coupling using the *INCIDENT WAVE REFLECTION option.
Problem description

These are single-element tests that model a sound source at (0.0, 0.0, 10.0) for the spherical waves and a reecting surface 5 m directly above the sound source. The standoff point is located at (0.0, 0.0, 0.0). The planar shell is modeled in the XY plane with unit length on all sides. The shell thickness is 104 m. All nodes are xed for the planar shells. The shell material properties are as follows: E=106 Pa and =1000 kg/m3 . The three-dimensional acoustic element is modeled with one face of the element on the XY plane and has unit length on all sides. The material properties are the same as those used in the previous case. The surrounding medium has the following material properties: density, =100 kg/m3 ; bulk modulus, =108 Pa. The loading is a step function with pressure magnitude of 1000 Pa for planar shells and 415.09517 Pa for acoustic elements. Four different properties of the reecting surface are considered for the tests. For planar shells the reaction forces are compared with the expected values. For acoustic elements POR values are compared.
Results and discussion

The results exactly match the expected values for all cases.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

iwr_1d_1_dyl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_2_dyl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_3_dyl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_4_dyl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_1_dyl_s_pa.inp iwr_1d_2_dyl_s_pa.inp iwr_1d_3_dyl_s_pa.inp iwr_1d_4_dyl_s_pa.inp

Abaqus/Explicit input files

S4R element with 1/ =0. S4R element with 1/ =1/ . S4R element with 1/ >> 1/ . S4R element with 1/ =0.5. AC3D8 element with 1/ =0. AC3D8 element with 1/ =1/ . AC3D8 element with 1/ >> 1/ . AC3D8 element with 1/ =0.5.

iwr_1d_1_xpl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_2_xpl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_3_xpl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_4_xpl_s_pp.inp iwtr_1d_1_xpl_s_pp.inp iwr_1d_1_xpl_s_pa.inp iwr_1d_2_xpl_s_pa.inp iwr_1d_3_xpl_s_pa.inp

S4R element with 1/ =0. S4R element with 1/ =1/ . S4R element with 1/ >> 1/ . S4R element with 1/ =0.5. S4R element with 1/ =0. AC3D8R element with 1/ =0. AC3D8R element with 1/ =1/ . AC3D8R element with 1/ >> 1/ .

1.4.1618

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

iwr_1d_4_xpl_s_pa.inp iwtr_1d_1_xpl_s_pa.inp iwtr_1d_3_xpl_s_pa.inp

VIII.

AC3D8R element with 1/ =0.5. AC3D8R element with 1/ =0. AC3D8R element with 1/ >> 1/

INCIDENT WAVE REFLECTION: PLANAR WAVES

Elements tested

S4R

AC3D8

AC3D8R

Feature tested

Incident wave reection in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit using the *INCIDENT WAVE REFLECTION option.
Problem description

These are single-element tests that model a sound source at (0.0, 10.0, 10.0) for the direct-path waves and a reecting surface 20 m directly below the sound source. The standoff point is located at (0.0, 0.0, 0.0). The loading amplitude is a step function with pressure magnitude of 1000 Pa for the planar shells and 1.0 Pa for the acoustic elements. The planar shell is modeled in the XY plane with unit length on all sides. The shell thickness is 104 m. All nodes are xed for the planar shells. The shell material properties are as follows: E=106 Pa and =1000 kg/m3 . The three-dimensional acoustic element is modeled with one face of the element on the XY plane and has unit length on all sides. The acoustic medium has the following material properties: density, =1.0 kg/m3 ; bulk modulus, =1.6 10 5 Pa, resulting in a speed of sound of 400 m/s. For planar shells the reaction forces are compared with the expected values. For acoustic elements POR values are compared.
Results and discussion

The results exactly match the expected values for all cases.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

iwr_1d_1_dyl_p_pp.inp iwr_1d_1_dyl_p_pa.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

S4R element with 1/ =0. AC3D8 element with 1/ =0.

iwr_1d_1_xpl_p_pp.inp iwtr_1d_1_xpl_p_pp.inp iwr_1d_1_xpl_p_pa.inp iwtr_1d_1_xpl_p_pa.inp

S4R element with 1/ =0. S4R element with 1/ =0, total wave formulation. AC3D8R element with 1/ =0. AC3D8R element with 1/ =0, total wave formulation.

1.4.1619

INCIDENT WAVE LOADING

IX.

INCIDENT WAVE INTERACTION IN STEADY-STATE DYNAMICS

Elements tested

S4R

C3D8

AC3D8

AC3D8R

Feature tested

Incident wave interaction in Abaqus/Standard.

Problem description

These are simple tests to verify the application of planar, spherical, and diffuse incident wave elds in steady-state dynamics.
Results and discussion

The results match the expected values for all cases.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ac3d8_iwissdd.inp ac3d8_iwissdd2.inp ac3d8_iwissdd_lc.inp ac3d8_iwissds.inp c3d8_iwissdd.inp c3d8_iwissdd2.inp c3d8_iwissdd_lc.inp c3d8_iwissds.inp stl_case1.inp stl_case2.inp iwi_diffuse_s4.inp

AC3D8 element using the direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure. AC3D8 element using the direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure. AC3D8 element using the direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure and the *LOAD CASE option. AC3D8 element using the subspace-based steady-state dynamic procedure. C3D8 element using the direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure. C3D8 element using the direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure. C3D8 element using the direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure and the *LOAD CASE option. C3D8 element using the subspace-based steady-state dynamic procedure. AC3D8 and S4R elements. AC3D8 and S4R elements. S4R element with diffuse loading.

1.4.1620

TRACTION AND EDGE LOADING

1.4.17

DISTRIBUTED TRACTION AND EDGE LOADS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Features tested

Abaqus/Explicit

This section provides basic verication tests for the traction load labels TRVEC and TRSHR and the edge load labels EDLD, EDNOR, EDSHR, and EDTRA using the *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options.
I. DISTRIBUTED SHEAR AND GENERAL TRACTION LOADS

Elements tested

CPS3 CPE3 CPS4 CPE4 CPS6 CPE6 CPS6M CPE6M CPS8 CPEG3 CPEG4 CPEG6 CPEG6M CPEG8 CAX3 CAX4 CAX6 CAX6M CAX8 CGAX3 CGAX4 CGAX6 CGAX6M CGAX8 C3D4 C3D8R C3D6 C3D10 C3D10M C3D15 C3D20 C3D27 CCL9 CCL12 CCL18 CCL24 S3R STRI3 S4R S4R5 STRI65 S8R S8R5 S9R5 SC6R SC8R SAX1 SAX2 RAX2 M3D3 M3D4 M3D6 M3D8 M3D9 MAX1 MAX2 MGAX1 MGAX2 MCL6 MCL9 SFMCL6 SFMCL9 SFM3D3 SFM3D4 SFM3D6 SFM3D8 SFMAX1 SFMAX2 SFMGAX1 SFMGAX2 R2D2 R3D3 R3D4 RAX2
Problem description

CPE8

The analyses in this section test the traction load labels TRVEC and TRSHR using the *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options. One-element and two-element tests are performed to verify the loading options on all the faces of supported elements. In both Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit tests, the elements are held xed by kinematic coupling constraints as each face of each element is loaded with a combination of distributed general tractions and shear tractions. The resultant forces at the kinematic reference nodes are output to verify that distributed loads are properly applied to each element.
Results and discussion

The results for each combination indicate that the loads are applied correctly.

1.4.171

TRACTION AND EDGE LOADING

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

tracload2d.inp tracloadcpeg.inp tracloadcax.inp tracloadcgax.inp tracload3d.inp tracloadccl.inp tracloadshl.inp tracloadsc.inp tracloadrsax.inp tracloadm3d.inp tracloadmax.inp tracloadmgax.inp tracloadmcl.inp tracloadsfmax.inp tracloadsfmgax.inp tracloadr2d.inp tracloadr3d.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

Traction loading of two-dimensional elements. Traction loading of generalized plane strain elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric elements with twist. Traction loading of three-dimensional elements. Traction loading of cylindrical elements. Traction loading of shell elements. Traction loading of continuum shell elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric shell elements and axisymmetric rigid link elements. Traction loading of three-dimensional membrane and surface elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric membrane elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric membrane elements with twist. Traction loading of cylindrical membrane elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric surface elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric surface elements with twist. Traction loading of two-dimensional rigid elements. Traction loading of three-dimensional rigid elements.

tracload2d_xpl.inp tracloadcax_xpl.inp tracload3d_xpl.inp tracloadshl_xpl.inp tracloadsc_xpl.inp tracloadrsax_xpl.inp tracloadr2d2_xpl.inp

II. DISTRIBUTED EDGE LOADS

Traction loading of two-dimensional elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric elements. Traction loading of three-dimensional elements. Traction loading of shell, membrane, and surface elements. Traction loading of continuum shell elements. Traction loading of axisymmetric shell elements and axisymmetric rigid link elements. Traction loading of two-dimensional rigid elements.

Elements tested

S3R

STRI3

S4R

S4R5

STRI65

S8R

S8R5

S9R5

1.4.172

TRACTION AND EDGE LOADING

Problem description

The analyses in this section test the edge load labels EDLD, EDNOR, EDSHR, and EDTRA using the *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options. One-element and two-element tests are performed to verify the loading options on all the edges of supported shell elements. In both Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit tests, the elements are held xed by kinematic coupling constraints as each edge of each element is loaded with a combination of distributed edge loads. The resultant forces at the kinematic reference nodes are output to verify that distributed loads are properly applied to each element.
Results and discussion

The results for each combination indicate that the loads are applied correctly.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input file

tracloadedge.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input file

Edge loading of shell elements.

tracloadedge_xpl.inp
III.

Edge loading of shell elements.

DISTRIBUTED SHEAR AND GENERAL TRACTION LOADS IN GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSES

Elements tested

CPS3 CPE3 CPS4 CPE4 CPS6 CPE6 CPS6M CPE6M C3D4 C3D8R C3D6 C3D10 C3D10M C3D15 C3D20 CCL9 CCL12 CCL18 CCL24 S3R STRI3 S4R S4R5 STRI65 S8R S8R5 S9R5 SC6R SC8R SAX1 SAX2
Problem description

CPS8

CPE8

The analyses in this section test the traction load labels TRVEC and TRSHR using the *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options in geometrically nonlinear analyses. Tests include models under large rigid body rotations and large deformations. In the tests where elements undergo large rigid body rotations, one facet is coupled to a kinematic coupling reference node. A traction load is applied to another face. This load is kept constant as the elements are rotated by the kinematic coupling reference node. The reaction forces at the kinematic reference node are used to verify that the loads are properly applied and rotated with the element. Different combinations of the FOLLOWER and CONSTANT RESULTANT parameters are also used. Some of the models in the tests have cylindrical geometry. General traction or shear

1.4.173

TRACTION AND EDGE LOADING

loadings are applied on the cylindrical surface by dening a local cylindrical coordinate system with the ORIENTATION paremeter.
Results and discussion

The results for each combination indicate that the loads are applied correctly.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

traclarge_rotation_2d.inp traclarge_rotation_3d.inp traclarge_rotation_3d_usub.inp traclarge_rotation_3d_usub.f traclarge_rotation_shl.inp traclarge_rotation_m3d.inp tracnlgeom_ccl9.inp tracnlgeom_ccl12.inp tracnlgeom_ccl12_usub.inp tracnlgeom_ccl12_usub.f tracnlgeom_ccl18.inp tracnlgeom_ccl24.inp tracnlgeom_sax.inp trac_cylori.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

Traction loading of two-dimensional elements. Traction loading of three-dimensional elements. User-dened traction loading of three-dimensional elements. User subroutine used in traclarge_rotation_3d_usub.inp. Traction loading of three-dimensional shell elements. Traction loading of three-dimensional membrane elements. Traction loading of 9-node cylindrical element CCL9. Traction loading of 12-node cylindrical element CCL12. User-dened traction loading of 12-node cylindrical element CCL12. User subroutine used in tracnlgeom_ccl12_usub.inp. Traction loading of 18-node cylindrical element CCL18. Traction loading of 24-node cylindrical element CCL24. Traction loading of axisymmetric shell element. Traction loading of a three-dimensional cylinder.

traclarge_rotation_2d_xpl.inp trac_cylori_xpl.inp
IV.

Traction loading of two-dimensional elements. Traction loading of a three-dimensional cylinder.

DISTRIBUTED EDGE LOADS IN A GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

Elements tested

S3R

STRI3

S4R

S4R5

STRI65

S8R

S8R5

S9R5

Problem description

The analyses in this section test the edge load labels EDLD, EDNOR, EDSHR, and EDTRA using the *DLOAD and *DSLOAD options in geometrically nonlinear analyses. One facet is coupled to a kinematic coupling reference node. A traction load is applied to another face. This load is kept constant as the elements are rotated by the kinematic coupling reference node. The reaction forces at the kinematic reference node are used to verify that the loads are properly applied and rotated with the

1.4.174

TRACTION AND EDGE LOADING

element. Different combinations of the FOLLOWER and CONSTANT RESULTANT parameters are also used.
Results and discussion

The results for each combination indicate that the loads are applied correctly.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

tracedgelarge_rotation.inp tracnlgeom_edge_usub.inp tracnlgeom_edge_usub.f

Abaqus/Explicit input file

Edge loading of shell elements. User-dened edge loading of shell elements. User subroutine used in tracnlgeom_edge_usub.inp.

traclarge_rotation_edge_xpl.inp
V.

Edge loading of shell elements.

DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS OF A MEMBRANE STRUCTURE USING THE CONSTANT RESULTANT PARAMETER

Element tested

M3D4
Problem description

This section provides basic verication of the CONSTANT RESULTANT parameter in a dead load analysis. The constant resultant method has certain advantages when a traction is used to model a distributed load with a known constant resultant. If you choose not to have a constant resultant, the traction vector is integrated over the surface in the current conguration, a surface that in general deforms in a geometrically nonlinear analysis. The most common example of a traction that should be integrated over the current conguration is a live pressure load dened as , where is the normal in the current conguration. The total resultant due to a pressure load depends on the surface area in the current conguration. A live uniform normal surface traction integrated over the current surface is equivalent to applying a uniform pressure load. By default, the traction vector is integrated over the surface in the current conguration. If you choose to have a constant resultant, the traction vector is integrated over the surface in the reference conguration, which is constant. The analysis in this section consists of a unit planar membrane structure that is held xed at the edges by a kinematic coupling constraint. The normal of the at structure is in the direction. A uniform dead traction load (of magnitude 4) is applied in the negative -direction. This could be considered a simple model of a sloped roof with a snow load. Let and S denote the total surface area of the plate in the reference and current congurations, respectively. With no constant resultant, the total integrated load on the plate, , is

1.4.175

TRACTION AND EDGE LOADING

In this case a uniform traction leads to a resultant load that increases as the surface area of the plate increases, which is not consistent with a xed snow load. With the constant resultant method, the total integrated load on the plate is

In the rst step the load is applied with CONSTANT RESULTANT=NO. In the second step the structure is unloaded. In the third step the load is applied with CONSTANT RESULTANT=YES.
Results and discussion

The magnitude of the reaction force at the kinematic coupling reference node at the end of the rst step is 4.59. A reaction force greater than 4.0 reects the fact that the surface area of the membrane is increasing with the load. The magnitude of the reaction force at the kinematic coupling reference node at the end of the third step is 4.0 as expected.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

tracresultant_m3d4.inp tracresultant_m3d4_usub.inp tracresultant_m3d4_usub.f

Abaqus/Explicit input file

Testing the CONSTANT RESULTANT parameter. User-dened traction loading with the CONSTANT RESULTANT parameter. User subroutine used in tracresultant_m3d4_usub.inp.

tracresultant_m3d4_xpl.inp

Testing the CONSTANT RESULTANT parameter.

1.4.176

PATCH TESTS

1.5

Patch tests

Membrane patch test, Section 1.5.1 Patch test for three-dimensional solid elements, Section 1.5.2 Patch test for cylindrical elements, Section 1.5.3 Patch test for axisymmetric elements, Section 1.5.4 Patch test for axisymmetric elements with twist, Section 1.5.5 Patch test for plate bending, Section 1.5.6 Patch test for beam elements, Section 1.5.7 Patch test for heat transfer elements, Section 1.5.8 Patch test for thermal-electrical elements, Section 1.5.9 Patch test for acoustic elements, Section 1.5.10

1.51

MEMBRANE PATCH TEST

1.5.1

MEMBRANE PATCH TEST

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

CPE3 CPE3H CPE3T CPE4 CPE4H CPE4I CPE4IH CPE4R CPE4RH CPE4RHT CPE4RT CPE6 CPE6H CPE6M CPE6MH CPE6MHT CPE6MT CPE8 CPE8H CPE8R CPE8RH CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RH CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG6M CPEG6MH CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8R CPEG8RH CPS3 CPS3T CPS4 CPS4I CPS4R CPS4RT CPS6 CPS6M CPS6MT CPS8 CPS8R M3D3 M3D4 M3D4R M3D6 M3D8 M3D8R M3D9 M3D9R S3 S3R S4 S4R S4R5 S8R S8R5 S9R5 STRI3 STRI65
Problem description

0.12

x 0.24
Model: Thickness, t=0.001. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.25.

For the coupled temperature-displacement elements dummy thermal properties are prescribed to complete the material denition. Loading/boundary conditions for Step 1: 103 (( 2), 103 ( 2) at all exterior nodes. For shell elements, 0 at all nodes. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this step is followed by an intermediate step in which the model is returned to its unloaded state. Loading/boundary conditions for Step 2: Rigid body motion is constrained. Uniform edge pressure = 10000.

1.5.11

MEMBRANE PATCH TEST

Loading/boundary conditions for Step 3:

103 ( 2), 103 ( 2) at all exterior nodes, where x and y are the nodal coordinates of the undeformed geometry. For shell elements 0 at all nodes. In the Abaqus/Standard simulations this step is dened as a perturbation step; in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations a velocity boundary condition that gives rise to the perturbation is specied instead.

Reference solution

The analytical results for each step are presented below.

Step 1: PERTURBATION

1333 for plane stress, shell, and membrane elements. 1600 for plane strain elements. 800 for plane strain elements. 400 for all elements. 103 .
Step 2: NLGEOM

Element Category Plane strain Plane stress Membrane Shell F.S. Shells

Strain Measure Log Log Log Greens Log

Edge Thickness Original New New Original New 10000 10153 10076 9926 10076 (103 ) 6.25 7.62 7.56 7.44 7.56

The hand-calculated solutions will differ because of the various assumptions made for each category of element. The assumptions made correspond to those that are implemented in Abaqus. The two that cause signicant differences in the results of this step are the strain measure used and the elemental cross-sectional area used to calculate the edge load and output stresses. The strain measure used for shells, for example, is Greens strain. This strain measure is intended for large displacements and rotations but small strains. The remainder of the elements, including nite-strain shells, use logarithmic strain, which is intended for large-strain analyses. The use of the NLGEOM parameter implies that the nodal coordinates will change for each element. This, in turn, implies that the cross-sectional area of the elements will change. The change of length and width is taken into account for all elements. This is not the case for the thickness, however. The thickness of the plane strain elements, of course, is assumed to remain constant. The thickness is also assumed to remain constant for the shell elements, excluding nite-strain shells. The remainder of the elements take into account a change in thickness determined by assuming constant elemental volume. This change in

1.5.12

MEMBRANE PATCH TEST

thickness, combined with a change in length and width, results in a cross-sectional area that differs from the initial area. This result affects the output stress calculations, as well as the applied edge load. Since the edge load is calculated as the pressure divided by the area, the edge load will vary because of the variation in the cross-sectional area. Edge loads are presently not available for shells and membranes. Equivalent concentrated nodal forces are applied to these elements in this step, and as a result the load remains constant. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this is the third step. (The second step in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations returns the model to its unloaded state.)
Step 3: PERTURBATION

1323 for plane stress, shell, and membrane elements. 1590 for plane strain elements. 795 for plane strain elements. 397.0 for plane stress, shell, and membrane elements. 397.5 for plane strain elements. 9.92 103 for plane stress, shell, and membrane elements. 9.94 103 for plane strain elements. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this is the fourth step. The results from the third step in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations must be subtracted from the results of the fourth step to obtain the perturbation about the loaded state.
Results and discussion

All elements yield exact solutions except for the three-dimensional shells (other than the nite-strain shells), which differ from the analytical solution by about 2%. These elements are recommended only for analyses with large displacements and/or large rotations and small strains. The nite-strain shells are recommended for analyses that experience large strains. To obtain the exact solution, the patch tests of the CPEG3, CPEG4, and CPEG4I elements require a convergence tolerance that is tighter than the default. The necessary tolerance is set with the *CONTROLS option. These tests also verify the specication of a nondefault thickness for plane stress elements and membrane elements by means of the *SOLID SECTION and *MEMBRANE SECTION options, respectively. The strain energy, which is dependent on the element thickness, was calculated from the previously veried values of the stress and strain and successfully compared to the Abaqus variable ALLIE. This result indicates that the nondefault thickness is being used correctly. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in some of the input les with CPE3, CPE8H, and CPEG4RH elements to output accumulated quantities in different sections through the model.

1.5.13

MEMBRANE PATCH TEST

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ece3sfp1.inp ece3shp1.inp ece4sfp1.inp ece4shp1.inp ece4sip1.inp ece4sjp1.inp ece4srp1.inp ece4syp1.inp ece4typ1.inp ece4trp1.inp ece6sfp1.inp ece6shp1.inp ece6skp1.inp ece6slp1.inp ece6tlp1.inp ece6tkp1.inp ece8sfp1.inp ece8shp1.inp ece8srp1.inp ece8syp1.inp ecg3sfp1.inp ecg3shp1.inp ecg4sfp1.inp ecg4shp1.inp ecg4sip1.inp ecg4sjp1.inp ecg4srp1.inp ecg4syp1.inp ecg6sfp1.inp ecg6shp1.inp ecg6skp1.inp ecg6slp1.inp ecg8sfp1.inp ecg8shp1.inp ecg8srp1.inp ecg8syp1.inp ecs3sfp1.inp ecs4sfp1.inp

CPE3 elements. CPE3H elements. CPE4 elements. CPE4H elements. CPE4I elements. CPE4IH elements. CPE4R elements. CPE4RH elements. CPE4RHT elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6 elements. CPE6H elements. CPE6M elements. CPE6MH elements. CPE6MHT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8H elements. CPE8R elements. CPE8RH elements. CPEG3 elements. CPEG3H elements. CPEG4 elements. CPEG4H elements. CPEG4I elements. CPEG4IH elements. CPEG4R elements. CPEG4RH elements. CPEG6 elements. CPEG6H elements. CPEG6M elements. CPEG6MH elements. CPEG8 elements. CPEG8H elements. CPEG8R elements. CPEG8RH elements. CPS3 elements. CPS4 elements.

