D

D
U
U
R
R
A
A
C
C
O
O
O
O
L
L

R
R
E
E
F
F
R
R
I
I
G
G
E
E
R
R
A
A
T
T
I
I
O
O
N
N

T
T
R
R
A
A
I
I
N
N
I
I
N
N
G
G
M
M
A
A
N
N
U
U
A
A
L
L





DURACOOL Refrigerants Inc.


Our Formula Never Changes

The Premium Hydrocarbon Refrigerant





Rev: Sept, 2005

CONTENTS

REFRIGERANT SELECTION ..... 4
REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES ... 4
LUBRICANTS .. 6
MATERIALS ..... 6
GENERAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS .... 6
GENERAL SAFETY ISSUES .. 7
ALLOWABLE REFRIGERANT CHARGE ...... 8
FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES OF DURACOOL REFRIGERANTS 8
SAFETY STANDARDS AND CODE OF PRACTICE .. 9
DESIGN ...... 9
INSTALLATION ......... 14
MARKING AND INSTRUCTION ...... 18
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKSHOP/MANUFACTURING 18
SERVICE, MAINTENANCE AND REFRIGERANT HANDLING 19
PRACTICAL COMPETENCE ... 19
GENERAL APPROACH TO DURACOOL REFRIGERANT HANDLING 19




Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 2

SAFETY CHECKS .. 19
DETECTION OF DURACOOL REFRIGERANTS .... 22
BREAKING INTO A SYSTEM AND CHARGING .. 22
HANDLING OF CYLINDERS .. 24
TRANSPORT OF CYLINDERS 25
STORAGE OF CYLINDERS . 25
CARRIAGE OF SYSTEMS ... 25
PIPE SELECTION TABLES FOR DURACOOL 12a .. 27
PIPE SELECTION TABLES FOR DURACOOL 22a .... 30
PIPE SELECTION TABLES FOR DURACOOL 502a ...... 33
DURACOOL 12a PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE GRAPH .. 36
DURACOOL 12a THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES .. 37
DURACOOL 22a PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE GRAPH . 41
DURACOOL 22a THERMODYNAMIC PROPERITES .. 42
DURACOOL 502a PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE GRAPH .. 46
DURACOOL 502a THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES ....... 47









Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 3
Guidelines for the use of DURACOOL Refrigerants in
Static Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems




While the most notable aspects associated with hydrocarbon refrigerant system designs
are safety matters, general refrigeration issues should also be considered. These include
thermodynamic properties, material compatibility and component selection.

1.1 REFRIGERANT SELECTION

Refrigerant selection is generally based on matching refrigerant vapor pressures to
operating conditions, although this is not always the case. Refrigerants should also be
selected so that they contribute to good system efficiency. With respect to blended
refrigerants, these should only be selected when the effect of temperature glide and
composition shift is not an issue. As general guidance on refrigerant selections, table 1.1
provides an indication to the application ranges and equivalent fluorinated refrigerants
where hydrocarbons could be employed. Please contact the DURACOOL Refrigerants
Technical Assistance Line if you require more information regarding correct refrigerant
selection.

Table 1.1: Application ranges for DURACOOL Refrigerant Products

Refrigerant Application Range Replacement
DURACOOL 12a High/medium temperature; domestic
appliances; automotive
R12
R134a
DURACOOL 22a High/medium temperature; commercial; reefer R22
R407c
R410a
R411a
DURACOOL 502a Medium/low temperature; commercial;
industrial; industrial process refrigeration;
chillers; reefer
R502
R404a
R408a
R507a
When using hydrocarbon refrigerants it is essential to use refrigerant grade products
only. Commercial grade hydrocarbons contain significant quantities of water and other
impurities and could contribute to oil degradation and shorten the compressor life.
Another problem with commercial LPG is that the composition of any specific hydrocarbon
can be variable thus drastically changing the properties of the refrigerant from cylinder to
cylinder.



1.2 REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES

Refrigerant properties are necessary to describe the operating characteristics of the
refrigerant within a system. In particular, physical properties of refrigerants are useful
for determining the applicability of a refrigerant under design operating conditions.
Thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants are necessary for predicting
system behavior and performance of components. Basic properties are provided in table
1.2. For more comprehensive properties information, please consult the MSDS and/or
contact the DURACOOL Refrigerants Technical Assistance Line.

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 4
Table 1.2: Physical Properties of Refrigerant (Metric)

Refrigerant Density of liquid
@ 30C
(Mg/m3)
Boiling point @
1 atmosphere
(C)
Critical
Temperature
(C)
Critical
Pressure
(kPa)
Temperature
Glide at 25C
Latent heat of
vaporization
@ boiling
point (kJ/kg)
Density of
saturated vapour
@ boiling point
(kg/m3)
R12 1.29 -29.8 112 4015 0 165 6.3
R22 1.17 -40.8 96.1 4877 0 233 4.7
R502 1.19 -45.4 82.2 3974 <1.0 172 6.2
DURACOOL 12a 0.517 -32.6 113 3989 6 405 1.9
DURACOOL 22a 0.484 -44.6 96.7 4248 0 426 2.4
DURACOOL 502a 0.475 -49.8 93.5 4280 2 444 1.8











Physical Properties of Refrigerant (Standard)

Refrigerant Density of liquid
@ 90F (lb/ft3)
Boiling point @
1 atmosphere
(F)
Critical
Temperature
(F)
Critical
Pressure
(psig)
Temperature
Glide at 77F
Latent heat of
vaporization
@ boiling
point (Btu/lb)
Density of
saturated vapour
@ boiling point
(lb/ft)
R12 80.12 -21.6 234 582 0 71.5 0.39
R22 72.52 -41.4 205 707 0 101 0.29
R502 73.49 -49.7 180 576 <1.0 74.6 0.38
DURACOOL 12a 31.9 -24.7 235 579 6 177 0.12
DURACOOL 22a 29.9 -43.8 206 616 0 186 0.15
DURACOOL 502a 29.6 -56.2 200 621 2 191 0.12
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 5
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 6

DURACOOL refrigerants possess full chemical compatibility with nearly all lubricants
commonly used within refrigeration systems. Good miscibility is maintained with most
lubricants under all operating conditions. Due to the particularly good solubility with
mineral oils, it may be necessary to use a lubricant with lower solubility or increased
viscosity to compensate for possible thinning under situations where high solubility could
occur.

Lubricants containing silicone or silicate (often used as anti foaming additives) are not
compatible with DURACOOL refrigerants and should not be used. Table 1.3 details the
various lubricants and their compatibility characteristics.

Table 1.3: Compatibility of various lubricants with Duracool refrigerants

Lubricant Type Compatibility
Mineral (M) Fully soluble with DURACOOL refrigerants. Excessive solubility
at high temperature conditions. Compensate by selection of
higher viscosity grade oil.
Alkyl benzene (AB) Fully soluble and typical viscosity grades applicable to all
applications.
Semi-Synthetic
(AB/M)
A blend of AB and M oils achieving desirable properties for use with
DURACOOL refrigerants.
Polyol ester (POE) Generally exhibit excessive solubility with DURACOOL
refrigerants. May necessitate higher viscosity grade.
Polyalkylene glycol
(PAG)
Soluble or partially soluble with DURACOOL refrigerants
depending upon the conditions. Normal grades are generally
satisfactory.
Poly-alpha-olefins
(PAO)
Soluble with DURACOOL refrigerants but typically used for low
temperature applications.

* Since DURACOOL refrigerants are compatible with all lubricants generally used in the
A/C system, it is recommended that the technician utilize the lubricant designed for use
with the selected compressor. It is recommended that the technician utilize Duracool A/C
OilChill.

1.4 MATERIALS

Virtually all common elastomer and plastic refrigeration materials used as O rings, valve
seats, seals and gaskets are compatible with DURACOOL refrigerants. These include
neoprene, viton, nitrile rubbers, HNBR, PTFE, and nylon. Materials that are not
compatible and should not be used in DURACOOL refrigerants systems are EPDM,
natural rubbers and silicone rubbers. These rubbers are rarely used with compressors
manufactured currently but may be present in early compressors and/or in early design
refrigeration or A/C systems.

1.5 GENERAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1.3 LUBRICANTS

Evaporators and condensers using DURACOOL refrigerants tend to be virtually the
same design and size as those used for conventional fluorocarbon refrigerants that
operate at similar pressures. Heat transfer coefficients tend to be higher for
DURACOOL refrigerant products but this does not significantly affect heat exchanger
dimensions. All common types of heat exchangers are suitable for use with DURACOOL
refrigerants including:
Evaporators and condensers
Typically, system components designed for use with fluorocarbon refrigerants do not
differ when using DURACOOL refrigerants.


