Ismet Inonu had intended to remain Kemalist principles.

Remain: Srdrmek title: nvan Inonu after he took title of "unchangeble national leader" he became national leader of Turkey. smet nn as National leader(milli ef): Atatrk the eternal party chairman, while nn was made permanent party chairman. The term milli ef(national leader), which from time to time had been used for Atatrk in the 1930s, now become inns official title. For a few months nn kept Bayar as prime minister, but on 25 january 1939 the latter handed in his resignation. The main reason the basic difference of opinion between the president and the prime minister over economic policies. Celal Bayar was succeeded by [Link] saydam who served as prime minister until his death in july 1942. He in turn was succeeded by the foreign minister, kr Saraolu, who remained in power until 1945. Fascist regim and Kemalist regime similarty and difference: Similarities: 1. The extreme nationalism 2. Social and culturel scene 3. Attendant development of a legitimizing historical mythology and racist rhetoric. 4. National unity and solidarity Differences: 1. The lack of militarist rhetoric 2. Expansionist propaganda. 3. Policies in the turkish case the cautous. 4. Defensive and realistic policies of turkeys leaders. 5. Turkish regime didnt want to mobilize all people for achieving their goal. 6. Fascism was population in italy. New regime in turkey imposed their policies from alove on an indifferent population. Friction between in the leadership Between 1925 and 1937, friction were rising up between president Mustafa Kemal and prime minister Ismet Pasa. Mustafa Kemal desisted from assembly and he was away form the active politica life. (half retired). He didnt give up the politic totally also steped in the assembly issues. For instance; Mustafa Kemal enforced to resignation of deputy of cabinet and this was one of the reason why friction happened between Mustafa Kemal and Ismet Pasa In 1937, Mustafa Kemal wanted the resignation of Ismet and Ismet accepted. Celal Bayar replaced wiht Ismet Inonu desist: ekilmek Half retired: Yar emekle step in: karmak, mdahele etme

resignation: istifa deputy: milletvekili friction: srtme Kemalist Message Basic prinsibles of Kemalist message were published in 1931 in party doctirine of CH party Party doctirine: Parti ilkeleri Message: Bildiri Published: Yaynlanmak republicanism: cumhuriyetilik secularism: laikilik revolutionism : inklaplk deduct: karmak Public sphere: Kamu alan Those are; republicanism, secularizm, statism, nationalism, revolutionism, populism Secularism wasnt just defined as separation of state issues and religion it also meant deducted the religion from public sphere and set the state control over religous institutions. creating historical legends, setting a new national identity...nationalism was used as fundemental reason for these. republicanism was the basic prinsible since 1931, in this time, any move which purpose bringing back the sultanate system was being perceieved as illegal movement. being perceieved: alglanmak purpose: amalamak solidarity: dayanma meant to be: anlam olmak idi prefer: stn tutmak Permanent: srekli Variation: deiim upperhand: stnlk Popilisim was meant to be; the national solidarity and also all citizens interests were prefered than any other interest Revolationalism was meant to be; the permanent variation and supported kemalist reform program Statism; as a new defination, as economical position the state was the upperhand Those six prinsibles was entered to constitution in 1937. Kemalism states ideology was entered as indoctrination to schools, military, media. Even, kemalism sometimes was definited as Turkish religion.

Lusanne Treaty The peace treaty of Lausanne Turkish side had wanted to take the place of treaty to Turkey but Britian, France, Greece and italy were aganist that. Because, if the place of treaty had in Turkey, Mustafa Kemal would be lead to the Turkish Side. As a result, Lausanne was chosen as place of treaty. Britian, France, Greece and Italy invited two delegate, from Ankara and stanbul. So, Last Sadrazam send the telegram to Ankara and he wanted; Ankara and stanbul join together the delegate. Ankara didnt tolarate that idea, and soon, and that bring about abolishing the sultanate. Ankara send Ismet Pasha to Lausanne as head of the delegate. There were tree main topic at discussion; Problem of military and territory, problem of minotry and problem of economy. Two side hadnt deal on any case for two month and these topics would be discussed later. Delgates had turn back to their home. A strong nationalist movement started in Ankara after that. Lots of people were aganist smet for concessions. Ankara did edit on treaty text one hundred paper more. So, in march, negotiatons had started again. war debt: sava tazminat vazgemek: abandon Kapitlasyon: capitulations dn: concessions reward: Karlk Intrusion: hlal Negotiatons: Grme Misak- milli: National Pact Leage of nations: Milletler cemiyeti Aegan: Ege Strait: Boaza Council: Konsil Garrison: Garnizon Abandon: Vaz gemek Differentiate: Fark gzetmek Nationality: Milliyet minotry: aznlk Brt, Fra, Greek, Italy wanted some judical and econmical concessions as a reward for abolishing the capitulations. Turkish goverment refused all intrusion about Turkish sovereignty in Turkey. n july, 24, treaty was signed Mosul remained part of Iraq while wait the Leage of nations's decaded... Iskenderun remained at Syria of France Aegan islands were given to Greek and Italy except Imroz and Bozcaada Armenian and Kurdistan didn't get through at treaty Strait's terrotiries were given to a counsil which Turk was leadining and that terrotory would disarm