1.5.14

MEMBRANE PATCH TEST

ecs4sfp1.f ecs4sip1.inp ecs4srp1.inp ecs6sfp1.inp ecs6skp1.inp ecs8sfp1.inp ecs8srp1.inp em33sfp1.inp em34sfp1.inp em34srp1.inp em36sfp1.inp em38sfp1.inp em38srp1.inp em39sfp1.inp em39srp1.inp esf3sxp1.inp ese4sxp1.inp esf4sxp1.inp es54sxp1.inp es68sxp1.inp es58sxp1.inp es59sxp1.inp es63sxp1.inp es56sxp1.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

User subroutine DLOAD used in ecs4sfp1.inp. CPS4I elements. CPS4R elements. CPS6 elements. CPS6M elements. CPS8 elements. CPS8R elements. M3D3 elements. M3D4 elements. M3D4R elements. M3D6 elements. M3D8 elements. M3D8R elements. M3D9 elements. M3D9R elements. S3/S3R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements. S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements.

stresspatch_xpl_cpe3t.inp stresspatch_xpl_cpe4rt.inp stresspatch_xpl_cpe6mt.inp stresspatch_xpl_cps3t.inp stresspatch_xpl_cps4rt.inp stresspatch_xpl_cps6mt.inp

CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements.

1.5.15

3-D SOLIDS PATCH TEST

1.5.2

PATCH TEST FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLID ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

C3D4 C3D4H C3D4T C3D6 C3D6H C3D6T C3D8 C3D8H C3D8I C3D8IH C3D8R C3D8RH C3D8RT C3D8T C3D10 C3D10H C3D10I C3D10M C3D10MH C3D10MHT C3D10MT C3D15 C3D15H C3D15V C3D15VH C3D20 C3D20H C3D20R C3D20RH C3D27 C3D27H C3D27R C3D27RH
Problem description

x 1 1 z
Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.25.

For coupled temperature-displacement elements dummy thermal properties are prescribed to complete the material denition. Loading for Step 1: Displacement boundary conditions at all exterior nodes: 103 (2 )/2, 3 3 10 ( 2 )/2, 10 ( 2z)/2. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this step is followed by an intermediate step in which the model is returned to its unloaded state.

1.5.21

3-D SOLIDS PATCH TEST

Loading for Step 2: Uniform pressure load: 10000. (Rigid body motion is constrained.) Loading for Step 3: Displacement boundary conditions at all exterior nodes:
3 3

10 ( 2 )/2, 10 ( geometry. In the Abaqus/Standard simulations this step is dened as a perturbation step; in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations a velocity boundary condition that gives rise to the perturbation is specied instead.
Reference solution

103 (2 )/2, 2z)/2, where x, y, and z are the coordinates of the undeformed

The analytical results for each step are presented below.

Step 1: PERTURBATION

2000. 400. 103 . 103 .

Step 2: NLGEOM

10000. 0. 5.0 103 . 0. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this is the third step. (The second step in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations returns the model to its unloaded state.)
Step 3: PERTURBATION

1990. 398.0. 9.95 104 . 9.95 104 . In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this is the fourth step. The results from the third step in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations must be subtracted from the results of the fourth step to obtain the perturbation about the loaded state.
Results and discussion

All elements except C3D27R and C3D27RH yield exact solutions. These elements use a special 14-point reduced-integration scheme since Gaussian 2 2 2 integration leaves too many kinematic nodes. The stiffness matrix is not integrated exactly with the employed integration rule, leading to small discrepancies in the results. The wedge elements and the quadratic reduced-integration brick elements

1.5.22

3-D SOLIDS PATCH TEST

pass only a restricted patch test; i.e., such elements with midside nodes on any edges will pass the patch test only if those edges are straight. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in the input les with C3D8H, C3D10MH, and C3D27RH elements to output accumulated quantities in different sections through the model.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ec34sfp2.inp ec34shp2.inp ec36sfp2.inp ec36shp2.inp ec38sfp2.inp ec38shp2.inp ec38sip2.inp ec38sjp2.inp ec38srp2.inp ec38syp2.inp ec3asfp2.inp ec3ashp2.inp ec3asip2.inp ec3askp2.inp ec3aslp2.inp ec3atlp2.inp ec3atkp2.inp ec3fsfp2.inp ec3fshp2.inp ec3isfp2.inp ec3ishp2.inp ec3ksfp2.inp ec3kshp2.inp ec3ksrp2.inp ec3ksyp2.inp ec3rsfp2.inp ec3rshp2.inp ec3rsrp2.inp ec3rsyp2.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

C3D4 elements. C3D4H elements. C3D6 elements. C3D6H elements. C3D8 elements. C3D8H elements. C3D8I elements. C3D8IH elements. C3D8R elements. C3D8RH elements. C3D10 elements. C3D10H elements. C3D10I elements. C3D10M elements. C3D10MH elements. C3D10MHT elements. C3D10MT elements. C3D15 elements. C3D15H elements. C3D15V elements. C3D15VH elements. C3D20 elements. C3D20H elements. C3D20R elements. C3D20RH elements. C3D27 elements. C3D27H elements. C3D27R elements. C3D27RH elements. C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements.

stresspatch_xpl_c3d4t.inp stresspatch_xpl_c3d6t.inp stresspatch_xpl_c3d8rt.inp stresspatch_xpl_c3d8t.inp

1.5.23

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

1.5.3

PATCH TEST FOR CYLINDRICAL ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CCL12

CCL24

CCL24R

Problem description

0.12 z r 1.0 0.24

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.25. Loading: Displacement boundary conditions applied to all exterior nodes:
3

103 r,

10 . Nonuniform body force: To maintain a constant shear stress 400 and preserve equilibrium, an equilibrating body force, BZNU, is dened in user subroutine DLOAD as BZNU 400 , where r is the radius of the integration point.
Reference solution

The analytical results for each step are presented below.

Step : PERTURBATION

2000. 400. 103 . 103 .

Results and discussion

All elements yield exact solutions.

1.5.31

CYLINDRICAL ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ecccgfp1.inp ecccgfp1.f eccrgfp1.inp eccrgfp1.f eccrgrp1.inp eccrgrp1.f

CCL12 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in ecccgfp1.inp. CCL24 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eccrgfp1.inp. CCL24R elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eccrgrp1.inp.

1.5.32

AXISYMMETRIC PATCH TESTS

1.5.4

PATCH TEST FOR AXISYMMETRIC ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

CAX3 CAX4 CAX6 CAX8

CAX3H CAX4H CAX6H CAX8H

CAX3T CAX4I CAX4IH CAX4R CAX6M CAX6MH CAX8R CAX8RH

CAX4RH

CAX4RHT

CAX4RT

Problem description

0.12 z r 1.0 0.24

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.25.

For coupled temperature-displacement elements dummy thermal properties are prescribed to complete the material denition. Loading for Step 1: Displacement boundary conditions applied to all exterior nodes: 103 r, 103 . Nonuniform body force: To maintain a constant shear stress 400 and preserve equilibrium, an equilibrating body force, BZNU, is dened in user subroutine DLOAD as BZNU 400 , where r is the radius of the integration point. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this step is followed by an intermediate step in which the model is returned to its unloaded state. Loading for Step 2: Displacement boundary conditions applied to all exterior nodes: 102 r, 2 10 z. Loading for Step 3: Displacement boundary conditions applied to the deformed geometry of Step 2 at all exterior nodes: 103 r, 103 . Nonuniform body force (as described for Step 1): BZNU 400 . In the Abaqus/Standard simulations this step is dened as a perturbation step; in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations a velocity boundary condition that gives rise to the perturbation is specied instead.

1.5.41

AXISYMMETRIC PATCH TESTS

Reference solution

The analytical results for each step are presented below.

Step 1: PERTURBATION

2000. 400. 103 . 103 .

Step 2: NLGEOM

19900. 0 9.95 103 . 0. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this is the third step. (The second step in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations returns the model to its unloaded state.)
Step 3: PERTURBATION

2000. 400. 1 103 . 1 103 . In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations this is the fourth step. The results from the third step in the Abaqus/Explicit simulations must be subtracted from the results of the fourth step to obtain the perturbation about the loaded state.
Results and discussion

All elements yield exact solutions.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

eca3sfp5.inp eca3sfp5.f eca3shp5.inp eca3shp5.f eca4sfp5.inp eca4sfp5.f

CAX3 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca3sfp5.inp. CAX3H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca3shp5.inp. CAX4 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4sfp5.inp.

1.5.42

AXISYMMETRIC PATCH TESTS

eca4shp5.inp eca4shp5.f eca4sip5.inp eca4sip5.f eca4sjp5.inp eca4sjp5.f eca4srp5.inp eca4srp5.f eca4syp5.inp eca4syp5.f eca4typ5.inp eca4typ5.f eca4trp5.inp eca4trp5.f eca6sfp5.inp eca6sfp5.f eca6shp5.inp eca6shp5.f eca6skp5.inp eca6skp5.f eca6slp5.inp eca6slp5.f eca8sfp5.inp eca8sfp5.f eca8shp5.inp eca8shp5.f eca8srp5.inp eca8srp5.f eca8syp5.inp eca8syp5.f
Abaqus/Explicit input files

CAX4H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4shp5.inp. CAX4I elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4sip5.inp. CAX4IH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4sjp5.inp. CAX4R elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4srp5.inp. CAX4RH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4syp5.inp. CAX4RHT elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4typ5.inp. CAX4RT elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4trp5.inp. CAX6 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6sfp5.inp. CAX6H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6shp5.inp. CAX6M elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6skp5.inp. CAX6MH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6slp5.inp. CAX8 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8sfp5.inp. CAX8H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8shp5.inp. CAX8R elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8srp5.inp. CAX8RH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8syp5.inp.

stresspatch_xpl_cax3t.inp stresspatch_xpl_cax4rt.inp stresspatch_xpl_cax.f

CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. User subroutine VDLOAD for the Abaqus/Explicit simulations.

1.5.43

TWIST PATCH TESTS

1.5.5

PATCH TEST FOR AXISYMMETRIC ELEMENTS WITH TWIST

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CGAX3 CGAX4 CGAX6 CGAX8

CGAX3H CGAX4H CGAX6H CGAX8H

CGAX3HT CGAX3T CGAX4HT CGAX4R CGAX4RH CGAX6M CGAX6MH CGAX8HT CGAX8R CGAX8RH

CGAX4T CGAX8RHT CGAX8RT CGAX8T

Problem description

axis of symmetry

1.0 z

a = 1.0

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.25, conductivity = 4.85 104 . Loading for Step 1: A twist of 0.01 per unit length applied to face CD.

1.0 102 . Loading for Step 2: Displacement boundary conditions applied to all exterior nodes: 103 r, 3 10 , 0. Nonuniform body force: To maintain a constant shear stress 400 and preserve equilibrium, an equilibrating body force, BZNU, is dened in user subroutine DLOAD as BZNU = 400 , where r is the radius of the integration point. Loading for Step 3: Displacement boundary conditions applied to all exterior nodes: 102 r, 2 10 z, 0.

1.5.51

TWIST PATCH TESTS

Loading for Step 4: Displacement boundary conditions applied to the deformed geometry of Step 2 at

all exterior nodes: 103 r, 103 , 0. Nonuniform body force (as described for Step 2): BZNU = 400 . Loading for Step 5: The displacement boundary conditions are the same as those applied in Step 3. Temperatures are prescribed at every node along the boundary of the mesh. , where T is the temperature, and are arbitrary constants, and r, z denote spatial location. Nonuniform distributed ux: To maintain a uniform heat ux, q, a distributed heat ux, BFNU, is dened in user subroutine DFLUX as BFNU = , where r is the radius of the integration point and k is the conductivity.
Reference solution

The analytical results for each step are presented below.

Step 1: PERTURBATION

Shear stress, , where r is the radial distance from the axis of symmetry and G is the shear modulus. Resultant moment, 2 = 6283.2.
Step 2: PERTURBATION

2000. 400. 103 . 10 .

Step 3: NLGEOM
3

19900. 0. 9.95 103 . 0.

Step 4: PERTURBATION

2000. 400. 1 103 . 1 103 .

Step 5: *COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT

This step is applied only in tests of coupled temperature-displacement elements (CGAXxT). Stresses and strains are the same as in Step 3. ; .

1.5.52

TWIST PATCH TESTS

Results and discussion

The results agree well with the analytical solution for all elements. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT output requests are used in the input les with CGAX8RH elements to output accumulated quantities in different sections through the model.
Input files

eca3gfp5.inp eca3gfp5.f eca3ghp5.inp eca3ghp5.f eca3hhp5.inp eca3hhp5.f eca3hfp5.inp eca3hfp5.f eca4gfp5.inp eca4gfp5.f eca4ghp5.inp eca4ghp5.f eca4hhp5.inp eca4hhp5.f eca4grp5.inp eca4grp5.f eca4gyp5.inp eca4gyp5.f eca4hfp5.inp eca4hfp5.f eca6gfp5.inp eca6gfp5.f eca6ghp5.inp eca6ghp5.f eca6gkp5.inp eca6gkp5.f eca6glp5.inp eca6glp5.f eca8gfp5.inp eca8gfp5.f

CGAX3 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca3gfp5.inp. CGAX3H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca3ghp5.inp. CGAX3HT elements. User subroutines DLOAD and DFLUX eca3hhp5.inp. CGAX3T elements. User subroutines DLOAD and DFLUX eca3hfp5.inp. CGAX4 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4gfp5.inp. CGAX4H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4ghp5.inp. CGAX4HT elements. User subroutines DLOAD and DFLUX eca4hhp5.inp. CGAX4R elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4grp5.inp. CGAX4RH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca4gyp5.inp. CGAX4T elements. User subroutines DLOAD and DFLUX eca4hfp5.inp. CGAX6 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6gfp5.inp. CGAX6H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6ghp5.inp. CGAX6M elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6gkp5.inp. CGAX6MH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca6glp5.inp. CGAX8 elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8gfp5.inp.

used

in

used

in

used

in

used

in

1.5.53

TWIST PATCH TESTS

eca8ghp5.inp eca8ghp5.f eca8hhp5.inp eca8hhp5.f eca8grp5.inp eca8grp5.f eca8gyp5.inp eca8gyp5.f eca8hfp5.inp eca8hfp5.f

CGAX8H elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8ghp5.inp. CGAX8HT elements. User subroutines DLOAD and DFLUX used eca8hhp5.inp. CGAX8R elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8grp5.inp. CGAX8RH elements. User subroutine DLOAD used in eca8gyp5.inp. CGAX8T elements. User subroutines DLOAD and DFLUX used eca8hfp5.inp.

in

in

1.5.54

PLATE PATCH TESTS

1.5.6

PATCH TEST FOR PLATE BENDING

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

S3

S3R

S4

S4R

S4R5

S8R

S8R5

S9R5

STRI3

STRI65

Problem description

0.12

x 0.24
Model: Thickness, t = 0.001. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 1.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.25. Boundary conditions: (applied to all exterior nodes)

0,
Reference solution

103 (

)/2,

103 (

/2),

103 (

/2).

Stress:
Results and discussion

0.6667,

0.20.

All elements yield exact solutions except S8R. S8R will pass the patch test if the element shapes are rhombic, but they fail the test for general quadrilaterals.
Input files

esf3sxp3.inp ese4sxp3.inp esf4sxp3.inp es54sxp3.inp es68sxp3.inp

S3/S3R elements. S4 elements. S4R elements. S4R5 elements. S8R elements.

1.5.61

PLATE PATCH TESTS

es58sxp3.inp es59sxp3.inp es63sxp3.inp es56sxp3.inp

S8R5 elements. S9R5 elements. STRI3 elements. STRI65 elements.

1.5.62

BEAM PATCH TESTS

1.5.7

PATCH TEST FOR BEAM ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OS B32OSH B33 B33H PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32H
Problem description

z y

10 x

Model: Area, A = 0.01.

0.0 at 10; displacement boundary conditions applied at the end nodes: 0.01 + 0.01x. Loading and boundary conditions for Step 2: The node at 0 is xed; 0 at 10; concentrated load at the free end: 3000. Loading and boundary conditions for Step 3: 0.0 at 0, 0.0 at 10; displacement boundary conditions applied at the end nodes: 0.01 + 0.01x, where x is the value of the coordinates in the undeformed geometry. Loading and boundary conditions for Abaqus/Explicit: The node at 0 is xed; 0 at 10; concentrated load at the free end: 3000 using a smooth step amplitude denition. Solution is computed at time 1.0, including geometric nonlinearity.
Reference solution

Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3. Loading and boundary conditions for Step 1: 0.0 at 0,

The analytical results for each step are presented below.

1.5.71

BEAM PATCH TESTS

Step 1: PERTURBATION

Section forces: axial force

Step 2: NLGEOM

3000; tip displacement:

1.0 101 .

Section forces: axial force

Step 3: PERTURBATION

3000; tip displacement:

1.005 101 .

Section forces: axial force

Dynamic Step in Abaqus/Explicit:

2970; tip displacement:

9.90 102 .

Section forces: axial force

Results and discussion

3000; tip displacement:

1.005 101 .

All elements yield exact solutions except the cubic beams, which differ from the analytical solution by about 2% for the NLGEOM step and the subsequent perturbation step. The elements are recommended only for linear analysis. The results for pipe elements in Abaqus/Explicit are the same as those in Abaqus/Standard.
Input files

eb22rxp6.inp eb2hrxp6.inp eb23rxp6.inp eb2irxp6.inp eb2arxp6.inp eb2jrxp6.inp eb32rxp6.inp eb3hrxp6.inp ebo2ixp6.inp ebohixp6.inp eb33rxp6.inp eb3irxp6.inp ebo3ixp6.inp eboiixp6.inp eb3arxp6.inp eb3jrxp6.inp ep22pxp6.inp ep2hpxp6.inp ep23pxp6.inp ep2ipxp6.inp ep32pxp6.inp

B21 elements. B21H elements. B22 elements. B22H elements. B23 elements. B23H elements. B31 elements. B31H elements. B31OS elements. B31OSH elements. B32 elements. B32H elements. B32OS elements. B32OSH elements. B33 elements. B33H elements. PIPE21 elements. PIPE21H elements. PIPE22 elements. PIPE22H elements. PIPE31 elements.

1.5.72

BEAM PATCH TESTS

ep3hpxp6.inp ep33pxp6.inp ep3ipxp6.inp ebmod1p6.inp ebmod2p6.inp patch_pipe2d_xpl.inp patch_pipe3d_xpl.inp

PIPE31H elements. PIPE32 elements. PIPE32H elements. External le used to store common portions of the input les for this problem. External le used to store common portions of the input les for this problem. PIPE21 elements in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE31 elements in Abaqus/Explicit.

1.5.73

HEAT ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

1.5.8

PATCH TEST FOR HEAT TRANSFER ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

DC1D2 DC1D3 DC2D3 DC2D4 DC2D6 DC2D8 DC3D4 DC3D6 DC3D8 DC3D10 DC3D15 DC3D20 DCAX3 DCAX4 DCAX6 DCAX8 DS3 DS4 DS6 DS8 C3D4T C3D6T C3D8RT C3D8T C3D10MHT C3D10MT SC8RT CAX3T CAX4RHT CAX4RT CAX6MT CGAX4RHT CGAX4RT CPE3T CPE4RHT CPE4RT CPE6MHT CPE6MT CPEG4RHT CPEG4RT CPEG6MHT CPEG6MT CPS3T CPS4RT CPS6MT
Problem description

The meshes used for the heat transfer tests are the same as those used for the corresponding stress elements, except that the axisymmetric heat transfer elements use a larger radius. For coupled temperature-displacement elements dummy mechanical properties are prescribed to complete the material denition. The total simulation time for the Abaqus/Explicit analysis is 20 units. This provides enough time for the transient solution to reach steady-state conditions in this problem. Boundary conditions: , where T is the temperature, through are arbitrary constants, and x, y, z denote spatial location. Temperatures are prescribed at every node along the boundary of the mesh. For shell elements z denotes the normal direction to the shell surface.
Reference solution

Fluxes: Since the temperature eld is chosen to be linear, it has constant spatial gradients and, thus, has constant uxes at every integration point.
Results and discussion

All elements yield exact solutions.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ec12dfp4.inp

DC1D2 elements.

1.5.81

HEAT ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

ec13dfp4.inp ec23dfp4.inp ec24dfp4.inp ec26dfp4.inp ec28dfp4.inp ec34dfp4.inp ec36dfp4.inp ec38dfp4.inp ec3adfp4.inp ec3fdfp4.inp ec3kdfp4.inp eca3dfp4.inp eca4dfp4.inp eca6dfp4.inp eca8dfp4.inp es33dxp4.inp es34dxp4.inp es36dxp4.inp es38dxp4.inp ec38trp4.inp ec3atlp4.inp ec3atkp4.inp eca4typ4.inp eca4trp4.inp eca4hyp4.inp eca4hrp4.inp ece4trp4.inp ece6tlp4.inp ece6tkp4.inp ecg4typ4.inp ecg4trp4.inp ecg6tlp4.inp ecg6tkp4.inp ecs4trp4.inp ecs6tkp4.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

DC1D3 elements. DC2D3 elements. DC2D4 elements. DC2D6 elements. DC2D8 elements. DC3D4 elements. DC3D6 elements. DC3D8 elements. DC3D10 elements. DC3D15 elements. DC3D20 elements. DCAX3 elements. DCAX4 elements. DCAX6 elements. DCAX8 elements. DS3 elements. DS4 elements. DS6 elements. DS8 elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D10MHT elements. C3D10MT elements. CAX4RHT elements. CAX4RT elements. CGAX4RHT elements. CGAX4RT elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MHT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPEG4RHT elements. CPEG4RT elements. CPEG6MHT elements. CPEG6MT elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements.

heatpatch_xpl_c3d4t.inp heatpatch_xpl_c3d6t.inp heatpatch_xpl_c3d8rt.inp heatpatch_xpl_sc8rt.inp heatpatch_xpl_c3d8t.inp

C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements. SC8RT elements. C3D8T elements.

