Military Radars Authors: Sumit Chachadi (2GI11EC109) Sourabh Sidhanti (2GI11EC107)

ABSTRACT: RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects by transmitting electromagnetic wa es at them and analy!ing the echoes" Radar has been em#loyed on the ground$ in air$ on the sea and in s#ace" Radar finds a number of a##lications such as in air#ort traffic control$ military #ur#oses$ coastal na igation$ meteorology and ma##ing etc" The de elo#ment of the radar technology too% #lace during the &orld &ar '' in which it was used for detecting the a##roaching aircraft and then later for many other #ur#oses which finally led to the de elo#ment of ad anced military radars being used these days" (ilitary radars ha e a highly s#eciali!ed design to be highly mobile and easily trans#ortable$ by air as well as ground" 'n this #a#er we will discuss about the ad anced features and benefits of military radar$ system configuration of a ty#ical military radar$ o#erating the radar$ system functions$ arious terminal e)ui#ments used along with their

functions and some of the im#ortant #arts of the radar such as transmitter$ recei er$ antenna$ A*C (Automatic *re)uency Control) etc"

MILITARY RADARS INTRODUCTION (ilitary radar should be an early warning$ altering along with wea#on control functions" 't is s#ecially designed to be highly mobile and should be such that it can be de#loyed within minutes" (ilitary radar minimi!es mutual interference of tas%s of both air defenders and friendly air s#ace users" This will result in an increased effecti eness of the combined combat o#erations" The command and control ca#abilities of the radar in combination with an effecti e ground based air defence #ro ide ma+imum o#erational

effecti eness with a safe$ efficient and fle+ible use of the air s#ace" The increased o#erational effecti eness is obtained by combining the ad antages of centrali!ed air defence management with decentrali!ed air defence control"

ADVANCED FEATURES AND BENEFITS Ty#ical military radar has the following ad anced features and benefits: , All,weather day and night ca#ability" (ulti#le target handling and engagement ca#ability" Short and fast reaction time between target detection and ready to fire moment" -asy to o#erate and hence low manning re)uirements and stress reduction under se ere conditions" .ighly mobile system$ to be used in all %ind of terrain *le+ible wea#on integration$ and unlimited number of single air defence wea#ons can be #ro ided with target data" .igh resolution$ which gi es e+cellent target discrimination and accurate trac%ing"

The identification of the targets as friend or hostile is su##orted by '**$ which is an integral #art of the system" During the short time when the targets are e+#osed accurate data must be obtained" A high antenna rotational s#eed assures early target detection and a high data u#date rate re)uired for trac% accuracy"

The radar can use linear (hori!ontal) #olari!ation in clear weather" During rains$ to im#ro e the su##ression of rain clutter$ #ro ision e+ists to change to circular #olari!ation at the touch of the button from the dis#lay console"

THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION A ty#ical military radar system can be s#lit u# into three #arts: 1) Radargroup The radargrou# consists of antenna$ mast unit$ remote control$ high tension unit$ /01A*C (/ocal 0scillator1Automatic *re)uency Control) unit$ radar transmitter$ radar recei er$ ideo #rocessor$ wa eguide drier and '** interrogator" The transmitter and recei er forms the acti e #art of the system" The integrated radar1'** antenna is fitted on the colla#sible mast$ mounted on the container" The container is connected by cable to the o#erator1control shelter" 2) Sh !" r Shelter contains dis#lay unit$ #rocessor unit$ T2 monitor$ colour 33' (3lan 3osition indicator)$ '** control unit$ air conditioner$ battery charger with battery$ Radio set with antenna for data lin%$ radio set with antenna for communication$ filter bo+ for radios" #) Mo"or g $ ra"or The motor generator su##lies the #ower to the whole radar system" oice transmission i"e"