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 7
Air cooled
Shell & tube (direct expansion)
Plate heat exchangers


Suction-liquid heat exchangers should also be considered since they contribute to
improved system efficiency especially when using DURACOOL refrigerants.

Compressors
Most compressor types are suitable for use with DURACOOL refrigerants.

In order to secure satisfactory performance, long life, and to protect the compressor
against overload, certain design criteria should be observed. Compressor application
notes and data should always be consulted when designing a system. Ensure
compressors are clearly labeled to indicate that DURACOOL refrigerants are being used
in the system. Labels are provided with DURACOOL refrigerant at point of purchase, if
this is not the case, please contact the DURACOOL Refrigerants Technical Assistance Line
to obtain labels.

Refrigerant Control Devices
All expansion device types are suitable for use with DURACOOL Refrigerants.

Design and selection criteria are the same as those for conventional fluorinated
refrigerants. Computer programs and tables are available for determining capillary tube
size and length, although trial and error is generally the preferred route. Thermostatic
Expansion Valves (TEV) for other refrigerants that operate with similar pressure-
temperature relationships can be used. Electronic Expansion Valves (EEV) may also be
used. EEVs used in DURACOOL refrigerant systems must conform to the requirements
of electrical components as detailed in Section 2.6.6.

Desiccants
Desiccants are used within filter dryers. Most commonly used desiccants are compatible
with DURACOOL refrigerants.

Pipe Size Selection
When selecting refrigerant line sizes, specific DURACOOL refrigerant pipe sizing literature
should be used. Despite most DURACOOL refrigerants having similar operating
pressures to the equivalent fluorocarbon refrigerants, thermodynamic and transport
properties can differ significantly, thus data for other refrigerants will not be directly
applicable. This package includes a supplementary pipe selection document or you may
contact the DURACOOL Refrigerants Technical Assistance Line for this information.


2.1 GENERAL SAFETY ISSUES

All DURACOOL refrigerants are flammable but non-toxic. This gives them an A3
classification according to ASHRAE. Reference should be made to the specific Standards,
which detail the requirements for the safe use of A3 refrigerants in commercial and
industrial applications. The most relevant and up to date Standard available is the EN
378 (European Standard 2000). DURACOOL recommends that the Standard EN 378 be
consulted for the design and use of A3 Refrigerants within Canada and the United
States or where other Standards have not been legislated in your specific region. The
European equivalent A3 classification as used in the Standard EN 378 is L3.


a) There are many other safety requirements that should be considered in the design
and construction of all refrigerating and air conditioning installations, regardless of
the flammability of the refrigerant used. General safety standards and codes of
practice should be consulted for this additional information. However, technicians and
engineers utilizing DURACOOL refrigerants should always design, construct and
install systems that conform to good engineering practices.

2.2 ALLOWABLE REFRIGERANT CHARGE

The limiting factor associated with the use of DURACOOL refrigerants is the refrigerant
charge size, the occupancy category and the room size. Systems with charge sizes of
0.15 kg (0.33 lb) or less may be installed in any size of room. Systems with charge size
of more than 0.15 kg (0.33 lb) the room size should be such that a sudden loss of
refrigerant shall not raise the mean concentration in the room above the practical limit
0.008 kg/m (0.00049944 lb/ft).

The charge size requirements according to the EN 378 annex C of Part 1 are summarized
in Table 2.2. Consult the Standard EN 378 for the complete charge size requirements.

Table 2.2: Charge size requirements

Category Examples Volumes calculated from practical limits
above up to:
A
(domestic/public)
Hospitals, prisons,
theatres, schools,
supermarkets,
hotels, dwellings.
1.5kg (3.3lb) per sealed system
provided there are no sources of
ignition associated with the
refrigerating system
5kg (11lb) in special machinery
rooms or in the open air
B
(commercial/private)
Business or
professional offices,
places for general
manufacturing and
where people work.
2.5kg (5.5lb) per system
10kg (22lb) in special machinery
rooms or in the open air
C
(industrial/restricted)
Cold stores, dairies,
meatpacking,
refineries, non-public
areas of
supermarkets, plant
rooms.
10kg (22lb) in human occupied
spaces
25kg (55lb) if high pressure side
(except air cooled condenser) is
located in a special machinery
room or in the open air
No limited if all refrigerant
containing parts located in a
special machinery room or in the
open air













Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 8
2.3 FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES OF DURACOOL
REFRIGERANTS

Table 2.3 provides property data relevant to DURACOOL refrigerants. These values are
necessary in the design stage when determining maximum refrigerant charge,
ventilation, flow rates and maximum allowable temperatures of components.

Table 2.3: Flammability properties for selected DURACOOL refrigerants

Refrigerant Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) Auto Ignition
Temp
By volume (%) By mass (kg/m) (lb/ft)
DURACOOL
12a
1.95 0.040 0.002497 891C (1636F)
DURACOOL
22a
2.0 0.038 0.002372 480C (896F)
DURACOOL
502a
2.2 0.038 0.002372 472C (882F)
The practical limit as defined in the EN 378 is 20% of the LFL.

2.4 SAFETY STANDARDS AND CODE OF PRACTICE

There are a number of codes and safety standards that are appropriate to the use of
DURACOOL refrigerants and related equipment. The selection of appropriate
documents is not always obvious and therefore the objective of this section is to provide
a degree of clarity in this area.

Generally, refrigeration systems should be designed and constructed in accordance with
the general safety requirements for A3/L3 refrigerants. These are detailed in various
regional (Provincial, State or Municipal) codes. It is the responsibility of the Air
Conditioning or Refrigeration Engineer/Contractor to know and understand the
restrictions governing the use of A3/L3 refrigerants and to follow the guidelines
accordingly.

The most fundamental difference between systems using flammable refrigerants and
non-flammable refrigerants is
a) the volume allowances per square footage and
b) the use of suitable electrical equipment that will not pose a risk in the event of a
release.

It is expected that engineers/contractors involved in the design, construction and
maintenance of refrigerating systems be competent and up to date with training.

NOTE: Domestic and small hermetic type refrigeration systems often have other safety
issues such as electric regulations related to them since they are considered as
appliances. Please consult the safety requirements specific to small appliances when
installing.

Standards are not exhaustive in their requirements and if a safe system of work can
demonstrate an equal level of safety as that implied by the standard and satisfy Canadian
or American legislation, then this approach is equally acceptable. Indeed Notified Bodies
often set their own construction and test criteria when standards are not yet available or
existing standards are not considered appropriate for use.





Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 9
2.5 DESIGN

Specific design requirements are generally applied to a system based on the refrigerant
charge size and location. Below is an explanation of the rules governing equipment
design.

2.5.1 Refrigerant Charge
Below are the equivalencies of DURACOOL refrigerants versus CFC and HCFC system
charges. Under no circumstances should the system be overcharged. It is important to
note that because the density of hydrocarbon refrigerants are much lower, during
charging the volume of Duracool is basically equivalent to double the volume of the CFC
or HCFCs. Therefore, overcharged systems pose dramatic differences in terms of the kPa
(psig) increases and could therefore potentially damage systems or components.

Table 2.5.1.a: Equivalencies to R12 and R134a

DURACOOL12a Refrigerant
REFRIGERANT QUANTITY EQUIVALENT BY WEIGHT
DURACOOL 12a HFC 134a CFC 12
1 oz 2.5 oz 2.8 oz
2 oz 5.0 oz 5.7 oz
3 oz =1/2 can 7.5 oz 8.5 oz
4 oz 10 oz 11.4 oz
5 oz 12.5 oz 14.2 oz
6 oz =1 can 15 oz 17 oz
7 oz 1 lb. 1 oz 1lb. 4 oz
8 oz 4 oz 6 oz
9 oz =1 cans 6 oz 9 oz
10 oz 9 oz 12 oz
11 oz 11 oz 15 oz
12 oz =2 cans 14 oz 2 lb. 2 oz
13 oz 2 lb. 5 oz
14 oz 3 oz 8 oz
15 oz =2 cans 5 oz 10 oz
1 lb. (16 oz) 8 oz 13 oz
1 oz 10 oz 3 lb.
2 oz =3 cans 13 oz 3 oz
3 oz 15 oz 6 oz
4 oz 3 lb. 2 oz 9 oz
5 oz =3 cans 3 oz 12 oz
6 oz 7 oz 14 oz
7 oz 9 oz 4 lb. 1 oz
8 oz =4 cans 12 oz 4 oz
9 oz 14 oz 7 oz
10 oz 4 lb. 1 oz 10 oz
11 oz =4 cans 3 oz 13 oz
12 oz 6 oz 5 lb.
13 oz 8 oz 2 oz
14 oz =5 cans 11 oz 5 oz
15 oz 13 oz 8 oz
2 lb. 5 lb. 11 oz
1 oz =5 cans 2 oz 14 oz
2 oz 5 oz 6 lb. 1 oz
3 oz 7 oz 4 oz
4 oz =6 cans 10 oz 6 oz
5 oz 12 oz 9 oz
6 oz 14 oz 12 oz
7 oz 6 lb. 1 oz 15 oz
8 oz 4 oz 7 lb. 2 oz
9 oz 6 oz 5 oz
10 oz =7 cans 9 oz 8 oz
11 oz 11 oz 10 oz


