Introduction:

Computer Graphics started with the display of data on hard copy plotter’s and cathode ray tube
(CRT) screens soon after the introduction of computer themselves. It has grown to include the creation
,storage and manipulation of models and images of objects.
Computer Graphics today is largely interactive.
Generally the study of computer graphics includes the close relationship between the input
device and the display devices. Handling such devices in real world, the graphical models are
expanding to set of fields, including physical, Mathematical, Engineering and even conceptual
structures, natural phenomena and soon
In thousands of years ago early man used drawing to communicate, Even before the learn to
talk, write
Now with the advances in computer hardware and software graphics has come a full circle and
more and more people are teaching and learning. Communicating and showing their ideas through the
medium graphics, replacing words.
Until the early 1980’s Computer Graphics played a small role in the real world experiments.
Now it plays a major role, because the hardware was more expensive and graphics-based application
programs that were easy to use and cost-effective.

Ex:- CAD applications, Real-time applications and the working of hardware systems are tested
through Graphical views.
Even the people who don’t use the computers in their daily work encounters computer graphics
in television commercials and as cinematic special effects.
Classification of computer graphics:
Traditionally, graphics has referred to engineering of buildings, brides, machine parts etc and
scientific drawing such as X-Y curves, network and process flowcharts. In present days graphics has
using into industrial design, advertising and other artistic endeavors. Even newspapers and periodical
aimed at the common man have begun to utilize graphics to present quantitative news such as election
results and cricket score and production statistics.
 In fact, the power and easy availability of computer graphics have increased the use of pictures
to replace and augment words to describe educate, or inform a side variety of audiences, on a wide
variety of subjects
Based on the above uses of Computer Graphics can be divided into the following class.
1) Business graphics or the broader category of presentation graphics. Which refer to graphics
such as bar charts, pictograms, x-y charts etc, used to present quantitative information to
inform and convince the audience.
2) Scientific graphics such as x-y plots, curve-fitting contour plots, system or program flowcharts
etc.
3) Scaled drawing such as architectural representations drawings of building, bridges and
machines
4) Cartoons and network, including advertisements.
5) Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) which are the images which appear on almost all computer
screens these days, designed to help the user utilize the software without having to refer to
manuals or read a lot of text on the monitor.
Features of Computer Graphics :
The computer assists in the development and reproduction of graphics at every stage, from
conception to completion. Modern graphics packages enable the following tasks:
1) The creation of an object(which actually refers to the image of an object or concept) with data
from one or more of the following
a) Input coordinates and calculated values.
b) Free hand or specific input from keyboard, mouse, light pen etc
c) Scanning from an existing drawing.
2) Its manipulation, i.e. correction, modification (such as shift, flip, shear, scale or rotate)
3) Its production, namely printing and plotting
Characteristics:
Some of major characteristics of computer graphics are
1) The interactive nature and the preview capability of computer. These features are extremely
useful in computer graphics.
 2) Computer graphics is not only pretty and impressive to look at but also very user-friendly
modern computer packages have it very easy for anyone with some computer training and
experience to use these packages.
3) But the case of production of these high quality graphics does not come cheap. For
a) Many man-years would have gone into development of a graphics package and thus a
good graphic package will cast a fortune.
b) The hardware to run the packages will also be quite expensive, involving large storage
very high resolution monitors, and fast machines with math co-processors to speed up
the countless calculations involved.
c) Likewise, even to use a package efficiently, it would need proper and format training
from experienced staff.
4) Finally unlike in computations, data processing the logic of a mistake in computer graphics is
not all obvious. Because of the person entering the data and using of the commands.
Overview of computer graphics and some applications of computer graphics:
Computer graphics is used to producing graphical images, and pictorial representations with
the aid of computer
Using computer graphics we can create images such as straight lines, circles and ellipses and
letter numbers in simple shapes, and it needed to fulfill the requirements of documentary of manual
drafting. By the extent of computer graphics we can do tasks like transformations, geometrical
modifications, editing and assemblies, variations on images.
Today computer graphics is used in a variety of fields ranging from routine everyday activities
to very specialized areas in widely different fields, including business, industry and engineering
medicine, government work, education and training, advertising, research, art and entertainment and
communication in general.