SETS OF TERMINAL E%UI&MENT These are the sets of lightweight man #ortable units$ which can be easily be stac%ed together and consists of: , 1) TDR 'Targ " Da"a R ( )* r) The TDR is either connected to a 2.*,*( radio recei er or to a /CA to recei e transmitted target data" The TDR itself is intelligent$ it #erforms #aralla+ correction$ threat e aluation and it dis#lays the result in a threat se)uence$ enabling the wea#on commander to ma%e the correct decision" 2) Rad)o R ( )* r or LCA 'L)$ Co$$ (")o$ Adap" r) A radio recei er or /CA (with standard 4 wire tele#hone line) can be used to recei e target data" 'n #rinci#le any 2.*,*( radio recei er can be used as a #art of the terminal e)ui#ment set" 'n case line connection is a##lied$ no radio recei er is re)uired" An /CA connects the 4,wire tele#hone line to the TDR cable"

O&ERATING THE RADAR The o#erator5s main tas% is to watch the 33' (3lan 3osition 'ndicator) dis#lay$ which #resents only mo ing targets in the normal mode ((T',(0D-)" Detected target can be assigned with the joystic% controlled order mar%er to initiate target trac%ing" Target trac%ing is started and a trac% mar%er a##ears o er the target echo" A label is dis#layed near the trac% mar%er" The system com#uter in the #rocessor unit #rocesses data on this trac%ed target" &hen an aircraft does not res#ond to the '** interrogation it is considered to be un%nown"

SYSTEM FUNCTIONS The main tas% of the radar is to #ro ide indi idual wea#on systems$ after an alert$ with accurate target data" Therefore$ the system has to #erform certain functions as shown in the following bloc% diagram: ,

D " (")o$ The detection function is su##orted by the search radar$ the (T' #rocessor and the 33'" 0n the 33' all mo ing targets$ e en those flying at low radial s#eeds$ are dis#layed to the o#erator" Au"o+a")( Targ " Tra(,)$g After target detection a trac% is initiated by indicating the target ideo with the

joystic% controlled order mar%er" The com#uter starts generating a trac% on the basis of the joystic% data" A target trac% mar%er is dis#layed on the 33' o er the target echo" Search

radar information is gathered and e+tracted by

ideo e+tractor as #lots" The

com#uter e aluates the #lot information$ determines the #osition and s#eed of the target and u#dates the generated trac%" Id $")-)(a")o$ The identification function com#rises: , 6) 'nterrogation of a target detected 4) Decoding '** res#onses 7) Dis#lay of the decoded '** res#onses on the 33' R por")$g Fu$(")o$ "o E." r$a! T r+)$a! E/u)p+ $" The data of the trac%ed targets is automatically con erted to 8 and 9 grid co, ordinates$ with res#ect to #reset co,ordinates of the radar location" The data is included in digital data message made u# for all targets being trac%ed" The com#uter,originated message is encoded and automatically transmitted by 2.*, *( radio or by line communication" IFF A!ar+ The '** alarm function alerts the o#erator that the '** code setting has to be changed" The alid code is dis#layed to the o#erator" The '** codes and their alidity #eriod are entered into the system in ad ance"

Da"a -!o0 a" 0 apo$ 121" +1 Targ " D (od)$g The target information is recei ed and decoded" 'n case no$ or disturbed target information is recei ed$ it is indicated on the TDR" &ara!!a. Corr (")o$ The #aralla+ correction function is #erformed by the TDR" Through this function the target data recei ed in the 8 and 9 co,ordinates is transferred into #olar co,ordinates$ with res#ect to the entered wea#on #osition" Thr a" E*a!ua")o$ The data of the targets recei ed is #rocessed by a threat e aluation #rogram$ built in to the TDR" This #rogram #laces all the targets in a se)uence according to their threat #riority and dis#lays the result (a!imuth angle of four most threatening targets) as an engagement ad ice"

FUNCTIONAL DESCRI&TION OF RADAR SUBSYSTEM The detection of air targets is accom#lished by the search radar$ the ideo