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 10
Table 2.5.1.b: Equivalencies to R22 and R502

DURACOOL Refrigerants
REFRIGERANT QUANTITY EQUIVALENT BY WEIGHT
DURACOOL 22a
DURACOOL 502a
HCFC 22 CFC 502
1oz 2.3 oz 2.5oz
2oz 4.7oz 5.0oz
3oz 7.0oz 7.5oz
4oz 9.3oz 10.0oz
5oz 11.6oz 12.5oz
6oz 14.0oz 15.0oz
7oz 1 lb 1 lb 1oz
8oz 3oz 4oz
9oz 5oz 7oz
10oz 7oz 9oz
11oz 10oz 11oz
12oz 12oz 14oz
13oz 14oz 2 lb
14oz 2 lb 1oz 3oz
15oz 3oz 5oz
1 lb. (16oz) 5oz 8oz
1oz 8oz 10oz
2oz 10oz 13oz
3oz 12oz 15oz
4oz 15oz 3 lb 2oz
5oz 3 lb 1oz 4oz
6oz 3oz 7oz
7oz 5oz 9oz
8oz 8oz 12oz
9oz 10oz 14oz
10oz 12oz 4 lb 1oz
11oz 15oz 3oz
12oz 4 lb 1oz 6oz
13oz 3oz 8oz
14oz 6oz 11oz
15oz 8oz 13oz
2 lb. (32oz) 10oz 5 lb
1oz 13oz 2oz
2oz 15oz 5oz
3oz 5 lb 1oz 7oz
4oz 4oz 10oz
5oz 6oz 12oz
6oz 8oz 15oz
7oz 11oz 6 lb 1oz
8oz 13oz 4oz
9oz 15oz 6oz



Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 11
2.5.2 Categories
As defined by the EN 378, the following Occupancy categories require attention to the
allowable charge and the provisions for each individual category.
Occupancy types as defined under EN 378 Standard are:

( A) Rooms, parts of buildings or buildings where people may sleep, people are
restricted in their movements or an uncontrolled number of people are present or to
which any person has access without being personally acquainted with the necessary
safety precautions.

( B) Rooms, parts of buildings, buildings where only a limited number of people may be
assembled, some being necessarily acquainted with the general safety precautions of the
establishment.

( C) Rooms, parts of buildings, buildings where only authorized persons have access,
who are acquainted with general and special safety precautions of the establishment and
where manufacturing, processing or storage of material or products take place.

Where there is the possibility of more than one category of occupancy, the more
stringent requirements apply. If occupancies are isolated, e.g. by sealed partitions, floors
and ceilings, in which case the requirements of the individual category of occupancy
apply.

NOTE: Attention is drawn to the safety of adjacent premises and
occupants in areas adjacent to a refrigerating system. Refrigerants
heavier than air can cause oxygen deficient pockets at lower levels.


2.5.3 Construction
If the charge is more than .15 kg (0.33 lb), then a sudden loss of refrigerant should not
raise the mean concentration in the room above the practical limit 0.008 kg/m
(0.0004994 lb/ft). The room volume governs the total charge size. This can be
determined by the equation 2.5.3.a.

M
r
= 0.2 (LFL) V
room
(Equation 2.5.3.a)
Where:
M
r
= maximum allowable refrigerant charge per separate refrigerant circuit (kg or lb)
V
room
= room volume (m
3
or ft)
LFL = lower flammability limit of refrigerant (kg/m
3
or lb/ft) from table 2.3

Similarly, the minimum room volume for a specific refrigerant charge is determined by
the equation 2.5.3.b.


V
room =
(Equation 2.5.3.b)

M
r

0.2 (LFL)

In practical terms, for a 100m (3531 ft) of room volume, the maximum allowable
charge would be 760 g (27 oz) of Duracool 22a per refrigerant circuit. Charges in
systems below ground (i.e. cellars and basements) are restricted to a maximum of 1.0 kg
(2.2 lb) even with larger room sizes. Sealed systems containing a charge of less than
150 g (5.3 oz) can be situated in any location, regardless of room volume.

Note that all charge limits apply per single refrigerant circuit, on the basis of probability
that two circuits will not have catastrophic failures simultaneously.

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 12
Avoidance of Stratification
In the event of a catastrophic leak it is possible that stratification of refrigerant can
occur, resulting in the formation of flammable concentrations at lower levels. In order to
prevent this from occurring the fan associated with the refrigerating system should be
able to provide a minimum airflow, as detailed in the equation 2.5.3.c. It is suggested
that the fan operate only during the compressor on-cycle since the probability of a
catastrophic leak during the off-cycle is negligible, or ensure the fan is connected to an
interlock that would be activated only when the detection of a leak is evident.

V
air
= C (Equation 2.5.3.c)

M
r

(LFL)

Where:
V
air =
minimum air flow rate from the fan m/h (ft/h)
The constant, C depends upon the origin of the airflow:
C = 17 when the evaporator fan on an air conditioning unit is providing the air flow into
the room or,
C = 20 when the condenser fan on a refrigerating unit is providing the air flow into the
room.

The different constants result from the effectiveness of fan mixing, primarily due to the
velocity of the discharged air.

Maximum Refrigerant Charge
The maximum allowable refrigerant charge for specific installation types, subject to other
requirements is as outlined in the Standards as defined by the location of the installation.
We recommend that the European Standard EN 378 be consulted where relevant
Provincial, Municipal or State Standards have not been legislated in your region.

Combustible Materials
Materials used to construct the refrigerating system should not be combustible.

2.5.4 Use of Components
Vibration Elimination
If the equipment is solidly mounted then vibration eliminators to the suction and
discharge lines should not, under normal circumstances, be required. If the compressor
is mounted on rubber or spring mounts it may be advisable to install vibration eliminators
to the suction and discharge line.

Pressure Relief
Depending on the type of system and charge size some systems must use some type of
pressure relief device but not only a fusible plug. When required it is preferable to use an
automatic pressure relief valve on the high side, vented to the low side before other
pressure relief devices discharge refrigerant to the atmosphere. The European Standard
EN 378 should be consulted to identify the type and size of systems that require some
pressure relief where relevant Provincial, Municipal or State Standards have not been
legislated in your region.

Pressure Switches
Depending on the type of system and charge size some systems must use low and high
pressure switches located on the suction and discharge sections of the system. The
European Standard EN 378 should be consulted to identify the type and size of systems
that require pressure switches where relevant Provincial, Municipal or State Standards
have not been legislated in your region.


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 13
Pipe Connections
Flanged joints are preferred to flared, screwed or compression type joints. For non-
detachable joints soldering, welding or brazing shall be used.

Other System Components
Other system mechanical components such as pressure vessels, compressors, heat
exchangers, piping and fittings should conform to the requirements of the relevant
standards.

2.6 INSTALLATION


2.6.1 General
Minimum Room Volume
Systems, or part of a system should not be located within a space or room where its
volume is such that an entire refrigerant leak would cause a refrigerant/air mixture of a
concentration higher than one-fifth (20%) of the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) of the
refrigerant. If this is not possible and the installation is in a machinery room then the use
of a refrigerant leak detector and mechanical ventilation should be employed.

Floor Voids
If equipment that could release its charge is installed in a room with a floor void, certain
precautions should be taken. Where sources of ignition exist within the floor void, then it
should either be sealed or the space ventilated. In particular, precautions should be
made against refrigerant collecting in drains.

Maximum Charge Below Ground Level
Refrigeration systems containing more than 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) should not be located in
spaces below ground level.

Systems on Roofs
In the case of installations on the roof of a building, precautions should be taken to
ensure that in the event of a leak refrigerant would not enter the building.

