GE Multilin

Motor Protection Seminar - 2005

Motor History & Facts

The first U.S. patent for a motor was issued to Thomas Davenport in 1837. Today in U.S. more then 1 billion motors are in service. Motors consume 23% of electricity in North America. Electricity consumption by motors in manufacturing sector is 70%. In oil, gas and mining industries around 90%. Three phase squirrel-cage induction motors account for over 90% of the installed motor capacity.

In 1888, Nikola Tesla patented the first AC poly-phase motor.

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Motor Downtime
Motor initial cost could be as low as 2% of the lifetime operational cost. The driven process downtime in some cases is more expensive than motor. Motor downtime contributors are:
Power system failures.

Inadvertent shutdown because of human mistake or motor protection maloperation Motor failure Load failure

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Motor Failure Rates and Cost

IEEE STUDY FAILURE CONTRIBUTOR Persistent Overload % 4.20% 26.40% EPRI STUDY FAILED COMPONENT Stator Ground Insulation Turn Insulation Bracing Core Electrical Related Total High Vibration Poor Lubrication 30.60% 15.50% 15.20% Cage Electrical Related Total Sleeve Bearings Antifriction Bearings Trust Bearings Rotor Shaft Mechanical Related Total High Ambient Temp. Abnormal Moisture Abnormal Voltage Abnormal Frequency Abrasive Chemicals Poor Ventilation Cooling Other Reasons Rotor Core Mechanical Related Total Bearing Seals Oil Leakege Frame Wedges % 23.00 4.00 3.00 1.00 5.00 36.00% 16.00 8.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 32.00% 6.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 Environmental, Maintanence & Other Reasons Related Failures Mechanical Related Failures AVERAGE % Electrical Related Failures

Motor failure rate is conservatively estimated as 3-5% per year. In Mining, Pulp and Paper industry motor failure rate is up to 12%. Motor failure cost contributors: Repair or Replacement. Removal and Installation. Loss of Production.

Normal Deterioration

33%

31%

30.70% 3 5.8 1.5 0.6 4.2 3.9 19.7

Other Components Maintanence Related & Other Parts: Total

21.00 32.00%

Environmental Related & 38.70% Other Reasons: Total

36%

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Thermal Stress Causes Motor Failure

Many of the motor failure contributors (IEEE Survey) and failed motor components (EPRI Survey) are related to motor overheating. Thermal stress potentially can cause the failure of all the major motor parts: Stator, Rotor, Bearings, Shaft and Frame.

STATOR ROTOR

BEARINGS SHAFT

FRAME

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 Setting of the motor protection relay is based on the motor datasheets information and system configuration. Datasheets are normally provided by motor manufacturer. System configuration data can be obtained from single line diagram.

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Motor Specifications
Starting Current: When rated voltage and frequency is applied to NEMA B motor, it will typically draw 600% of full-load current and decrease to rated value as rotor comes up to speed

600%

100%

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Thermal Modeling: Motor Thermal Limits Curves

The motor thermal limits curves consist of three distinct segments which are based on the three running conditions of the motor: The locked rotor or stall condition. Ideally, curves have been Motor acceleration. provided for both a hot and Motor running overload. cold motor. A hot motor is defined as one that has been running for a period of time at full load such that the stator and rotor temperatures have settled at their rated temperature. Conversely, a cold motor is defined as a motor that has been stopped for a period of time such that the rotor and stator temperatures have settled at ambient temperature. For most motors, the motor thermal limits are formed into one smooth homogeneous curve.
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Thermal Modeling: Motor Thermal Limits Curves

The acceleration curves are an indication of the amount of current and associated time for the motor to accelerate from a stop condition to a normal running condition. In this particular example, there are two acceleration curves: The first is the acceleration curve at rated stator voltage while the second is the acceleration at 80% of rated stator voltage; a soft starter is commonly used to reduce the amount of inrush voltage and current during starting. As can be seen on the curve shown, since the voltage and current are lower, it takes longer for the motor to start. Therefore starting the motor on a weak system can result in voltage depression, providing the same effect as a soft-start.
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Motor Data Sheets

Motor Performance Data

Thermal Limit Curves

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Motor Thermal Limit Curves

Thermal Limit Curves:
A C B D

A. B. C. D.
F

Cold Running Overload Hot Running Overload Cold Locked Rotor Curve Hot Locked Rotor Curve

E. Acceleration curve @ 80% rated voltage F. Acceleration curve @100% voltage

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Motor Thermal Parameters

G

G. H. I. J. K.

Motor Data Sheet Parameters Temperature Rise, Insulation Class Full Load Current Locked Rotor Current Locked Rotor Time; Cold/Hot Number of Starts; Cold/Hot

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Motor Specifications
Horsepower:
Engineering unit of power 33,000 lb 1ft in 1 min. HP = 1.341 X KW KW = 0.746 X HP

Motor rating (per NEMA MG-1)

Large Motors: > 500HP (1800 & 3600 rpm) Medium Motors: 1-500HP (1800 & 3600 rpm)

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Motor Specifications
Efficiency:
An indication of how much electrical energy is converted to output shaft mechanical energy expressed as a percentage. Losses Core loss Stator loss Electrical Energy in Rotor Loss Mechanical Energy Friction and Windage Stray loss Electrical Energy in = Mechanical Energy out + Losses (mostly heat)
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Motor Specifications
Motor Data Sheet Hot/Cold Safe Stall Time Ratio
HCR = LRTHOT LRTCOLD

Overload Curve Method

LRTcold=8sec

LRThot=6sec

LRC=5.5FLA

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Thermal Model. Hot/Cold Stall Time Ratio (HCR)

Typically motor manufacturer provides the values of the locked rotor thermal limits for 2 motor conditions: COLD : motor @ ambient temperature HOT : motor @ rated temperature for specific class and service factor. NEMA standard temperature rises for motors up to 1500HP and Service Factors 1 and 1.15 respectively.
140C 130C 165C 155C
190C 180C

120C 110C

40C

40C

40C

40C

40C

AMBIENT

CLASS A

CLASS B

CLASS F

CLASS H

HCR defines the proportional increase of Thermal Capacity Used (TCU) of the motor running fully loaded at settled temperature in comparison to the motor resting at ambient temperature.
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Motor Specifications
Service Factor:
When the voltage and frequency are maintained at the values specified on the nameplate, the motor may be overloaded up to the horsepower obtained by multiplying the nameplate horsepower by the service factor. At the service factor load greater than 1.0 the motors efficiency, power factor and speed will differ from nameplate. But the locked rotor current and breakdown torque will remain the same. For a given insulation, motors with a 1.15 service factor have a lower rise then those with a service factor of 1.0. This allows the motor to operate close to the service factor without exceeding rated temperature limits of the insulation. If the motor is operated at the service factor, the motor will have a temperature rise in excess of the 100% rated rise for motors with a 1.0 service factor. This will shorten the life expectancy considerably.
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Motor Specifications
Information required to set Thermal Model: Motor FLA Locked Rotor Current Locked Rotor Time Hot Locked Rotor Time Cold Service Factor Motor Damage Curves

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Motor Management Relays

Motor Management Relays have three basic categories of protection elements:

TRIPS ALARMS BLOCKS

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Thermal Protection Algorithm Requirements

ACCURACY Precise estimate of the motor thermal image SIMPLICITY Easy to understand and calculate thermal estimate DEPENDABILITY Capability of constant thermal image monitoring COMPLIANCE TO INDUSTRY STANDARDS EASY SETUP Use of standard readily available motor parameters RELIABILITY Alternative backup method of the thermal estimate FLEXIBILITY Compatibility with different motor applications
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Thermal Model Enhancements and Additions

Motor Start Inhibit Standard, Custom and Voltage Dependant Overload Curves Thermal Model Biasing by Current Unbalance Thermal Model Biasing by RTD Inputs Separate Thermal Time Constants for Running and Stopped Motor Conditions Independent Current Unbalance Detector Acceleration Limit Timer Mechanical Jam Detector Start and Restart Supervision

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Important Motor Protection Device Functions and Features

Phase Short Circuit, Differential Protection (large motors), Ground Fault Protection Voltage and Frequency Elements, Phase Reversal Detection Reactive and Active Power, Power Factor Protection Device Failure Detector Event Recorder, Data Logger, Oscilography Communication Capability, Integration into DCS/SCADA User Friendly Software Interface Rugged Construction, Easy Installation
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Two Main Risks for an Overheated Motor

Stator Windings Insulation Degradation
110 100 90 A B F H 80 70 60 50 40 30

A-CLASS (105 C) B-CLASS (130C) F-CLASS (155 C)

For F class insulation stator temperature of 165C causes motor lifetime to decrease to 50%

20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250

H-CLASS (180 C)

Insulation lifetime decreases by half if motor operating temperature exceeds thermal limit by 10C

PERCENTAGE OF LIFE (%)

TEMPERATURE (C)

Rotor Conductors Deforming or Melting In most cases, rotor thermal limit is defined by the allowed motor stall time. These motors are classified as rotor limited. Stator limited motors - if voltage rating is 10 times greater than HP rating: For example: 500HP, 6900V
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Thermal Model - Motor States

Motor Stopped: Current < 0 threshold &
contactor/breaker is open.