except of one garrison Capitulations was abolished but Turkey accapted all concessions which given the foreigns Foreigns worked to set a system over Turkish's judiciary but they werent succesed. So, Everybody in Turkey binded to Turkish Judiciary. Just one concession was given to foreigners about foreign viewer in Turkish court From all war debt demands was abandoned Turkey wouldn't differentiate about any religions, nationalisty within own all citizens and protect them No states would check the control of minorty in Turkey And then, invasions had turned back their home One Party System Since 1925 the regime was one party system and there was despotism in Turkey. With "takrir-i skn", opposing was overed. Takirir-i skn prevailed until 1929. Cumhuriyet Halk Party set one party regime in Turkey and in 1931 officially one party regime was accepted by Cumhuriyet Halk Party. regime: ynetim biimi totalitarian: totaliter Opposing: muhalafet prevail: yrrlkte olmak officially: Resmen kabul edilmek: be accepted Banish: Srgn etmek (fiil) react: tepki vermek Promoted: Artrmak Parliament: Parlemento perfunctorily: formalite icab legitimizing: merulatrma Deputy: Milletvekili Suffrage: Oy hakk In 1930, except the exprement of oppising party, until WW II, no any legal oppising party come true. As for oppising groups of underground, they had no effect. A big revolt happened in Dersim. This revolt suppressed so hardly lots of Kurdish people were banished. According to 1924 constutiton, TBMM had the all formal sovereignty in Turkey. In 1924, Leader of Cumhuriyet Halk Party reacted to the invantion of opposing party and they promoted the dicipline of Cumhuriyet Halk Party. In March 1925, all results of the election were knowing before the election in parliament because everything was in hand of Cumhuriyet Halk Party. In one party regime, the voting was such as perfunctorily. The function of assembly group was just confirm the decisions of cabinet and legitimizing them. Despite of CH party has all small organizations in Turkey the main power was shared between deputy, primeminister, president and the cabinet. The state and party were closely related each other. Elections were done every four years but they were just perfunctorily. Even if someone was effective in the party it was not important because suffrage of people didnt matter.

Reforms and Executions After Mustafa Kemal had the control of political world he started a big period of reform program. The goverment was true to radical change which based on secularism and reforms. During the reform movement some nationalist actions were aganist small nations which were armanians and kurdish nation were supressed cruetly. From this perspective we can see that the Turkish goverment used the democratic idea as symbolic reason to survive and keep nations remain radical: kkten cruetly: acmaszca Secularization: laikletirme Modernize: Modernletirme replaced with: yerini almak reconstitute: yeniden yaplandrma degree: rtbe polygamy: ok eililik

Kemalist reforms aimed to secularization and modernize the nation. Tekkes and zaviyes were shutted down. Fes was forbidden and it replaced with hat thus reforms took big reaction from the citizens. Turkish people was seeing the hat hristianic symbol and didnt want it. Thats why, The Independence Courts started to use own power. According with "takrir-i skun" 7500 person were arrested and 600 person was executed. In 1926, calender of europe, civil law of Sweden and criminal law of Italia were taking from. System of Bank were reconstituted also all kinds of degrees were abolished except of degree of military. Family law was secularized, polygamy and religious marriage were forbidden Seyh Said Kurdish Nationalism was a new movement in East of Turkey. Kurdish people divided as tribe. In 1908, one community was established which called "Kurd teavun and terakki community" Community: Cemiyet Social: Toplumsal Deportation: Srgn Indenpendence: Bamszlk Revolt: Ayaklanma Supress: Bastrmak Autonomuous: zerklik Promise: Sz Committee: Komite Stand out. Dikkat ekmek