1.5.82

HEAT ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

heatpatch_xpl_c3d10mt.inp heatpatch_xpl_cax3t.inp heatpatch_xpl_cax4rt.inp heatpatch_xpl_cax6mt.inp heatpatch_xpl_cpe3t.inp heatpatch_xpl_cpe4rt.inp heatpatch_xpl_cpe6mt.inp heatpatch_xpl_cps3t.inp heatpatch_xpl_cps4rt.inp heatpatch_xpl_cps6mt.inp

C3D10MT elements. CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX6MT elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements.

1.5.83

THERMAL-ELECTRICAL PATCH TESTS

1.5.9

PATCH TEST FOR THERMAL-ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

DCAX3E DCAX4E DCAX6E DCAX8E DC2D3E DC2D4E DC2D6E DC2D8E DC3D4E DC3D6E DC3D8E DC3D10E DC3D15E
Problem description

DC3D20E

The meshes used for the thermal-electrical element tests are the same as those used for the corresponding heat transfer elements. Boundary conditions: , where T is the temperature, through are arbitrary constants, and x, y, z denote spatial location. , where is the electrical potential, through are arbitrary constants, and x, y, z denote spatial location. Temperature and electrical potentials are prescribed at every node along the boundary of the mesh.
Reference solution

Fluxes: Since the temperature and electrical potential elds are chosen to be linear, they have constant spatial gradients and, thus, have constant uxes at every integration point.
Results and discussion

All elements yield exact solutions.

Input files

eca3vfpj.inp eca4vfpj.inp eca6vfpj.inp eca8vfpj.inp ec23vfpj.inp ec24vfpj.inp ec26vfpj.inp ec28vfpj.inp ec34vfpj.inp ec36vfpj.inp ec38vfpj.inp ec3avfpj.inp ec3fvfpj.inp ec3kvfpj.inp

DCAX3E elements. DCAX4E elements. DCAX6E elements. DCAX8E elements. DC2D3E elements. DC2D4E elements. DC2D6E elements. DC2D8E elements. DC3D4E elements. DC3D6E elements. DC3D8E elements. DC3D10E elements. DC3D15E elements. DC3D20E elements.

1.5.91

ACOUSTIC ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

1.5.10

PATCH TEST FOR ACOUSTIC ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

AC1D2 AC1D3 ACAX3 ACAX4 ACAX4R ACAX6 ACAX8 AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D4R AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D8R AC3D10 AC3D15
Problem description

AC3D20

The meshes used for the acoustic element patch tests are the same as those used for the corresponding heat transfer elements. Note: The models are analyzed via *STEADY STATE DYNAMICS procedures in which a small frequency, 0.01 Hz, is requested. In Abaqus/Explicit the steady-state results are obtained by performing a long-term transient simulation. , where P is the acoustic pressure, through are arbitrary constants, and x, y, z denote spatial location. Acoustic pressures (DOF 8) are prescribed at every node along the boundary of the mesh.
Boundary conditions: Reference solution

It is currently not possible to report the pressure gradients for acoustic elements in Abaqus. However, it is possible to compare the acoustic pressures at the interior nodes of the mesh to the values that are analytically calculated from the above expression for P.
Results and discussion

All elements yield exact values of P at the interior nodes of the models.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ec12afp7.inp ec13afp7.inp eca3afp7.inp eca4afp7.inp eca6afp7.inp eca8afp7.inp ec23afp7.inp

AC1D2 elements. AC1D3 elements. ACAX3 elements. ACAX4 elements. ACAX6 elements. ACAX8 elements. AC2D3 elements.

1.5.101

ACOUSTIC ELEMENT PATCH TESTS

ec24afp7.inp ec26afp7.inp ec28afp7.inp ec34afp7.inp ec36afp7.inp ec38afp7.inp ec3aafp7.inp ec3fafp7.inp ec3kafp7.inp

Abaqus/Explicit input files

AC2D4 elements. AC2D6 elements. AC2D8 elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8 elements. AC3D10 elements. AC3D15 elements. AC3D20 elements.

acousticpatch_xpl_acax3.inp acousticpatch_xpl_acax4r.inp acousticpatch_xpl_ac2d3.inp acousticpatch_xpl_ac2d4r.inp acousticpatch_xpl_ac3d4.inp acousticpatch_xpl_ac3d6.inp acousticpatch_xpl_ac3d8r.inp

ACAX3 elements. ACAX4R elements. AC2D3 elements. AC2D4R elements. AC3D4 elements. AC3D6 elements. AC3D8R elements.

1.5.102

CONTACT TESTS

1.6

Contact tests

Small-sliding contact between stress/displacement elements, Section 1.6.1 Small-sliding contact between coupled temperature-displacement surfaces, Section 1.6.2 Small-sliding contact between coupled pore pressure-displacement elements, Section 1.6.3 Finite-sliding contact between stress/displacement elements, Section 1.6.4 Finite-sliding contact between a deformable body and a rigid surface, Section 1.6.5 Finite-sliding contact between a deformable body and a meshed rigid surface, Section 1.6.6 Finite-sliding contact between coupled temperature-displacement elements, Section 1.6.7 Finite-sliding contact between coupled pore pressure-displacement elements, Section 1.6.8 Rolling of steel plate, Section 1.6.9 Beam impact on cylinder, Section 1.6.10 Contact with time-dependent prescribed interference values, Section 1.6.11 Contact between discrete points, Section 1.6.12 Finite sliding between concentric cylindersaxisymmetric and CAXA models, Section 1.6.13 Automatic element conversion for surface contact, Section 1.6.14 Contact with initial overclosure of curved surfaces, Section 1.6.15 Small-sliding contact with specied clearance or overclosure values, Section 1.6.16 Automatic surface denition and surface trimming, Section 1.6.17 Self-contact of nite-sliding deformable surfaces, Section 1.6.18 Contact surface extensions, Section 1.6.19 Adjusting contact surface normals at symmetry planes, Section 1.6.20 Contact controls, Section 1.6.21 Contact searching for analytical rigid surfaces, Section 1.6.22 Multiple surface contact with penalty method, Section 1.6.23 Automated contact patch algorithm for nite-sliding deformable surfaces, Section 1.6.24 Surface-to-surface approach for nite-sliding contact, Section 1.6.25 Surface smoothing for surface-to-surface contact, Section 1.6.26 General contact in Abaqus/Standard, Section 1.6.27

1.61

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

1.6.1

SMALL-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN STRESS/DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D4 C3D8 C3D8H C3D10 C3D10I C3D10M C3D10MH CAX4 CAX4H CAX6M CAX6MH CGAX3 CGAX4 CGAX6 CGAX6M CGAX6MH CGAX8 CPE4 CPE4H CPE6M CPE6MH CPE8 CPE8H CPS4 CPS6M CPS8 CPS8R CPEG6M CPEG6MH CCL9 CCL12 CCL18 CCL24 MCL6 MCL9 R2D2 RAX2
Features tested

C3D20

C3D20H

C3D27

*CONTACT PAIR, SMALL SLIDING *CONTACT INTERFERENCE, SHRINK

Problem description

The models consist of elements with their contact surfaces initially overclosed. This initial overclosure is removed in the rst step, which is nonlinear. The second step is a linear perturbation step, wherein relative sliding is performed between the two surfaces. The value of friction is changed in the third nonlinear step. The fourth step is a linear perturbation step, wherein relative frictional sliding is performed between the two surfaces. The fth step is a direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis of the two surfaces in contact. In the sixth step the natural frequencies are extracted, which are then used in the seventh step to conduct a subspace-based steady-state dynamic analysis. A ve-step test is carried out for generalized axisymmetric elements. Anisotropic friction is used throughout the test. The rst and second steps are the same as mentioned earlier. The third step is a linear perturbation step, wherein relative twisting is performed between the two surfaces. Steps 4 and 5 are similar, except that Step 4 is a linear perturbation step. In these steps both relative sliding and twisting are performed between the two surfaces. Only a four-step test is carried out for cylindrical-type elements. Model: Gap clearance Gap clearance for cylindrical-type elements Truss length 0.01 0.2 5.0

1.6.11

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

Truss area 2-D solid element dimensions Inner radius of axisymmetric solids and cylindrical-type elements 3-D solid element dimensions
Material:

0.5 1.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 unit in each direction

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Gap friction Density

Results and discussion

30 106 0.3 0.0 7700.0

The contact pressure and tractions agree with the analytical results.
Input files

ei33sisc.inp ei33sisc_surf.inp ei34sisc.inp ei34sisc_surf.inp ei34sish.inp ei34sish_surf.inp ei36sisc.inp ei36sisc_surf.inp ei36sisc_auglagr.inp ei36sisc_auglagr_surf.inp ei36sisc_c3d10i.inp ei36sisc_surf_c3d10i.inp ei36sisc_auglagr_c3d10i.inp ei36sisc_auglagr_surf_c3d10i.inp ei39sisc_c3d10m.inp

C3D4 elements. C3D4 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements. C3D8 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8H elements. C3D8H elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10 elements. C3D10 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10 elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model. C3D10 elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10I elements. C3D10I elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10I elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model. C3D10I elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10M elements.

1.6.12

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei39sisc_c3d10m_surf.inp ei39sisc_c3d10mh.inp ei39sisc_c3d10mh_surf.inp ei38sisc.inp ei38sisc_surf.inp ei38sish.inp ei38sish_surf.inp ei39sisc.inp ei39sisc_surf.inp eia2sisa.inp eia2sisa_surf.inp

eia2sira.inp eia2sira_surf.inp eia2sish.inp eia2sish_surf.inp eia2sirh.inp eia2sirh_surf.inp eia3sisa_cax6m.inp eia3sisa_cax6m_surf.inp eia3sira_cax6m.inp eia3sira_cax6m_surf.inp eia3sisa_cax6mh.inp eia3sisa_cax6mh_surf.inp eia3sira_cax6mh.inp eia2sisg3.inp eia2sisg3_surf.inp eia2sirg3.inp

C3D10M elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10MH elements. C3D10MH elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D20 elements. C3D20 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D20H elements. C3D20H elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D27 elements. C3D27 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4 elements. CAX4 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4, RAX2 elements. CAX4, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4H elements. CAX4H elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4H, RAX2 elements. CAX4H, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX6M elements. CAX6M elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX6M, RAX2 elements. CAX6M, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX6MH elements. CAX6MH elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX6MH, RAX2 elements. CGAX3 elements. CGAX3 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX3, RAX2 elements.

1.6.13

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

eia2sirg3_surf.inp eia2sisg4.inp eia2sisg4_surf.inp eia2sirg4.inp eia2sirg4_surf.inp eia3sisg6.inp eia3sisg6_surf.inp eia3sirg6.inp eia3sirg6_surf.inp eia3sisg6_cgax6m.inp eia3sisg6_cgax6m_surf.inp eia3sirg6_cgax6m.inp eia3sirg6_cgax6m_surf.inp eia3sisg6_cgax6mh.inp eia3sisg6_cgax6mh_surf.inp eia3sirg6_cgax6mh.inp eia3sirg6_cgax6mh_surf.inp eia3sisg8.inp eia3sisg8_surf.inp eia3sirg8.inp eia3sirg8_surf.inp ei22sise.inp ei22sise_surf.inp ei22sire.inp ei22sire_surf.inp ei22sish.inp ei22sish_surf.inp ei22sirh.inp

CGAX3, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX4 elements. CGAX4 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX4, RAX2 elements. CGAX4, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6 elements. CGAX6 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6, RAX2 elements. CGAX6, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6M elements. CGAX6M elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6M, RAX2 elements. CGAX6M, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6MH elements. CGAX6MH elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6MH, RAX2 elements. CGAX6MH, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX8 elements. CGAX8 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX8, RAX2 elements. CGAX8, RAX2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements. CPE4 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4, R2D2 elements. CPE4, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4H elements. CPE4H elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4H, R2D2 elements.

1.6.14

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei22sirh_surf.inp ei23sise_cpe6m.inp ei23sise_cpe6m_surf.inp ei23sise_cpe6m_auglagr.inp ei23sise_cpe6m_auglagr_surf.inp ei23sire_cpe6m.inp ei23sire_cpe6m_surf.inp ei23sise_cpe6mh.inp ei23sise_cpe6mh_surf.inp ei23sire_cpe6mh.inp ei23sire_cpe6mh_surf.inp ei23sise.inp ei23sise_surf.inp ei23sise_auglagr.inp ei23sise_auglagr_surf.inp ei23sire.inp ei23sire_surf.inp ei23sire_auglagr.inp ei23sire_auglagr_surf.inp ei23sireimport_auglagr.inp ei23sireimport_auglagr_surf.inp ei23sish.inp ei23sish_surf.inp ei23sirh.inp ei23sirh_surf.inp ei22siss.inp ei22siss_surf.inp ei22sirs.inp

CPE4H, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6M elements. CPE6M elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6M elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model. CPE6M elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6M, R2D2 elements. CPE6M, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6MH elements. CPE6MH elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6MH, R2D2 elements. CPE6MH, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8 elements. CPE8 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8 elements. CPE8 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8, R2D2 elements. CPE8, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8, R2D2 elements. CPE8, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8, R2D2 elements, import analysis. CPE8, R2D2 elements, import analysis, surface-tosurface constraint enforcement method. CPE8H elements. CPE8H elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8H, R2D2 elements. CPE8H, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS4 elements. CPS4 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS4, R2D2 elements.

1.6.15

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei22sirs_surf.inp ei23siss_cps6m.inp ei23siss_cps6m_surf.inp ei23sirs_cps6m.inp ei23sirs_cps6m_surf.inp ei22siss.inp ei22siss_surf.inp ei23sirs.inp ei23sirs_surf.inp ei23sise_cpeg6m.inp ei23sise_cpeg6m_surf.inp ei23sire_cpeg6m.inp ei23sire_cpeg6m_surf.inp ei23sise_cpeg6mh.inp ei23sise_cpeg6mh_surf.inp ei36sisc_ccl9.inp ei36sisc_ccl9_thick.inp ei36sisc_ccl9_surf.inp ei36sisc_ccl9_surf_nothick.inp ei36sirc_ccl9.inp ei36sirc_ccl9_surf.inp ei36sisc_ccl12.inp ei36sisc_ccl12_thick.inp ei36sisc_ccl12_surf.inp ei36sirc_ccl12.inp ei36sirc_ccl12_surf.inp ei39sisc_ccl18.inp ei39sisc_ccl18_surf.inp

CPS4, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS6M elements. CPS6M elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS6M, R2D2 elements. CPS6M, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS8 elements. CPS8 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS8, R2D2 elements. CPS8, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG6M elements. CPEG6M elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG6M, R2D2 elements. CPEG6M, R2D2 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG6MH elements. CPEG6MH elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL9, MCL9 elements. CCL9, MCL9 elements, thickness is considered. CCL9, MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL9, MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method, surface thickness effects ignored. CCL9 elements. CCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL12, MCL9 elements. CCL12, MCL9 elements, thickness is considered. CCL12, MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL12 elements. CCL12 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL18, MCL9 elements. CCL18, MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method.

1.6.16

SMALL-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei39sirc_ccl18.inp ei39sirc_ccl18_surf.inp ei39sisc_ccl24.inp ei39sisc_ccl24_surf.inp ei39sirc_ccl24.inp ei39sirc_ccl24_surf.inp ei36sisc_mcl6.inp ei36sirc_mcl6.inp ei36sirc_mcl6_surf.inp ei39sisc_mcl9.inp ei39sisc_mcl9_surf.inp ei39sirc_mcl9.inp ei39sirc_mcl9_surf.inp

CCL18 elements. CCL18 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL24, MCL9 elements. CCL24, MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CCL24 elements. CCL24 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. MCL6, MCL9 elements. MCL6 elements. MCL6 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. MCL9 elements. MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. MCL9 elements. MCL9 elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method.

1.6.17

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

1.6.2

SMALL-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT SURFACES

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

C3D4T C3D6T C3D8HT C3D8RT C3D8RHT C3D8T C3D10MT C3D10MHT C3D20HT C3D20T CAX3T CAX4HT CAX4RT CAX4RHT CAX4T CAX6MT CAX6MHT CAX8HT CAX8T CGAX4HT CGAX4RT CGAX4RHT CGAX4T CGAX6MT CGAX6MHT CGAX8HT CGAX8T CPE3T CPE4HT CPE4RT CPE4RHT CPE4T CPE6MT CPE6MHT CPE8HT CPE8T CPEG3HT CPEG3T CPEG4HT CPEG4RT CPEG4RHT CPEG4T CPEG6MT CPEG6MHT CPEG8HT CPEG8RHT CPEG8T CPS3T CPS4RT CPS4T CPS6MT CPS8T S3RT S3T S4RT S4T S8RT SAX2T SC6RT SC8RT
Features tested

*CONTACT PAIR, SMALL SLIDING *GAP RADIATION *GAP CONDUCTANCE *GAP HEAT GENERATION
Problem description

The models consist of two bodies lying next to each other. Heat transfer across the gap between the two bodies can take place via gap conductance, gap heat generation, or gap radiation. Only heat transfer via gap conductance and gap radiation is tested for the shells. For the continuum elements we initiate heat ow in the rst step by applying different constant temperature elds to each solid body. The steady-state temperature along both sides of the interface is used to verify the numerical solutions. The gap closes due to thermal expansion of the two bodies. In the second step the top block is displaced relative to the bottom block to generate heat due to frictional sliding. In addition, heat transfer occurs due to gap conductance and gap radiation. The upper body is displaced back to its original position in the third step. In Abaqus/Standard a fourth step is also included. This step is a linear perturbation step, wherein a load of sufcient magnitude to open the gap is applied. In addition, in Abaqus/Standard the *CONTACT PAIR, TIED option is veried by dening one of the deformable bodies with this feature. The *SECTION FILE and *SECTION PRINT options are used to output the total force and the total heat ux across the contact surfaces; the results match the output of similar output quantities obtained using the *CONTACT FILE option.

1.6.21

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

For the shells, heat ow is initiated by applying different constant temperatures to degree of freedom 15 of the top body and to degree of freedom 11 of the bottom body. The steady-state temperature along both sides of the interface is used to verify the numerical solutions.
Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Gap friction Density Thermal expansion coeff. Conductivity Specic heat Gap conductance

30 106 0.3 0.01 7700. 10 106 43.0 600. 1.0 1 109 1 109 0.5

Results and discussion

The nite element results agree with the analytical results.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

coupledtempsmslcont_s_c3d4t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_c3d4t_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_c3d6t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_c3d6t_surf.inp ei34tish.inp ei34tish_surf.inp ei34tisr.inp ei34tisr_surf.inp ei34tisy.inp ei34tisy_surf.inp ei34tisc.inp

C3D4T elements. C3D4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D6T elements. C3D6T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8HT elements. C3D8HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8RT elements. C3D8RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8RHT elements. C3D8RHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8T elements.

1.6.22

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei34tisc_surf.inp ei36tisc.inp ei36tisc_surf.inp ei36tish.inp ei36tish_surf.inp ei38tish.inp ei38tish_surf.inp ei38tisc.inp ei38tisc_surf.inp ei38tisc_auglagr.inp ei38tisc_auglagr_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_cax3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_cax3t_surf.inp eia2tish.inp eia2tish_surf.inp eia2tisr.inp eia2tisr_surf.inp eia2tisy.inp eia2tisy_surf.inp eia2tisa.inp eia2tisa_surf.inp eia3tisa_cax6mt.inp eia3tisa_cax6mt_surf.inp eia3tisa_cax6mht.inp eia3tisa_cax6mht_surf.inp eia3tish.inp eia3tish_surf.inp eia3tisa.inp

C3D8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10MT elements. C3D10MT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10MHT elements. C3D10MHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D20HT elements. C3D20HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D20T elements. C3D20T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D20T elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model. C3D20T elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX3T elements. CAX3T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4HT elements. CAX4HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4RT elements. CAX4RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4RHT elements. CAX4RHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX4T elements. CAX4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX6MT elements. CAX6MT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX6MHT elements. CAX6MHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX8HT elements. CAX8HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CAX8T elements.

1.6.23

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

eia3tisa_surf.inp eig2tish.inp eig2tish_surf.inp eig2tisr.inp eig2tisr_surf.inp eig2tisy.inp eig2tisy_surf.inp eig2tisa.inp eig2tisa_surf.inp eig3tisa_cgax6mt.inp eig3tisa_cgax6mt_surf.inp eig3tisa_cgax6mht.inp eig3tisa_cgax6mht_surf.inp eig3tish.inp eig3tish_surf.inp eig3tisa.inp eig3tisa_surf.inp ei22tish.inp ei22tish_surf.inp ei22tise_cpe4rt.inp ei22tise_cpe4rt_surf.inp ei22tise_cpe4rht.inp ei22tise_cpe4rht_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_cpe3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_cpe3t_surf.inp ei22tise.inp ei22tise_surf.inp ei23tise_cpe6mt.inp

CAX8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX4HT elements. CGAX4HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX4RT elements. CGAX4RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX4RHT elements. CGAX4RHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX4T elements. CGAX4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6MT elements. CGAX6MT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX6MHT elements. CGAX6MHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX8HT elements. CGAX8HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CGAX8T elements. CGAX8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4HT elements. CPE4HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4RT elements. CPE4RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4RHT elements. CPE4RHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE3T elements. CPE3T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4T elements. CPE4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6MT elements.

1.6.24

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei23tise_cpe6mt_surf.inp ei23tise_cpe6mht.inp ei23tise_cpe6mht_surf.inp ei23tish.inp ei23tish_surf.inp ei23tise.inp ei23tise_surf.inp ei23tise_auglagr.inp ei23tise_auglagr_surf.inp eit2tish.inp eit2tish_surf.inp eit2tise.inp eit2tise_surf.inp eip2tish.inp eip2tish_surf.inp eip2tisr.inp eip2tisr_surf.inp eip2tisx.inp eip2tisx_surf.inp eip2tise.inp eip2tise_surf.inp eip3tise_cpeg6mt.inp eip3tise_cpeg6mt_surf.inp eip3tise_cpeg6mht.inp eip3tise_cpeg6mht_surf.inp eip3tish.inp eip3tish_surf.inp eip3tisx.inp

CPE6MT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6MHT elements. CPE6MHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8HT elements. CPE8HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8T elements. CPE8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8T elements. CPE8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG3HT elements. CPEG3HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG3T elements. CPEG3T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG4HT elements. CPEG4HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG4RT elements. CPEG4RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG4RHT elements. CPEG4RHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG4T elements. CPEG4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG6MT elements. CPEG6MT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG6MHT elements. CPEG6MHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG8HT elements. CPEG8HT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG8RHT elements.