2.6.2 Refrigerant Piping
Refrigerant Piping
Depending on the system charge size some systems cannot have piping passing through
rooms that do not contain machinery as a part of the same refrigeration system. Where
impractical this requirement can be overcome by using a sheath around the pipe work,
with each end vented to the rooms containing the refrigerating machinery or the outside.
The European Standard EN 378 should be consulted to identify the size of systems where
relevant Provincial, Municipal or State Standards have not been legislated in your region.

Piping Duct Services
Piping ducts must not contain any other pipe work or electrical wires or cables unless
protection is provided to prevent damage due to interaction between services. Piping
through ducts shall not contain any mechanical connections or other line components.
Any ducts through which refrigerant piping passes must be vented to the atmosphere.

Piping Through Walls, Floors, Ceiling and Roof Spaces
Piping passing through fire resisting walls and ceilings shall be so sealed as not to allow
spreading of fire to neighboring rooms. Pipe ducts and shafts shall be shut off from other
rooms in such a way as to resist the spread of fire. Piping through false ceilings is
permitted provided that a false ceiling is not completely sealed.

Pipe work Routing Arrangements
The route of the pipe work between the evaporator and the condensing unit or
compressor, and remote condenser should be as direct and as short a distance as
possible.

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 14
Water Circuits
For systems using an indirect cooling circuit, there is a possibility of accidental release of
refrigerant into the secondary circuit from a rupture of the evaporator or condenser wall.
This should be dealt with by one of the following options:

Incorporate an air vent/air separator within the secondary circuit, on the outlet pipe
from the evaporator or condenser. Ensure that it is adequately sized such that it will
release any refrigerant back into the housing, machinery room, special area or to the
outside. This release can then be dealt with as any normal refrigerant release from
the primary circuit.

Use a double-walled heat exchanger, of the type that is laser-welded, designed such
that it can only vent to atmosphere rather than the secondary circuit in the event of
damage.

2.6.3 Machinery Rooms
Machinery rooms for systems using DURACOOL refrigerants shall be designed to
prevent the ignition of a refrigerant/air mixture. There should be warning notices stating
that smoking, potential ignition sources or flames are prohibited. Fire extinguishers
should be available and should provide clear instructions.

Machinery rooms must not be constructed out of combustible materials. If it is possible
for the concentration of refrigerant to reach the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) then
some explosion relief should be provided in the construction of the machinery room. This
may be in the form of movable panels or louvers.

Protect all refrigerant containing machinery so that damage from external sources would
be difficult.

NOTE: although a machinery room does not necessarily serve exclusively for refrigeration
equipment, boilers and other open flame devices should not share the space. Air intakes
for equipment should not be taken from within the machinery room, or close to the
machinery room ventilation outlet.

As always, regional guidelines and standards should be consulted.

2.6.4 Ventilation
Refrigeration machinery rooms should be vented to the outside air by means of natural or
mechanical ventilation.

Free Air Movement
Ensure that free air movement can be achieved around all refrigerant-containing parts of
the system. Openings for outside air should be positioned such that short-circuiting does
not occur.

Mechanical Ventilation
Where the refrigerant charge of a single refrigerating circuit exceeds the mass in
Equation 2.5.3.a, a machinery room using DURACOOL must employ mechanical
ventilation capable of providing the minimum ventilation rate. The minimum ventilation
rate depends upon the type of electrical protection within the machinery room. Where
the installation is protected according to Section 2.6.6 the mechanical ventilation rate
should be equivalent to at least 10-room volume changes per hour.





Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 15
Where the electrical installation does not conform to Section 2.6.6 the minimum
ventilation rate is defined by equation 2.6.4.a.

V
min =
(Equation 2.6.4.a)

M
r

t
r
(SF) (LFL)
Where:
V
min
= minimum volume flow rate of extract fan, m/hr (ft/hr).
M
r
= largest mass of refrigerant within any single circuit of any refrigerating system, kg
(lb).
t
r
= minimum release time of refrigerant following a catastrophic leak, typically 0.17
hr.
SF = safety factor, 0.5.
LFL = Lower Flammability Limit of refrigerant, kg/m (lb/ft) from Table 2.3.

In all cases a refrigerant detector should be linked into the initiation of mechanical
ventilation. The location of the sampling point should be at low level (where heavier than
air refrigerants are used). The ventilation must either be running continuously or use a
refrigerant detector starting device set at 20% of the Lower Flammability Level (LFL).
Lower ventilation rates can be initiated upon detection of lower refrigerant
concentrations.

The inlet of the extract ventilation should be located at floor level, and ducted to a safe
location. Discharge points for vented air or openings for fresh air shall be positioned so
as to avoid discharged air being drawn back in the building such as ventilation system
inlets, opening windows and doors and sources of ignition. The rejection of flammable
materials shall not present a hazard externally, such as entering a building or being in
contact with sources of ignition. The mechanical ventilation system should be designed
to maintain the room at a lower pressure than surrounding areas so that there will be no
escape of leaked refrigerants to other areas. Fans for mechanical ventilation should use
motors of non-sparking type and the fan blades and cowling should be designed so as to
avoid sparking as a result of metal-to-metal contact. Mechanical ventilation equipment
should be installed with independent emergency control located outside-of and near to
the machinery room.

NOTE:
To obtain a reduced airflow under non-emergency conditions, multi-speed fans may
be used.
Machinery rooms can also use natural ventilation provided that it is designed
adequately.
As always, regional guidelines and standards should be consulted.

2.6.5 Refrigerant Detection
Refrigerant vapor detectors should be provided in machinery rooms to activate an alarm and to
automatically switch on ventilation fans if the concentration of refrigerant release exceeds the Practical
Limit. Detectors should be used to isolate electrical equipment that does not conform to the electrical
requirements detailed in Section 2.6.6, and to warn persons that a release has occurred. Sampling points
should be installed at strategic points within machinery rooms. Points should be located so that they
provide rapid signals in the event of a leak, and that the effect of air movement does not inhibit their
effectiveness. Refrigerant leak detectors shall be calibrated for the specific refrigerant they are intended to
detect. Where the refrigerant is heavier than air, sampling points shall be located at floor level. The
European Standard EN 378 should be consulted to identify the type of systems, size and location for
detection where relevant Provincial, Municipal or State Standards have not been legislated in your region.



Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 16
2.6.6 Sources of Ignition
There should be no sources of ignition as part of the refrigerating system or equipment.

Electrical Components
Precautions should be taken to avoid the possibility of direct sources of ignition from
exposed electrical contacts. Electrical items that have the potential to produce electrical
sparks during normal operation should receive particular attention to eliminate them as
potential sources of ignition. The following methods can be applied:

Insulate terminals
Locate within appropriate enclosures
Replace with solid state type components
Replace with explosion proof components
Locate externally

Providing such items only comprise of solid state parts or have casings which are solid
encapsulated or otherwise sealed or are located externally to casing of the refrigerant
containing parts then adequate precautions as required above are normally achieved.
Motors, including fans, pumps and compressors should be of brush less design so as not
to cause potential sparks.

Components to consider as possible sources of ignition are:

- On/off manual switches - Liquid level switch - Condensate pump switch
- Thermostats - Flow switches - Fan speed controllers
- Pressure switches - Start relays - Humidity controllers
- Oil differential switches - Thermal overload relays - Programmable controllers
- Fan delay switches - Potential relays - Defrost timers/switches
- Contactors - Universal relays - Time switches/relays
- Isolator switches

NOTE: This list is not exhaustive.

If the refrigerant charge exceeds 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) in any one refrigerant circuit then the
selection of electrical apparatus and its installation should be in accordance with the
relevant Provincial, Municipal or State requirements.

In machinery rooms it is sufficient to fit leak detection equipment which isolates all plant
room electrical via a contactor, upon detection of refrigerant. The detection device
should also initiate ventilation with an appropriate extract system from a separate
dedicated power supply.

Hot surfaces
Parts of refrigerating machines whose surfaces could become excessively hot shall be
avoided. All components that could come into contact with released refrigerant shall
have a maximum surface temperature not higher than 100C (212F) below the auto-
ignition temperature of the refrigerant used. Auto-ignition temperatures for various
refrigerants are provided in Table 2.3.

2.6.7 Pipe work Installation
Pipe work installation should be done in accordance with the requirements for the
particular region that the installation is being completed in.






Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 17
2.7 MARKING AND INSTRUCTION

Marking of Systems I nstalled on site
Safety instructions relating to the refrigerant in use shall be predominately displayed in
machinery rooms. It is suggested that refrigerating systems installed on site shall be
provided with a clearly visible plate giving at least the following information:

Installers name and address
The year of installation
The refrigerant type and number
The allowable pressures for the systems
The approximate refrigerant charge

Marking the Compressors and Unit Systems
It is suggested that each unit system and compressor shall be provided with an adhesive
plate giving at least the following:

Manufacturer or vendors name(s)
Model or type reference
Serial number
System charge weight of refrigerant
Test pressure and allowable pressure (if applicable)

Marking of Pipes
Pipes shall be marked, preferably according to a suitable code, e.g. a color code, to
indicate the substance flowing through them.