Motor Starting: Previous state is Stopped & Current > 0

threshold. Motor current must increase to the level higher than overload pickup within 1 second otherwise motor algorithm will declare the Running state.

Motor Running: Previous state is Starting or

Overloading & Current drops below overload pickup level.

Motor Overloading: Previous state is Running & Current

raises above overload pickup level. Thermal Capacity Used (TCU) begins to accumulate
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Thermal Modeling
The primary motor protective element of the motor protection relay is the thermal overload element and this is accomplished through motor thermal image modeling. This model must account for thermal process in the motor while motor is starting, running at normal load, running overloaded and stopped. Algorithm of the thermal model integrates both stator and rotor heating into a single model. Thermal Overload Curves Overload Pickup Level Motor Current Unbalance Biasing Main Factors and Elements Comprising the Thermal Model are: Overload Pickup Level and Overload Curve Running and Stopped Cooling Time Constants Hot/Cold Stall Time Ratio RTD & Unbalance Biasing Motor State Machine Start Inhibit
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Thermal Modeling
If the motor has been designed conservatively, the portion of the acceleration curve under the motor thermal limits curve is less than a third to a half in terms of trip time, and the motor has been applied conservatively (during acceleration or running the acceleration and thermal limits curve do not cross) then thermal model settings can be set easily.

If the acceleration curves and the thermal overload curves are very close, accuracy in the settings becomes very important in order to ensure reliable motor protection without nuisance tripping.

600%

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Thermal Model - Thermal Capacity Used

Thermal Capacity Used (TCU) is a criterion selected in thermal model to evaluate thermal condition of the motor. TCU is defined as percentage of motor thermal limit utilized during motor operation. Thermal Limit of the model is dictated by overload curve constructed in the motor protection device in the reference to thermal damage curves normally supplied by motor manufacturer. IEEE Std 620-1996 provides the guidelines for the presentation of motor thermal limit curves. Motor protection device is equipped with set of standard curves and capable to construct customized curves for any motor application.
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Thermal Model - Thermal Capacity Used

We will use the following model to aid in a better understanding of motor thermal modeling concepts. The motors thermal capacity, that is to say, the amount of heat energy the motor can hold, will be represented by the glass vessel. The lava like fluid filling the vessel will represent thermal energy or heat energy that has been absorbed by the motor.

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Thermal Model - Thermal Capacity Used

The sources of thermal energy that will fill the vessel or heating the motor are: Ambient temperature Motor losses due to current unbalances and I squared T Motor heating due to a start

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Thermal Model - Thermal Capacity Used

Motor cooling will be represented by: The vapour evaporating from the surface of the liquid when the motor is running or stopped will represent the motors ability to dissipate heat. The fan is representative of the additional cooling effect of the motors cooling system which is commonly a fan mounted on the motor shaft.

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Thermal Modeling
Time
Now that we understand what the thermal model is trying to do lets see how it accomplishes this task with the following hypothetical situation.

100

Motor Thermal damage curve Motor Acceleration curve 2 1

30

10 5

For a given motor, the thermal damage and acceleration curves are shown in this diagram. From a quick look at the motor curves we can see that the acceleration curve barely fits under the stall limits portion of the thermal limits curve. The protection relay tripped 10 second into the start. The customer notes from the relay data that during the start, the motor drew 600% rated current for for 4 seconds and then the current dropped to 300% for only 6 seconds before the relay tripped. Given that the thermal damage curve was selected correctly the customer wants to know why the relay tripped the motor even though the current draw did not exceed the thermal damage curve limits?
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100%

300%

600%

% Motor current

TCU Calculation for the Hot Motor

Example: Cold and Hot Safe Stall Times are 10 and 8 seconds. HCR is calculated as 8 sec / 10 sec= 0.8 TCU of the Hot Motor running at allowed overload (SFFLA) for a long time is calculated as (1-0.8) 100% = 20% Thermal algorithm effectively shifts an overload curve down, decreasing time before trip by 20% In the hot motor TCU calculation, thermal algorithm accounts for loads lower than the allowed overload.

TCU END

I eq = (1 HCR ) 100% SF FLA

Ieq equivalent heating motor current; FLA full load motor current; SF motor service factor.
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The area under the thermal damage curve represents the thermal capacity of the motor and the area under the acceleration curve represents the thermal capacity used to start the motor. During the first 4 seconds of the start, the motor draws 600% current. This current level is greater than the motors full load current rating and therefore the percentage of thermal capacity used will increase, (the vessel will fill). From the graph we can see that if the motor drew 600% for 5 seconds 100% of the motors thermal capacity would have been used. The motor draws 600% for 4 seconds, so four fifths or 80% of the motors thermal capacity was used during this portion of the motors acceleration. This can be imagined as 80% of the vessel being filled with thermal energy.
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TCU Example

TCU Example
To determine how long the motor can run when the motors current draw drops to 300%, the thermal capacity already used at 600% must be taken into account. From the graph we can see that motor can draw 300% of its rated current for 30 seconds if no thermal capacity had been used. Since 80% of the motors thermal capacity has already been used which represents 24 of the 30 seconds available at 300% the motor can only draw 300% current for an additional 6 seconds. This can be represented visually by moving the area of 4 seconds at 600% current into the area of 30 seconds by 300% current. When the motors current draw dropped to 300%, the relay could allow the motor to continue to run for an additional 6 seconds before the motors Thermal Capacity Used reached 100% at which time the relay had to trip the motor.

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Start Inhibit
Upon a start, the inrush current is above the motors full load current causing the thermal capacity used within the motor to rise rapidly. GE Multilin Motor Management Relays learn the amount of thermal capacity required to start the motor and if the start inhibit function is enabled, use this information in addition to the thermal capacity used data to ensure that there is enough thermal capacity within the motor for a successful start before a start is attempted.

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Start Inhibit Example

Under such a condition, if the relay had the Start Inhibit feature enabled, the relay would lock-out the motor start until the thermal capacity of the motor had dropped to 60% such that a successful motor start could be achieved without the thermal capacity used exceeding the volume of the vessel.

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Thermal Model

Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and Start Inhibit RTD Biasing

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Typical Motor Thermal limits Curves

Time in seconds

Thermal limit curve when motor is cold Thermal limit curve when motor is hot Acceleration curve @ 80% rated voltage Acceleration curve @100% voltage

Phase current in multiplies of FLC

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Thermal Model - Thermal Limit Curves

Thermal limit plot includes hot and cold running overload limit curves (5 & 6) and hot and cold locked rotor limit curves (3 & 4 ) as a standard. In special cases plot can be furnished with acceleration curves for the range of operational voltages. MPD (motor protection device) Overload curve (2) should be selected to fit in between cold and hot motor thermal limit curves.
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Thermal Model - Thermal Limit Curves

Relay overload curve 3

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Standard Overload Curves Equation

Where:
TDM is relay setpoint TD Multiplier I - current in multiples of FLA

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Overload Curve Selection

The overload element uses a Thermal Capacity algorithm to determine when to activate an overload trip. The volume of this vessel is representative of the thermal capacity of the motor. A running motor will have some level thermal capacity used due to the losses which will be represented by a certain level of thermal capacity in our vessel .

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Overload Curve Selection

Whenever the current exceeds the Overload Pickup, the vessel begins to fill with heat energy. The valve that controls how fast the vessel is filled is proportional to the amount of overload current. For example if the current is just over the overload pick up level, the imaginary valve is partially open and the vessel is being filled slowly, versus the situation where the current far exceeds the pickup level, in which case one could imagine the valve as fully open and the vessel being quickly filled with thermal energy. When the vessel is full, the vessel starts to overflow and a trip is issued. If there is some thermal energy in the vessel from a previous overload condition, the remaining volume of vessel will be first filled before a trip command is issued by the relay. The overload trip will only occur at the time specified on the curve and the overload current is being drawn at stable rate (no ramping of current).

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Overload Curve Selection

If the motor starting current begins to infringe on the thermal damage curves or if the motor is called upon to drive a high inertia load such that the acceleration time exceeds the safe stall time, custom or voltage dependent overload curve may be required.