1.6.25

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

eip3tisx_surf.inp eip3tise.inp eip3tise_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_cps3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_cps3t_surf.inp ei22tisr.inp ei22tisr_surf.inp ei22tiss.inp ei22tiss_surf.inp ei23tise_cps6mt.inp ei23tise_cps6mt_surf.inp ei23tiss.inp ei23tiss_surf.inp ei23tiss_auglagr.inp ei23tiss_auglagr_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s3rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s3rt_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s3t_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s4rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s4rt_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s4t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_s4t_surf.inp ei38tiss.inp ei38tiss_surf.inp ei38tissp.inp

CPEG8RHT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPEG8T elements. CPEG8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS3T elements. CPS3T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS4RT elements. CPS4RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS4T elements. CPS4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS6MT elements. CPS6MT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS8T elements. CPS8T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPS8T elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model. CPS8T elements, augmented Lagrangian contact model, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. S3RT elements. S3RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. S3T elements. S3T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. S4RT elements. S4RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. S4T elements. S4T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. S8RT elements. S8RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Postprocessing to recover additional output from the restart le of the analysis testing S8RT elements.

1.6.26

SMALL-SLIDING TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei38tissp_surf.inp

eia3tiss.inp eia3tiss_surf.inp eia3tiss_surf_nothick.inp

eiu1tgc1.inp eiu1tgc1_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_sc6rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_sc6rt_surf.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_sc8rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_s_sc8rt_surf.inp

Abaqus/Explicit input files

Postprocessing to recover additional output from the restart le of the analysis testing S8RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. SAX2T elements. SAX2T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. SAX2T elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method, surface thickness effects ignored. T3D2T elements with GAPUNIT elements. T3D2T elements with GAPUNIT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. SC6RT elements. SC6RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. SC8RT elements. SC8RT elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method.

coupledtempsmslcont_x_c3d4t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_c3d6t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_c3d8rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_c3d8t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_c3d10mt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_sc8rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cax3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cax4rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cax6mt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cpe3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cpe4rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cpe6mt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cps3t.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cps4rt.inp coupledtempsmslcont_x_cps6mt.inp

C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements. C3D10MT elements. SC8RT elements. CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX6MT elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements.

1.6.27

SMALL-SLIDING PORE PRESSURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

1.6.3

SMALL-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN COUPLED PORE PRESSUREDISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CAX8P

CPE8P

Feature tested

*CONTACT PAIR, SMALL SLIDING

Problem description
14 18 11 Variable Clearance 4 8 y x 1 3 5 7 3 6 2 1 17 CPE8P or CAX8P 15 12 CONTACT PAIR 13 16

Figure 1.6.31

Element topology for all tests.

Model: The out-of-plane thickness for all elements is 0.5. Material: The elastic properties of the soil are Youngs modulus = 1 108 and Poissons ratio = 0.0.

The permeability of the soil = 1 104 . The initial void ratio = 1.0 for all tests. Boundary conditions: In all tests, nodes are restrained in the 1-direction.
Analysis tests

There are four different tests.

Initial conditions test

This test veries that the *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=PORE PRESSURE option works with the *CONTACT PAIR option. All nodes in the model are initialized to a pore pressure of 50.0.

1.6.31

SMALL-SLIDING PORE PRESSURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

Consolidation test

The consolidation test veries that the *CONTACT PAIR option works properly with the *SOILS, CONSOLIDATION procedure. The test is essentially a one-dimensional problem where two surfaces are brought together at a constant rate, as shown in Figure 1.6.32. Point A in the gure corresponds to nodes 1, 5, and 2; point B corresponds to nodes 4, 7, and 3; and so on. As points C and B move toward each other, uid rushes out through points A and D. This gives rise to a compressive stress state in the soil segments AB and CD. A pore pressure eld develops to balance out the effective stresses.
Steady-state test

The steady-state test veries that the *CONTACT PAIR option works properly with the *SOILS procedure. The problem is the same one that is modeled in the consolidation test. There is zero stress and zero pore pressure at steady state; therefore, the use of the *CONTROLS option is necessary to avoid convergence difculties as a result of the fact that both the time average force and the force residuals are practically zero.
Interference test

The interference test veries that a combination of interface overclosure and pore pressure gradient is handled correctly by the *CONTACT PAIR option. The test is essentially a one-dimensional problem where two surfaces start with an interference t and a pore pressure gradient exists across the two bodies. The steady-state equilibrium is sought.
Results and discussion

Most of the input les used for these tests include the UNSYMM=YES parameter on the *STEP option. Using the unsymmetric solver improves convergence in steady-state analyses.
Initial conditions test

The pore pressure at every node should be 50.0.

Consolidation test

From Darcys law we nd that during the rst step of the analysis the effective stress prole is as shown in Figure 1.6.34. From equilibrium of tractions we nd that the pore pressure distribution is as shown in Figure 1.6.35. After the surfaces have stopped moving toward each other, the stresses and pore pressure quickly drop to zero. This is modeled in the second step of the analysis.
Steady-state test

The steady-state result is zero stress and zero pore pressure.

1.6.32

SMALL-SLIDING PORE PRESSURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

Interference test

This problem can be analyzed as a linear superposition of two states, as shown in Figure 1.6.36.
Input files

ei13psi1.inp ei13psi1_surf.inp ei13psi1_auglagr.inp ei13psi1_auglagr_surf.inp eia3psi1.inp eia3psi1_surf.inp ei13psnc.inp ei13psnc_surf.inp ei13psnc_auglagr.inp ei13psnc_auglagr_surf.inp eia3psnc.inp eia3psnc_surf.inp ei13psns.inp ei13psns_surf.inp ei13psns.inp ei13psns_surf.inp ei13psni.inp ei13psni_surf.inp ei13psni_auglagr.inp ei13psni_auglagr_surf.inp eia3psni.inp eia3psni_surf.inp

Initial conditions test, CPE8P elements. Initial conditions test, CPE8P elements, surface-tosurface constraint enforcement method. Initial conditions test, CPE8P elements. Initial conditions test, CPE8P elements, surface-tosurface constraint enforcement method. Initial conditions test, CAX8P elements. Initial conditions test, CAX8P elements, surface-tosurface constraint enforcement method. Consolidation test, CPE8P elements. Consolidation test, CPE8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Consolidation test, CPE8P elements. Consolidation test, CPE8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Consolidation test, CAX8P elements. Consolidation test, CAX8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Steady-state test, CPE8P elements. Steady-state test, CPE8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Steady-state test, CPE8P elements. Steady-state test, CPE8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Interference test, CPE8P elements. Interference test, CPE8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Interference test, CPE8P elements. Interference test, CPE8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Interference test, CAX8P elements. Interference test, CAX8P elements, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method.

1.6.33

SMALL-SLIDING PORE PRESSURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

P=0

C 0.1 B

=0

V0

P=0

Figure 1.6.32

One-dimensional consolidation test.

0.01

B C P

100

Figure 1.6.33

Interference test.

1.6.34

SMALL-SLIDING PORE PRESSURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

500 0 0 500

C B

Figure 1.6.34

Effective stress prole for the rst step of the consolidation test.

0 P

C B

500 500 P

Figure 1.6.35

Pore pressure distribution for the consolidation test.

1.6.35

SMALL-SLIDING PORE PRESSURE-DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

= 5 x 105

P=0 = 50

P=0 = 4.8885 x 105

C B

= 5 x 105

C B

P = 50 =0

C B

P = 50 = 5 x 105

= 5 x 105

P = 100 = 50

P = 100 = 5.0005 x 105

Interference fit

Pressure gradient

Steady-state

Figure 1.6.36 Linear superposition of two states used to solve the interference test problem.

1.6.36

FINITE-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

1.6.4

FINITE-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN STRESS/DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D4 CAX4 CPE4 CCL12 MCL6 ITT21

C3D8 C3D8H C3D10M C3D20 CAX8 CGAX3 CGAX4 CGAX6 CPE6M CPE6MH CPE8 CPS6M CCL24 MCL9 ITT31

CGAX6M

CGAX8

Feature tested

*CONTACT PAIR
Problem description

This section deals with the surface-based approach to contact between stress/displacement elements. Most tests are run with and without friction. A coefcient of friction of 0.2 is used in all tests with isotropic friction. In most tests Step 1 results in contact and Step 2 initiates sliding. Several tests conduct direct-integration and subspace-based steady-state dynamic analyses.
Results and discussion

The contact pressure and tractions agree with the analytical results.
Input files

Zero friction: ei304fcz.inp ei304fcz_surf.inp ei308fhz.inp ei308fhz_surf.inp eig08fcz.inp ei310fmz.inp ei310fmz_surf.inp ei320fcz.inp ei320fcz_surf.inp eia04faz.inp eia04faz_surf.inp eia08faz.inp

C3D4 elements. C3D4 elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8/C3D8H elements. C3D8/C3D8H elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8 elements, node-based surface. C3D10M elements. C3D10M elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D20 elements. C3D20 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX4 elements. CAX4 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX8

1.6.41

FINITE-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

eia08faz_surf.inp ei204fez.inp ei204fez_surf.inp ei206fmz.inp ei206fmz_surf.inp ei206fhz.inp ei208fez.inp ei208fez_surf.inp ei206fsz.inp ei206fsz_surf.inp Friction: ei304fcf.inp ei304fcf_surf.inp ei308fcf.inp ei308fcf_surf.inp ei308fhf.inp ei308fhf_surf.inp eig08fcf.inp ei310fmf.inp ei310fmf_surf.inp ei320fcf.inp ei320fcf_surf.inp ei320fcf_auglagr.inp ei320fcf_auglagr_surf.inp eia04faf.inp eia08faf.inp eia08faf_auglagr.inp eia03fgf.inp eia04fgf.inp eia06fgf.inp eia06fgf_surf.inp eia06fgmf.inp eia08fgf.inp ei204fef.inp ei206fmf.inp ei206fhf.inp ei208fef.inp ei208fef_auglagr.inp ei206fsf.inp ei312fcf.inp

CAX8 elements using surface-to-surface contact CPE4 elements. CPE4 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6M elements. CPE6M elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6MH elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPS6M elements. CPS6M elements using surface-to-surface contact.

C3D4 elements. C3D4 elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8 elements. C3D8 elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8/C3D8H elements. C3D8/C3D8H elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8 elements, node-based surface. C3D10M elements. C3D10M elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D20 elements. C3D20 elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D20 elements. C3D20 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX4 elements. CAX8 elements. CAX8 elements. CGAX3 elements. CGAX4 elements. CGAX6 elements. CGAX6 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX6M elements. CGAX8 elements. CPE4 elements. CPE6M elements. CPE6MH elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8 elements. CPS6M elements. CCL12, MCL6 elements.

1.6.42

FINITE-SLIDING STRESS/DISPLACEMENT CONTACT

ei312fcf_surf.inp ei324fcf.inp ei324fcf_surf.inp ei306fcf.inp ei306fcf_surf.inp ei309fcf.inp ei309fcf_surf.inp

CCL12, MCL6 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CCL24, MCL6 elements. CCL24, MCL6 elements using surface-to-surface contact. MCL6, MCL9 elements. MCL6, MCL9 elements using surface-to-surface contact. MCL9 elements. MCL9 elements using surface-to-surface contact.

Verication of the tube-tube interface element approach: ei21stce.inp ei21stci.inp ei31stce.inp ei31stci.inp ITT21 elements, external contact. ITT21 elements, internal contact. ITT31 elements, external contact. ITT31 elements, internal contact.

1.6.43

CONTACT WITH A RIGID SURFACE

1.6.5

FINITE-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN A DEFORMABLE BODY AND A RIGID SURFACE

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

B21 B22 B31 B32 PIPE21 PIPE31 C3D6 C3D8 C3D8P C3D8RP C3D10M C3D10MH C3D10MP C3D10MPH CAX4 CAX4RP CAX6M CAX6MH CAX6MP CAX8 CGAX3 CGAX4 CGAX6 CGAX6M CGAX8 CPE4 CPE4P CPE6M CPE6MH CPE6MP CPE8 CPEG6M CPEG6MH MCL6 MCL9
Feature tested

C3D27

*CONTACT PAIR ASURF, RSURF ASURF is either an element-based surface or a node-based surface on a deformable body, and RSURF is a rigid surface.
Problem description

The Abaqus/Standard models consist of a solid or beam element that is resting on a rigid surface, or in the case of three-dimensional solid elements, a distance of one unit away from the rigid surface. In the latter case a displacement is applied in the rst step to bring the body in contact with the rigid surface. Frictionless contact is assumed. With contact established, a downward pressure is applied on the deformable elements, resulting in contact pressures and stresses in the solid elements. Two pressure load steps are performed. The rst step is a geometrically linear analysis, whereas the second step invokes the NLGEOM parameter, which takes the increased contact area into account. The contact pressure (CPRESS) should balance the applied pressure load in both steps. For axisymmetric elements with twist the test consists of ve steps. Initially the solid element interferes with the rigid surface. This overclosure is removed in the rst step, which is a nonlinear step. The next three steps are linear perturbation steps, wherein relative sliding and/or twisting is performed between the two contact surfaces. The following nonlinear step combines relative sliding and twisting between the two surfaces. In the last three steps three linear perturbation analyses are conducted: a direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis of the two bodies in contact subjected to a harmonic distributed loading, a natural frequency extraction analysis, and a subspace-based steady-state dynamic analysis. For cylindrical membrane elements the models consist of two concentric cylinders. The deformable cylinder, which is meshed with cylindrical membrane elements, has a radius of one unit. The rigid

1.6.51

CONTACT WITH A RIGID SURFACE

cylinder, modeled using an analytical rigid surface, has a radius of 1.2 units. The tests consist of three steps. Initially the cylindrical membrane elements interfere with the rigid surface. This overclosure is removed in the rst step, which is a linear step. The value of friction is changed in the second nonlinear step. In the nal step relative sliding is performed between the two contact surfaces. The Abaqus/Explicit model consists of a single beam element contacting an analytically rigid surface. The analysis has two steps. In the rst step the contact is established, with a frictionless contact pair denition, using node-based surfaces on the deformable beam. In the next step the contact pair is redened with friction, and the beam is made to slide over the analytically rigid surface. Consistent contact stresses are obtained for beam and pipe elements. Model: Length of beams 2-D solid element dimensions 3-D solid element dimensions C3D8 (contact node set) C3D6 C3D8 C3D27
Material:

1.0 55

contact area = 5 1 irregular: contact area = 3 irregular: contact area = 4 contact area = 3 2

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

Results and discussion

30 106 0.3

For tests with applied pressure, the contact pressure balances the applied downward pressure load on the deformable elements exactly.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ei22srsb.inp ei22srsb_surf.inp ei23srsb.inp ei23srsb_surf.inp eib2srsb.inp eib3srsb.inp ei33srsc.inp ei33srsc_surf.inp ei34srsc.inp ei34srsc_surf.inp

B21 elements. B21 elements using surface-to-surface contact. B22 elements. B22 elements using surface-to-surface contact. B31 elements. B32 elements. C3D6 elements. C3D6 elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8 elements. C3D8 elements using surface-to-surface contact.

1.6.52

CONTACT WITH A RIGID SURFACE

eig1srsc.inp ei34srsp_surf.inp ei34srsp_c3d8rp.inp ei39srsc_c3d10m.inp ei39srsc_c3d10mh.inp ei39srsc_c3d10mp.inp ei39srsc_c3d10mph.inp ei39srsc.inp eia2srsa.inp eia2srsa_surf.inp eia2srsa_cax4rp.inp eia3srsa_cax6m.inp eia3srsa_cax6mh.inp eia3srsa_cax6mp.inp eia3srsa.inp eia3srsa_surf.inp eia3srsa_auglagr.inp eia2srsg3.inp eia2srsg3_surf.inp eia2srsg4.inp eia3srsg6.inp eia3srsg6_surf.inp eia3srsgm6.inp eia3srsgm6_surf.inp eia3srsg8.inp eia3srsg8_surf.inp ei22srse.inp eip1srse.inp ei22srsp.inp ei23srse_cpe6m.inp ei23srse_cpe6mh.inp ei23srsp_cpe6mp.inp ei23srse.inp ei23srse_surf.inp ei23srse_cpeg6m.inp ei23srse_cpeg6mh.inp ei36srsc_mcl6.inp ei36srsc_mcl6_surf.inp ei39srsc_mcl9.inp ei39srsc_mcl9_surf.inp

C3D8 elements, three-dimensional node-based surface. C3D8P elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8RP elements. C3D10M elements. C3D10MH elements. C3D10MP elements. C3D10MPH elements. C3D27 elements. CAX4 elements. CAX4 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX4RP elements. CAX6M elements. CAX6MH elements. CAX6MP elements. CAX8 elements. CAX8 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX8 elements. CGAX3 elements. CGAX3 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX4 elements. CGAX6 elements. CGAX6 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX6M elements. CGAX6M elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX8 elements. CGAX8 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE4 elements. CPE4 elements, two-dimensional node-based surface. CPE4P elements. CPE6M elements. CPE6MH elements. CPE6MP elements. CPE8 elements. CPE8 elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPEG6M elements. CPEG6MH elements. MCL6 elements. MCL6 elements using surface-to-surface contact. MCL9 elements. MCL9 elements using surface-to-surface contact.

1.6.53

CONTACT WITH A RIGID SURFACE

Abaqus/Explicit input files

cpair_beam2d_xpl.inp cpair_beam3d_xpl.inp cpair_pipe2d_xpl.inp cpair_pipe3d_xpl.inp

B21 elements using contact pair in Abaqus/Explicit. B31 elements using contact pair in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE21 elements using contact pair in Abaqus/Explicit. PIPE31 elements using contact pair in Abaqus/Explicit.

1.6.54

CONTACT WITH A MESHED RIGID SURFACE

1.6.6

FINITE-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN A DEFORMABLE BODY AND A MESHED RIGID SURFACE

Product: Abaqus/Standard Feature tested

*CONTACT PAIR DSURF, RSURF DSURF is a surface on the deformable body, and RSURF is a rigid surface meshed with either rigid elements or deformable elements declared as rigid.
I. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MESHED RIGID SURFACES

Elements tested

B21

CPS4R

R2D2

T2D2

Problem description

These tests verify that two-dimensional meshed rigid surfaces are properly generated and that the surface orientation and normal smoothing are correct. The rst problem involves forming an elastic beam around a closed meshed rigid surface. This closed surface can be thought of as a pipe cross-section. The second problem is similar to the rst but with user-dened normals. The surface, which is assumed to be rigid, is meshed with 2-node rigid elements. The beam, which is 6 inches long and 0.05 inches wide, is modeled with 20 CPS4R solid elements. Its original position with respect to the rst rigid surface is shown in Figure 1.6.61. It is assumed to be elastic with a Youngs modulus of 30.0 106 lb/in2 and a Poissons ratio of 0.3. Surfaces dened on the deformable body and the rigid body are paired together to enforce contact.

2 3 1

Figure 1.6.61

Original position of the beam with respect to the rigid surface.

1.6.61

CONTACT WITH A MESHED RIGID SURFACE

The analysis is made up of two parts. The rst part establishes contact between the beam and the rigid surface by moving the two ends of the beam upward so that contact is rmly established while constraining the beam ends horizontally. The second part involves releasing the beam end constraints and applying a pressure load to the bottom surface of the beam to mold it rmly around the pipe section. A pressure of 1000 lb/in2 is applied in the rst problem, while a pressure of 2000 lb/in2 is applied in the second problem.
Results and discussion

The deformable body conforms to the shape of the rigid body.

Input files

ei22ssr1.inp ei22ssr1_surf.inp

ei22ssr2.inp ei22srb2.inp ei22srb2_surf.inp

ed22ssr1.inp

ed22ssr2.inp

Two-dimensional rigid surface consisting of rigid elements with default Abaqus-generated normals. Two-dimensional rigid surface consisting of rigid elements with default Abaqus-generated normals using surface-to-surface contact. Two-dimensional rigid surface consisting of rigid elements with user-specied normals. Bzier rigid surfaces used to model contact. (This capability is no longer supported.) Bzier rigid surfaces used to model contact with surface-to-surface approach. (This capability is no longer supported.) Two-dimensional rigid surface consisting of beam elements declared as rigid with default Abaqus-generated normals. Two-dimensional rigid surface consisting of beam elements declared as rigid with user-specied normals.

II.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MESHED RIGID SURFACES

Elements tested

R3D3

S3R

S4

S4R

Problem description

This test veries that three-dimensional meshed rigid surfaces are properly generated and that the search algorithm used to determine the closest distance to such surfaces is robust. The problem consists of the forming of an elastic sheet around a cylinder. The cylinder is assumed to be rigid and has a radius of 5 inches. The original mesh with the meshed rigid surface is shown in Figure 1.6.62.

1.6.62

CONTACT WITH A MESHED RIGID SURFACE

3 2 1

Figure 1.6.62

Original denition of cylinder.

The sheet has dimensions 10 inches by 5 inches and is modeled with fty 4-node S4R or S4 shell elements. ENCASTRE-type boundary conditions are applied to the sheet on one side. A pressure load of 700 lb/in2 is applied on its surface to form it around the cylinder. The sheet is assumed to be elastic with Youngs modulus of 3 106 lb/in2 and Poissons ratio of 0.3. The sheet is 0.25 inches thick. Surfaces dened on the rigid cylinder and deformable sheet are paired together to enforce contact.
Results and discussion

The deformable body conforms to the shape of the rigid body.

Input files

eig1ssr3.inp eig1ssr3_surf.inp eig1ssr4.inp eig1srb3.inp edg1ssr3.inp edg1ssr4.inp

Three-dimensional rigid surface meshed with rigid elements. Contact with S4R elements. Three-dimensional rigid surface meshed with rigid elements. Surface-to-surface contact with S4R elements. Three-dimensional rigid surface meshed with rigid elements. Contact with S4 elements. Bzier rigid surfaces used to model contact. (This capability is no longer supported.) Three-dimensional rigid surface meshed with shell elements declared as rigid. Contact with S4R elements. Three-dimensional rigid surface meshed with shell elements declared as rigid. Contact with S4 elements.

