PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Chapter 4 EUKARYOTES vs PROKARYOTES: Whats the difference? Whats in a name?
Pro = before Eu = true Karyon = nucleus
Chemically similar
Both have the same macromolecules
ome type of cell !plasma" membrane
Pro#aryotes have pepti$o%lycan in cell &alls
'enetic material is ma$e up of nucleic aci$s
Both use ()* as the %enetic material Pro#aryotes+ )o membrane,boun$ or%anelles or histones
*ll cells replicate
Pro#aryotes replicate by binary fission
PROKARYOTES
*ll are unicellular or%anisms (ivi$e$ into - lar%e %roups calle$ $omains
(omain is hi%her than Kin%$om .here are / $omains+ - pro#aryotic 0 1 eu#aryotic *rchaea !archaeobacteria" Bacteria !eubacteria" Eu#arya
*ll bacteria are pro#aryotes 2 $ifferentiate$ by+ 34E 5*PE *66*)'E7E). .*3)3)' C5*6*C.E63 .3C
SHAPE
.hree basic shapes
pherical = coccus !cocci" 6o$li#e = bacillus !bacilli" piral = from comma,shape$ !vibrio" to ri%i$8 &avy,shape$ !spirillum" an$ cor#scre& shape$ !spirochete"
9ariations are foun$
hort ro$s = Coccobacillus ome may not fit any particular cate%ory 3rre%ular8 lobe$ or spin$le,shape$ :uare
i;e an$ shape may vary &ith availability of nutrients
ARRA !E"E T
Coccus !cocci"
in%le (iplococci .etra$ arcinae treptococci taphylococci
Bacillus !bacilli"
in%le (iplobaccilli Coccobacilli
!E ERIC PROKARYOTIC CELL
OUTSI#E
'lycocaly<8 fla%ella8 a<ial filaments8 fimbriae 2 pili
CELL WALL
Eubacteria+ Pepti$o%lycan *rchae+ Pseu$omurein
CYTOPLAS"IC $PLAS"A% "E"&RA E I SI#E
Cytoplasm8 nuclear bo$y8 inclusions 2 %ranules8 ribosomes8 plasmi$s 2 en$ospores
!LYCOCALY'
'eneral term+ C5= containin%8 surroun$s cell
Polysacchari$e8 polypepti$e or both stic#y
E<ternal to cell &all of some bacteria .&o types+
>oun$ in both 'ram 0ve an$ 'ram ,ve bacteria Capsule if it is or%ani;e$ an$ firmly attache$ lime layer if it is unor%ani;e$ an$ loosely attache$
>unctions+ vir()ence fact*r
*ttachment to surfaces Protection from pha%ocytosis by WBCs
(etecte$ &ith )E'*.39E .*3)
+LA!ELLU",+LA!ELLA
>?)C.3=) = [email protected] .*B3 = movement to&ar$ or a&ay from environment
Chemota<is8 photota<is
=nly on ro$s8 vibrios an$ spirilla *rran%ement can be+ 7onotrichous8 *mphitrichous8 @opotrichous8 or Peritrichous emi,ri%i$8 helical motor .hree parts+ >ilament8 hoo#8 basal bo$y
+LA!ELLU" STRUCTURE $- Parts%
+i)a.ent:
>@*'E@@3) = protein subunit .hin8 lon% an$ forms heli< &ith hollo& core ?niform len%th an$ $iameter C5 anti%enD
H**/:
&asa) 0*d1:
erves as point of attachment for filament li%htly &i$er an$ shorter than the filament
*nchors filament an$ hoo# to the plasma membrane mall central ro$ inserte$ into a series of rin%s
A'IAL +ILA"E TS
E<+ .reponema palli$um
pirochetes
Bun$les of fibrils bet&een cell &all an$ outer sheath C3nternal fla%ellaD Permits movement li#e a cor#scre& or spiral motion
+I"&RIAE
5air,li#e microfibrils Primarily foun$ on 'ram ,ve bacteria horter an$ finer than fla%ella 5un$re$s per bacterium >?)C.3=) = attachmentEa$hesion to cell surfaces Protein = P3@3) 2ir()ence fact*rs
PILI
*K* e< pili
3nvolve$ in transfer of %enetic material Foin t&o bacterial cells to%ether
li%htly lon%er than fimbriae ?sually only 1 or - per bacterium >?)C.3=) = transfer of ()* from one cell to another cell Protein = P3@3)
CELL WALL
Comple<8 semi,ri%i$8 %ives sha3e8 protects internal structures Prevents rupturin% of cell ite of anchora%e for fla%ella 7ycoplasmas $o not have a cell &all 7aGor $ifferences bet&een 'ram 0ve an$ 'ram ,ve bacteria is the composition an$ thic#ness of the cell &all Both 'ram 0ve an$ 'ram ve cells have pepti$o%lycan
!RA" 4 &ACTERIAL CELL WALLS
Cell &all is relatively thic# 2 un$ifferentiate$ layer that covers the cell membrane Contains pepti$o%lycan 0 teichoic aci$s Pepti$o%lycan is a comple< macromolecule consistin% of / parts .eichoic aci$s only foun$ in 'ram 0ve bacteria
@ipoteichoic aci$s , covalently lin#e$ to plasma membrane %lyolipi$s
@inear polymers covalently attache$ to the pepti$o%lycan