Flammable Gas Stickers
It is suggested that all systems should have at least two flammable gas stickers placed
on them before commissioning. The stickers should be located on the compressor,
receiver and any other part of the system to which an engineer would have access to the
refrigerant.

2.8 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR
WORKSHOP/MANUFACTURING

Production areas within factories and workshops require additional precautions in addition
to those detailed in other sections. While the scope of this publication does not allow for
detailed coverage of these requirements, the following lists items that should be
considered.
Storage and handling of DURACOOL refrigerant cylinders
a) General requirements
b) Open air storage
c) Storage within specially designed buildings
d) Storage within parts of a building
Bulk storage installations
a) Location, separation and security requirements
b) Underground and mounded vessels
c) Fittings and piping
d) Fire precautions
Appliance charging areas
a) General requirements
b) Factory bay areas
c) Factory production line

Electrical requirements
Safety management


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 18
3.0 SERVICE, MAINTENANCE AND REFRIGERANT HANDLING

This section deals with practical aspects relating to the handling of both the refrigeration
machine and the DURACOOL refrigerant itself. It is recommended that companies who
use DURACOOL refrigerants either in equipment they manufacture or equipment for
which they are responsible, put into place a general strategy to ensure that correct work
practices are employed.

Note that the requirements detailed under Section 3 are not exhaustive, but are intended
as a guide only. Additional precautions may be appropriate dependent upon the
particular equipment and conditions.

3.1 PRACTICAL COMPETENCE

Any person who is involved with working on or breaking into a refrigerant circuit should
hold a valid certificate from an industry accredited assessment authority, which
authorizes their competence to handle refrigerants.

3.2 GENERAL APPROACH TO DURACOOL REFRIGERANT HANDLING

All flammable refrigerant gases when mixed with air form a flammable mixture. The
effect of ignition of such a mixture can be severe. It is therefore important that the
appropriate safety requirements are observed at all times when working with flammable
refrigerants.

Any equipment used in the process of repair must be suitable for use with flammable
refrigerants. All tools and equipment (including measuring equipment) are to be checked
for suitability for working on the equipment, particular attention is to be paid to the
selection of:

Refrigerant recovery units (no external brushes)
Refrigerant leak testers
Electric test meters
Refrigerant recovery cylinders
Portable lighting

If the installation permits, it is recommended that the equipment be removed from its
existing position to a controlled workshop environment suitable for the type of repair
where work can be conducted safely.

3.3 SAFETY CHECKS


3.3.1

Checks to the Area
Prior to beginning work on systems containing DURACOOL refrigerants, safety checks
are necessary to ensure that the risk of ignition is minimized. Prior to conducting work
on the system, the following precautions shall be complied with:

Work Procedure
Work shall be undertaken under a controlled procedure so as to minimize the risk of a
flammable gas or vapor being present while the work is being preformed.



General Work Area
All maintenance staff and others working in the local area should be instructed as to the
nature of work being carried out. Work in confined spaces should be avoided. The area
around the workspaces is to be sectioned off. Ensure that the conditions within the area
have been made safe by control of flammable materials.


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 19
Checking for Presence of Refrigerant
The area shall be checked with an appropriate refrigerant detector prior to and during
work to ensure the technician is aware of potentially flammable atmospheres. Ensure
that the leak detection equipment being used is suitable for use with flammable
refrigerants, i.e. non-sparking, adequately sealed or intrinsically safe (see section 3.4).

Presence of a Fire Extinguisher
If any hot work is to be conducted on the refrigeration equipment or any associated
parts, appropriate fire extinguishing equipment shall be available at hand. Have a dry
powder or CO fire extinguisher adjacent to the charging area.

No I gnition Sources
No person carrying out work in relation to a refrigeration system which involves exposing
any pipe work which contains or has contained flammable refrigerant shall use any
sources of ignition in such a manner that it may lead to the risk of fire or explosion. All
possible ignition sources, including cigarette smoking, should be sufficiently far away
from the site of installation, repairing, removing and disposal during which flammable
refrigerant can possibly be released to surrounding space. Should there be a need for
brazing or welding to be undertaken this should be done in an area detached from the
A/C or Refrigeration system. If this is not possible, then the system should be fully
evacuated using the guidelines as outlined in 3.5.1. Prior to work taking place the area
around the equipment is to be surveyed to establish any flammable hazards or ignition
risks. Display no smoking signs.

Ventilated Area
Ensure that the area is in the open or that it is adequately ventilated before breaking into
the system or conducting any work. A degree of ventilation should continue during the
period that the work is carried out. The ventilation should safely disperse any released
refrigerant and preferably expel it externally to the atmosphere.

3.3.2 Checks to the Refrigeration Equipment
Where electrical components are being changed, they are to be fit for purpose and to
the correct specifications. At all times the manufacturers maintenance and service
guidelines are to be followed. If in doubt consult the manufacturers Technical
Department for assistance.

The following checks should be applied to installations using DURACOOL refrigerants:
That the charge size is in accordance with the room size within which the refrigerant
containing parts are installed, according to section 2.5.3 (note that DURACOOL
refrigerants charge sizes are typically 40% to 42% of HCFC and some CFCs and 35%
to 38% of HFC and other CFC charge sizes).
That ventilation machinery and outlets are operating adequately and not obstructed,
according to section 2.6.4
Confirm operation of equipment such as refrigerant leak detectors and mechanical
ventilation systems.
If an indirect refrigerating circuit is being used, the secondary circuit should be
checked for the presence of refrigerant.
Ensure that marking to the equipment continues to be visible and legible. Marking
and signs that are worn should be replaced (see section 2.7).


Ensure refrigeration pipe or components are not installed in a position where it is
likely to be exposed to any substance which may corrode refrigerant containing
components, unless the components are constructed of materials which are inherently
resistant to being corroded or are suitably protected against being so corroded.



Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 20
3.3.3 Checks to Electrical Devices
Repair and maintenance to electrical components shall include initial safety checks and
component inspection procedures. If a fault exists that could compromise safety, then no
electrical supply should be connected to the circuit until it is satisfactorily dealt with. If
the fault cannot be corrected immediately but it is necessary to continue operation, an
adequate temporary solution shall be used, but this must be reported to the owner of the
equipment so all parties are aware.

Initial safety checks should be as follows:
Capacitors are discharged. This should be done in a safe manner to avoid the
possibility of sparking.
Do not work on live electrical components and wiring while charging, recovering and
purging the system.
Continuity of earth bonding.

During repairs to sealed components, all electrical supplies must be disconnected from
the equipment being worked upon prior to any removal of sealed covers, etc. If it is
absolutely necessary to have an electrical supply during servicing, then a permanently
operating form of leak detection shall be located at the most critical point to forewarn the
individual of a potentially hazardous situation.
For repairs to sealed components, particular attention should be paid to the following:
Ensure that by working on electrical components, the casing is not altered in such a
way that the level of protection is affected. This should include damage to cables, too
many connections, terminals not made to original specification, damage to seals,
incorrect fitting of glands, etc. This includes secure mounting of apparatus.
Ensure seals or sealing materials have not degraded such that it is no longer serving
the purpose of preventing the ingress of flammable atmospheres. Replacement parts
shall be in accordance with the manufacturers specifications.

NOTE: The use of silicone sealant may inhibit the effectiveness of some types of leak
detection equipment. Intrinsically safe components do not have to be isolated prior to
working on them.

Information for repair to intrinsically safe components shall be observed:
Do not apply any permanent inductive or capacitance loads to the circuit without
ensuring that this will not exceed the permissible voltage and current permitted for
the equipment in use.
Intrinsically safe components are the only types that can be worked on while live in
the presence of a flammable atmosphere. However, test apparatus should also be of
an appropriate rating.
Replace only with parts specified by the manufacturer. Other parts may result in the
ignition of refrigerant in the atmosphere from a leak.

Check that cabling will not be subject to wear corrosion, excessive pressure, sharp edges
or any other adverse environmental effects. This should also take into account the
effects of aging or continual vibration from sources such as the compressor or the fans.

Local electrical codes must be followed when installing or maintaining the system.









Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 21
3.4 DETECTION OF DURACOOL REFRIGERANTS


Under no circumstances should potential sources of ignition be used in the searching or
detection of refrigerant leaks. A halide torch (or any other detector using a naked flame)
must not be used.