1.6.63

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

1.6.7

FINITE-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

C3D4T C3D6T C3D8RHT C3D8RT C3D8T C3D10MT CAX3T CAX4RHT CAX4RT CAX4T CAX6MHT CAX6MT CAX8T CGAX4RHT CGAX4RT CGAX4T CGAX6MHT CGAX6MT CGAX8T CPE3T CPE4RHT CPE4RT CPE4T CPE6MHT CPE6MT CPE8HT CPE8T CPEG4RHT CPEG4RT CPEG4T CPEG6MHT CPEG6MT CPEG8T CPS3T CPS4RT CPS6MT SC8RT SC6RT S8RT SAX2T
Features tested

*CONTACT PAIR *GAP CONDUCTANCE *GAP RADIATION *GAP HEAT GENERATION

Problem description

The planar tests and three-dimensional tests consist of a small block pressed against a larger block that is xed on the bottom. The smaller block slides horizontally on the larger block according to the prescribed loading and displacement history. The axisymmetric tests are essentially the same except that the sliding structures are rings; the outer ring is shorter axially than the inner ring. Relative motion in the axisymmetric tests is in the axial direction for the tests of axisymmetric elements or has axial and circumferential components for the tests of axisymmetric elements with twist. A smoothing factor of 0.05 is used on the contact pairs. For the three-dimensional tests a three-dimensional model with width 1.0 is used. The width of the bottom block is chosen slightly larger to ensure that the upper block contacts the lower block. The mesh in Figure 1.6.71, used for planar tests, is representative of all meshes used in these tests.
Material: Solid

Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.3, conductivity = 10.0, density = 1000.0, specic heat = 0.001.
Interface

Friction coefcient (nonzero only for the frictional heat generation tests), =0.1.

1.6.71

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

111

113

115

11

101 13

103

105 15

17 y x

Figure 1.6.71

Representative mesh.

Gap conductance varies with pressure for the interface conductance tests, k(p=200) = 5.0, k(p=100) = 20.0. Gap conductance (for the frictional heat generation tests), 20.0. Gap radiation constants (for the interface radiation tests only), = =1.0 106 , with absolute zero at =273.16.
Loading history for interface conductance tests (Abaqus/Standard) Step 1, TRANSIENT:

A downward pressure of 100 is applied on top of the smaller block, and a ux of 100 is applied into the smaller block through its surface. The center element of the large block has a lm condition with a lm coefcient of 10.0 and sink temperature of 0.0 at the bottom face. This step is used to check the gap conductivity. Results should be symmetric about an axis that is parallel to the line joining the centers of the two blocks, and thermal equilibrium must be satised. The heat conducted away from the larger block via the lm condition should nearly equal the heat conducted through the interfacethey need not be exactly equal because transient effects are included in this step. Input le eia2tssc.inp illustrates the use of the FILM AMPLITUDE parameter with the *FILM option to specify a time-dependent variation of the lm coefcient.
Step 2, TRANSIENT:

The top block is made to slide horizontally, back and forth, over the bottom block to assure that the formulation does not fail under large relative sliding. The results are consistent with thermal equilibrium. In the tests of axisymmetric elements with twist, the top block slides with circumferential motion as well.
Step 3, STEADY STATE:

The top block is in the same conguration as at the end of Step 1 but is brought to steady state to eliminate transient effects. This allows for a more exact check on thermal equilibrium of the assembly because the heat conducted across the interface must equilibrate the heat passed into the assembly by the applied ux.

1.6.72

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

Step 4, STEADY STATE:

The pressure is increased on the top surface. This is designed to test pressure-dependent interface conductivity. The temperature change across the interface should be four times that at the end of Step 3 because the interface conductivity is reduced by one-fourth.
Step 5, TRANSIENT:

The applied ux is ramped down quickly, and the small block is made to slide off the larger block. This is to test that the interface heat transfer is eliminated when a slave node slides off the end of the corresponding master surface. The smaller block becomes insulated, and the temperature is constant throughout the block.
Loading history for interface radiation tests (Abaqus/Standard)

The loading is the same for these tests as for the interface conductance tests. These problems are designed to test radiation heat transfer in the interface. Since the radiative properties are not pressure dependent, the results for Step 4 are identical to Step 3 in these runs.
Loading history for frictional heat generation tests (Abaqus/Standard)

In this analysis the top (outer) surface of the smaller block is constrained to remain straight and nonrotating via constraint equations specied with the *EQUATION option. In this analysis the LAGRANGE friction formulation is used. With this formulation all relative motion is converted into heat. The default friction algorithm uses an automatic penalty method, allowing small relative motions without dissipation. In these tests this would cause the generated heat to be underestimated by about 0.7%.
Step 1:

A downward force of 200 is applied to the top surface to establish contact (an inward force of 275 is applied for the axisymmetric tests). Virtually no heat generation occurs.
Step 2:

The top block is made to slide back and forth with friction. Assuming Coulomb friction, a total of 120 units of heat is generated. Of this generated heat 60 units are absorbed by the contacting bodies because the fraction of frictional dissipation converted to heat is specied to be 0.5. Results are consistent with thermal equilibrium. In the tests of axisymmetric elements with twist, the top block slides with both axial and circumferential components of motion. The magnitude of the relative motion and the resulting heat generation is the same as in the remaining tests.
STEP 3:

The assembly sits without thermal loading to reach steady state. Because the assembly is adiabatic, it should attain a constant temperature. Based on the amount of heat generated and the heat capacity of the material, the nal temperature of the assembly should be 7.5 for the planar case and 0.68 for the axisymmetric case.

1.6.73

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

Simulation with Abaqus/Explicit

A transient simulation is performed for each step. The simulation time for those steps where Abaqus/Standard performs a steady-state analysis is chosen so that enough time is allowed for the Abaqus/Explicit solution to reach steady-state conditions. Mass scaling is used to obtain an efcient solution. The rate at which the top block is forced to slide over the bottom block is reduced to ensure a quasi-static response; the amount of relative sliding between the two blocks (and, therefore, the amount of frictional heat generation, for example) is unaffected by this change. Both kinematic and penalty mechanical contact are considered.
Results and discussion

The results agree with the analytically obtained values.

Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

Interface conductance tests: coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d4t_s.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d6t_s.inp ei34tpsc_c3d8rht.inp ei34tpsc_c3d8rht_surf.inp ei34tpsc_c3d8rt.inp ei34tpsc_c3d8rt_surf.inp ei34tpsc.inp ei34tpsc_surf.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cax3t_s.inp eia2tssc_cax4rht.inp eia2tssc_cax4rt.inp eia2tssc.inp eia2tssc_surf.inp eia3tssc_cax6mht.inp eia3tssc_cax6mt.inp eia3tssc_cax6mt_surf.inp eia3tssc.inp eia3tssc_surf.inp eia3tslc.inp eig2tssc_cgax4rht.inp eig2tssc_cgax4rht_surf.inp eig2tssc_cgax4rt.inp eig2tssc.inp eig2tssc_surf.inp

C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RHT elements. C3D8RHT elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8RT elements. C3D8RT elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8T elements. C3D8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX3T elements. CAX4RHT elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX4T elements. CAX4T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX6MHT elements. CAX6MT elements. CAX6MT elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX8T elements. CAX8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX8T, SAX2T elements. CGAX4RHT elements. CGAX4RHT elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX4RT elements. CGAX4T elements. CGAX4T elements using surface-to-surface contact.

1.6.74

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

eig3tssc_cgax6mht.inp eig3tssc_cgax6mt.inp eig3tssc_cgax6mt_surf.inp eig3tssc.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cpe3t_s.inp ei22tssc_cpe4rht.inp ei22tssc_cpe4rt.inp ei22tssc.inp ei22tssc_surf.inp ei23tssc_cpe6mht.inp ei23tssc_cpe6mt.inp ei28tssc.inp ei23tssc.inp ei23tssc_surf.inp ei23tssc_auglagr.inp eip2tssc_cpeg4rht.inp eip2tssc_cpeg4rht_post.inp eip2tssc_cpeg4rt.inp eip2tssc.inp ei23tssc_cpeg6mht.inp ei23tssc_cpeg6mt.inp ei23tssc_cpeg6mt_surf.inp eip3tssc.inp eip3tssc_surf.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cps3t_s.inp ei22tssc_cps4rt.inp ei23tssc_cps6mt.inp Interface radiation tests: coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d4t_s.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d6t_s.inp ei34tpsr_c3d8rht.inp ei34tpsr_c3d8rht_surf.inp ei34tpsr_c3d8rt.inp ei34tpsr_c3d8rt_surf.inp ei34tpsr.inp ei34tpsr_surf.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cax3t_s.inp eia2tssr_cax4rht.inp eia2tssr_cax4rt.inp eia2tssr.inp eia2tssr_surf.inp

CGAX6MHT elements. CGAX6MT elements. CGAX6MT elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX8T elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RHT elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE4T elements. CPE4T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6MHT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPE8HT elements. CPE8T elements. CPE8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE8T elements. CPEG4RHT elements. *POST OUTPUT analysis. CPEG4RT elements. CPEG4T elements. CPEG6MHT elements. CPEG6MT elements. CPEG6MT elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPEG8T elements. CPEG8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements.

C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RHT elements. C3D8RHT elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8RT elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements. C3D8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX3T elements. CAX4RHT elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX4T elements. CAX4T elements using surface-to-surface contact.

1.6.75

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

eia3tssr_cax6mht.inp eia3tssr_cax6mt.inp eia3tssr_cax6mt_surf.inp eia3tssr.inp eia3tslr.inp eig2tssr_cgax4rt.inp eig2tssr.inp eig3tssr_cgax6mht.inp eig3tssr_cgax6mt.inp eig3tssr.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cpe3t_s.inp ei22tssr_cpe4rht.inp ei22tssr_cpe4rt.inp ei22tssr.inp ei22tssr_surf.inp ei23tssr_cpe6mht.inp ei23tssr_cpe6mt.inp ei23tssr.inp ei23tssr_surf.inp ei23tssr_auglagr.inp eip2tssr_cpeg4rht.inp eip2tssr_cpeg4rt.inp eip2tssr.inp ei23tssr_cpeg6mht.inp ei23tssr_cpeg6mt.inp eip3tssr.inp eip3tssr_surf.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cps3t_s.inp ei22tssr_cps4rt.inp ei23tssr_cps6mt.inp ei23tssr_cps6mt_surf.inp ei38tssr.inp ei38tssr_surf.inp Frictional heat generation tests: coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d4t_s.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d6t_s.inp ei34tpsf_c3d8rht.inp ei34tpsf_c3d8rht_surf.inp ei34tpsf_c3d8rt.inp ei34tpsf.inp ei34tpsf_surf.inp

CAX6MHT elements. CAX6MT elements. CAX6MT elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX8T elements. CAX8T, SAX2T elements. CGAX4RT elements. CGAX4T elements. CGAX6MHT elements. CGAX6MT elements. CGAX8T elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RHT elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE4T elements. CPE4T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6MHT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPE8T elements. CPE8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE8T elements. CPEG4RHT elements. CPEG4RT elements. CPEG4T elements. CPEG6MHT elements. CPEG6MT elements. CPEG8T elements. CPEG8T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements. CPS6MT elements using surface-to-surface contact. S8RT elements. S8RT elements using surface-to-surface contact.

C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RHT elements. C3D8RHT elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements. C3D8T elements using surface-to-surface contact.

1.6.76

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

coupledtemplgslcont_f_cax3t_s.inp eia2tssf_cax4rht.inp eia2tssf_cax4rt.inp eia2tssf.inp eia3tssf_cax6mht.inp eia3tssf_cax6mt.inp eia3tssf.inp eia3tslf.inp eig2tssf.inp eig2tssf_surf.inp eig3tssf_cgax6mt.inp eig3tssf.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cpe3t_s.inp ei22tssf_cpe4rht.inp ei22tssf_cpe4rt.inp ei22tssf.inp ei22tssf_surf.inp ei23tssf_cpe6mht.inp ei23tssf_cpe6mt.inp ei23tssf.inp ei23tssf_auglagr.inp eip2tssf.inp eip3tssf.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cps3t_s.inp ei22tssf_cps4rt.inp ei23tssf_cps6mt.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

CAX3T elements. CAX4RHT elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX4T elements. CAX6MHT elements. CAX6MT elements. CAX8T elements. CAX8T, SAX2T elements. CGAX4T elements. CGAX4T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CGAX6MT elements. CGAX8T elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RHT elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE4T elements. CPE4T elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6MHT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPE8T elements. CPE8T elements. CPEG4T elements. CPEG8T elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements.

Interface conductance tests, kinematic mechanical contact: coupledtemplgslcont_c_cax3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cax4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cax6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cpe3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cpe4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cpe6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cps3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cps4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_cps6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d4t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d6t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d8rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d8t.inp CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX6MT elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements. C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements.

1.6.77

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

coupledtemplgslcont_c_c3d10mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_c_sc8rt.inp

C3D10MT elements. SC8RT elements.

Interface conductance tests, penalty mechanical contact: coupledtemplgslcont_cpcax3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_cpcpe4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_cpcpe6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_cpc3d4t.inp CAX3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. C3D4T elements.

Interface radiation tests, kinematic mechanical contact: coupledtemplgslcont_r_cax3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cax4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cax6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cpe3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cpe4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cpe6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cps3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cps4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_cps6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d4t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d6t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d8rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d8t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_c3d10mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_r_sc8rt.inp CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX6MT elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements. C3D4T elements. C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements. C3D10MT elements. SC8RT elements.

Interface radiation tests, penalty mechanical contact: coupledtemplgslcont_rpcax4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_rpcps4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_rpcps6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_rpc3d6t.inp CAX4RT elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements. C3D6T elements.

Frictional heat generation tests, kinematic mechanical contact: coupledtemplgslcont_f_cax3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cax4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cax6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cpe3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cpe4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cpe6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cps3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cps4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_cps6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d4t.inp CAX3T elements. CAX4RT elements. CAX6MT elements. CPE3T elements. CPE4RT elements. CPE6MT elements. CPS3T elements. CPS4RT elements. CPS6MT elements. C3D4T elements.

1.6.78

THERMALLY COUPLED SLIDE LINES/PLANES

coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d6t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d8rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d8t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_c3d10mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_f_sc8rt.inp

C3D6T elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements. C3D10MT elements. SC8RT elements.

Frictional heat generation tests, penalty mechanical contact: coupledtemplgslcont_fpcax4rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_fpcax6mt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_fpcpe3t.inp coupledtemplgslcont_fpc3d8rt.inp coupledtemplgslcont_fpc3d8t.inp CAX4RT elements. CAX6MT elements. CPE3T elements. C3D8RT elements. C3D8T elements.

1.6.79

PORE PRESSURE COUPLED FINITE-SLIDING

1.6.8

FINITE-SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN COUPLED PORE PRESSUREDISPLACEMENT ELEMENTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CPE4P CPE6MP CPE8P C3D8P CAX4P CAX4RP CAX6MP

Feature tested

C3D8RP

C3D10MP

C3D20P

*CONTACT PAIR
Problem description

Two series of tests each consisting of ve input les are documented. In the rst series a small block is pressed against a larger block that is xed on the bottom. The smaller block slides horizontally on the larger block according to the prescribed loading and displacement history to test the formulation in large relative sliding. The axisymmetric tests are essentially the same except that the sliding structures are rings; the outer ring is shorter axially than the inner ring, and the sliding is in the axial direction. The mesh shown in Figure 1.6.81, which is used to test element CPE4P, is representative of all meshes used in these tests.
111 113 115

11

101 13

103

105 15

17 y x

Figure 1.6.81

Representative mesh for the sliding tests.

In the second series of tests two identical blocks are pressed against each other while no sliding occurs. Fixed boundary conditions for the pore pressure degrees of freedom on the edges away from the contact interface enable the exact calculation of the pore pressure on the contact interface. The mesh shown in Figure 1.6.82, which is used to test element CPE4P, is representative of all meshes used in these tests. Material: Linear elastic, Youngs modulus = 30.0 106 , Poissons ratio = 0.0, permeability = 1.0 104 .

1.6.81

PORE PRESSURE COUPLED FINITE-SLIDING

108

107

105 104

106 103 y x

101

102

Figure 1.6.82

Representative mesh for the nonsliding tests.

Loading history for sliding tests Step 1, TRANSIENT:

A downward pressure of 100 is applied on top of the smaller block. For the two- and three-dimensional tests a pore uid volume ux of 3 104 is applied into the smaller block through its upper surface (area is two units). To create a constant ux through the contact interface, a pore uid volume ux of 1 104 is applied out of the larger block lower surface (area is six units). Results should be symmetric about an axis that is parallel to the line joining the centers of the two blocks, and the total pore uid volume ux through the contact interface should be 6 104 . For the axisymmetric tests a pore uid volume ux of 1 104 is applied into the smaller block through its outer surface (area is 12 ), and a pore uid volume ux of 1 104 is applied out of the larger block inner surface (area is 12 ). The total pore uid volume ux through the contact interface should be 3.76 103 .
Step 2, TRANSIENT:

The top block is made to slide horizontally (1.5 units) over the bottom block. The total pore uid volume ux through the contact interface should remain 6 104 in the two- and three-dimensional tests and 3.76 103 in the axisymmetric cases.
Loading history for the nonsliding tests

A downward pressure of 10.0 is applied on top of the upper block. The pore pressure is xed and equal to 2.0 on the top surface of the upper block. The pore pressure on the bottom surface of the lower block is xed and equal to 1.0. A coupled pore pressure analysis is conducted, and the pressure on the contact interface should be 1.5 for the two- and three-dimensional tests and 1.375 for the axisymmetric case.
Results and discussion

The results agree with the analytically obtained values.

1.6.82

PORE PRESSURE COUPLED FINITE-SLIDING

Input files

Sliding tests: ei22pfss.inp ei22pfss_surf.inp ei23pfss_cpe6mp.inp ei23pfss_cpe6mp_surf.inp ei23pfss.inp ei23pfss_auglagr.inp ei34pfss.inp ei34pfss_surf.inp ei34pfss_c3d8rp.inp ei39pfss.inp ei39pfss_surf.inp ei38pfss.inp ei38pfss_auglagr.inp eia2pfss.inp eia2pfss_surf.inp eia2prss.inp eia3pfss_cax6mp.inp Nonsliding tests: ei22pfsn.inp ei23pfsn_cpe6mp.inp ei23pfsn.inp ei23pfsn_auglagr.inp ei34pfsn.inp ei39pfsn.inp ei38pfsn.inp ei38pfsn_auglagr.inp eia2pfsn.inp eia2prsn.inp CPE4P elements. CPE6MP elements. CPE8P elements. CPE8P elements. C3D8P elements. C3D10MP elements. C3D20P elements. C3D20P elements. CAX4P elements. CAX4RP elements. CPE4P elements. CPE4P elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6MP elements. CPE6MP elements using surface-to-surface contact. CPE8P elements. CPE8P elements. C3D8P elements. C3D8P elements using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8RP elements. C3D10MP elements. C3D10MP elements using surfact-to-surface contact. C3D20P elements. C3D20P elements. CAX4P elements. CAX4P elements using surface-to-surface contact. CAX4RP elements. CAX6MP elements.

1.6.83

PLATE ROLLING

1.6.9

ROLLING OF STEEL PLATE

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

CPE4R

R2D2

C3D8R

R3D4

Features tested

Large deformation kinematics, user material, kinematic contact, penalty contact, friction, analytical rigid surfaces, multiple steps, adiabatic heat generation, adding contact surfaces and boundary conditions after the rst step.
Problem description

This verication problem is similar to the problem described in Rolling of thick plates, Section 1.3.6 of the Abaqus Example Problems Manual. Here, a two-dimensional, plane strain case of the rolling problem is considered with a much coarser mesh for the steel plate. The plate is modeled using plane strain elements (CPE4R) and 8-node brick elements (C3D8R). In the three-dimensional model all out-of-plane degrees of freedom are prescribed as zero to represent a state of plane strain. The steel plate has a total thickness of 40 mm and a length of 100 mm. This analysis simulates the rolling of the plate through two roller stands, each of which achieves a reduction in the thickness of the plate of 10 mm. The radius of each roller is 50 mm. The model takes advantage of half-symmetry. The material is modeled as an elastic, perfectly plastic material with Youngs modulus 210 GPa, Poissons ratio 0.30, yield stress 250 MPa, and density 7500 kg/m3 . The two-dimensional case uses the *USER MATERIAL option, along with user subroutine VUMAT. This model can be selected by specifying the material name ABQTEST1 on the *MATERIAL option. The user subroutine has the option to include kinematic hardening. However, this example problem tests the user material only for the case of perfect plasticity and veries the results by comparison with the results obtained with the standard plasticity model with no hardening (for the three-dimensional case). The rotating cylinder problem of VUMAT: rotating cylinder, Section 4.1.37, veries the hardening case for the user material. The three-dimensional model uses the standard elastic, perfectly plastic material model specied with the *ELASTIC and *PLASTIC options. It also tests the adiabatic heat generation capability using the *DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT, ADIABATIC option, the *SPECIFIC HEAT option, the *EXPANSION option, and the *INELASTIC HEAT FRACTION option. The initial temperature for all nodes in the model is 294C. The specic heat for this material is 460.46 joule/kg/C. The rolling process is analyzed in two steps. In the rst step only the rst roller has a prescribed rotational velocity. The second step begins just as the plate is about to reach the second roller. At this time a prescribed velocity boundary condition is added that determines the rotational velocity of the second roller. The coefcient of friction between the rollers and the plate is 0.3. The maximum traction due to friction is assumed to be , or 144.3 MPa.

1.6.91

PLATE ROLLING

The contact constraints can be enforced either kinematically or with a penalty method in Abaqus/Explicit. Kinematic contact gives strict enforcement of the constraints, whereas penalty contact will allow some penetration. However, the two constraint methods will usually give nearly the same results for problems that involve plastic deformation (such as rolling problems), because the contact penetrations with penalty contact will tend to be small. This is related to the fact that the default penalty stiffness is about 10% of the elastic stiffness in the elements along the contact interface. When the material yields, the penalty stiffness will typically be much larger than the effective stiffness of the material, so the penetrations will be rather insignicant. For problems in which the material remains elastic (see The Hertz contact problem, Section 1.1.11 of the Abaqus Benchmarks Manual), the contact penetrations can be signicant if the penalty method is used. While kinematic contact is available only with the contact pair capability, penalty contact is available with both the contact pair capability and the general contact capability in Abaqus/Explicit. For this analysis all three approaches to enforcing the contact constraints are used: kinematic contact with contact pair, penalty contact with contact pair, and general contact. In the rst step of the analyses involving contact pairs, when only the rst roller has a prescribed rotational velocity, only one contact pair is dened. This contact pair contains the surface of the rst roller and the outer surface of the plate. At the start of the second step, when the plate is just about to reach the second roller, a second contact pair is introduced that contains the surface of the second roller and the outer surface of the plate. For the analysis using general contact, the default internally generated all-inclusive contact surface is referenced using the *CONTACT INCLUSIONS option; hence, the contact denitions do not need to be modied from step to step. The roller speed used for both rollers in this example is 600 rad/s. See Rolling of thick plates, Section 1.3.6 of the Abaqus Example Problems Manual, for a detailed discussion of the choice of rolling speeds.
Results and discussion

Figure 1.6.91 shows the original mesh for the two-dimensional model. Figure 1.6.92 shows contours of shear stress at the end of the rst step for the two-dimensional model. Note that the rst roller has rotated during the rst step, whereas the second roller remains motionless. Figure 1.6.93 shows contours of shear stress at the end of the second step for the two-dimensional model. Figure 1.6.94 shows contours of equivalent plastic strain (SDV5) at the end of the second step for the two-dimensional model. Since the user subroutine stores the values of equivalent plastic strain as the fth state variable, contour plots are generated by the use of the variable SDV5. Figure 1.6.95 contains a wire frame drawing of the original mesh for the three-dimensional model. Figure 1.6.96 shows contours of shear stress at the end of the rst step for the three-dimensional model. Figure 1.6.97 shows contours of shear stress at the end of the second step for the three-dimensional model. Figure 1.6.98 shows contours of equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) at the end of the second step for the three-dimensional model. Figure 1.6.99 shows contours of temperature at the end of the second step for the three-dimensional model. Note that the use of the ADIABATIC parameter in this example does not have an effect on the overall solution because none of the material properties are temperature dependent. It is simply used to calculate the temperature eld obtained from the dissipated plastic work.