#rocessor and the colour 33' unit" The colour 33' unit #ro ides the #resentation of all mo ing targets down to ery low radial s#eeds on a 33' screen The search radar is #ulse Do##ler radar (also called (T' radar) i"e" it is ca#able of distinguishing between the echo from a fi+ed target and that of a mo ing target" The echoes from fi+ed target are eliminated$ so that the echoes from the mo ing targets are #resented on the screen" The great ad antage of this is that it is #ossible to distinguish a mo ing target among a large number of fi+ed targets$ e en when the echoes from these fi+ed targets are much stronger" To achie e this the search radar ma%es use of the Do##ler effect$ if the target ha ing a certain radial s#eed with res#ect to the search antenna is hit by a series of transmitter #ulses from the search radar antenna$ the change in range between this target and antenna is e+#ressed by successi e echo #ulses in #hase shifts with res#ect to the #hase of the transmitter #ulses" *or mo ing targets the #hase difference from echo #ulse to echo #ulse is continually subject to change$ whereas for fi+ed targets this is a constant" The distinction between the echo signals from a fi+ed target and mo ing target is obtained by detecting the abo e #hase differences"

The main units of radar subsystem are: , 1) HT U$)" The high tension unit con erts the #hase mains oltage into a DC su##ly oltage of about in the order of %2 for the transmitter unit" 2) Tra$1+)"" r U$)" The transmitter unit com#rises: a) Modu!a"or

The modulator consists of the following com#onents: , S"ar" &u!1 A+p!)-) r The start #ulse am#lifier unit com#rises: , An am#lifier which am#lifies the #ulses from the ideo #rocessor$ a thyratron for discharging the #ulse,sha#ing networ%" These #ulses then trigger a monostable multi ibrator" &u!1 U$)"

The #ulse unit com#rises of #ulse sha#ing networ% and #ulse transformer" The #ulse discharge of the #ulse, sha#ing networ% will occur only if the magnetron im#edance transformed by the #ulse transformer is about e)ual to the

characteristic im#edance of the #ulse,sha#ing networ%" The thyratron diodes ensure that the remaining negati e oltage$ caused by the mismatch$ on the #ulse,forming networ% is directed to earth" 'f the mismatch is too large$ ca#acitor is charged by the discharge current to such an e+tent that relay (reflection coefficient too high) is acti ated" This relay switches off the high oltage" 3) Mag$ "ro$ The magnetron is a self,oscillating R* #ower generator" 't is su##lied by the modulator by high oltage #ulses$ whereu#on it #roduces band #ulses" The

generated R* #ulses are a##lied to the recei er unit" The 3R* of the magnetron #ulses is determined by the synchroni!ation circuit in the ideo #rocessor$ which a##lies start #ulses to the sub,modulator of the

transmitter unit" This sub modulator issues start #ulses of suitable am#litude to trigger the thyratron in the

modulator" 0n being triggered the modulator$ which is su##lied by the high tension unit$ #roduces high oltage #ulses" As a magnetron is self oscillating some %ind of fre)uency control is re)uired" The magnetron is #ro ided with a tuning mechanism to adjust the oscillating fre)uency between certain limits" This tuning mechanism is o#erated by an electric motor being #art of A*C control circuit" Together with circuits in /0:A*C unit$ a fre)uency control loo# is created$ thus maintaining a fre)uency difference i"e" the intermediate fre)uency of the recei er between the out#ut fre)uency of the SS/0 and the magnetron out#ut fre)uency" The magnetron unit com#rises a coa+ial tunable magnetron$ ser o motor dri ing an adjustable #lunger"

#) LO4AFC U$)"