Awareness: Bilin Blockade: Kuatmak Declare: lan etmek Marital law: Sk ynetim Introduce law: Kanun karmak Traitor: Vatan Haini Public policy: Kamu dzeni be valid: Geerli olmak Meanwhile: Bu srada Independence court: stiklal Mahkemesi arrested: yakaland Execution: idam ignore: yok saylmak suggesiton: nermek merely: Yalnzca Gendarme: Jandarma rebels: isyanclar In 1912, one group which called "hevi(hope)" was established by some student group. Kurdish people were gaining power since deportation of armenian people in East of Turkey. In 1918, Kurdistan teali community was established. This group was including kurmanci, zaza, alevi and sunni groups. While the independence war,the most big revolt of Kurds was Dersim revolt but it was supressed easily. With Sevr treaty, despite given the autonomuous, Kurds people supported the independence war with Turkish. But at treaty of lausanne, no state talked about Kurds and there was a promise which was given by Ataturk about autonomuous for Kurds but that promise was forgotten. In 1924, group of Azadi was established by a committee. In this committe, one person stand out, his name was Seyh Said. Seyh Said depended on Naksibendi which is a religion group in Turkey. Islam was intergration fact between Turkish and Kurds. With abolish of sultanate, this fact destroyed. In this time, Turkish sovereignty was working for a national awareness so education of language to Kurdish was forbidden and Kurd landlord was send to west of Turkey. In februray 1925, first clash happened between gendarme and Kurdish rebels. Leaders of Kurdish groups wanted a free Kurdistan but Kurdish people wanted to sultanate again. And there were other seperation between Kurd's group such as AleviSunni. So, rebels had blockaded Diyarbakr but they didnt take Diyarbakr. They gained merely Elazig but just for short time. After that, Ankara declared a marital law in east of Turkey and introduced law, "hiyaneti vataniye" and with that, who use religion for politics aim, he is traitor from now. Meanwhile, Ismet pasha returned back to ankara and he became prime minister. He introduce law which called "takrir-i skn". Thus goverment could be forbid media and other organization, if they had started mess the public policy. This law be valid the during next two year. This law be valid in all country. And then, two independence courts were build. One court in east and other court for other places in Turkey. So Kurdish rebels started to step back to mountain. In 27 April, Seyh Said arrested. That meant, end of revolt. And then, rebels were executed in independence courts, more 20.000 kurdish was send as

deportation. Thus, Kurdish ID ignored. Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet party was closed because independence court suggested that. The reason of closing was that Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet party; supported to revolt. Turkey in 1923 After ten years of war, population was declined and country was destroyed. Number of death was rising up in Anatolia. Some incidents in east of Turkey inspired to deportation and destruction of Armenian people. inspire: sebep olmak deportation: srgn at the rate of: orannda infrastructure: altyap tesisleri famine: ktlk migration: Glk folk: halk railway: demiryolu Shortage: Eksiklik Escaping army of Greece gived the big destuction the west of Turkey. 2.5 million anatolian muslim as well as 600 thousand armenian and 300 thousand greek died. Anatolian population declined 20 percent. Especially, people who was living in east of Turkey declined at the rate of 50 percent. War destroyed the infrastructures and big famine happened and it inspired the illnes. Lot of migration happened. Like Armenian who migrated to ABD, France and also armenian. Just two big folk were left in Anatolia; Kurdish and Turkish. Most of Cristians communities left anatolia. As economically, the most big destruction happened in Istanbul by the way west of Turkey. Lots of house, railway and bridges were destroyed. Izmir were burned. After migration armenians there was a huge shortage of experts in industry world. Ottamans has debt to Germany who was defeated in war thats why debt didnt give to Germany because Ottomons and Germany was ally All the money what Ottomons empire has that during the war were paid in the following years. WW II and Turkey End of 1930, the most anxiety of Turkish leaders was the possibility of Italian attack. In 1939 Italia invased to Albania that's why Turkey, France and England was closed to each other. anxiety: endie invasion: igal

negotiations: grme Threat: Tehlike clause: madde Man power: insan gc unprepared: hazrlanmam Press bask Enemy: dman Land: nmek noncommittal: tarafszlk Conquest: fetih wage war charter member: Kurucu ye Just to be: Sadece olmak unstable: tutarsz In 1939, mutual support treaty was signed between, TR, fra, eng. Turkey took 16 milion sterlin gold and 25 milion sterlin credit and also Turkey was able to protect himself from any war with Soviets. Treaty included clause which was Turkey had to cooperate with england and france in any war in white sea. When France was defated, clause in mutual support treaty between Tr, Fra and England which about avoid to war for Turkey, Turkey was using this own all politic power to avoid from war. England tried to enter Turkey to the war because Turkey had big man power but Turkey didnt want that and England accepted that will. War was coming through Turkey's boarders. After Germany invasion on Soviets, in the same time Turkey had signed friendship treaty with Germany. Afteryears, Turkey with showing its unpreparedly to England as reason. After invasion on Soviet of Germany, Germans press was getting rise up. Germans was seeing Turkey more than man power. Now, Turkey meant; military power and base for ally of Germany. Germany didnt want that any plane of the enemy land to Turkey. If this happens than Germany was able to go on war aganist Turkey. The dominant powers of the war were England, France and Soviets and they were threat if Turkey keep on with its noncommittal behovier then after the WW 2 the red army and Lenin would attack Turkey. That's why Turkey entered to England, France and Soviets but Turkey's will was that a big conquests in Balkan but Stalin didnt want that because he didnt want US and England soldiers in Balkan. Turkey waged war to Germany just to be charter member of UN but Turkey and Germany have never entered to clash. t was just symbolic decision. Evet though other countries were thinking that Turkey had an unstable role but politicans of Turkey assumed Turkey could effectively keep itself away from the war.