1.6.92

PLATE ROLLING

Input files

roll2dapa_anl.inp roll3dapa_rev_anl.inp roll3dapa_rev_anl_gcont.inp roll2dapa.inp roll3dapa.inp roll3dapa_gcont.inp roll3dapa_cyl_anl.inp roll3dapa_cyl_anl_gcont.inp roll2dapa_anl_pnlty.inp roll3dapa_rev_pnlty.inp

Two-dimensional kinematic contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface. Three-dimensional kinematic contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface of TYPE=REVOLUTION. Three-dimensional general contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface of TYPE=REVOLUTION. Two-dimensional kinematic contact analysis using rigid elements. Three-dimensional kinematic contact analysis using rigid elements. Three-dimensional general contact analysis using rigid elements. Three-dimensional kinematic contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface of TYPE=CYLINDER. Three-dimensional general contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface of TYPE=CYLINDER. Two-dimensional penalty contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface. Three-dimensional penalty contact analysis using an analytical rigid surface of TYPE=REVOLUTION.

Roller 1

Roller 2

Steel Plate Symmetry Plane

Figure 1.6.91

Undeformed mesh for the two-dimensional model.

1.6.93

PLATE ROLLING

S12

VALUE -1.02E+08 -6.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -2.00E+07 -1.08E-07 +2.00E+07 +4.00E+07 +6.00E+07 +8.00E+07 +1.00E+08 +INFINITY

Figure 1.6.92

Contours of shear stress at the end of Step 1 for the two-dimensional model.

S12

VALUE -1.33E+08 -6.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -2.00E+07 -1.08E-07 +2.00E+07 +4.00E+07 +6.00E+07 +8.00E+07 +1.00E+08 +1.07E+08

Figure 1.6.93

Contours of shear stress at the end of Step 2 for the two-dimensional model.

1.6.94

PLATE ROLLING

SDV5

VALUE +0.00E+00 +8.00E-02 +1.64E-01 +2.47E-01 +3.31E-01 +4.15E-01 +4.99E-01 +5.82E-01 +6.66E-01 +7.50E-01 +8.48E-01

Figure 1.6.94

Contours of equivalent plastic strain at the end of Step 2 for the two-dimensional model.

Figure 1.6.95

Undeformed mesh for the three-dimensional model.

1.6.95

PLATE ROLLING

S12

VALUE -1.18E+08 -6.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -2.00E+07 -1.08E-07 +2.00E+07 +4.00E+07 +6.00E+07 +8.00E+07 +1.00E+08 +1.16E+08

Figure 1.6.96

Contours of shear stress at the end of Step 1 for the three-dimensional model.

S12

VALUE -1.22E+08 -6.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -2.00E+07 -1.08E-07 +2.00E+07 +4.00E+07 +6.00E+07 +8.00E+07 +1.00E+08 +1.13E+08

Figure 1.6.97

Contours of shear stress at the end of Step 2 for the three-dimensional model.

1.6.96

PLATE ROLLING

PEEQ

VALUE +0.00E+00 +8.00E-02 +1.64E-01 +2.47E-01 +3.31E-01 +4.15E-01 +4.99E-01 +5.82E-01 +6.66E-01 +7.50E-01 +8.61E-01

Figure 1.6.98

Contours of equivalent plastic strain at the end of Step 2 for the three-dimensional model.

TEMP

VALUE +2.92E+02 +2.97E+02 +3.03E+02 +3.08E+02 +3.13E+02 +3.19E+02 +3.24E+02 +3.30E+02 +3.35E+02 +3.40E+02 +3.46E+02

Figure 1.6.99

Contours of temperature at the end of Step 2 for the three-dimensional model.

1.6.97

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

1.6.10

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

S4R

R3D4

Features tested

Distributed loads, kinematic contact, penalty contact, analytical rigid surfaces, rigid bodies.
Problem description

This problem involves the analysis of the dynamic response of a cantilever beam subjected to a sudden, impulsively applied, pressure loading. Two cases are considered. First, the response of the cantilever beam is determined. In this case the beam responds in the rst bending mode. In the second case a rigid cylinder is introduced beneath the beam and the beam strikes it. The beam is 500 mm long and 100 mm wide and has a thickness of 2.5 mm. Half of the beam is modeled with a 20 3 mesh of shell elements using symmetry boundary conditions along the centerline of the beam. The beam is made of steel, with a Youngs modulus of 200 GPa and a Poissons ratio of 0.3. The density is 7800 kg/m3 . A von Mises elastic, perfectly plastic material model is used with a yield stress of 250 MPa. The beam is subjected to a constant downward pressure of 0.1 MPa applied instantaneously at the beginning of the step, as shown in Figure 1.6.101. In the second case a xed, rigid cylinder of radius 40 mm is introduced, as shown in Figure 1.6.102. Contact surfaces are dened on the lower surface of the beam and the outer surface of the cylinder. Tests are conducted with both kinematic enforcement and penalty enforcement of the contact constraints. Kinematic contact is the default; penalty contact is invoked by specifying MECHANICAL CONSTRAINT=PENALTY on the *CONTACT PAIR option. Two approaches for modeling the cylindrical surface are tested: using rigid elements and using analytical rigid surfaces. Analytical rigid surfaces are typically the preferred means for representing simple rigid geometries such as this in terms of both accuracy and computational performance. However, analytical surfaces always act as a pure master surface, and penetrations of a master surface into regions between slave nodes can occur without generating contact forces (see Contact constraint enforcement methods in Abaqus/Explicit, Section 34.2.3 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual). These penetrations may be signicant if the slave surface is coarsely discretized. In these cases it may be preferable to use an element-based rigid surface and balanced master-slave penalty contact. Weighting of a rigid surface as a slave surface is allowed only if it is element-based (not an analytical surface) and penalty contact is used. Additional renement of the rigid surface in the cylindrical direction has been used for the model in which the rigid surface nodes act partially as slave nodes so that penetrations of the rigid surface into the

1.6.101

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

deformable surface are detected. This renement adds some computational cost, but it does not affect the stable time increment. Cylindrical renement would not inuence the contact compliance when the rigid surface acts as a pure master surface, so this type of renement is not used in these cases. A further comment on rigid surface modeling is that complex three-dimensional surface geometries that often occur in practice must be modeled with element-based rigid surfaces.
Results and discussion

Verication for this problem is provided by comparing the values of signicant problem variables with the values produced by an equivalent model in Abaqus/Standard. The Abaqus/Standard analyses use 5-point Simpson integration only and a HAFTOL value of 1.0 103 . The Abaqus/Explicit analyses are run with 5-point Simpson integration and 3-point Gauss integration. The rigid surface is modeled as analytical and acts as a pure master surface in the Abaqus/Standard analysis. The contact constraints account for the shell thickness in the Abaqus/Explicit analyses only. The Abaqus/Explicit results shown below are for an element-based rigid surface with kinematic enforcement of contact constraints, except where noted otherwise. Table 1.6.101 and Table 1.6.102 compare tip displacements, tip velocities, and whole model energies at several points along the beams symmetry axis. Tip displacements and velocities are averaged over the four nodes at the tip of the beam. The results from the Abaqus/Explicit analyses using Simpson (5-point) and Gauss (3-point) integration through the thickness of the shell demonstrate slight sensitivity of the response to the choice of the integration rule. Corresponding components of displacement and velocity at the tip of the beam are within 0.1% and 0.5%, respectively, for the Abaqus/Explicit (Simpson integration) and Abaqus/Standard analyses without the cylinder. For the problem with the cylinder, the signicant components of displacement and velocity are within 2% and 8%, respectively, between the Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard results with Simpson integration. Figure 1.6.103 shows contours of equivalent plastic strain on the bottom surface of the beam for the Abaqus/Explicit analysis using Simpson integration without the rigid cylinder. Figure 1.6.104 shows the corresponding plot for the Abaqus/Standard analysis. The contours are plotted on the deformed shapes of the beam. After 0.08 seconds a plastic hinge has formed at the xed end of the beam for both cases. Figure 1.6.105 and Figure 1.6.106 show contours of equivalent plastic strain on the bottom surface of the beam impacting the rigid cylinder for the Abaqus/Explicit analysis with Simpson integration and the Abaqus/Standard analysis, respectively. Figure 1.6.107 through Figure 1.6.1010 show the nal conguration near the rigid cylinder for four Abaqus/Explicit analyses. Figure 1.6.107 corresponds to an analysis with an analytical rigid surface and kinematic contact. Figure 1.6.108 corresponds to an analysis with an analytical rigid surface and penalty contact. In both of these cases the analytical surface is the pure master surface of the contact pair. Contact is enforced at the slave nodes accounting for the shell thickness, and there is some penetration of the rigid surface into the shell. The nal position of the tip is slightly different in Figure 1.6.107 and Figure 1.6.108, which is attributable to impacts being perfectly plastic with kinematic contact and elastic with penalty contact (see Contact constraint enforcement methods in Abaqus/Explicit, Section 34.2.3 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual). Figure 1.6.109 corresponds to an analysis with an element-based rigid surface and kinematic contact. Figure 1.6.1010 corresponds

1.6.102

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

to an analysis with an element-based rigid surface and penalty contact. Penetration of the rigid surface into the shell surface is repelled only in Figure 1.6.1010, because this is the only case in which the rigid surface nodes are weighted at all as slave nodes.
Input files

beamimpac1.inp beamimpac2.inp beamimpac2_cyl_anl.inp beamimpac2_rev_anl.inp beamimpac2_pnlty.inp beamimpac2_gcont.inp beamimpac2_rev_pnlty.inp beamimpac1_gauss.inp beamimpac2_gauss.inp beamstandard1.inp beamstandard2.inp beamstandard2_auglagr.inp beamimpac2_offset.inp

Simpson integration case without the rigid cylinder. Simpson integration case with the rigid cylinder. Explicit dynamic analysis using an analytical rigid surface. Explicit dynamic analysis using an analytical rigid surface. Explicit dynamic analysis using an element-based rigid surface and penalty contact. Explicit dynamic analysis using an element-based rigid surface and the general contact capability. Explicit dynamic analysis using an analytical rigid surface and penalty contact. Gauss integration explicit dynamic analysis of the case without the rigid cylinder. Gauss integration explicit dynamic analysis of the case with the rigid cylinder. Implicit dynamic analysis of the case without the rigid cylinder. Implicit dynamic analysis of the case with the rigid cylinder using the hard contact model. Implicit dynamic analysis of the case with the rigid cylinder using the augmented Lagrangian contact model. Explicit dynamic analysis of the case with the rigid cylinder that demonstrates the effects of shell offset and rigid thickness on contact surfaces.

1.6.103

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

Table 1.6.101 Comparison of results for case without rigid cylinder (results obtained on an SGI R4600 using single precision). Abaqus/Explicit (Gauss) 115 292 45.4 64.7 434 29.3 7.3 10
2

Variable (mm) (mm) (m/s) (m/s) ALLKE (joules) ALLIE (joules) ETOTAL (joules)

Abaqus/Standard (Simpson) 114 293 45.5 64.8 428 31.6

2

(Simpson) 114 293 45.6 65.0 429 31.7 6.95 10

1.58

Table 1.6.102 Comparison of results for case with rigid cylinder (results obtained on an SGI R4600 using single precision). Abaqus/Explicit (Gauss) 253 122 20.8 77.2 82.0 114 0.528 (Simpson) 248 141 38.0 56.0 83.8 112 0.380 Abaqus/Standard (Simpson) 250 143 41.0 56.9 86.8 112 0.654

Variable (mm) (mm) (m/s) (m/s) ALLKE (joules) ALLIE (joules) ETOTAL (joules)

1.6.104

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

= 7800 kg/m E = 200 GPa = 0.3 yd = 250 MPa (perfectly plastic)

3

Applied Pressure = 0.1 MPa

500 mm

z y x 50 mm 50 mm C L t = 2.5 mm

Figure 1.6.101

Impulsively loaded cantilever beam.

500 mm

300 mm

70 mm

50 mm 50 mm z y x r = 40mm 70 mm Applied Pressure = 0.1 MPa C L

Figure 1.6.102

Cantilever beam impacting on a rigid cylinder.

1.6.105

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

T = 0.
SECTION POINT 1 PEEQ VALUE +0.00E-00 +1.00E-03 +9.42E-03 +1.78E-02 +2.62E-02 +3.47E-02 +4.31E-02 +5.15E-02 +6.00E-02 +INFINITY

T = .004 T = .006

T = .008

T = .010

Figure 1.6.103

Plastic strain on bottom surface of beam, Abaqus/Explicit analysis.

T = 0.
SECTION POINT 1 PEEQ VALUE +0.00E-00 +1.00E-03 +9.42E-03 +1.78E-02 +2.62E-02 +3.47E-02 +4.31E-02 +5.15E-02 +6.00E-02 +INFINITY

T = .004 T = .006

T = .008

T = .010

Figure 1.6.104

Plastic strain on bottom surface of beam, Abaqus/Standard analysis.

1.6.106

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

SECTION POINT 1 PEEQ VALUE -INFINITY -5.00E-02 -3.57E-02 -2.14E-02 -7.14E-03 +7.14E-03 +2.14E-02 +3.57E-02 +5.00E-02 +INFINITY

T = 0. T = .004

T = .010 T = .008

T = .006

Figure 1.6.105

Plastic strain on bottom surface of beam, Abaqus/Explicit analysis.

SECTION POINT 1 PEEQ VALUE -INFINITY -5.00E-02 -3.57E-02 -2.14E-02 -7.14E-03 +7.14E-03 +2.14E-02 +3.57E-02 +5.00E-02 +INFINITY

T = 0. T = .004

T = .010 T = .008

T = .006

Figure 1.6.106

Plastic strain on bottom surface of beam, Abaqus/Standard analysis.

1.6.107

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

3 2 1

Figure 1.6.107 Deformed conguration near rigid cylinder for an analytical rigid surface and kinematic contact.

3 2 1

Figure 1.6.108 Deformed conguration near rigid cylinder for an analytical rigid surface and penalty contact.

1.6.108

BEAM IMPACT ON CYLINDER

3 2 1

Figure 1.6.109 Deformed conguration near rigid cylinder for an element-based rigid surface and kinematic contact.

3 2 1

Figure 1.6.1010 Deformed conguration near rigid cylinder for an element-based rigid surface and penalty contact.

1.6.109

CONTACT WITH INTERFERENCE

1.6.11

CONTACT WITH TIME-DEPENDENT PRESCRIBED INTERFERENCE VALUES

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

CPE4

C3D8

Feature tested

*CONTACT INTERFERENCE SLAVE, MASTER, V SLAVE is a surface on a deformable body, and MASTER is a surface on a deformable body or a rigid surface. V is the magnitude of allowable interference.
Problem description

The tests exercise the three ways in which the *CONTACT INTERFERENCE option can be used. Either a simple amount of allowable interference is specied, an allowable interference along a prescribed direction is specied, or the automatic shrink t procedure is invoked. In this latter case Abaqus initializes the amount of allowable interference at each contact point with the penetration it calculates at the beginning of the analysis. Most of the models consist of two elements lying next to each other with their contact surfaces initially interfering by an amount of 0.2. In the case of rigid surfaces there is only one element initially interfering with a straight rigid surface. The solid elements are either 4-node quads or 8-node bricks, as a substrate for the appropriate contact elements. The *CONTACT INTERFERENCE option with an amount of 0.2 is used to resolve the interference in (typically) ve increments.

Rigid Surface

4 11 1

3 12 2

4 1

3 2

In the case of tube within tube elements (ITT) the model consists of two beams at a variable transverse distance from each other. One is totally xed, and the other is xed only axially. An initial tube clearance of 0.5 produces interferences of up to 0.5. The *CONTACT INTERFERENCE option with a magnitude of 0.5 is used to resolve the interference.

1.6.111

CONTACT WITH INTERFERENCE

Tube Clearance

1
Material: Solid

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Conductivity Density Specic heat

Interface

1.0 105 0.0 5.0 0.5 0.3

Friction coefcient Gap conductance

Results and discussion

0.0 2.0 (coupled temperature-displacement elements)

The interference is resolved in ve increments.

Input files Surface-based contact

Allowable interference: ei34siis.inp eig1siis.inp ei34siisf.inp ei31siisf.inp ei22siis.inp ei22ssis.inp eip1sris.inp C3D8 elements, small-sliding. C3D8 elements, small-sliding, node-based surface. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding, node-based surface. CPE4 elements, small-sliding. CPE4 elements, nite-sliding. CPE4 elements, analytical rigid surface.

Allowable interference along a prescribed direction: ei34siid.inp ei34srid.inp C3D8 elements, small-sliding. C3D8, R3D4 elements.

1.6.112

CONTACT WITH INTERFERENCE

eig1siid.inp ei34siidf.inp ei31siidf.inp ei22siid.inp ei22ssid.inp eip1srid.inp Automatic shrink t: ei22siif.inp ei22ssif.inp ei34siiff.inp
Contact element approach (undocumented)

C3D8 elements, small-sliding, node-based surface. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding, node-based surface. CPE4 elements, small-sliding. CPE4 elements, nite-sliding. CPE4 elements, analytical rigid surface.

CPE4 elements, small-sliding. CPE4 elements, nite-sliding. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding.

Allowable interference: ei21stvs.inp eis1sgvs.inp eiu1sgvs.inp B21, ITT21 elements. C3D8, GAPSPHER elements. CPE4, GAPUNI elements.

Allowable interference along a prescribed direction: ei21stvd.inp eis1sgvd.inp eiu1sgvd.inp B21, ITT21 elements. C3D8, GAPSPHER elements. CPE4, GAPUNI elements.

1.6.113

DISCRETE POINT CONTACT

1.6.12

CONTACT BETWEEN DISCRETE POINTS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

GAPUNI

GAPCYL

GAPSPHER

Problem description

Simple beam models are used to verify unidirectional, cylindrical, and spherical gap elements.
GAPUNI with positive gap clearance:
y

10

GAP data: Initial clearance = 0.5. X, Y, Z direction cosine of the closure direction = (0., 1., 0.). Boundary conditions: node 1 is clamped, and node 10 is xed in the x- and y-directions. Loading case 1: = 50 at node 4; Loading case 2: = 100 at node 4.

1.6.121

DISCRETE POINT CONTACT

GAPCYL with positive gap clearance:

y F 11 16 21 121 F 5 x

GAP data: Initial clearance = 0.0208 (positive gap clearance). X, Y, Z direction cosine of the cylinder axis = (1., 0., 0.). Boundary conditions: node 11 is clamped, node 121 is xed in the x-, y- and z-directions. Loading: Step 1: = 2.0 104 at node 16; Step 2: = 3.0 104 at node 16. GAPCYL with negative gap clearance:
Uy

22 y

12 5

11

21 10

GAP data: Initial clearance = 1.0 (negative gap clearance). X, Y, Z direction cosine of the cylinder axis = (1., 0., 0.). Boundary conditions: nodes 11 and 12 are clamped, = 5.0 at node 22. GAPSPHER with positive gap clearance:
y 5 11 z 21 121 Fy x Fz

1.6.122

DISCRETE POINT CONTACT

GAP data: Initial clearance = 0.2080. Boundary conditions: nodes 11 and 121 are clamped. Loading case 1: = 2.0 104 and = 3.0 104 at node 21; Loading case 2: 4 = 6.0 10 at node 21. The NLGEOM parameter is used.
Results and discussion

= 4.0 104 and

The contact constraints are satised properly.

Input files

eiu1sgcp.inp eic1sgcp.inp eic1sgcn.inp eis1sgcp.inp

GAPUNI element with positive gap clearance, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. GAPCYL element with positive gap clearance. GAPCYL element with negative gap clearance. GAPSPHER element with positive gap clearance, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE.

1.6.123

AXISYMMETRIC FINITE SLIDING

1.6.13

FINITE SLIDING BETWEEN CONCENTRIC CYLINDERSAXISYMMETRIC AND CAXA MODELS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Element tested

ISL21A
Features tested

*CONTACT PAIR SLAVE, MASTER *SLIDE LINE *ASYMMETRIC-AXISYMMETRIC

Problem description

This example illustrates the use of Abaqus slide line elements and contact surface denitions in an axisymmetric structure that may undergo nonlinear, nonaxisymmetric deformation. This contact problem involves the relative motion of two outer cylinders with respect to one another and with respect to an inner, constrained cylinder. The axisymmetric model is shown in Figure 1.6.131, where the three cylinders are identied: the inner cylinder dened by the points , the middle cylinder dened by points , and the outer cylinder dened by points . Two slide lines are used in this model: one along the outer edge of the inner cylinder, from node H through node O, and a second along the outer edge of the middle cylinder, from node L through node D. Axisymmetric contact elements for nite sliding (slide line elements) dened along edge of the middle cylinder are associated with the rst slide line. Axisymmetric slide line elements dened along edge of the outer cylinder are associated with the second slide line. The structure is subjected to localized pressurization to initiate contact between the surfaces in the three bodies, and then the two outer cylinders are forced to slide down the cylinder. These loading conditions are dened in two separate steps (pressurization followed by sliding). An additional perturbation step is created to test the *LOAD CASE option. In the axisymmetric model the inner cylinder is restrained from motion in the z-direction along lines and . In addition, node B is restrained from radial motion. In the rst step a pressure of 207 MPa (30 103 lb/in2 ) is applied to edge of the outer cylinder, while nodes L and J are restrained vertically. During the second step the pressure is maintained, and node L is displaced in the negative z-direction by 127 mm (5.0 in), while node J is displaced in the same direction by 114.3 mm (4.5 in). In the CGAX4 model the same steps and boundary conditions that were applied in the CAX4 model are used. An additional third step is added in which the outermost cylinder is twisted by 0.1 radians about the z-axis while the innermost cylinder is prevented from twisting.