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Thermal Model Behavior - Long Starts

The main issue is that the duration of the high inertia load starts is longer than the allowed motor safe stall time. That is why the standard thermal algorithm method can not be applied. For these starts, thermal model must account for the current change during acceleration and also use the acceleration thermal limits for TCU calculations. Motor thermal limit is growing along with motor rotation speed during acceleration. Starting current is proportional to system voltage during motor acceleration, thus voltage could be a good indication of the current level corresponding to the locked rotor conditions. Voltage dependant dynamic thermal limit curve is employed to enhance the thermal model algorithm.
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Overload Curve Selection

The two graphs illustrate the resultant overload protection curves for 80% and 100% line voltage, respectively. For voltages in between, the motor relay will shift the acceleration thermal limit curve linearly and constantly based on measured line voltage during a motor start.
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Thermal Model Behavior - Long Starts (cont.)

Let us assume that in the high inertia start application, the motor data is the same except the safe stall times, i.e. cold SST @ 100% is 8 seconds.
1000

100 90 80

100

70

TIME (SEC)

TCU (%)
10

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1 0.00

0
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00

10

12

14

TIME (SEC)

PER UNIT CURRENT (X FLA)

Application of the standard thermal model curve causes the trip in about 10 seconds in the middle of the acceleration.
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Thermal Model Behavior - Long Starts (cont.)

For high inertia starts, one should apply the acceleration thermal limit curves instead of locked rotor thermal limit curves and motor can start successfully without tripping.
1000
100.00 90.00 80.00

100

70.00

TIME (SEC)

TCU (%)
10

60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

1 0.00

10

12

14

16

18

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

TIME (SEC)

PER UNIT CURRENT (X FLA)

This method is relevant for the situation with the constant terminal voltage of 100%. What happens if voltage deviates from 100% ?
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Thermal Model Behavior - Why motor is in danger?

MOTOR VOLTAGE MOTOR SPEED 0% 100% 80% 0% 80% 80% 3.8 62 922 4.8 4.8 40 12.5 922 288 MOTOR CURRENT (TIMES OF FLA) 6 THERMAL LIMIT TIME (SEC) 8 THERMAL LIMIT ( IT) 288

Thermal Limit is a function of the motor speed. Starting current is proportional to the terminal voltage. Let us assume that the motor current is the only parameter to be sensed by motor relay and the acceleration thermal limit curve from the previous slide is applied to protect the motor. This situation implies the danger to burn the stalled motor. @ 80% voltage start motor trip time is 40 seconds instead of required 12.5 seconds.
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Thermal Model Behavior - Voltage Dependant Curves

Voltage dependant overload curve in 469 motor relay is provided to handle the situation described in the previous slide. The acceleration section of the overload curve dynamically shifts in response to motor voltage deviations.
1000
100.00 90.00 80.00

100

70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00

TIME (SEC)

TCU (%)

10
30.00 20.00 10.00

80% VOLTAGE START TIME-36 SEC, TCU-93% 100% VOLTAGE START TIME-17 SEC, TCU-91%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1 0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.00

PER UNIT CURRENT (X FLA)

TIME (SEC)

Thermal model accumulates almost the same TCU during 100% and 80% voltage motor starts.

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Thermal Model

Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and Start Inhibit RTD Biasing

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Thermal Model
Determining The Overload Pickup:
The protection engineer will typically set the overload pickup to 100% of the motors capability. For motors with a 1.15 service factor, a maximum pickup of 125% of the full load current can be selected while the maximum pickup for 1.0 service factor motors is 115% of full load current. Having said this, it is common practice to set the pick up to no more than the rated motor full load current plus no more than 10% of the service factor unless there is another independent measure of motor temperature such as stator RTD's. If the motors winding temperature is also being directly monitored by an RTD biasing function to the thermal model, the overload pickup can be safely increased to the maximum allowable value for that motor. Note that the motor feeder cables are normally sized at 1.25 times the motors full load current rating which would limit the motor overload pickup setting to a maximum of 125%.
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Thermal Model

Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio (2 methods) Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and Start Inhibit RTD Biasing

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Thermal Model

If the thermal limits curves are being used to determine the HOT/COLD ratio proceed as follows: From the thermal limits curves run a line perpendicular to the current axis that intersects the hot and cold curves at the stall point Draw a lines from each points of intersection to the time axis.

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Thermal Model

Record the corresponding times. In this case 10 and 15 seconds respectively. The Hot/cold ratio can now be calculated as follows: The HOT/COLD ratio = 10/15 = 0.67 NOTE: If hot and cold times are not provided and only one curve is given verify with the manufacturer that it is the hot curve ( which is the worst case). If the supplied curve is the hot curve then the Hot/ Cold ratio can be set to 1.0

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Thermal Model
Motor Data Sheet Method Hot/Cold Safe Stall Time Ratio

HCR =

LRTHOT LRTCOLD

HCR = 30s/35s = 0.86

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Thermal Model
If you have an ideal motor on a perfectly balanced system, that is a system that is supplying power with no negative sequence components, using the hot/cold stall ratio you could calculate the thermal capacity that the motor would have used once the motor has been running at rated current for an extended period of time. For example, the motor would have used 33.3% of its total thermal capacity under the following conditions: Hot/cold ratio was 10/15. Motor had run for at least 5 times its running cooling time constant. motor was drawing 100% rated current. Zero current unbalance
With no negative sequence or motor unbalance currents: TC_end = I pu(1-hot/cold) x100% If we assume 1pu TC = 1 (1-10/15) 100% = (1-0.667)100% = 33.3% (After 5 time constants)

Unfortunately, there are no ideal motors or power systems that provide purely positive sequence power and so we need to deal with this next.
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Thermal Model

Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and Start Inhibit RTD Biasing

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Thermal Model - Current Unbalance

A positive sequence set of vectors consists of three equal vectors that are displaced by 120 degrees and have a rotational phase sequence of ABC. A negative sequence set of vectors consist of three equal vectors that are displaced by 120 degrees, but have a rotational phase sequence of ACB. In the real world, the power system is never perfectly balanced therefore negative sequence currents will always exist.
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Thermal Model - Current Unbalance

Rotor

N
S
S

Stator

Rotor Bars
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Negative sequence currents (or unbalanced phase currents) will cause additional rotor heating that will not be accounted for by electromechanical relays and may not be accounted for in some electronic protective relays.

Thermal Model - Current Unbalance

Current Unbalance causes extra heating not accounted by the regular thermal model. Main causes of current unbalance
Blown fuses Loose connections Stator turn-to-turn faults System voltage distortion and unbalance Faults

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Thermal Model - Current Unbalance

Equivalent heating motor current is employed to bias thermal model in response to current unbalance.
2 I EQ = I M (1 + K ( I 2 I 1 ) 2 )

Im - real motor current; K - unbalance bias factor; I1 & I2 - positive and negative sequence components of motor current. K factor reflects the degree of extra heating caused by the negative sequence component of the motor current. Enter K value into motor relay settings. IEEE guidelines for typical and conservative estimates of K.
2 K = 175 I LRC

TYPICAL

2 K = 230 I LRC

CONSERVATIVE

ILRC - Motor Locked Rotor Current @ 100% voltage (in pu)

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Thermal Model - Current Unbalance

The graph shows recommended motor derating as a function of voltage unbalance that is recommended by NEMA. Assuming a typical induction motor with an inrush of 6 x the motors Full Load Current rating and a negative sequence impedance of 0.167, voltage unbalances of 1,2,3,4,5 % are equivalent to a current unbalances of 6,12,18,24,30% respectively. Based on this assumption, the graph illustrates the amount of motor derating for different values of k entered for the setpoint Unbalance Bias k Factor. Note that the curve created when k=8 is almost identical to the NEMA derating curve. K=8 If a k value of 0 is entered, the unbalance biasing is defeated and the overload curve will time out against the measured per unit motor current.
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Thermal Model

Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and Start Inhibit RTD Biasing

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Thermal Model - Motor Cooling Curves

THERMAL CAPACITY USED (%)

TCU decay of the motor running @ full load.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

TCU start

Expected TCU end

TCU after time=

TIME (MULTIPLES OF TAU)

100

THERMAL CAPACITY USED (%)

TCU decay of the stopped motor.