The following leak detection methods can be used on systems containing DURACOOL
refrigerants:
Electronic leak detectors may be used to detect DURACOOL refrigerants, but the
sensitivity may not be adequate, or may need re-calibration. (Detection equipment
should be calibrated in a refrigerant-free area). Ensure that the detector is not a
potential source of ignition and is suitable for DURACOOL refrigerants. Leak
detection equipment should be set at a percentage of the Lower Flammability Limit
(LFL) of the refrigerant and should be calibrated to the refrigerant employed and the
appropriate percentage of gas.
Leak detection fluids are suitable for use with DURACOOL refrigerants but the use of
detergents containing chlorine should be avoided as the chlorine may corrode the
copper pipe work.
Oil additives such as those used in fluorescent leak detection systems will operate
with DURACOOL refrigerants.
If a leak is suspected form a DURACOOL refrigerant system all potential sources of
ignition should be removed/extinguished.

If a leakage of refrigerant is found which requires brazing, all of the refrigerant shall be
recovered from the system, or isolated (by means of shut off valves) in part of the
system remote from the leak. Nitrogen should then be purged through the system;
vacuum the system to ensure any residual refrigerant that may be trapped in the
systems oil is removed and then use nitrogen to purge the system during the brazing
process.

3.5 BREAKING INTO A SYSTEM AND CHARGING


3.5.1

Removal and Evacuation
When breaking into the refrigerant circuit to make repairs, or for any other purpose,
conventional procedures are used. However, it is important that best practice is followed
since flammability is now a consideration. The following procedure shall be adhered to:
remove refrigerant
flush the circuit with inert gas
evacuate
flush again with inert gas
open the circuit by cutting or brazing

The refrigerant charge should be recovered into the correct recovery cylinders, the
system is then to be flushed with nitrogen to render the unit safe, this process may need
to be repeated several times. Do not use compressed air or oxygen for this task.

Flushing is achieved by breaking the vacuum in the system with nitrogen and continuing
to fill until the working pressure is achieved, then venting to atmosphere, and finally
pulling down to a vacuum. This process is repeated until satisfied that no DURACOOL
refrigerant is in the system. When the final nitrogen charge is used, the system can be
vented down to atmospheric pressure to enable work to take place. This operation is
absolutely vital if brazing operations on the pipe work are to take place.

Ensure that the outlet for the vacuum pump is not close to any ignition sources and there
is ventilation available.

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 22
3.5.2 Charging
The charging of refrigeration systems with DURACOOL refrigerants is similar to those
using halocarbon refrigerants. As with all blend refrigerants, DURACOOL refrigerant
blends should also be charged in the liquid phase in order to maintain the correct
composition of the blend.

The following additional requirements should be adhered to:
Ensure that contamination of different refrigerants does not occur when using
charging equipment. Hoses or lines are to be as short as possible to minimize the
amount of refrigerant contained in them.
It is recommended that cylinders be kept upright and refrigerant is charged in the
liquid phase.
Ensure that the refrigeration system is grounded prior to charging the system with
refrigerant.
Label the system when charging is complete. The label should state that
DURACOOL refrigerants have been charged into the system and that the refrigerant
is flammable. Position the label in a preeminent position on the equipment (see
section 2.7).
Extreme care shall be taken not to overfill the refrigeration system. (Note that
DURACOOL Refrigerants charges are typically 40% to 42% of HCFC and some CFCs
and 35% to 38% of HFC and other CFC charge sizes).

Prior to recharging the system it should be pressure tested in accordance with all
local/regional regulations.

The system must be leak tested on completion of charging but prior to commissioning. A
follow up leak test should always be carried out prior to leaving site.

3.5.3 Commissioning
A refrigeration system-containing DURACOOL refrigerants is commissioned in exactly
the same manner as systems containing CFC/HCFC/HFC refrigerants.

Ensure that correct marking is applied to the system (see section 2.7).

3.5.4 Decommissioning
Before carrying out this procedure, it is essential that the engineer is completely familiar
with the plant and all its detail. Prior to the task being carried out, an oil and refrigerant
sample should be taken in case analysis is required prior to re-use of reclaimed
refrigerant. It is essential that electrical power is available before the task is
commenced.

1) Be familiar with the equipment and its operation.
2) Isolate system electrically.
3) Before attempting the procedure ensure that:
- Mechanical handling equipment is available if required for handling refrigerant
cylinders
- All personal protective equipment is available and being used correctly
- A competent person should supervise the recovery at all times
- Recovery equipment and cylinders conform to the requirements of section 3.5.5
4) Pump down refrigerant system if possible.
5) If a vacuum is not possible, make a manifold so that refrigerant can be removed from
various parts of the system.
6) Make sure that cylinder is situated on the scales before recovery takes place.
7) Start the recovery machine and operate in accordance with manufacturer instructions.
8) Do not overfill cylinders (no more than 80% volume liquid charge).
9) Do not exceed the maximum working pressure of the cylinder, even temporarily.

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 23
10) When the cylinders have been filled correctly and the process completed, make sure
that the cylinders and the equipment are removed from the site promptly and all
isolation valves on the equipment are closed off.
11) Recovered refrigerant should not be charged into another refrigeration system unless
it has been checked.

NOTE: Label equipment stating that it has been de-commissioned and emptied of
refrigerant. The label should be dated and signed. Unless the equipment has been
purged, ensure that there are labels on the equipment stating the equipment last
contained DURACOOL refrigerant.


3.5.5 Recovery
When removing refrigerant from a system, either for servicing or decommissioning it is
recommended good practice that all refrigerants are removed safely.

When transferring refrigerant into cylinders, ensure that only appropriate refrigerant
recovery cylinders are employed. Ensure that the correct numbers of cylinders for
holding the total system charge are available. All cylinders to be used are designated for
the recovered refrigerant and labeled for that refrigerant. Cylinders should be complete
with pressure relief valve and the cylinder and associated shut-off valves in good working
order. Empty recovery cylinders are evacuated and if possible cooled before recovery
occurs.

The recovery equipment shall be in good working order with a set of instructions and be
suitable for the recovery of DURACOOL refrigerants. In addition, a set of calibrated
weighing scales should be available and in good working order. Hoses are complete with
leak-free disconnect couplings and are all in good condition. The main points to observe
are:
Check before using the recovery machine that it is in satisfactory working order has
been properly maintained and that any associated electrical components are sealed to
prevent ignition in the event of a refrigerant release. Consult manufacturer if in
doubt.
Follow the advice given in this Code of Practice on general safety and the handling of
cylinders.

The recovered refrigerant must be in the correct recovery cylinder. Do not mix
DURACOOL refrigerants with other refrigerants in recovery units and especially not in
cylinders.

If compressors or compressor oils are to be removed, ensure that it has been evacuated
to an acceptable level to make certain that flammable refrigerant does not remain within
the lubricant. The evacuation process shall be carried out prior to returning the
compressor to the suppliers. Only electric heating to the compressor body shall be
employed to accelerate this process. When oil is drained from a system, it shall be
carried out safely.

3.6 HANDLING OF CYLINDERS

DURACOOL 12a refrigerant is available in 6 oz (170 g) containers, 30 lb (13.6 kg)
equivalent, 50 lb (22.6 kg) equivalent, 1,000 lb (454 kg) equivalent cylinders as well as
bulk. Duracool 22a and Duracool 502a refrigerants are available in 50 lb (22.6 kg)
equivalent, 1,000 lb (454 kg) equivalent cylinders as well as bulk. A pressure relief valve
is fitted to the cylinders to prevent excess pressure build up. The cylinders are fitted with
liquid off-take valves, Flare and Acme connections. The fitting is to be removed
and the cylinder capped when not in use.

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 24
Safe cylinder handling differs little from other refrigerant cylinders and are as follows:
Do not remove or obscure official labeling on a cylinder
Always refit the valve cap when the cylinder is not in use
Use and store cylinders in an upright position
Check the condition of the thread and ensure it is clean and not damaged
Store and use cylinders in dry, well-ventilated areas remote from fire risk
Do not expose cylinders to direct sources of heat such as steam or electric radiators
Do not repair or modify cylinders or cylinder valves
Always use proper equipment for moving cylinders even for a short distance never
roll cylinders along the ground
Take precautions to avoid oil, water and foreign matter from entering the cylinder
If it is necessary to warm the cylinder, use only warm water or air, not naked flames
or radiant heaters, the temperature of the water or air must not exceed 40C (104F)
Always weigh the cylinder to check if it is empty its pressure is not an accurate
indication of the amount of refrigerant that remains in the cylinder
Use only dedicated recovery cylinders for the recovery of DURACOOL refrigerants

3.7 TRANSPORT OF CYLINDERS

Dangerous Goods Regulations apply to the transportation of cylinders containing
DURACOOL refrigerants. These regulations also apply to the carriage of other
compressed gasses such as oxygen, acetylene and halocarbon refrigerants. Failure to
comply with the regulations will result in prosecution. All persons responsible for the
shipping of Dangerous Goods must have taken an appropriate Training Course. Contact
Transport Canada, the Department of Transportation (D.O.T.) or your local governmental
agency responsible for transportation safety for information on local agencies authorized
to provide such training.