1.6.131

AXISYMMETRIC FINITE SLIDING

The nonaxisymmetric model is made up of CAXA elements and additional slide line elements at various locations in the -direction. The *ASYMMETRIC-AXISYMMETRIC suboption of the *INTERFACE option is used to dene the area of integration for the slide line elements. The ANGLE parameter of the *INTERFACE option is used to dene the angular position (measured in degrees) of the slide line elements. In the CAXA model the boundary conditions that were applied in the axisymmetric model are kept and are extended in the -direction. The loading conditions are the same as the axisymmetric model. Any axisymmetric or nonaxisymmetric loading can be applied to the CAXA model after the second step. Material:
Solid:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

Coefficients of friction:

207 GPa (30 106 lb/in2 ) 0.3

Inside edge of middle cylinder Outer cylinder

Results and discussion

0.2 0.6

The results from the axisymmetric and three-dimensional models match. In Step 3 of the CGAX4 analysis (in which the outermost cylinder is twisted by 0.1 radians) the middle cylinder rotates with the outermost cylinder without slipping. Relative slip is prevented by the friction that develops between the slave/master contact pair DSURF/CSURF. However, the middle cylinder does slip with respect to the innermost cylinder. At the end of Step 2 the computed maximum torque that can be transmitted by the slave/master surface contact pair BSURF/ASURF about the z-axis is computed to be 0.2*CTRQ=41000 lb-in, where 0.2 is the friction coefcient for the contact pair. The actual moment due to frictional shear stresses transmitted by the slave/master surface contact pair BSURF/ASURF about the z-axis in Step 3 is 40600 lb-in, which is within 1% of the predicted value from Step 2.
Input files

eia2sssa.inp

eia2sssg.inp eia2ssca.inp eia2sscn.inp

Axisymmetric model with CAX4 elements using the contact surface approach, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. Axisymmetric model with CGAX4 elements using the contact surface approach. Axisymmetric model with ISL21A and CAX4 elements, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE. Nonaxisymmetric model with ISL21A and CAXA41 elements, perturbation step with *LOAD CASE.

1.6.132

AXISYMMETRIC FINITE SLIDING

r4 r3 K L r2 l4 G H r1 E F CD I J l3 l2 Geometry: r1 = 0.03302 m r2 = 0.04064 m r3 = 0.04572 m r4 = 0.05334 m l1 = 0.17780 m l2 = 0.05080 m l3 = 0.01524 m l4 = 0.02540 m

(1.3 in) (1.6 in) (1.8 in) (2.1 in) (7.0 in) (2.0 in) (0.6 in) (1.0 in)

Slide line # 1: defined along HO Slide line #2: defined along LD l1

A B

Figure 1.6.131

Cylinder sliding model (schematic).

1.6.133

ELEMENT CONVERSION FOR CONTACT

1.6.14

AUTOMATIC ELEMENT CONVERSION FOR SURFACE CONTACT

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D15

C3D15V

C3D20

C3D27

S8R5

S9R5

Features tested

Conversion of C3D20, C3D15, and S8R5 elements.

Problem description

These tests verify the automatic element conversion feature of Abaqus. With this feature if a quadratic element is specied as part of a slave surface denition and there is no midface node on the contacting face, Abaqus automatically generates a midface node and modies the element denition appropriately. Temperatures and predened eld variables at the automatically generated nodes are determined by interpolation from the existing, user-dened nodes. The conversion of C3D20, C3D15, and S8R5 elements into C3D27, C3D15V, and S9R5 elements is tested for the case of contact between a deformable body and a rigid surface, as well as contact between two deformable bodies. In the rst test a uniform temperature change of 50 is rst applied to all of the elements to verify the temperature interpolation of the automatic conversion procedure. The elements then undergo uniform compression via contact with a frictionless rigid surface. The solution is compared to an identical model composed of C3D27, C3D15V, and S9R5 elements dened explicitly in the input le (no conversion is necessary). The second and third tests verify contact between pairs of deformable bodies in which the elements of the slave surface undergo automatic conversion. In all three cases the material is assumed elastic with Youngs modulus of 3 106 lb/in2 , Poissons ratio of 0.3, and a thermal expansion coefcient of 1 106 .
Results and discussion

In the rst test all elements experience a uniform thermal strain of 5 105 . The results at the completion of Step 3 for the model with converted elements agree with the results for the model in which no elements undergo conversion.
Input files

ei39srsx.inp ei39sisx.inp ei39sisx_surf.inp ei39sfsx.inp

Finite-sliding contact between deformable bodies and a rigid surface. Small-sliding contact between two deformable bodies. Small-sliding contact between two deformable bodies, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. Finite-sliding contact between two deformable bodies.

1.6.141

INITIAL OVERCLOSURE

1.6.15

CONTACT WITH INITIAL OVERCLOSURE OF CURVED SURFACES

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

C3D8

C3D8R

CPS4

CPS4R

Features tested

*CONTACT DAMPING *CONTACT PAIR *SURFACE BEHAVIOR

Problem description

The model consists of two concentric rings with a small initial overclosure. In Abaqus/Standard the initial overclosure is resolved during a *STATIC step. In Abaqus/Explicit the initial overclosure is resolved during a *DYNAMIC step. The two-dimensional model consists of two 16-element rings, and the three-dimensional model consists of two 32-element rings. The elements of the inner and outer rings are perfectly aligned.
Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Density Interface friction coefcient

Results and discussion

206800 0.32 8.01 106 0.0

The interference is resolved for models using hard contact. In the case of softened contact the interference is reduced until equilibrium is reached; any residual overclosure at the end of the step can be reduced by increasing the stiffness of the pressure-overclosure relationship.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ei24siso.inp ei24siso_surf.inp

CPS4 elements, small-sliding. CPS4 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method.

1.6.151

INITIAL OVERCLOSURE

ei24ssso.inp

ei38siso.inp ei38siso_surf.inp ei34sfso.inp ei34sfso_1.inp ei34sfso_2.inp ei34sfso_3.inp ei34sfso_4.inp ei34sfso_5.inp

CPS4 elements, nite-sliding, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE with SHRINK. C3D8 elements, small-sliding. C3D8 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding with HCRIT and SMOOTH parameters. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding, *SURFACE BEHAVIOR with NO SEPARATION. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding, *SURFACE BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=EXPONENTIAL. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding, *SURFACE BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding, *CONTACT DAMPING with DEFINITION=DAMPING COEFFICIENT.

Abaqus/Explicit input files

interference2d_xpl_nite.inp

interference2d_xpl_nite_pnlty.inp

interference3d_xpl_nite.inp

interference3d_xpl_nite_pnlty.inp

interference3d_xpl_nite_c3d8.inp

interference3d_xpl_nite_pnlty_c3d8.inp

interference3d_xpl_nosep_cdf.inp

CPS4R elements, nite-sliding kinematic contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. CPS4R elements, nite-sliding penalty contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. C3D8R elements, nite-sliding kinematic contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. C3D8R elements, nite-sliding penalty contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding kinematic contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. C3D8 elements, nite-sliding penalty contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR. C3D8R elements, nite-sliding kinematic contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR and NO SEPARATION, DAMPING with *CONTACT DEFINITION=CRITICAL DAMPING FRACTION.

1.6.152

INITIAL OVERCLOSURE

interference3d_xpl_nosep_dc.inp

interference3d_xpl_small.inp

C3D8R elements, nite-sliding kinematic contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR and NO SEPARATION, DAMPING with *CONTACT DEFINITION=DAMPING COEFFICIENT. C3D8R elements, small-sliding kinematic contact, BEHAVIOR with PRESSURE*SURFACE OVERCLOSURE=TABULAR.

1.6.153

INITIAL CONTACT CLEARANCE

1.6.16

SMALL-SLIDING CONTACT WITH SPECIFIED CLEARANCE OR OVERCLOSURE VALUES

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

C3D8

CPE4

CPE4R

R2D2

R3D4

S4R

Features tested

*CLEARANCE *CONTACT INTERFERENCE *CONTACT PAIR, SMALL SLIDING

Problem description

The Abaqus/Standard model consists of two bodies with their contact surfaces initially overclosed. This initial overclosure is maintained throughout the analysis by using the *CLEARANCE option and specifying a zero clearance value, except when the *CONTACT INTERFERENCE option is used. In these cases the initial overclosure is resolved before the load is applied.
Model:

2-D solid element dimensions 3-D solid element dimensions 3-D shell element dimensions
Material:

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 unit in each direction 20 units in diameter

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Friction coefcient

30 106 0.0 0.0

The Abaqus/Explicit model consists of three deformable bodies that are in contact with a rigid surface. Three different methods are used to dene initial clearance values: using the VALUE parameter or specifying slave nodes and their corresponding initial clearance values on data lines that either follow the keyword line or are read from an input le. A two-dimensional model is considered with the deformable bodies modeled using CPE4R elements and the rigid body modeled using rigid elements, R2D2.
Results and discussion

In all cases the results are correct throughout the analysis.

1.6.161

INITIAL CONTACT CLEARANCE

Input files Two-dimensional Abaqus/Standard models

ei22siam.inp ei22siam_surf.inp

ei22siao.inp ei22siao_surf.inp

ei22sinm.inp ei22sinm_surf.inp

ei22sino.inp ei22sino_surf.inp

ei22sirc.inp ei22sirc_surf.inp ei22sirm.inp ei22sirm_surf.inp ei22siro.inp ei22siro_surf.inp

ei22sism.inp ei22sism_surf.inp ei22siso.inp ei22siso_surf.inp

CPE4 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions redened. CPE4 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions redened, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. CPE4 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, node-based surface, contact directions redened. CPE4 elements, node-based surface, contact directions redened, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, node-based surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. CPE4 elements, node-based surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4, R2D2 elements, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE. CPE4, R2D2 elements, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4, R2D2 elements, contact directions redened. CPE4, R2D2 elements, contact directions redened, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4, R2D2 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. CPE4, R2D2 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, contact directions redened. CPE4 elements, contact directions redened, surface-tosurface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. CPE4 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method.

1.6.162

INITIAL CONTACT CLEARANCE

Three-dimensional Abaqus/Standard models

ei34siam.inp ei34siam_surf.inp

ei34siao.inp ei34siao_surf.inp

ei34sinm.inp ei34sinm_surf.inp

ei34sino.inp ei34sino_surf.inp

ei34sirc.inp ei34sirc_surf.inp ei34sirm.inp ei34sirm_surf.inp ei34siro.inp ei34siro_surf.inp

ei34siro_po.inp ei34siro_po_surf.inp ei34sisc.inp ei34sisc_surf.inp ei34sism.inp ei34sism_surf.inp

C3D8 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions redened. C3D8 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions redened, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. C3D8 elements, analytical rigid surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements, node-based surface, contact directions redened. C3D8 elements, node-based surface, contact directions redened, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements, node-based surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. C3D8 elements, node-based surface, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8, R3D4 elements, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE. C3D8, R3D4 elements, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8, R3D4 elements, contact directions redened. C3D8, R3D4 elements, contact directions redened, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8, R3D4 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. C3D8, R3D4 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. *POST OUTPUT analysis. *POST OUTPUT analysis, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE. C3D8 elements, *CONTACT INTERFERENCE, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D8 elements, contact directions redened. C3D8 elements, contact directions redened, surface-tosurface constraint enforcement method.

1.6.163

INITIAL CONTACT CLEARANCE

ei34siso.inp ei34siso_surf.inp contact_s4r_clear.inp contact_s4r_clear_bolt.inp

C3D8 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus. C3D8 elements, contact directions calculated by Abaqus, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. S4R elements, contact directions redened by specifying the components of the vectors directly. S4R elements, contact directions redened by specifying the thread geometry data and the two points on the axis of the bolt/bolt hole.

Abaqus/Explicit model

contact2D_clear.inp contact2D_clear_data.inp

Two-dimensional contact analysis with three contact pairs with specied initial clearances. File containing a list of slave nodes and their corresponding initial clearance values.

1.6.164

SURFACES AND TRIMMING

1.6.17

AUTOMATIC SURFACE DEFINITION AND SURFACE TRIMMING

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D4

C3D8

CPS3

CPS4

Problem description

The input les ele_trim2d.inp and ele_trim3d.inp verify the automatic surface generation capability and trimming of surfaces. When a surface is dened without specifying the face identiers of elements, the faces in the element set that are on the exterior (free) surface of the model form the surface. This denition may result in the inclusion of unwanted faces. Surface trimming provides the user with some basic control over the extent of open surfaces created on solid element meshes. The input le ele_trimdef.inp tests the default trimming option. Abaqus will, by default, trim all contact surfaces except master surfaces involved in a nite-sliding contact pair.
Results and discussion

Some of the examples from the tests are shown below. They illustrate the recursive elimination of the ends of two-dimensional surfaces and the edges of three-dimensional surfaces. Trimming has no effect on closed surfaces (ones with no ends or edges). In each example the shaded elements in the model are used as the element set in the surface denition. The automatic surface generated and the surface generated by trimming are shown separately.
Trimming of two-dimensional surfaces

Figure 1.6.171 and Figure 1.6.172 show how trimming of surfaces works for two-dimensional quadrilateral elements. Any face that includes an end node and a corner node is removed during trimming. Figure 1.6.173 and Figure 1.6.174 show trimming of surfaces for two-dimensional triangular elements.
Trimming of three-dimensional surfaces

Figure 1.6.175 and Figure 1.6.176 show the trimming of surfaces for three-dimensional brick elements. Figure 1.6.177 and Figure 1.6.178 show how trimming of surfaces works for three-dimensional tetrahedron elements.
Default trimming of contact surfaces

The default trimming option was investigated for surfaces involved in small-sliding, nite-sliding, and both small- and nite-sliding contact pairs.

1.6.171

SURFACES AND TRIMMING

Input files

ele_trim2d.inp ele_trim3d.inp ele_trimdef.inp

Trimming of two-dimensional surfaces. Trimming of three-dimensional surfaces. Default trimming of contact surfaces.

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.171

Quadrilateral elementsExample 1.

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.172

Quadrilateral elementsExample 2.

1.6.172

SURFACES AND TRIMMING

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.173

Triangular elementsExample 1.

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.174

Triangular elementsExample 2.

1.6.173

SURFACES AND TRIMMING

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.175

Brick elementsExample 1.

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.176

Brick elementsExample 2.

1.6.174

SURFACES AND TRIMMING

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.177

Tetrahedron elementsExample 1.

model

without trim

with trim

Figure 1.6.178

Tetrahedron elementsExample 2.

1.6.175

SELF-CONTACT

1.6.18

SELF-CONTACT OF FINITE-SLIDING DEFORMABLE SURFACES

Products: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

Abaqus/Explicit

CPE3T CPE4H CPE4RT CPE6MH CPE8H CPE8HT C3D4H C3D8H C3D10H C3D10I C3D10MH C3D20H
Features tested

*CONTACT PAIR SINGLE_SURFACE where SINGLE_SURFACE is a surface on a deformable body that may contact itself.
Problem description

The tests exercise the self-contact capability that is available for nite-sliding surfaces by declaring a single surface name in conjunction with the *CONTACT PAIR option. The models consist of a deformable ring with an inside radius of 2.0 and an outside radius of 3.0. The ring rests on a at rigid surface. A circular indenter, represented by another analytical rigid surface, is initially in contact with the ring at a point. This indenter has a radius of 1.0 and is diametrically opposed to the at surface. Contact pairs dene contact between the outside surface of the ring and the two rigid surfaces and between the inside surface of the ring and itself. The ring is modeled with plane strain elements: 4-node quadrilaterals, 6-node modied triangles, or 8-node quadrilaterals. In the Abaqus/Standard simulations the elements use a hybrid formulation to accommodate an incompressible neo-Hookean hyperelastic material. Although the inside surface of the ring is closed, open surfaces are tested by eliminating one element of the inside perimeter from the surface denition, as shown in Figure 1.6.181. The loading consists of two steps. In the rst step the indenter moves down enough to produce self-contact of the inside surface (Figure 1.6.182). In the second step the indenter is simultaneously translated (10.0 in the horizontal direction) and rotated (8.0 around its center) in such a way that it makes the ring roll along the at rigid surface (Figure 1.6.183). This produces a continuously changing region of contact. Traction is provided by setting the coefcient of friction to 0.5 for the rigid surface interfaces. One case tests coupled thermal-mechanical interfaces. The ring is divided in two halves. The top half is given an initial temperature of 100.0, and the bottom half is given an initial temperature of 0.0. Heat transfer is allowed at the interface involving the inside surface. The two steps map into a time of 100.0 units each. This is the only case that is also solved with Abaqus/Explicit. In the Abaqus/Explicit simulations both CPE3T and CPE4RT elements are used to model the ring; four elements are used through the thickness of the ring, and 72 elements are used around its circumference. A small amount of compressibility is added to the material denition, and mass scaling

1.6.181

SELF-CONTACT

is used to obtain an efcient solution. Nondefault hourglass control is also used to control element hourglassing.
Material:

Solid:

Self-contact interface:

Conductivity Density Specic heat Friction coefcient Gap conductance Friction coefcient

Rigid surface interfaces:

Results and discussion

1.0 103 1.0 103 (Abaqus/Explicit only) 5.0 104 1.0 0.1 0.0 5.0 104 (coupled temperature-displacement elements) rough

Self-contact is established and evolves over large portions of the single surface. This class of problems would be difcult to analyze with portions of the inside surface dening a conventional contact pair. The temperature results for the coupled thermal-mechanical interface tests obtained with Abaqus/Explicit agree with those obtained with Abaqus/Standard. The stresses predicted by the two analysis products differ slightly in this case since a fully incompressible material is modeled in Abaqus/Standard while a slightly compressible one is modeled in Abaqus/Explicit.
Input files Abaqus/Standard input files

ei24sssc.inp ei24sssc_surf.inp ei26sssc.inp ei26sssc_surf.inp ei28sssc.inp ei28sssc_surf.inp ei28tssc.inp ei24sssu.inp ei26sssu.inp ei28sssu.inp ei34sssc.inp

CPE4H elements, closed surface. CPE4H elements, closed surface using surface-to-surface contact. CPE6MH elements, closed surface. CPE6MH elements, closed surface using surface-tosurface contact. CPE8H elements, closed surface. CPE8H elements, closed surface using surface-to-surface contact. CPE8HT elements, closed surface. CPE4H elements, open surface. CPE6MH elements, open surface. CPE8H elements, open surface. C3D4H elements, closed surface.

1.6.182

SELF-CONTACT

ei34sssc_surf.inp ei38sssc.inp ei38sssc_surf.inp ei310sssc.inp ei310sssc_surf.inp ei310isssc.inp ei310isssc_surf.inp ei310msssc.inp ei310msssc_surf.inp ei320sssc.inp ei320sssc_surf.inp
Abaqus/Explicit input files

C3D4H elements, closed surface using surface-to-surface contact. C3D8H elements, closed surface. C3D8H elements, closed surface using surface-to-surface contact. C3D10H elements, closed surface. C3D10H elements, closed surface using surface-tosurface contact. C3D10I elements, closed surface. C3D10I elements, closed surface using surface-to-surface contact. C3D10MH elements, closed surface. C3D10MH elements, closed surface using surface-tosurface contact. C3D20H elements, closed surface. C3D20H elements, closed surface using surface-tosurface contact.

selfcontact_xpl_cpe3t.inp selfcontact_xpl_cpe4rt.inp selfcontact_xpl_p_cpe4rt.inp

CPE3T elements, closed surface, kinematic mechanical contact. CPE4RT elements, closed surface, kinematic mechanical contact. CPE4RT elements, closed surface, penalty mechanical contact.

Figure 1.6.181

Self-contact model, with 4-node quads and an open surface.

1.6.183

SELF-CONTACT

Figure 1.6.182

Deformation of Step 1.

Figure 1.6.183

Deformation of Step 2.

1.6.184

CONTACT SURFACE EXTENSION

1.6.19

CONTACT SURFACE EXTENSIONS

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D8

C3D10

C3D10I

C3D20

CPE3

CPE4

CPE6

CPE8

ISL21A

ISL22A

Features tested

Contact surface and slide line extensions for small- and nite-sliding.
Problem description

In small-sliding contact extending the master surface allows the slave node to nd an intersection with the master surface when the slave node lies slightly outside the perimeter of the master surface at the start of the analysis. The small-sliding models consist of a stacked block arrangement in which the nodes of the slave surface extend beyond the perimeter of the master surface at the start of the analysis. In nite-sliding contact extending the master surface can prevent nodes from falling-off or getting trapped behind the master surface. The nite-sliding models are similar to the small-sliding models, except that the slave surface lies within the perimeter of the master surface at the start of the analysis. A second step moves the slave surface beyond the perimeter of the master surface but within the extension zone. Material: Youngs modulus 3.0 106 Poissons ratio 0.2
Results and discussion

The small-sliding tests verify that an intersection is found and that the proper contact clearance is calculated at the start of an analysis. The contact clearances, slip distances, and contact pressures are used to verify the nite-sliding results when a slave node enters the extension region.
Input files

ei38sfsx.inp ei38sisx.inp ei38sisx_surf.inp ei3tsfsx.inp ei3tsisx.inp

C3D8 elements, nite-sliding. C3D8 elements, small-sliding. C3D8 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10 elements, nite-sliding. C3D10 elements, small-sliding.