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4

TCU start

Expected TCU end

TCU after time=

TIME (MULTIPLES OF TAU)

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Thermal Model - Motor Cooling

Motor cooling is characterized by separate cooling time constants (CTC) for running and stopped motor states. Typical ratio of the stopped to running CTC is 2/1 CTC defines the rate of the TCU exponential decay, when motor current doesnt exceed the overload level.
Thermal Model Cooling Motor Tripped

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Thermal Model - Motor Cooling

TCUSED_END= 20%
Thermal Model Cooling 100% load

TCUSED_END= (1/1)(1-0.8/1)X100% TCUSED_END= 20%

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Thermal Model - Motor Cooling

Thermal Model Cooling 80% load

TCUSED_END= 16%

TCUSED_END= (0.8/1)(1-0.8/1)X100% TCUSED_END= 16%

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Thermal Model - Motor Cooling

Thermal Model Cooling Motor Tripped

Thermal Model Cooling 100% load - Running

Enter the Running & Cooling Time Constants into the motor relay settings Do not enter the actual cooling time in the motor relay settings It takes the motor typically 5 time constants to cool.
If the motor data sheet says it takes 150 mins to cool, enter a time constant of 30 minutes. If the motor data sheet says it takes 75 mins to cool, enter a time constant of 15 minutes.
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Thermal Model - Motor Cooling

Thermal Model Cooling Motor Stopped Thermal Model Cooling Motor Tripped

When the motor is stopped, its thermal capacity used value will decay according to the same formula shown previously. If the thermal capacity used were at 100% before stopping the motor, the thermal capacity used will take 5 time constants or 2.5 hours to decay. Note that after only three time constants, the motor would be within 5% of its final value of zero from its initial value. If the same motor were stopped with 85% of its thermal capacity used, it would decay according to the same formula taking 5 time constants to decay to zero completely and would be within 5% of zero form its initial value after 3 time constants.
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Thermal Model

Select O/L Curve Determine Overload Pickup Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio Unbalanced Bias Cooling Times and Start Inhibit RTD Biasing

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Thermal Model - RTD Biasing

TCU calculation at center point of RTD bias curve:
MAX POINT TEMP: 155C TCU: 100%

TCU CENTER = (1 HCR ) 100%

TCU Calculation at lower section of RTD bias curve:
MID POINT TEMP: 130C TCU: 25% MIN POINT TEMP: 40C TCU: 0%

TCU RTD

TACTUAL TMIN = T CENTER TMIN

TCU CENTER

TCU Calculation at higher section of RTD bias curve:

TCU RTD

TACTUAL TCENTER = T T MAX CENTER

(100 TCU CENTER ) + TCU CENTER

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 72

Thermal Model - RTD Biasing

RTD Bias Curve Example

RTD input is a indicator of the thermal capacity used dependent on stator temperature (very slow). The relay will use the calculated thermal capacity unless the RTD thermal capacity is higher.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 73

Additional Protection Elements

Additional Common Induction and Synchronous Motor Protective elements:

Short circuit Ground Fault Differential Trip Current Unbalance Single Phasing Undervoltage & Overvoltage Protection Mechanical Jam Detection Undercurrent Underpower Acceleration Timer
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 74

Short Circuit Trip

The short circuit element provides protection for excessively high overcurrent faults. Phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults are common types of short circuits. The Short Circuit trip element is coordinated with external up stream fuses such that the element will operate first.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 75

Short Circuit Trip

100000

10000

Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

Motor Thermal Limit

1000 Time (seconds)

100

Acceleration curve (motor current during starting)

10

Locked Rotor current

When a motor starts, the starting current (which is typically 6 times the Full Load Current (FLC) rating of the motor) has asymmetrical components. These asymmetrical currents may cause one phase to see as much as 1.7 times the normal RMS starting current. As a result the pickup of the short circuit element must be set higher than the maximum asymmetrical starting currents seen by the phase CTs to avoid nuisance tripping. The rule of thumb is to set the the short circuit protection pick up to a value which is at least 1.7 times the maximum expected symmetrical starting current of the motor. This allows the motor to start without nuisance tripping. It is important to note that the device that the relay is to control under such conditions must have an interrupting capacity equal to or greater then the maximum available fault current.
605

1 101 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 Percent Full Load 580 20 60

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 76

Short Circuit Protection

100000

10000

Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

Motor Thermal Limit

1000 Time (seconds) 100

Acceleration curve (motor current during starting)

10

Locked Rotor current

1 101 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 580 Pe rcent Full Loa d 605 20 60

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 77

Ground Fault

Resistive Grounded System and a Inductive Grounded System

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 78

Ground Fault
A ground fault is a fault that creates a path for current to flow from one of the phases directly to the neutral through the earth bypassing the load. This current is sometimes referred to as zero sequence current. Damage to a phase conductors insulation and internal shorts due to moisture within the motor are common causes of ground faults. A strategy that is typically used to limit the level of the ground fault current is to connect an impedance between the supplies neutral and ground. This impedance can be in the form of a resistor or grounding transformer sized to ensure that the maximum ground fault current is limit to no more then 10 amps to reduce the chances of metal damage to the motor.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 79

Ground Fault Best

Zero Sequence CT
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 80

Ground Fault
Zero Sequence CT Connection

There are several ways by which a ground fault can be detected. The most desirable method is to use the Zero Sequence CT approach, which is considered the best method of ground fault detection methods due to its sensitivity and inherent noise immunity. All phase conductors are passed through the window of the same CT referred to as the zero sequence CT. Under normal circumstances, the three phase currents will sum to zero resulting in an output of zero from the Zero Sequence CTs secondary. If one of the motors phases were to short to ground, the sum of the phase currents would no longer equal zero causing a current to flow in the secondary of the zero sequence. This current would be detected by the motor relay as a ground fault.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 81

Ground Fault

Residual Ground Fault Connection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 82

Ground Fault
Residual Ground Fault Connection

If the cables are too large to fit through the Zero sequence CTs window or the trench is too narrow to fit the Zero Sequence CT, the residual ground fault configuration can be used. This configuration is inherently less sensitive then that of the zero sequence configuration owing to the fact that the CTs are not perfectly matched. During the motor start, the motors phase currents typically rise to magnitudes in excess of 6 times the motors full load current. The slight mismatch of the CTs combined with the relatively large phase current magnitudes produce a false residual current which will be seen by the relay. This current will be misinterpreted by the motor relay as a ground fault unless the ground fault elements pickup is set high enough to disregard this error.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 83

Ground Fault - Asymmetrical Starting Current

DC Offset

This diagram shows the Asymmetrical Starting Currents. When a motor first starts using a residual ground fault connection, the three phases do not sum to zero because of the DC offset in each of the three phase CTs. This difference appears as a ground fault current and will cause a ground fault trip if the trip level and time delay are programmed correctly. If the residual ground fault connection is to be used, the Ground Fault trip delay must be set to a delay other than instantaneous to avoid a nuisance ground fault trip, in addition to allowing enough time for the asymmetrical starting current offsets to even out.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 84

Ground Fault

This slide shows the noise generated during a start and a run when residual ground scheme is used. None of this noise would be seen by the motor relay using a zero sequence CT scheme.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 85

Phase Differential

Consists of three instantaneous overcurrent elements for phase differential protection. Differential protection may be considered the first line of protection for internal phase to phase or phase to ground faults. In the event of such faults, the quick response of the differential element may limit the damage that may have otherwise occurred to the motor.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 86

Phase Differential
Core Balance Method

The Differential Trip element function can only be used if both sides of each stator phase are brought out of the motor for external connection such that the phase current going into and out of each phase can be measured. The differential element subtracts the current coming out of each phase from the current going into each phase and compares the result or difference with the differential Pickup Level. If this difference is equal to or greater then the pickup level for a period of time greater a user specified delay, a trip will occur. Separate pickup levels and delay times are provided for the motor starting and running conditions. GE Multilin motor protective relays support both 3 and 6 CT configurations. In this example both sides of each of the motors stator phases are being past through a single CT. This is called core balance method and is the most desirable owing to its sensitivity and noise immunity. The level may be set more sensitive if the Differential CTs are connected in core balance configuration (3 CTs).
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 87

Phase Differential

Summation Method

If 6 CTs are used in a summing configuration, during motor starting, the values from the two CTs on each phase may not be equal as the CTs are not perfectly identical. Asymmetrical currents may cause the CTs on each phase to have different outputs. To prevent nuisance tripping in this configuration, the starting differential level may have to be set less sensitive, or the starting differential time delay may have to be extended to ride through the problem period during start. The running differential delay can then be fine tuned to an application such that it responds very fast and is sensitive to low differential current levels.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 88

Phase Differential
Percent Differential Method

This method allows different CT ratios for system/line and neutral This method has a dual slope characteristic. The main purpose of the percent-slope characteristic is to prevent a maloperation caused by unbalances between CTs during external faults. CT unbalances arise as a result CT accuracy errors or CT saturation. This method has a built-in CT Saturation Detector. External faults near generators typically result in very large time constants of DC components in the fault currents. Also, when energizing a step-up transformer, the inrush current being limited only by the machine impedance may be significant and may last for a very long time. When saturation is detected the element will make an additional check on the angle between the neutral and output current. If this angle indicates an internal fault, then tripping is permitted.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 89