For further information on transport of cylinders please contact the DURACOOL
Refrigerants Technical Assistance Line.

3.8 STORAGE OF CYLINDERS

Cylinders should be stored outside and never stored in residential premises. Cylinders
may be (subject to the Authority having Jurisdiction) stored in commercial and industrial
premises according to the following guidelines for storage:
Quantities stored are to be in specific dedicated areas or cages.
Access to storage areas restricted to authorized personnel only and such places shall
be marked with notices prohibiting smoking and the use of potential ignition sources.
Cylinders containing DURACOOL refrigerants should be stored at ground level,
never in cellars or basements. Cylinders should be readily accessible, and stored
upright.
Static electricity build-up should be avoided.

3.9 CARRIAGE OF SYSTEMS

Adherence to National and International Regulations is necessary if refrigeration
equipment containing a charge of DURACOOL refrigerant is to be transported.
Particular requirements are generally determined by the equipment charge size. In
general, the applicable Regulations require adequate packaging and marking. Transport
companies should also be consulted when transporting equipment containing
DURACOOL refrigerants. DURACOOL refrigerants have the United Nations
designation number UN1075, and refrigeration systems containing flammable refrigerants
have the United Nations designation number UN3358. The following summarizes various
transportation Regulations for equipment containing flammable gas:


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 25
Transport by Road:
The Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (TDG, 2002) and US D.O.T. CFR 49
Parts 100 185 (2000) Regulate the transportation of all Hazardous Goods including all
refrigerants. Training is mandatory for those persons responsible for shipping. The
various acts contain exemptions relating to quantities, retail and consumer packages and
therefore should be consulted for specific information.

Transport by Sea:
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG, 2001) prescribes requirements
for transport of equipment by sea. Refrigerating machines containing less than 100 g
(3.5 oz) of DURACOOL refrigerant are not subject to the regulations. Otherwise
packaging requires special marking. Refrigerating machines may be carried unpacked in
crates or other appropriate over-packs, provided that the equipment has been pressure
tested and designed so as to prevent the release of refrigerant during transport
conditions.

Transport by Air:
The International Civil Aviation Organization/International Air Transport Association
(IATA, 2003) prescribes the Regulations for transport by air. This forbids transport of
equipment containing more than 0.1 kg (4 oz) in either passenger or cargo planes. If
transport by air is necessary, the regulations do permit up to 150 kg (330 lb) of
DURACOOL refrigerant to be carried by cylinder, so systems can be charged.

NOTE: In line with other requirements, the refrigerant charge is applicable per
refrigerant circuit.















The information or advice contained in this document is intended for use only by persons who have
adequate technical training in the fields appropriate to the contents of the document. This
document has been compiled as an aid only and the information or advice should be verified before
it is put to any use by any person. The user should also establish the applicability of the information
or advice in relation to any specific circumstance. While the information and advice is believed to be
correct, Duracool Refrigerants Inc., its officers, employees and agents disclaim responsibility for any
inaccuracies contained within the document including those due to any negligence in the preparation
and publication of the said document.




Duracool Refrigerants Inc.
10260 21 Street, NW
Edmonton, AB Canada
T6P 1W4

780.449.4777

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 26



4 PIPE SELECTION TABLES FOR DURACOOL REFRIGERANTS


4.1 Suction Line Data for DURACOOL 12a

4.1.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Suction Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
co'
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Evaporating (Dew/Bubble) Temperature (C)
-30/-38.7 -20/-28.6 -10/-18.4 -5/-13.3 0/-8.2 5/-3.1 10/2.0
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Suction Line Pressure Loss (equivalent to 0.04 K/m) (Pa/m)

132 184 240 288 328 376 424
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.06 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.28
0.18 0.28 0.42 0.52 0.63 0.75 0.88
0.41 0.65 0.97 1.20 1.45 1.75 2.05
0.78 1.23 1.83 2.28 2.74 3.30 3.87
1.25 1.97 2.92 3.64 4.48 5.27 6.18
1.94 3.03 4.53 5.64 6.79 8.17 9.58
3.93 6.18 9.18 11.4 13.8 16.5 19.4
6.86 10.8 16.0 19.9 24.0 28.7 33.9
10.9 17.1 25.4 31.6 38.1 45.8 53.7
22.6 35.7 52.9 65.8 79.3 95.4 112
40.9 64.5 95.7 119 143 173 202
63.7 100 149 185 223 269 315
95.5 150 233 278 334 402 472


4.1.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
co'
for Condenser Outlet Temperature
Condenser Outlet Temperature (C) 1.8 12.1 22.3 32.7 43.0 53.5
Correction Factor Cf
co'

1.29 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.78




Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 27
4.1.3 Minimum Refrigeration Capacity for Oil Entrainment up Suction Risers
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
co'
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Evaporating (Dew/Bubble) Temperature (C)
-30/-38.7 -20/-28.6 -10/-18.4 -5/-13.3 0/-8.2 5/-3.1 10/2.0
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
0.12 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30
0.27 0.35 0.45 0.50 0.56 0.63 0.69
0.50 0.66 0.85 0.95 1.06 1.19 1.30
0.81 1.06 1.35 1.52 1.70 1.90 2.08
1.25 1.64 2.10 2.36 2.64 2.94 3.23
2.53 3.32 4.25 4.77 5.34 5.97 6.55
4.42 5.79 7.42 8.34 9.33 10.4 11.4
7.01 9.19 11.8 13.2 14.8 16.5 18.1
14.6 19.1 24.5 27.5 30.8 34.4 37.7
26.4 34.6 44.3 49.8 55.7 62.2 68.2
41.1 53.9 69.0 77.6 86.7 96.9 106
61.6 80.7 103 116 130 145 159

4.2 Liquid Line Data for DURACOOL 12a

4.2.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Liquid Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
te
, Condensing temperature 40.0 / 32.7 C, 5K liquid subcooling)
Nominal Pipe Size (in) 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
Capacity @ 0.02 K/m
(402 Pa/m)
2.10 6.54 15.2 28.6 48.7 70.9
Nominal Pipe Size (in) 1 1/8 1 3/8 1 5/8 2 1/8
Capacity @ 0.02 K/m
(402 Pa/m)
144 251 398 828


4.2.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
te
for Evaporating temperature
(10K evaporator superheat)
Evap Temp (C) -30 -20 -10 -5 0 5 10
Corr Factor Cf
te

0.91 0.96 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 28
4.3 Discharge Line Data for DURACOOL 12a

4.3.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Discharge Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
te
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Evaporating (Dew/Bubble) Temperature (C)
-30/-38.7 -20/-28.6 -10/-18.4 -5/-13.3 0/-8.2 5/-3.1 10/2.0
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.33 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43
1.03 1.10 1.18 1.22 1.25 1.29 1.33
2.38 2.55 2.73 2.82 2.90 2.99 3.08
4.50 4.83 5.16 5.33 5.49 5.66 5.82
7.18 7.71 8.24 8.50 8.77 9.03 9.29
11.1 12.0 12.8 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4
22.6 24.2 25.9 26.7 27.5 28.4 29.2
39.4 42.3 45.2 46.6 48.1 49.5 51.0
62.4 67.0 71.6 73.9 76.2 78.5 80.8
130 140 149 154 159 164 168
235 252 270 278 284 296 304
366 393 420 434 447 460 474
548 589 629 649 669 690 710

4.3.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
te
for Condensing Temperature
(5k subcooling)
Condensing Temperature
(C)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure Loss 0.02 K/m
(Pa/m)
212 266 330 402 482 574
Correction Factor, Cf
te

0.61 0.74 0.90 1.05 1.19 1.31
Notes
1. Pipe selection table methodology based on Chapter 2, System Practices for Halocarbon Refrigerants of 1994 ASHRAE Refrigeration
Handbook.
2. Properties of refrigerants taken from KMKREIS version 3.22.
3. All Pipe internal diameters based on mean values from ASTM B88 Table 3.
4. Discharge line capacities assume compressor efficiency of 65%.
5. To convert table evaporator capacities for the pressure loss indicated, multiply by 0.68.
6. To convert table evaporator capacities for 1 pressure loss indicated, multiply by 1.25.
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 29
5 PIPE SELECTION TABLES FOR DURACOOL 22a