1.6.191

CONTACT SURFACE EXTENSION

ei3tsisx_surf.inp ei3tsfsx_c3d10i.inp ei3tsisx_c3d10i.inp ei3tsisx_surf_c3d10i.inp ei3ssfsx.inp ei3ssisx.inp ei3ssisx_surf.inp ei23sfsx.inp ei23sisx.inp ei23sisx_surf.inp ei24sfsx.inp ei24sisx.inp ei24sisx_surf.inp ei26sfsx.inp ei26sisx.inp ei26sisx_surf.inp ei28sfsx.inp ei28sisx.inp ei28sisx_surf.inp ei21sx.inp ei22sx.inp

C3D10 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10I elements, nite-sliding. C3D10I elements, small-sliding. C3D10I elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D20 elements, nite-sliding. C3D20 elements, small-sliding. C3D20 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE3 elements, nite-sliding. CPE3 elements, small-sliding. CPE3 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, nite-sliding. CPE4 elements, small-sliding. CPE4 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE6 elements, nite-sliding. CPE6 elements, small-sliding. CPE6 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE8 elements, nite-sliding. CPE8 elements, small-sliding. CPE8 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. ISL21A elements. ISL22A elements.

1.6.192

CONTACT SURFACE NORMALS

1.6.20

ADJUSTING CONTACT SURFACE NORMALS AT SYMMETRY PLANES

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D8

C3D10M

CPE3

CPE4

CPE8

Features tested

Contact surface normals are tested at symmetry planes for small- and nite-sliding contact.
Problem description

For small-sliding contact the tests verify that the surface normals are properly adjusted such that a slave node nds an intersection with a curved master surface at the symmetry plane (see Figure 1.6.201). It also veries that the proper clearance is calculated at the symmetry plane. For nite-sliding contact the tests verify that the surface normals are properly adjusted and that the end segments of a two-dimensional contact surface are properly smoothed at the symmetry plane. Some input les use a local nodal coordinate system to ensure that the surface normals are properly adjusted for the local system. The models consist of two concentric deformable cylinders. A quarter-symmetry model is used. The initial clearance between both cylinders is 0.1. The loading consists of two steps. In the rst step a pressure of 100 is applied on the outer cylinder such that the surface comes into contact with the inner cylinder. In the second step the pressure is released such that the elastic model returns to its original state. Material: Youngs modulus 3.0 103 Poissons ratio 0.2
Results and discussion

The clearances and contact pressures were veried analytically. The clearances for the nite-sliding test cases are slightly greater than the discretized clearance because of the smoothed master surface.
Input files

ei38sisn.inp ei38sisn_surf.inp ei3tsisn.inp ei3tsisn_surf.inp ei23sfsn.inp

C3D8 elements, small-sliding. C3D8 elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. C3D10M elements, small-sliding. C3D10M elements, small-sliding, surface-to-surface constraint enforcement method. CPE3 elements, nite-sliding.

1.6.201

CONTACT SURFACE NORMALS

ei23sisn.inp ei23sisn_surf.inp ei24sfsn.inp ei24sisn.inp ei24sisn_surf.inp ei28sfsn.inp ei28sfsn_auglagr.inp ei28sisn.inp ei28sisn_surf.inp ei28sisn_auglagr.inp ei28sisn_auglagr_surf.inp

CPE3 elements, small-sliding. CPE3 elements, small-sliding, constraint enforcement method. CPE4 elements, nite-sliding. CPE4 elements, small-sliding. CPE4 elements, small-sliding, constraint enforcement method. CPE8 elements, nite-sliding. CPE8 elements, nite-sliding. CPE8 elements, small-sliding. CPE8 elements, small-sliding, constraint enforcement method. CPE8 elements, small-sliding. CPE8 elements, small-sliding, constraint enforcement method.

surface-to-surface

surface-to-surface

surface-to-surface

surface-to-surface

slave surface master surface symmetry plane

master surface slave surface

unadjusted normal N 1 adjusted normal N 1 symmetry plane 1 100

Figure 1.6.201

Adjusted normal at the symmetry plane.

1.6.202

CONTACT CONTROLS

1.6.21

CONTACT CONTROLS

Product: Abaqus/Standard I. CONTACT TOLERANCES

Elements tested

CPS4 SPRING1
Features tested

*CONTACT CONTROLS, MAXCHP=value, PERRMX=value, UERRMX=value *CONTACT CONTROLS, AUTOMATIC TOLERANCES *CONTACT CONTROLS, RESET
Problem description

The *CONTACT CONTROLS option with the MAXCHP, PERRMX, and UERRMX parameters provides the user with control over the contact logic by allowing the contact criteria to be violated to prescribed tolerances at any number of contact points. The *CONTACT CONTROLS option with the AUTOMATIC TOLERANCES parameter works in a similar fashion, but the values of the tolerance parameters are calculated automatically. The controls specied with this option remain in effect until they are either changed by another *CONTACT CONTROLS option or reset to their default values by the *CONTACT CONTROLS, RESET option. Tolerance controls can be dened for a specic contact pair or for the entire model. Further description of the tolerance controls can be found in Adjusting contact controls in Abaqus/Standard, Section 32.3.6 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual. In this test various combinations of tolerance controls are tested in a multistep analysis with multiple contact pairs. The model consists of eight contact surfaces (some of which have interface properties dened with the *SURFACE BEHAVIOR option) and a slider block arrangement. There are 13 steps in which the tolerance controls are applied either to the entire model, to individual contact surfaces, or to both. The surfaces are repeatedly brought together and separated to verify the normal contact constraints. The slider block arrangement tests the tangential contact constraints.
Material:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Friction coefcient Clearance at zero pressure Pressure at zero clearance

3 106 0.2 0.2 0.15 100.0

1.6.211

CONTACT CONTROLS

Results and discussion

Contact penetration distances, normal pressures, and shear stresses are used to verify the correct behavior dened by the active controls.
Input file

eicontrols.inp
II. CONTACT STABILIZATION

Input le for this analysis.

Elements tested

C3D8 CPE4
Feature tested

*CONTACT CONTROLS, STABILIZE

Problem description

The *CONTACT CONTROLS option with the STABILIZE parameter can be used to control rigid body motions that may exist in a model before contact is fully developed. The option adds viscous damping in both the normal and tangential directions. By default, the damping is calculated automatically, but it is possible to modify the damping coefcient, the variation of the damping coefcient over the step, the range over which the damping works, and the ratio between normal and tangential damping. The controls specied with this option remain in effect until they are either changed by another *CONTACT CONTROLS option or reset to their default values by the *CONTACT CONTROLS, RESET option. Contact stabilization can be dened for a specic contact pair or for the entire model. Further description of the stabilization controls can be found in Adjusting contact controls in Abaqus/Standard, Section 32.3.6 of the Abaqus Analysis Users Manual. In these tests various combinations of stabilization controls are tested in multistep analyses with multiple contact pairs. The rst group of analyses consists of six pairs of blocks that are pushed together in Step 1, subjected to tangential sliding in Step 2, and pulled apart in Step 3. The blocks are elastic, and the motion of the blocks is controlled with boundary conditions. Contact stabilization parameters are specied for the whole model and are overridden by different parameters for several individual contact pairs. The stabilization parameters vary from step to step. A restart le is written, and some restarts are made to test the restart functionality. The second group of analyses consists of three blocks that are pushed together in Step 1, subjected to tangential sliding in Step 2, and pulled apart in Step 3. The blocks are elastic; and the top and bottom blocks are controlled with boundary conditions, whereas the middle block is completely free and held in place by contact stabilization. Different contact stabilization parameters are used for each contact pair. In addition, frictional properties are prescribed for one contact pair. This group contains two-dimensional and three-dimensional static analyses as well as a dynamic analysis.

1.6.212

CONTACT CONTROLS

Results and discussion

The results show contact damping pressures CDPRESS as well as contact damping shear stresses CDSHEAR1 and CDSHEAR2 that are in agreement with expectations. In addition, in the second group of problems the rigid body motions of the middle block are controlled and no solver messages are observed.
Input files

controlsstab_3d.inp controlsstab_restart1.inp controlsstab_restart2.inp controlsstab_free_2d.inp controlsstab_free_3d.inp controlsstab_dyn.inp

Static analysis with six pairs of blocks and different control parameters. Restart from the results of the analysis with six pairs of blocks. Restart from the results of the rst restart analysis. Static analysis with two xed and one free block in two dimensions. Static analysis with two xed and one free block in three dimensions. Dynamic analysis with two xed and one free block in three dimensions.

III.

TANGENTIAL CONTACT CONTROLS

Elements tested

C3D20R C3D27R
Feature tested

*CONTACT CONTROLS, PERTURBATION TANGENT SCALE FACTOR=factor

Problem description

During linear perturbation steps, all points in contact (i.e., with a closed status) are assumed to be sticking if friction is present. However, stick conditions are not enforced for contact nodes for which a velocity differential is imposed by the motion of the reference frame or the transport velocity. Stick conditions are enforced with a penalty method by default, and the PERTURBATION TANGENT SCALE FACTOR parameter can be used to scale the penalty stiffness. For example, setting this parameter to zero will result in zero penalty stiffness, such that the stick conditions are not enforced during the perturbation step. Setting this parameter to a value greater than unity results in a larger-than-default penalty stiffness and, thus, stricter enforcement of stick conditions during the perturbation step. The model consists of two blocks of different sizes in contact, with a nonzero friction coefcient in effect. In the rst and second general steps we establish contact and apply a tangential displacement boundary condition such that the small block slips along the larger block. Natural frequencies

1.6.213

CONTACT CONTROLS

are computed in subsequent perturbation steps for the following settings of the PERTURBATION TANGENT SCALE FACTOR parameter on the *CONTACT CONTROLS option: Step Name Frequency1 Frequency2 Frequency3 Frequency4
Material:

PERTURBATION TANGENT SCALE FACTOR Not specied (default setting is 1.0) Set to 1.0 (same as default) Set to 0.0 (same as frictionless) Set to 106

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Friction coefcient

Results and discussion

2 107 0.3 0.2

Steps 3 and 4 (step names Frequency1 and Frequency2) provide identical results, as expected. Step 5 (step name Frequency3) has three zero-frequency eigenmodes corresponding to relative sliding between the two blocks, consistent with frictionless behavior. Strict enforcement of stick conditions is apparent in the eigenmodes for Step 6 (step name Frequency4).
Input file

pertbcntctrl.inp

Input le for this analysis.

1.6.214

ANALYTICAL CONTACT SEARCHING

1.6.22

CONTACT SEARCHING FOR ANALYTICAL RIGID SURFACES

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Element tested

MASS
Feature tested

Contact search for analytical rigid surfaces.

Problem description

A number of point masses are shot horizontally at various initial speeds and fall, due to the inuence of gravity, onto a complex analytical rigid surface. The surface consists of line, circular, and parabolic segment types and includes several deep valleys to trap the point masses. The robustness of the global contact tracking algorithm is tested as Abaqus/Explicit must correctly determine throughout the analysis which master segment interacts with each slave node. The time increment size is 0.5 s, which results in very large relative displacements for each point mass during each increment.
Results and discussion

Figure 1.6.221 shows the conguration of the point masses at various times. The contact search successfully determines the correct contact surface interactions throughout the analysis.
Input files

glb_seg_anl.inp glb_cyl_anl.inp

Two-dimensional problem. Three-dimensional problem.

1.6.221

ANALYTICAL CONTACT SEARCHING

Figure 1.6.221

Conguration of the model after 0, 1, 2, 3, 11.5, and 25 seconds, respectively.

1.6.222

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

1.6.23

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

Product: Abaqus/Explicit Elements tested

S4R

R3D4

Features tested

Three-dimensional penalty contact, accounting for penalty stiffness in the stable time increment, threedimensional shell thickness in contact. This problem tests the features listed but does not provide independent verication of the response.
Problem description

This example illustrates characteristics of penalty contact. The penalty method is a nondefault alternative to kinematic enforcement of contact constraints, and it is invoked by specifying MECHANICAL CONSTRAINT=PENALTY on the *CONTACT PAIR option. In this example the penalty method is used to enforce contact between three bodies: a rigid plate, a rigid sphere, and an originally at shell. The initial conguration is shown in Figure 1.6.231. The rigid plate is fully constrained. The rigid sphere is initially motionless. The initial velocity of the shell body causes the sphere to be pinched between the other two bodies, and deformation of the shell eventually leads to contact between the shell and the rigid plate. An analytical rigid surface is used to model the rigid plate. An element-based rigid surface dened by R3D4 elements is used to model the rigid sphere. A deformable surface is dened over the shell body. Contact between each combination of these surfaces is dened with three contact pairs. It would be preferable to model the sphere as an analytical surface, since the element-based surface is a non-smooth approximation to the shape. However, analytical surfaces can act as master surfaces only, and this example requires the sphere to act as a slave surface; therefore, the sphere must be modeled with elements. Element-based rigid surfaces can act as slave surfaces with the penalty method, unlike with the kinematic contact method. This aspect of the penalty method allows contact modeling between rigid surfaces, such as between the rigid plate and the rigid sphere in this example. Having a rigid surface act, at least partially, as a slave surface often will improve contact enforcement for rigid-to-deformable contact because nodes of a pure master surface can penetrate slave facets without generating contact forces. In this example balanced master-slave weighting is used for contact between the rigid sphere and the shell. If kinematic contact were used to model contact between the sphere and the shell, the sphere would have to be weighted as a pure master surface and the sphere nodes would be allowed to penetrate the shell facets. It is generally preferable to use an analytical rigid surface whenever possible, rather than an elementbased rigid surface, since an element-based approximation to a smooth surface can contribute to noise

1.6.231

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

in a solution if slave nodes from other surfaces slide across the element facets. However, this type of sliding is not signicant in this problem. Two sphere masses are considered for this example: 102 and 104 . The mass of the rigid sphere does not inuence the deformation of the shell signicantly, but this mass is signicant with respect to numerical stability considerations. The maximum penalty stiffness allowed for numerical stability is directly proportional to the contact mass and has a complex inverse dependence on the time increment. The contact mass corresponds approximately to the mass of the lighter rigid body or node of a deformable body involved in a contact constraint. Default penalty stiffnesses for contact involving one or two deformable surfaces are chosen to have a small effect (about 4% at most) on the element-by-element stable time increment for parent elements along the surface. The penalty stiffnesses that are chosen by default to enforce contact between rigid bodies do not inuence the time increment. Hence, the default penalty stiffness will tend to decrease as the contact mass decreases. The SCALE PENALTY parameter on the *CONTACT CONTROLS option can be used to modify the penalty stiffnesses by scaling the default values, which can inuence the stable time increment. The stable time increment is affected by penalty contact only while the surfaces are in contact. SCALE PENALTY=10.0 has been specied for contact pairs involving the rigid sphere in the analysis with the lighter sphere, so we can expect that penalty contact will have a greater inuence on the time incrementation in that analysis.
Results and discussion

The deformed conguration for the rst analysis is shown in Figure 1.6.232. Contour plots of the vertical displacement of the shell for the two analyses are shown in Figure 1.6.233 and Figure 1.6.234. The nal shell conguration is nearly the same in the two models. These plots demonstrate that energy stored in penalty contact is recoverable, because shell nodes have rebounded after hitting the rigid plate. By default, viscous contact damping is activated for penalty contact, so a small amount of the energy stored in the penalty contact constraints is dissipated. This type of rebound would not occur if kinematic contact were used, since kinematic contact assumes perfect plastic impact. History plots of the displacement of the rigid sphere for the two analyses are shown in Figure 1.6.235. The rigid sphere bounces back and forth between the other surfaces. The frequency of this oscillation is much higher for the analysis with the lighter sphere. Displacement of the rigid sphere exceeding 2.38 103 corresponds to penetration of the element-based rigid sphere into the rigid plate. For a smooth sphere of radius 102 , a displacement exceeding 2.0 103 would correspond to penetration. The penetration of the element-based sphere into the plate is plotted in Figure 1.6.236. The penetration is on the same order of magnitude for the two analyses. If the default penalty stiffnesses had been used for the analysis with the lighter sphere, the penetrations would have been an order of magnitude larger. In most analyses the contact penetrations will not be signicant with the default penalty stiffnesses, but pinching of the sphere between the other two surfaces causes the penetration to be moderately signicant in this example. Penetrations in a given problem can be reduced by increasing the SCALE PENALTY parameter at a cost of decreasing the stable time increment. The ELEMENT BY ELEMENT parameter has been specied on the *DYNAMIC option to demonstrate the effect of penalty contact on the stable time increment of the elements. History plots of the time increment for the two analyses are shown in Figure 1.6.237. For the analysis that uses

1.6.232

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

the default penalty stiffnesses, the time increment dips by about 4% for increments in which the shell surface contacts either or both rigid surfaces. For the analysis with SCALE PENALTY=10.0 specied, the time increment reductions associated with contact are more signicant, as expected. In this case the time increment is cut by nearly a third in many increments in which the surfaces are in contact, and the number of increments for the analysis is nearly twice that of the analysis with the heavier sphere. When the SCALE PENALTY parameter applies to contact pairs involving rigid surfaces, the time increment is reduced by roughly the square root of the SCALE PENALTY value during increments in which contact occurs. The effect of the SCALE PENALTY parameter on the time increment is somewhat less signicant for contact between deformable surfaces.
Input files

multpenaltycont1.inp multi1_gcont.inp

multpenaltycont2.inp multi2_gcont.inp

multpenaltycont3.inp multi3_gcont.inp multpenaltycont4.inp multi4_gcont.inp multpnltykincont.inp multi_kin_gcont.inp sphere_n.inp sphere_e.inp

Analysis with the sphere mass equal to 102 and the time increment based on the element-by-element estimate. General contact analysis with the sphere mass equal to 102 and the time increment based on the element-byelement estimate. Analysis with the sphere mass equal to 104 and the time increment based on the element-by-element estimate. General contact analysis with the sphere mass equal to 104 and the time increment based on the element-byelement estimate. Analysis with the sphere mass equal to 102 and the time increment based on the global estimate. General contact analysis with the sphere mass equal to 102 and the time increment based on the global estimate. Analysis with the sphere mass equal to 104 and the time increment based on the global estimate. General contact analysis with the sphere mass equal to 104 and the time increment based on the global estimate. Analysis testing both penalty and kinematic contact pairs. Analysis testing both general contact and kinematic contact pairs. External le containing the node data for these analyses. External le containing the element data for these analyses.

1.6.233

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

Rigid Plate Rigid Sphere Deformable Shell

3 1 2

Figure 1.6.231

Initial conguration.

3 1 2

Figure 1.6.232

Final conguration.

1.6.234

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

U3

VALUE +3.55E-03 +4.97E-03 +6.39E-03 +7.81E-03 +9.23E-03 +1.06E-02 +1.21E-02 +1.35E-02 +1.49E-02 +1.63E-02 +1.77E-02 +1.92E-02 +2.06E-02 +2.20E-02

Figure 1.6.233

Deformed conguration of shell for analysis with larger sphere mass.

U3

VALUE +3.69E-03 +5.09E-03 +6.49E-03 +7.89E-03 +9.29E-03 +1.07E-02 +1.21E-02 +1.35E-02 +1.49E-02 +1.63E-02 +1.77E-02 +1.91E-02 +2.05E-02 +2.19E-02

Figure 1.6.234

Deformed conguration of shell for analysis with smaller sphere mass.

1.6.235

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

2.5

[ x10 -3 ]
U3_M1_599991 U3_M2_599991 2.0

DISPLACEMENT - U3
XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX 0.000E+00 3.000E-04 0.000E+00 2.555E-03

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15 TOTAL TIME

0.20

0.25

0.30

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.6.235

Sphere displacement versus time.

[ x10 -3 ]
0.15 PENET_M1_599991 PENET_M2_599991

PENETRATION
XMIN 0.000E+00 XMAX 3.000E-04 YMIN -2.380E-03 YMAX 1.745E-04

0.10

0.05

0.00 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15 TOTAL TIME

0.20

0.25

0.30

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.6.236

Penetration distance of sphere into rigid plate versus time.

1.6.236

MULTIPLE SURFACE CONTACT WITH PENALTY METHOD

0.6

[ x10 -6 ]
DT_M1 DT_M2 0.5

0.4

- DT
XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX 0.000E+00 3.000E-04 2.002E-07 6.321E-07

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15 TOTAL TIME

0.20

0.25

0.30

[ x10 -3 ]

Figure 1.6.237

History of the time increment magnitude.

1.6.237

CONTACT PATCH ALGORITHM

1.6.24

AUTOMATED CONTACT PATCH ALGORITHM FOR FINITE-SLIDING DEFORMABLE SURFACES

Product: Abaqus/Standard Elements tested

C3D8

C3D10M

SC8R

Feature tested

The automatic contact patch and element reordering algorithm.

Problem description

These tests exercise the automatic contact patch and element reordering algorithm used to minimize the wavefront for three-dimensional deformable-to-deformable nite-sliding simulations.
Model: The model consists of a base block and two slider blocks resting on the base block. The

dimension of the base block is 10 6 1, and the dimension of each slider block is 1 1 1. The model is illustrated in Figure 1.6.241.
Mesh: Two meshes are dened. The rst mesh uses the 10-node modied tetrahedron, C3D10M, element; and the second mesh uses the 8-node solid, C3D8, element to dene the base block. The base block consists of 300 C3D10M elements for the rst mesh and 60 C3D8 elements for the second mesh. The slider block consists of four C3D8R elements. The master surface is dened on the top of the base block, and the slave surface is dened on the bottom of each slider block. A total of 18 contact elements are generated by Abaqus. Material: The following elastic properties are used:

Youngs modulus Poissons ratio

3 106 0.0

Boundary conditions: The base block is fully restrained on the bottom. Contact is established in the rst step by placing the slider blocks onto the base block with a prescribed boundary condition. A uniform pressure of 100 and 200 is applied to the slider blocks in the second step. The slider blocks are moved independently by prescribing a velocity in the subsequent steps. Results and discussion

Contact stresses, element stresses in the slider blocks, and nodal displacements are veried. In addition, restart and post analysis jobs exist to verify that the correct analysis databases are accessed.

1.6.241

CONTACT PATCH ALGORITHM

Input files

contactpatch_c3d10m.inp contactpatch_c3d10m_surf.inp contactpatch_c3d10m_restart.inp contactpatch_c3d10m_postoutput.inp contactpatch_c3d8.inp contactpatch_c3d8_restart.inp contactpatch_c3d8_postoutput.inp contactpatch_sc8r.inp contactpatch_sc8r_restart.inp contactpatch_sc8r_postoutput.inp

C3D10M element test. C3D10M element test using surface-to-surface contact. Restart le for contactpatch_c3d10m.inp. *POST OUTPUT le for contactpatch_c3d10m.inp. C3D8 element test. Restart le for contactpatch_c3d8.inp. *POST OUTPUT le for contactpatch_c3d8.inp. SC8R element test. Restart le for contactpatch_sc8r.inp. *POST OUTPUT le for contactpatch_sc8r.inp.

Figure 1.6.241

Model using the 10-node modied tetrahedral elements.

1.6.242

SURFACE-TO-SURFACE F