Current Unbalance and Single Phasing Protection

Current Unbalance Detection (Alarm) System voltage unbalance
1% voltage imbalance translates into a 6% current unbalance

Current Unbalance (%)

IUN I _1 =K 100% I_2

Stator turn-to-turn faults If voltage unbalance is typically 2%, then set alarm to 15% (> 2 x 6%) Motor Single Phasing (Trip) Blown Fuses Bad Connections 20% Trip Level is recommended

Where, K adjustment factor I_1 positive sequence current I_2 negative sequence current

K Adjustment Factor
if I AVG I FLA then K = 1 if I AVG I FLA then K = I AVG I FLA

Single Phasing is declared when: 2 seconds after 40% current unbalance has been detected. Average current is above 25% of FLA and the current in one of the phases is less then 2% of FLA.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 90

Under Voltage
If an induction motor operating at full load is subjected to an under voltage condition, the following effects will occur (Moisey, 1997): Full load speed will decrease Efficiency will decrease Power factor will increase Full load current will increase Temperature will increase
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 91

Over Voltage
When the motor is running in an overvoltage condition, the following affects will occur (Moisey, 1997): Slip will decrease because slip is inversely proportional to the square of the voltage Efficiency will increase slightly and power factor will decrease because the current being drawn by the motor will decrease Temperature rise will decrease because the current has decreased (based on the formula I2t) Most motors are designed close to the saturation point..increasing the V/HZ ratio could cause saturation of air gap flux causing heating
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 92

Under & Over Voltage Protection

The overall result of an under or overvoltage condition is an increase in current and motor heating and a reduction in overall motor performance. The undervoltage trip should be set to 90% of nameplate unless otherwise stated on the data sheets. Motors that are connected to the same source, may experience a temporary undervoltage when one of motors starts. To override these temporary sags, a time delay setpoint has been incorporated into undervoltage element. The over voltage element should be set to 110% of the motors nameplate unless otherwise started in the data sheets. The undervoltage element can be considered as backup protection for the thermal overload element. If the voltage decreases, the current will increase, causing an overload trip. In some cases, if an undervoltage condition exists it may be desirable to trip the motor faster than the overload element.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 93

Mechanical Jam
Possible causes of motor mechanical jam: Worn motor bearings Load mechanical breakage Driven load process failure Element is used to disconnect the motor on abnormal overload conditions before motor stalls. The Mechanical Jam element is designed to operate for running load jams. In terms of relay operation, element prevents motor from reaching 100% of thermal capacity while Mechanical Jam is detected. It helps to avoid mechanical breakage of the driven load and reduce start inhibit waiting time.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 94

Undercurrent
This is useful for indicating the of loss of suction in a pump application, or a broken belt in a conveyor application.

Undercurrent Block

Undercurrent Alarm Delay

TRIP The Undercurrent element is active only when the motor is running. It is blocked upon the initiation of a motor start for the time defined by the U/C BLOCK FROM START setpoint. A trip or alarm will occurs once the magnitude Ia, Ib, or Ic falls below the pickup level for the time specified by the UNDERCURRENT ALARM DELAY.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 95

Underpower
The second method of load loss detection is to use the underpower element.
Trip or Alarm A value other then zero must be entered to ensure the underpower element is blocked when the motor is stopped. The Underpower element is active only when the motor is running, and will be blocked upon the initiation of a motor start for a period of time defined by the BLOCK ELEMENT FROM START setpoint. This time delay may be useful in applications which require the motor to be running for a period of time before full power is required as is the case in centrifugal pump or fan applications. When enabled, if the magnitude of the three phase total power falls below the pickup Level for a period of time specified by the delay, a trip or alarm will be generated.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 96

Acceleration Timer
The motor relays Thermal Model is designed to protect the motor under both starting and overload conditions. The Acceleration Timer may enhance the motor protection scheme.

For example, a given motor should always complete a start within 2 seconds. If the safe stall time is 8 seconds and a failure occurred such that the motor was held in a stall condition, the motor would normally remain at stall for a total of 8 seconds before the thermal model would generate a trip. The accelerator timer could be configured to generate a trip if the motor remained at stall for more then 3 seconds thereby reducing the stress on both the motor and driven equipment. Note that some soft starts limit the motors starting current to less then the motors rated full load current. Therefore if the relay does not see the motors current rise to a value greater than the motors rated full load current within 1 second after a start, the acceleration timer will be ignored.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 97

Additional Protection Elements

Additional Protective Elements for Synchronous Machines:
Field application Field temp. monitoring

Monitoring/Control Elements for Synchronous Machines:

Power Factor Correction

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 98

Additional Special Features Available In Motor Management Relays

Starts per hour Time between starts RTD alarm and trip settings (stator, bearing, etc.) Two speed motor protection Load averaging filter for cyclic load applications Reduced voltage starting supervision Variable frequency filter allowing accurate sensing and calculation of the analog values in VFD applications Analog input differential calculation for dual drives applications Speed counter trip and alarm Universal digital counter trip and alarm Pulsing KWh and Kvarh output Trip coil supervision Emergency Restart Input Undervoltage auto restart (additional element per special order). Experimental broken rotor bar detection system
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 99

Setting Example
CT Rating, Voltage Sensing FLA & Ground CT Thermal Model Settings
Overload Pickup, Overload Curve, Unbalance Bias K Factor, Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio, Running & Stopped Cooling Time Constants, RTD Bias

Short Circuit Trip Current Unbalance Alarm & Trip Ground Fault Acceleration Trip Start Inhibit Starts per hour, Time Between Starts RTD Alarm & Trip Phase Differential Trip Undervoltage, Overvoltage Trip
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 100 The following is example of how to determine the relay setpoints for a specific motor that has been applied conservatively. This is only an example for teaching purposes and may not address all issues relating to your specific application. It is recommended that the setpoints for your motor protective relaying application be determined by your local protection engineer.

Setting Example
Select CT Rating, Voltage Sensing

Phase CT The phase CT should be chosen such that the FLA is 50% to 100% of CT primary. Since the FLA is 297 a 300:5 CT may be chosen.

CT: 50% <FLA <100% 300/5

Voltage Sensing Enter the connection type and ratio. Enter motor nameplate voltage. In this case, a 14400/120 PT will be used, so 120:1 ratio.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 101

Setting Example
Select FLA, Ground CT
Motor FLC Set the Motor Full Load Amps to 297A, as specified by the data sheets. Ground CT For high resistive grounded systems, sensitive ground detection is possible with the 50:0.025 CT. On solidly grounded or low resistive grounded systems where the fault current is much higher, a 1A or 5A secondary CT should be used. If residual ground fault connection is to be used, the ground fault CT ratio most equal the phase CT ratio. If residual connection is used, pickup levels and timers must be set with respect to the acceleration time. The zero sequence CT chosen needs to be able to handle all potential fault levels without saturating.

Set: FLA = 297 A GF <=> System ?

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 102

Setting Example
Thermal Overload Pickup

Overload Pickup The overload pickup is set to the maximum allowed by the service factor of the motor. For motors with a 1.15 service factor, a maximum pickup of 125% of the full load current can be selected. While the maximum pickup for 1.0 service factor motors is 115% of full load current. Having said this, it is common practice to set the pick up to no more than the rated motor full load current plus no more than 10% of the service factor unless there is another independent measure of motor temperature such as stator RTD's. If the motors winding temperature is also being directly monitored by an RTD biasing function to the thermal model the overload pickup can be safely increased to the maximum allowable value for that motor. Note that the motor feeder cables are normally sized at 1.25 times the motors full load current rating which would limit the motor overload pickup setting to a maximum of 125%. If service factor is unknown, we must assume 1.0 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 103

Set: Overload Pickup = 1.15 x FLA

Setting Example
Select Overload Curve for Thermal Model

Overload Curve The standard overload curve to be just below the cold thermal limit and above the hot thermal limit to give maximum process uptime, without compromising protection. The best fitting curve is curve 3 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 104

Setting Example
Determine Unbalance Bias K Factor for Thermal Model
Unbalance Bias Of Thermal Capacity Enable the Unbalance Bias of Thermal Capacity so that the heating effect of unbalance currents is added to the Thermal Capacity Used.