Some major applications of computer graphics
Computer –AIDED Design/Drafting(CAD/CADD):
Computer –AIDED Design and Drafting(CAD/CADD) is a biggest and well known
applications of computer graphics. Particularity it refers engineering applications such as building and
other structural design, mechanical and industrial design, as well as the design and related drafting are
done interactively on the computer start with a basic concept. Utilizing design procedures and expert
systems for developing and gradually referring the idea up to the final optimum design state.
The design process involves modeling, schematic geometric of an object or a conceptual model of a
process on which analysis, modifications, estimation of material or cost and other manipulation and
investigation can be carried out. It is in this modeling aspect the computer graphics can play a vital
role because it replaces the older methods of trail and error, and of expensive physical models and
tests.
It eliminates the more expensive mistakes discovered after construction or fabrication.
Geographical Information System(GIS)
It is used for the assembly, integration and analysis of text, tabular and graphic data bases for
the purposes of better understanding, more efficient analysis and faster decision making.
The databases cover all conventional sources such as maps and drawing, senses and
demographic data etc, Collected over past centuries as well as recent high-tech resources such as aerial
photography. Geological Positioning System (GPS) and remote sensing by satellites and internet.
Computer Graphics has brought to this exciting field by the following capabilities.
1) To pictorially, scientifically, and to Scale, depict data and logical information there from, in
various forms on demand and by specification.
2) To register and superpose graphical layers from various sources, according to specified criteria.
3) To apply graphical mathematics and query logic to extract and display various situations,
conclusions and projections, for information, education, and decision making that cut across
many discipline.
For Example:
(a) Archeological exploration.
(b) Market analysis.
(c) Determination of shortest paths in transportation or other network
(d) Dispersion of pollutants.
Simulation and Animation:
Use of graphics in simulation makes mathematic models and mechanicals systems more
realistic and easy to study. The interactive graphics supported by animation software proved their use
in production of animated movies and cartoon films.
Graphical User Interface (GUI):
 One cannot use any package of recent times without observing many graphic items present and
available on the screen to guide the user. Most software developed today must have a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) for user-friendly and interactive operation.
In recent days all most all every operating system, every application programs and software are
designed in Graphical view.
Ex:- In mobiles also we use Graphical view for user-friendly.
Internet:
The latest in the list of popular uses of computers around the world, interconnecting the world
in the worldwide web(WWW), is an international global network.
The network of networks, the mother of all networks is called the Internet. The Internet is
accessed through telephonic communication, mostly via satellites; It is the repository of all kinds of
information on any thing and everything under the sun.
This information is available to every one who has a modern to connect to a server, which can
retrieve the information wanted and deliver it within seconds, from wherever the user wants it.
The internet would be nothing, in fact positively boring, without the graphics, as those who are
on the text only segment of internet well know. The graphics includes the entire spectrum of what ever
has been described up to this point and more. As more and more people who know nothing else about
computers, but they are surfing on the Internet easily, because of the Computer Graphics.
Process Control:
By the use of computer now it is possible to control various processes in the industry from a
remote control room. In such cases, process systems and processing parameters are shown on the
computer with graphic symbols and identifications. This makes it easy for operator to monitor and
control various processing parameters at a time.
Art and Commerce:
There is a lot of development in the tools provided by Computer Graphics. This allows user to
create artistic pictures which express messages and attract attentions. Such pictures are very useful in
advertising.
Working of CRT
The display devices are known as output devices. The most commonly used output device in a
graphics system is monitor.
Now, we are using 3 types of display designs. They are
CRT (Cathode-Ray-Tube)
LCD (Liquid-Crystal-Displays)
LED (Light-Emitting-Diode)
The most commonly used design is CRT. Because if is cost effective.
The Design of CRT:-
CRT is an evacuated glass tube. An Electron gun at the real of the tube and if produces a beam
of electron s which is directed to words the front of the tube (Screen) the inner side of the screen is
coated with phosphor substance which gives off light when It is stroked by electrons. It is possible to
Control the point at which the electron beam strikes the screen and therefore the position of the dot
upon the screen, by deflecting the electron beam.