Tra$1+)"" r U$)" The /0:A*C unit determines the fre)uency of the transmitted radar #ulses" 't com#rises of: , 6) /oc% #ulse mi+er 4) A*C discriminator 7) Solid State /ocal 0scillator (SS/0) ;) Coherent 0scillator (C0.0) The SS/0 generates a ery stable low #ower R* signal lower than the desired transmitter fre)uency" This signal is s#lit in two branches and distributed as local oscillator signal to two mi+ers" These are: , 6) 'mage rejection mi+er in the recei er unit 4) /oc% #ulse mi+er The loc% #ulse mi+er mi+es the SS/0 signal with a fraction of the magnetron #ower" The mi+er out#ut consists of A*C loc% #ulse$ #ro ided that the magnetron is correctly tuned" The A*C loc% #ulses are a##lied to an A*C discriminator$ which chec%s their fre)uency" 'f the fre)uency of the A*C loc% #ulses is une)ual to '*$ a #ositi e or negati e control oltage for the A*C control circuit in the transmitter unit is de elo#ed$ to force the magnetron fre)uency to the desired alue" Thus the A*C loo# is closed" The A*C loc% #ulses are also a##lied to C0.0" The C0.0 out#uts a signal with a fre)uency of A*C loc% #ulse$ and is synchroni!ed with the #hase of each transmitter #ulse" 'n this way a #hase reference signal is obtained re)uired by the #hase sensiti e detector in the recei er unit" 5) R ( )* r U$)" The recei er unit con erts the recei ed R* echo signals to '* le el and detects the '* signals" By detecting the '* signals in two different ways$ two recei er channels

are obtained called (T' channel and linear channel"

The R* signals recei ed by radar antenna are a##lied to the low noise am#lifier" The image rejection mi+er mi+es the am#lified signals with the SS/0 signal$ to obtain an '* signal" After am#lification the '* signal is s#lit into two branches i!" a (T' channel and a linear channel" A fraction of am#lified recei ed signal is branched off and a##lied to broadband jamming detector (B<D)" 'n the (T' channel$ the '* signal is am#lified again by the (T' main am#lifier$ and a##lied to the 3hase Sensiti e Detector (3SD)" The second signal a##lied to the 3SD is the #hase reference signal from the C0.0" The out#ut of the 3SD is the function of the #hase difference between the two in#uts to the 3SD" The #olarity #ulses indicate whether the #hase difference is #ositi e or negati e" The #hase differences between the C0.0 signal and '* echo signals from a fi+ed target is constant whereas those between the C0.0 signals and '* echo signals from a mo ing target is subject to change" The 3SD out#ut signal is a##lied to the canceller in ideo #rocessor" 'n the linear channel$ the '* signal is am#lified again by the linear main am#lifier and subse)uently a##lied to the linear detector" The linear detector out#ut signals are #assed on to the colour 33' dri e unit" 6) A$" $$a

The search antenna is a #arabolic reflector$ rotating with a high s#eed" 'n the focus of the reflector is a radiator$ which emits the R* #ulses$ and which recei es the R* echo #ulses" 'n the wa eguide is the #olari!ation shifter$ which causes the #olari!ation of the R* energy to be either hori!ontally or circularly"

7) V)d o pro( 11or The ideo #rocessor #rocesses the (T' ideo from the (T' recei er channel$ to ma%e the ideo suitable for the #resentation on the colour 33' screen" 8) &ro" (")o$ U$)"1 There are some #rotection units such as arc sensor to #rotect the magnetron against arcing and R* #ower sensor maintaining the R* #ower"

CONCLUSION (ilitary radars are one of the most im#ortant re)uirements during the wartime$ which can be used for early detection of ballistic missile and also for accurate target detection and firing" Radar system discussed here has a built in threat e aluation #rogram which automatically #uts the target in a threat se)uence$ and ad ises the wea#on crew which target can be engaged first" (ost essential$ the target data is a ailable to the wea#on crew in time$ so the can #re#are themsel es to engage the =best5 target for their s#ecific wea#on location" A magnetron radar system is relati ely sim#le and reliable" As a conse)uence$ minimum maintenance is re)uired and thus the system life cycle costs can be %e#t low"

REFERENCES 6) S%olni% ='ntroduction to Radar Systems5 (c>raw .ill 4) =-lectronic Communication Systems5 by ?ennedy$ Da is *ourth -dition 7) Bharat -lectronics /imited website www"bel,india"com