K=175/LRA 2 = 175/ 5.4 2 = 6 (Typical)

K=230/LRA 2 = 230/ 5.4 2 = 8 (Conservative)

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 105

Setting Example
Determine Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio for Thermal Model (method 1)

HCR =

LRTHOT LRTCOLD

Hot/Cold Ratio = 30/35 => 0.86

Hot/Cold Curve Ratio The hot/cold curve ratio is calculated by simply dividing the hot safe stall time by the cold safe stall time or use the motor thermal limits curve. For this example, both are available. Using the data sheets the Hot/Cold Curve Ratio equals 30 / 35 = 0.86 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 106

Determining Hot/Cold Curve Ratio

Determine Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio for Thermal Model (method 2) Overload Curve Method
Hot/Cold Curve Ratio If the thermal limits curves are being used to determine the HOT/COLD ratio proceed as follows: From the thermal limits curves run a line perpendicular to the current axis that intersects the hot and cold curves at the stall point Draw lines from each points of intersection to the time axis. Record the corresponding times. In this case, 6 and 8 seconds respectively. The Hot/cold ratio can now be calculated as follows: = 6s/8s = 0.75

LRTcold = 8sec

LRThot = 6sec

NOTE: LRC = 5.4FLA If hot and cold times are not provided and only one curve is given verify with the manufacturer that it is the hot curve ( which is the worst case), then the Hot/ Cold ratio should be set to 1.0

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 107

Thermal Model - Motor Cooling

Thermal Model Cooling Motor Tripped

Thermal Model Cooling 100% load - Running

Enter the Running & Cooling Time Constants into the motor relay settings Do not enter the actual cooling time in the motor relay settings It takes the motor typically 5 time constants to cool.
If the motor data sheet says it takes 150 mins to cool, enter a time constant of 30 minutes. If the motor data sheet says it takes 75 mins to cool, enter a time constant of 15 minutes.
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 108

Setting Example
Stopped & Running Cool Time Constants

Stopped and Running Cool Time Constants This information is usually supplied by the motor manufacturer but is not part of the data that was given with this motor. If RTDs are present and will be wired to the relay biasing of the thermal model will be used so it is not critical to have these cooling times from the manufacturer: the default values of 15 and 30 minutes can be used for the running and stopped cool times respectively.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 109

Setting Example
Determine RTD Bias Setpoints for Thermal Model
MAX POINT TEMP: 155C TCU: 100%

MID POINT TEMP: 130C TCU: 25% MIN POINT TEMP: 40C TCU: 0%

Enable RTD Biasing This will enable the temperature from the Stator RTD sensors, to be included in the calculations of Thermal Capacity. RTD bias model determines the Thermal Capacity Used based on the temperature of the Stator and is separate from the overload model for calculating Thermal Capacity Used. RTD biasing is a back up protection element which accounts for such things as loss of cooling or unusually high ambient temperature. This measured temperature is used to bias or modify the thermal capacity value stored in the motor relay. GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 110

Setting Example
Determine RTD Bias Setpoints for Thermal Model
MAX POINT TEMP: 155C TCU: 100% RTD input is a indicator of the thermal capacity used dependent on stator temperature (very slow). Motor relay will use the calculated thermal capacity unless the RTD thermal capacity is higher.
RTD Bias Function

MID POINT TEMP: 130C TCU: 25% MIN POINT TEMP: 40C TCU: 0%

Set to Enabled/YES RTD Bias Minimum Set to 40 C which is the ambient temperature obtained from the data sheets. RTD Bias Center Point The center point temperature is set to the motors hot running temperature and is calculated as follows: Temperature Rise of Stator + Ambient Temperature. The temperature rise of the stator is 80 C + 10% hot spot allowance, obtained from the data sheets. Therefore, the RTD Center point temperature is set to 900C + 400C or 130 C. RTD Bias Maximum This setpoint is set to the rating of the insulation or slightly less. A class F insulation is used in this motor which is rated at 155 C, so setting should be 155 C. GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 111

Short Circuit Trip

100000

10000

Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection

Motor Thermal Limit

1000 Time (seconds)

100

Acceleration curve (motor current during starting)

10

Locked Rotor current

When a motor starts, the starting current (which is typically 6 times the Full Load Current (FLC) rating of the motor) has asymmetrical components. These asymmetrical currents may cause one phase to see as much as 1.7 times the normal RMS starting current. As a result the pickup of the short circuit element must be set higher than the maximum asymmetrical starting currents seen by the phase CTs to avoid nuisance tripping. The rule of thumb is to set the the short circuit protection pick up to a value which is at least 1.7 times the maximum expected symmetrical starting current of the motor. This allows the motor to start without nuisance tripping. It is important to note that the device that the relay is to control under such conditions must have an interrupting capacity equal to or greater then the maximum available fault current.
605

1 101 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500 540 Percent Full Load 580 20 60

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 112

Setting Example
Determine Short Circuit Trip Settings
Short Circuit Trip The short circuit trip should be set above the maximum locked rotor current but below the short circuit current of the fuses. The data sheets indicate a maximum locked rotor current of 540% FLC or 5.4 x FLC. A setting of 6 x FLC with a instantaneous time delay will be ideal but nuisance tripping may result due to the asymmetrical starting currents and DC offset. If asymmetrical starting currents limits the starting capability, set the S/C level higher to a maximum of 9.2 x FLC to override this condition (1.7 x 5.4 = 9.2 where 1.7 is the maximum DC offset for an asymmetrical current). With 300:5 CT, 9.2 x FLC = 9.2 x 297/300 = 9.10 CT

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 113

Setting Example
Determine Current Unbalance Alarm/Trip Settings
Unbalance Alarm and Trip The unbalance settings are determined by examining the motor application and motor design. The heating effect of unbalance will be protected by enabling unbalance input to thermal memory; described previously. A setting of 10% x FLA for the Unbalance Alarm with a delay of 10 seconds would be appropriate Trip can be set to 25% x FLA with a delay of 5 seconds.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 114

Setting Example
Ground Fault & Acceleration Trip Settings
Ground Fault Limit the ground fault current to less than 10amps. In this example, use 0.16 x CT or 0.16 x 50 = 8A Acceleration Trip This setpoint should be set higher than the maximum starting time to avoid nuisance tripping when the voltage is lower or for varying loads during acceleration. A value greater than 15 seconds should be entered (based on motor data sheet).

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 115

Setting Example
Enable Start Inhibit
Enable Start Inhibit This function will limit starts when the motor is already hot. The motor relay learns the amount of thermal capacity used at start. If the motor is hot, thus having some thermal capacity used, the relay will not allow a start if the available thermal capacity is less than the required thermal capacity for a start. For example, if the THERMAL CAPACITY USED for the last 5 starts is 24, 23, 27, 25, and 21% respectively, the LEARNED STARTING CAPACITY is 27% 1.25 = 33.75% used. If the motor stops with 90% thermal capacity used, a start block will be issued. When the motor has cooled and the level of thermal capacity used has fallen to 66%, a start will be permitted. If the COOL TIME CONSTANT STOPPED setpoint is programmed for 30 minutes, the lockout time will be equal to:

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 116

Start Inhibit
Upon a start, the inrush current is above the motors full load current causing the thermal capacity used within the motor to rise rapidly. GE Multilin Motor Management Relays learn the amount of thermal capacity required to start the motor and if the start inhibit function is enabled, use this information in addition to the thermal capacity used data to ensure that there is enough thermal capacity within the motor for a successful start before a start is attempted.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 117

TCU / Start Inhibit Example

Thermal Capacity required to start 27%
For example, if the THERMAL CAPACITY USED for the last 5 starts is 24, 23, 27, 25, and 21% respectively, the LEARNED STARTING CAPACITY is 27% 1.25 = 33.75% used.

Thermal Capacity used due to Overload 80%

If the motor had been running in an overload condition prior to stopping, the thermal capacity would be some value; say 80%.

If Motor is Stopped: 33% 66%

When the motor has cooled and the level of thermal capacity used has fallen to 66%, a start will be permitted.