PEPTI#O!LYCA
$"(rein%
.hree components formin% a lattice+ Bac#bone !%lycan portion"
*lternatin% - amino su%ars 6epeatin% subunits of )*' !'" an$ )*7 !7" )*' = ),acetyl%lucosamine )*7 = ),acetylmuramic aci$ .etrapepti$e !alternatin% (, an$ @,forms" Provi$e stren%th an$ ri%i$ity to pepti$o%lycan
hort tetrapepti$e subunits lin#e$ to )*7 3nterpepti$e cross bri$%es lin# a$Gacent pepti$e subunits
*lone or combine$ &ith other components Proteins8 polysacchari$es8 %lycolipi$s 7uch thinner than 'ram 0ve bacteria
7ultilayere$
!RA" 5ve &ACTERIAL CELL WALLS
Consists of lipopolysacchari$e8 outer membrane an$ pepti$o%lycan Pepti$o%lycan+ &ithin PE63P@* 73C P*CE
Bet&een the outer membrane an$ plasma membrane
=uter membrane contains+ Phospholipi$s
Proteins @ipoproteins @ipopolysacchari$e !@P "
LIPOPOLYSACCHARI#E $LPS%
.hree re%ions+ @ipi$ * , Core , C=D polysacchari$e @ipi$ * !en$oto<in"+ $isacchari$es of )*' lin#e$ to lon% chain fatty aci$s
Core+ contains unusual su%ars of H,I C atoms
3nvolve$ in permeability of the outer membrane 3mmuno$ominant portion of the outer membrane
5eat stable an$ in$uces fever an$ shoc#
C=D polysacchari$e = C=D anti%ens
OUTER "E"&RA E +U CTIO S
6emember foun$ in 'ram ,ve bacteria only Barrier to environmental compoun$s Eva$e pha%ocytosis 7olecular sieve ites for attachment of bacteriopha%es *lso is anti%enic an$ @ipi$ * of @P = en$oto<in
7ycoplasma = little or no cell &all *rchaea = pseu$omurein @yso;yme
CELL WALL ALTER ATI2ES
En;yme that hy$roly;es )*7,)*' bon$ @ysosomes of eucaryotic cells .ears8 saliva8 nasal secretions8 tissue flui$s
(ama%e$Eremove$ cell &all in 3 =.=)3C solutions
Can be %enerate$ by the action of lyso;yme
'ram 0ve bacteria = Protoplasts 'ram ,ve bacteria = pheroplasts
CYTOPLAS"IC $PLAS"A% "E"&RA E
Encloses the cytoplasm &ith a flui$ mosaic structure Phospholipi$ bilayer 0 proteins
Phospholipi$s , hy$rophilic Chea$D 0 hy$rophobic CtailsD Proteins , inte%ral !embe$$e$" an$ peripheral !loosely associate$"
7any involve$ in transport of materials into the cells
)o sterols e<cept for 7ycoplasmas
PLAS"A "E"&RA E +U CTIO S
elective barrier8 semi,permeable Carries the en;ymes for electron transport*.P .ransport of molecules
=ften by specific proteins that facilitate passive $iffusion
5y$rolytic en;ymes e<crete$ throu%h proteins in plasma membrane Biosynthetic functions
En;ymes 2 proteins involve$ in brea#$o&n of nutrients8 cell &all biosynthesis 2 ()* replication
Protects cytoplasm *J BJ CJ (J EJ
I SI#E THE PLAS"A "E"&RA E
Cytoplasm )uclear area !nucleoi$" an$ plasmi$s 6ibosomes 3nclusions En$ospores
A6 PROKARYOTIC CYTOPLAS"
Everythin% insi$e the plasma membrane IKL &ater Proteins !en;ymes etc"8 C5=8 lipi$s8 ()*8 ribosomes )o cytos#eletal elements
&6
UCLEOI# $ (c)ear 0*d1%
*rea of %enetic material !()*" Chromosome , one per cell
)ot boun$ by membrane ( 8 circular8 helical ()* molecule )o histone proteins associate$
*ttache$ to plasma membrane
Plasmi$s !maybe"
E<trachromosomal8 ( 8 circular ()* 6eplicate in$epen$ently Can be transferre$ from 1 cell to another =ften carry %enes for antibiotic resistance
C6 RI&OSO"ES
ites of P6=.E3) A).5E 3 .&o subunits , each subunit = r6)* 0 protein Complete HK ribosome = small !/K " 0 lar%e !MK " = ve$ber% units8 se$imentation value
#6 I CLUSIO S
9ariable $epen$in% on metabolic processes erve as reserves for metabolic pro$ucts 7etachromic %ranules !volutin" = polyphosphate Polysacchari$e %ranules = starch or %lyco%en @ipi$ inclusions = polybeta hy$ro<ybutyric aci$ ulfur %ranules , Csulfur bacteriaD ener%y reserve Carbo<ysomes , en;yme for photosynthesis 'as vacuoles , flotation for a:uatic bacteria
E6 E #OSPORES
6esistant bo$ies pro$uce$ by some bacteria Clostri$ium an$ Bacillus pecial $ormant structures , survival mechanism 6esist a$verse environmental con$itions 5eat8 $ryness8 free;in%8 bacterici$al a%ents Pro$uce$ by P=6?@*.3=)
)ot a mechanism of repro$uction
>avorable con$itions , 'E673)*.E