80%

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 118

Setting Example
Starts/Hr, Time Between Starts
Starts/Hour Starts/Hour can be set to the # of cold starts as per the data sheet. For this example, it is 2 Time Between Starts In some cases, the motor manufacturer will specify the time between motor starts. In this example, this information is not given so this feature can be disabled. However, if the information is given, the time provided on the motor data sheets should be programmed.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 119

Setting Example
RTD Alarm & Tripping
Stator RTDs RTD trip level should be set at or below the maximum temperature rating of the insulation. This example has a class F insulation which has a temperature rating of 155C, therefore the Stator RTD Trip level should be set to between 140C to 150C, with 150 C being maximum. The RTD alarm level should be set to a level to provide a warning that the motor temperature is rising. Bearing RTDs The Bearing RTD alarm and trip settings will be determined by evaluating the temperature specification from the bearing manufacturer.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 120

Phase Differential
Core Balance Method

The Differential Trip element function can only be used if both sides of each stator phase are brought out of the motor for external connection such that the phase current going into and out of each phase can be measured. The differential element subtracts the current coming out of each phase from the current going into each phase and compares the result or difference with the differential Pickup Level. If this difference is equal to or greater then the pickup level for a period of time greater a user specified delay, a trip will occur. Separate pickup levels and delay times are provided for the motor starting and running conditions. Motor protective relays support both 3 and 6 CT configurations. In this example both sides of each of the motors stator phases are being past through a single CT. This is called core balance method and is the most desirable owing to its sensitivity and noise immunity. The level may be set more sensitive if the Differential CTs are connected in core balance configuration (3 CTs).
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 121

Phase Differential

Summation Method

If 6 CTs are used in a summing configuration, during motor starting, the values from the two CTs on each phase may not be equal as the CTs are not perfectly identical. Asymmetrical currents may cause the CTs on each phase to have different outputs. To prevent nuisance tripping in this configuration, the starting differential level may have to be set less sensitive, and the starting differential time delay may have to be extended to ride through the problem period during start. The running differential delay can then be fine tuned to an application such that it responds very fast and is sensitive to low differential current levels.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 122

Under & Over Voltage Protection

The overall result of an under or overvoltage condition is an increase in current and motor heating and a reduction in overall motor performance. The undervoltage trip should be set to 90% of nameplate unless otherwise stated on the data sheets. Motors that are connected to the same source, may experience a temporary undervoltage when one of motors starts. To override these temporary sags, a time delay setpoint should be set. The overvoltage element should be set to 110% of the motors nameplate unless otherwise started in the data sheets.

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 123

Motor Protection 239 369 469 M60 SPM MM2 LM10

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 124

239 Motor Protection

Small to medium sized motors Pumps, conveyors, compressors, fans, sawmills, mines Thermal overload (15 selectable curves) Phase short circuit Locked rotor / mechanical jam Thermal memory lockout Single phase/unbalance Ground fault O/C Overtemperature via stator thermistor and optional 3 RTDs (RTD) Undercurrent Trip/alarm/auxiliary/service outputs Setpoint Access, Emergency Restart, External Reset, Option 1, Option 2 digital inputs Two speed motor protection Current, unbalance, motor load, thermal capacity, temperature metering Optional analog output (AN) Fault diagnosis last 5 trip records AC/DC control power & flash memory RS485 ModBus communications 40 character illuminated display 6 LED indicators

239-RTD-AN

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 125

239 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 126

239 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 127

369 Motor Protection

Thermal model biased with Unbalance Thermal Overload Curves (15 + 1 custom) Phase short circuit, locked rotor / mechanical jam, variable lockout time Single phase/unbalance, ground fault O/C Overtemperature 12 RTDs and RTD Thermal Compensation (R) Starts/hour, time between starts Undercurrent Phase Reversal (M) Back-Spin Detection (B) Ability to "learn" individual motor parameters motor inrush current, cooling rates, and acceleration time Starter Failure Feature, Motor Load Averaging Interval AC/DC control power & flash memory 5 pre-defined digital inputs Trip/Alarm/Aux1/Aux2 Relay Outputs Load, current, unbalance metering Voltage/frequency/power metering (M) Event recorder (last 40), waveform capture 4 analog outputs (M) Front RS232 port & 3 rear RS485 ports Modbus Protocol Fiber optic link (F) Ethernet Port (E) 40 character display, 10 LEDs and keypad
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 128

369-HI-R-M-0-E

369 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 129

369 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 130

369-RRTD Application
Switchgear Location Motor Location

369

RRTD Module

Up to 12 RTDs or Process Inputs

Power, AC Sensing, Control CIrcuits

RS-485 or Fiberoptic

Power

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 131

469 Motor Protection

Medium & large motors, driven equipment Thermal model biased with RTD and/or Unbalance Voltage Dependant Curve for Large Inertia Loads Phase differential protection Mechanical jam, short circuit trip, overload alarm, undercurrent, ground fault, current unbalance Starting current & capacity, acceleration time, average motor load, max RTDs, min/max analog inputs Power setpoints (PF, W, Var, Underpower) Undervoltage & overvoltage Underfrequency & overfrequency Monitoring setpoints (demand, counters) Dual overload curves for 2 speed motors Reduced voltage starting control A, V, W, var, VA, PF, Hz, Wh, varh, demand, torque, temperature Event recorder & waveform capture 12 programmable RTDs 5 pre-defined & 4 assignable digital inputs, 6 outputs 4 analog inputs & 4 programmable analog outputs RS232 & RS485 ports Modbus protocol

469-P5-HI-A20-T

Complete drawout construction New enhanced display (E) Available with 10BaseT Ethernet (T)
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 132

469 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 133

469 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 134

M60 Motor Protection

Stator Differential (87) with CT Saturation Detection Current/Amp Unbalance Thermal Model (RTD/Unbalance Bias, Programmable Curves) Voltage Dependant Curve for Large Inertia Loads Phase, Ground, Neutral IOC Phase and Neutral Directional OC Ground TOC Starts per hour, Time between starts, Restart time delay Emergency Restart, Mechanical Jam Acceleration Time Logic M60-G00-HPH-F8F-H6P-M8H-P5C-U5D-WXX Sensitive Directional Power (32) Phase Undervoltage & Overvoltage (27/59P) Auxiliary Undervoltage & Overvoltage (27/59X) Neutral Overvoltage VT Fuse Failure for Supervision of Voltage Dependant Functions Breaker Failure (50BF) Negative Sequence Overvoltage FlexLogic with gates and timers Transducer I/O Contact Inputs/Outputs Virtual Inputs/Outputs Remote Inputs/Outputs FlexElements (16) Programmable LED Panels & Optional Pushbuttons Metering, Event Recorder & Oscillography DNP, Modbus RTU & UCA Protocols 6 Setting Groups Ethernet Port and RS485 port
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 135

M60 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 136

SPM Synchronous Motor Protection & Control

Field application Reluctance torque synchronizing (collector ring) Cage winding & stall protection during start Restart lockout for hot rotor Reduced voltage starting Power factor (pull-out) trip with auto resynchronizing Incomplete sequence trip Loss of DC field current trip Loss of DC field voltage trip Field winding overtemperature trip PF regulation maximizes efficiency (optional) Field voltage, field current, motor amp calibration Contactor status input, reduced voltage status input Trip/FAR/FCX outputs Metering > AC stator current > Power factor > DC field current > DC field voltage > DC field resistance (Exc field) > Motor running time > Type of trips (counters) Rear RS485 Modbus port Windows based SPMPC software > Trending capability
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SPM-PF

Drawout construction

SPM Synchronous Motor Protection & Control

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 138

SPM

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 139

MM2 Motor Protection

Motor protection & management system for low voltage, low horsepower motors Specifically designed for Motor Control Center applications Front panel control buttons (start A, start B, stop, manual, auto) Protection & Control
> > > > > > > > > > > > > > Thermal Overload (12 different overload curves) Single phase / Current unbalance Locked/stalled rotor Ground fault Undervoltage, overvoltage, overtemperature Undercurrent and underpower Configurable motor start controller Contactor failure, undervoltage auto restart Motor operational parameters and historical data Process data Display phase current, ground current, thermal capacity, analog input, power, energy, etc. Status of relay inputs Trip record and pre-trip values Maintenance information

Monitoring & Metering

MM20-PD-2-120

Remote monitoring - via serial communications > RS485 ModBus , 1200 - 19,200 bps Outputs: 2 contactor, 2 programmable Inputs: 6 fixed, 10 programmable Front Panel > 11 LEDs, key pad, and 2x20 LCD display Includes EnerVista setup software MM2 unit with remote display (optional)
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 140

MM2 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 141

MM2 Motor Protection

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 142

LM10 Low Voltage Motor Relay

Low voltage motors up to 500HP Designed for GE Evolution MCC but applicable to any LV MCC Motor Types
> Full Voltage non-reversing, Full Voltage reversing, Reduced Voltage, Two Speed- one winding, Two Speed-two winding, Custom Motor Type

Selection of NEMA overload trip classes (Class 10, 15, 20 or 30) Protection
> Overcurrent Trip, Cool Down Time, Current Unbalance Trip, Ground Fault Trip, Over/Undervoltage Trip, Jam Protection, Stall Protection, Load Loss Trip, Auxiliary Sense Failure, Power Loss Autorestart Feature

LM10-D1-CT05-GF01-C1-XX

7 Digital Inputs and 4 Relay Outputs Power Supply Input (96 to 140VAC range) DeviceNet protocol (control, status, metering, settings)
> > > Standard Harris 5Pin Micro connector (allows daisy chain from one unit to another) Hardware Selectable MAC ID & Baud Rate (Up to 63 address & 500kbps (Module Status, Network Status, Overcurrent Trip, Gnd Fault Trip, O/C Unbalance Used to connect to either PDU or PC; PC cable included, connect via Com1 and use enerVista LM10 setup software Ia, Ib, Ic, Ig, Vab, 3ph-kW, 3ph-PF, Iavg, Current Unbalance, Elapsed Motor Hours (user can reset) Maintained in non-volatile memory Ia, Ib, Ic, Ig, Vab, 3ph-kW, 3ph-PF, Iavg, Current Unbalance

Status LEDs RJ11: 6C Telephone Jack

>

Real-Time Metering
>

Trip History (Last 10 faults)

> >

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LM10 Low Voltage Motor Relay

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 144

LM10

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 145

Avoid the Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on Your Relays:

Silver Whiskers is the name given to long filaments of silver sulfide formed on the surface of silver electrical contacts or surfaces operating in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen sulfide and high humidity. Such atmospheres can exist in sewage treatment and paper mills. If left too long, the silver whiskers form a potentially devastating short circuit

Conformal Coating/Harsh Environment Option Available for: 369 469 489 SPM 750/760 745 M60 F35 F60 T60 T35 G30 G60 D30 D60 L60 C30 C60 B30 B90 L90
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 146

Coming Soon: PQMII, 239, MMII

Monitoring, Control & Communications Solutions

MultiNet Converter Protocol Converter MultiLink Ethernet Switches enerVista Viewpoint Monitoring Software enerVista Integrator Automation Projects
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 147

Communication Solutions
MultiNet RS485 to Ethernet Converter
Converts Modbus RTU over RS485 into Modbus TCP/IP over Ethernet Supports both 10BaseT and 10BaseF fiber connections Industrially hardened product Connect up to 32 RS485 serial devices to an Ethernet network Modbus TCP/IP provides multiple SCADA masters allowing simultaneous communications to the same IED Easy to use set up software
Serial IEDs are connected to an Ethernet network via the MultiNet unit.

Coming Soon: 4 RS485 port MultiNet (any protocol translated)

One One simple simple communications communications solution solution for for all all your your GE GE Multilin Multilin IEDs IEDs
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Communication Solutions
MultiNet Connections

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 149

Communication Solutions
MultiNet Set-up

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Communication Solutions
Protocol Converters
Modbus to Devicenet Converter (D485) Modbus to Profibus Converter (P485)
Connect any Modbus RTU device to a Profibus or Devicenet network Communicate with up to 5 Modbus devices per converter Software contains the memory maps for all GE Multilin devices Industrially hardened product

Modbus

Profibus/Devicenet

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Communication Solutions
MultiLink Ethernet Switches
The GE-Multilin Solution for communicating to all relays, meters and other power system devices Meets all Industrial standards and requirements for Substation hardened equipment Modular Construction supports many different communication types for easy interoperability with any networking devices devices Enhanced security providing reliable communications and protection against tampering or message forgery IEC61850-3 Compliant and optimized to give priority to GOOSE Peer-to-Peer messages Factory Certified to work optimally with all GE Multilin products

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 152

Communication Solutions
MultiLink Ethernet Switches

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 153

Communication Solutions
MultiLink Ethernet Switches
3 Models Available to fit any Application

ML2400

ML1600

19 Rack Mounted Managed Switch

9 Panel Mounted Managed Switch

ML600

Compact Unmanaged Switch

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 154

Communication Solutions
Ethernet Communications?
369 Relay > Use MultiNet with existing relays > Purchase E option (10BaseT) 469 Relay > Use MultiNet with existing relays > Purchase T option (10BaseT) 239, 269Plus, MMII & SPM Relays > Use MultiNet with existing relays M60 Relay > Purchase Ethernet option (10BaseT/F) > Connect rear RS485 port to MultiNet Use MultiLink Ethernet Switches to connect relays directly or via MultiNet converters
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 155

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 156

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 157

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring is a cost

effective and simple software package for Utilities to control and monitor intelligent electrical devices (IEDs) using a PC

Windows-based software Connect to IEDs via modem, serial or Ethernet via Plug-n-Play screens Pre-built drivers for GE Multilin digital relays, such as UR, 750, 760, 469, 745, PQM, F60, F35, PQMII, etc. Easy set-up screens & interactive help files Build single-line drawings, metering, annunciator, and status screens easily Generic Modbus driver for other manufacturers IED implementation (Control & Monitoring) Automatic Oscillography Retrieval & SOE Capture

Alternative Energy
Remotely monitor and manage devices without incurring significant capital costs

Distributed Generation
Utilities can connect easily with independent generators via LAN/Internet

Utility
Control & monitor non-SCADA sites with minimal capital investment GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 158

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Plug and Play Monitoring
Pre-Configured Modules for Analyzing the Health and Status of your Power System Equipment

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 159

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Single-Line Monitoring and Control
Monitor and Control all devices in your Power System
Identify the status of all the devices in your power system on one customized single line monitoring screen Monitor the magnitude of any power quantity measured by your metering and protection devices Navigate though multiple monitoring screens to view the status of different parts of your network

Create single-line monitoring screens in minutes

Construct system diagrams with drag and drop ease Contains all necessary symbols and tools required for replicating your power system Includes a library of meters and Dials to graphically represent any metered quantity

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 160

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Trending Reports
Historical Record of monitored data Trend up to 500 data points Records data with 1 minute resolution indefinitely View data in time based graphical or tabular format

Annunciator Alarming
Instant Alarm Notification Create alarms on any monitored analog or digital data point Receive alarm warnings through Audio, Visual or Email notification

Global Comtrade Viewer

View waveforms recorded from any device Convert waveforms that were stored in CSV format to COMTRADE compatible files Merge and Overlay waveforms that were recorded in multiple devices Identify the harmonics content in all monitored parameters
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 161

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Automatic Event and Waveform Retrieval
Effortless Data Archiving
Instantly detects and retrieves any new waveform from all GE Multilin devices, EMP Meters and MicroVersa Trip Units, and saves these files on a Network location Automatically acquires any new events recorded in all devices and stores them in system wide Sequence of Event Record Sort and Query through system event record to view events categorized by date, device type, timestamp, or customized criteria No configuration required

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 162

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Plug-and-Play Monitoring for the 469 - Trip Data -

On-screen View of Diagnostic Data Makes It Easy to Identify Cause of Motor Trip
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 163

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Plug-and-Play Monitoring for the 469 - Overview -

View Motor Status Using Digital Inputs, Analog Inputs and RTD Inputs
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 164

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Viewpoint Monitoring
Plug-and-Play Monitoring for the 469 - RTDs -

Monitor Temperature at Any Motor Location in One View

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 165

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Demonstration Viewpoint Monitoring Software

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 166

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Easily Enhance Current Systems to Display Data from GE Multilin Devices

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Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

Makes it easy to integrate Multilin Devices into existing Systems

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 168

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 169

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions Automation Projects Available:

PMCS - Power Management Control System
Monitoring, Control and Complete Automation of Power Systems

Compact Monitoring System

Customized Monitoring, Control, Alarming and Data Archiving

Energy Cost Allocation / Billing System

Energy Usage Monitoring and Billing

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 170

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions Compact Monitoring System

Customized Monitoring, Control, Alarming and Data Archiving
Ideal for:
Local monitoring and control of substations Total control and remote monitoring of small Industrial and commercial facilities

Key Benefits:
Entire site monitoring through

customized one-Line diagrams

Access to remotely monitor status of

power system Alarm operations personnel of critical power level changes Historical trending of any power system quantity Archiving and viewing of all fault data (system wide sequence of events, waveform files)
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 171

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions PMCS Power Management Control System

Monitoring, Control and Complete Automation of Power Systems
Ideal for:
Management of power in a facility of any size Automated control of all power system equipment

Key Benefits:
Improve visibility of entire

power system network Drill into operating conditions of specific power system equipment Reduce root cause analysis time Receive warnings of impending power system issues before problems occur Automate power system functions such as: load shedding, transfer schemes, and initiating backup generators
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 172

Monitoring/Control Software Solutions Project Deliveries may include:

Installation and Configuration of Meters, Relays and Other Devices
Installation and wiring at customer site Engineering of panels Construction and wiring of panels Programming all devices

Setting up of Communications Networks

Connecting device communications
Installing and configuring Ethernet switches Connection to corporate network for remote monitoring

Integration of Monitoring and Control System

Configuration of system workstation Installing of software components Creating customized power system monitoring diagrams Configuring automatic fault data collection and historical trending functions Program system automation functionality Load shedding schemes Auto-Transfer schemes Enabling remote monitoring of system

Customer Training
Teach operators, engineers and technicians how to navigate and control equipment through monitoring system Training on system troubleshooting and fault diagnostic methods Instruct service personnel on how to maintain devices and system GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 173

GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin 174

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