5.1 Suction Line Data for DURACOOL 22a

5.1.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Suction Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
co'
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Evaporating Temperature (C)
-30 -20 -10 -5 0 5 10
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Suction Line Pressure Loss (equivalent to 0.04 K/m) (Pa/m)
264 352 460 520 584 652 728
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.12 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.43 0.50
0.37 0.55 0.80 0.96 1.13 1.33 1.56
0.85 1.28 1.86 2.22 2.62 3.08 3.61
1.61 2.42 3.52 4.19 4.96 5.83 6.83
2.58 3.86 5.61 6.69 7.92 9.30 10.9
4.00 5.99 8.70 10.4 12.3 14.4 16.9
8.09 12.1 17.7 21.0 24.9 29.2 34.3
14.1 21.2 30.8 36.7 43.4 51.0 59.8
22.4 33.6 48.8 58.3 68.8 80.9 94.8
46.7 69.9 102 121 143 168 197
84.4 126 185 219 259 305 357
131 197 286 341 404 474 556
197 295 429 511 604 710 832




5.1.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
co'
for Condenser Outlet Temperature
Condenser Outlet Temperature (C) 1.8 12.1 22.3 32.7 43.0 53.5
Correction Factor Cf
co'

1.29 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.78





Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 30
5.1.3 Minimum Refrigeration Capacity for Oil Entrainment up Suction Risers
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
co'
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Evaporating Temperature (C)
-30 -20 -10 -5 0 5 10
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.05 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13
0.16 0.21 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.39
0.38 0.48 0.60 0.66 0.75 0.82 0.91
0.71 0.90 1.13 1.27 1.39 1.55 1.71
1.13 1.45 1.81 2.01 2.25 2.46 2.72
1.75 2.24 2.80 3.13 3.46 3.82 4.23
3.55 4.54 5.69 6.36 7.01 7.81 8.52
6.21 7.89 9.94 11.1 12.3 13.6 15.0
9.83 12.6 15.7 17.5 19.4 21.5 23.7
20.5 26.2 32.8 36.5 40.5 45.0 49.2
37.0 47.2 59.4 66.0 73.4 80.7 89.1
57.7 73.7 92.5 103 114 126 140
86.5 110 138 154 170 189 209


5.2 Liquid Line Data for DURACOOL 22a

5.2.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Liquid Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
te
, Condensing temperature 40C, 5K liquid subcooling)
Nominal Pipe Size (in) 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
Capacity @ 0.02 K/m
(644 Pa/m)
2.62 8.15 18.9 35.7 57.1 88.4
Nominal Pipe Size (in) 1 1/8 1 3/8 1 5/8 2 1/8
Capacity @ 0.02 K/m
(644 Pa/m)
179 313 496 1033

5.2.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
te
for Evaporating temperature
(10K evaporator superheat)
Evap Temp (C) -30 -20 -10 -5 0 5 10
Corr Factor Cf
te

0.92 0.97 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 31
5.3 Discharge Line Data for DURACOOL 22a

5.3.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Discharge Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
te
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Evaporating Temperature (C)
-30 -20 -10 -5 0 5 10
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.53 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68
1.64 1.76 1.88 1.94 2.00 2.06 2.12
3.80 4.08 4.36 4.50 4.64 4.78 4.92
7.18 7.71 8.24 8.51 8.78 9.04 9.31
11.5 12.3 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.9
17.8 19.1 20.4 21.1 21.7 22.4 23.0
36.0 38.7 41.3 42.7 44.0 45.3 46.7
62.8 67.5 72.2 74.5 76.8 79.1 81.5
99.6 107 114 118 122 125 129
208 223 238 246 254 261 269
375 403 431 445 459 472 486
584 628 671 693 714 736 758
875 940 1005 1037 1070 1096 1135

5.3.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
te
for Condensing Temperature
(5k subcooling)
Condensing Temperature
(C)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure Loss 0.02 K/m
(Pa/m)
364 446 538 644 758 882
Correction Factor, Cf
te

0.70 0.82 0.95 1.06 1.16 1.21
Notes
1. Pipe selection table methodology based on Chapter 2, System Practices for Halocarbon Refrigerants of 1994 ASHRAE Refrigeration
Handbook.
2. Properties of refrigerants taken from KMKREIS version 3.22.
3. All Pipe internal diameters based on mean values from ASTM B88 Table 3.
4. Discharge line capacities assume compressor efficiency of 65%.
5. To convert table evaporator capacities for the pressure loss indicated, multiply by 0.68.
6. To convert table evaporator capacities for 1 pressure loss indicated, multiply by 1.25.
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 32
6 PIPE SELECTION TABLES FOR DURACOOL 502a

6.1 Suction Line Data for DURACOOL 502a

6.1.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Suction Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
co'
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Evaporating (Dew/Bubble) Temperature (C)
-30/-36.0 -20/-25.7 -10/-15. -5/-10.2 0/-5.0 5/0.1 10/5.3
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Suction Line Pressure Loss (equivalent to 0.04 K/m) (Pa/m)

276 372 484 548 612 688 768
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.13 0.19 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.46 0.54
0.40 0.60 0.87 1.04 1.22 1.44 1.69
0.93 1.40 2.02 2.41 2.84 3.34 3.91
1.76 2.64 3.81 4.55 5.36 6.32 7.40
2.81 4.21 6.08 7.26 8.56 10.1 11.8
4.35 6.54 9.43 11.3 13.3 15.7 19.3
8.81 13.2 19.1 22.8 26.9 31.7 37.1
15.4 23.1 33.4 39.8 46.9 55.3 64.8
24.4 36.7 52.9 63.2 74.4 87.7 103
50.8 76.3 110 132 155 183 214
91.9 138 199 238 280 330 387
143 215 310 370 437 515 602
214 322 464 555 660 771 902




6.1.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
co'
for Condenser Outlet Temperature
Condenser Outlet Temperature (C) 5.7 16.0 26.3 36.6 46.9 57.3
Correction Factor Cf
co'

1.34 1.23 1.12 1.00 0.88 0.74





Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 33
6.1.3 Minimum Refrigeration Capacity for Oil Entrainment up Suction Risers
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
co'
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Evaporating (Dew/Bubble) Temperature (C)
-30/-36.0 -20/-25.7 -10/-15.4 -5/-10.2 0/-5.0 5/0.1 10/5.3
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13
0.17 0.22 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41
0.40 0.51 0.63 0.70 0.78 0.86 0.95
0.75 0.96 1.20 1.33 1.48 1.63 1.79
1.20 1.53 1.91 2.13 2.36 2.60 2.86
1.87 2.37 2.96 3.30 3.65 4.04 4.44
3.78 4.80 6.00 6.68 7.40 8.17 9.00
6.59 8.39 10.5 11.7 12.9 14.3 15.7
10.5 13.3 16.6 18.5 20.5 22.6 24.9
21.8 27.7 34.6 38.5 42.7 47.1 51.9
39.4 50.1 62.6 69.6 77.1 85.2 93.8
61.3 78.0 97.4 108 120 133 146
91.8 117 146 162 180 199 219

6.2 Liquid Line Data for DURACOOL 502a

6.2.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Liquid Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
te
, Condensing temperature 40.0C, 5K liquid subcooling)
Nominal Pipe Size (in) 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
Capacity @ 0.02 K/m
(678 Pa/m)
2.77 8.60 19.9 37.7 60.1 93.3
Nominal Pipe Size (in) 1 1/8 1 3/8 1 5/8 2 1/8
Capacity @ 0.02 K/m
(678 Pa/m)
189 330 523 1090


6.2.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
te
for Evaporating temperature
(10K evaporator superheat)
Evap Temp (C) -30 -20 -10 -5 0 5 10
Corr Factor Cf
te

0.93 0.97 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 34
6.3 Discharge Line Data for DURACOOL 502a

6.3.1 Evaporator Capacity Table for Discharge Lines
(Capacities in kW, Q
e
' = Q
e
/Cf
te
, 10K evaporator superheat, 10K suction superheat)
Nominal
Pipe Size
(in)
Evaporating (Dew/Bubble) Temperature (C)
-30/-36.0 -20/-25.7 -10/-15.4 -5/-10.2 0/-5.0 5/0.1 10/5.3
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
0.57 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74
1.78 1.91 2.04 2.11 2.17 2.24 2.30
4.13 4.43 4.74 4.89 5.04 5.19 5.33
7.81 8.38 8.96 9.24 9.53 9.80 10.1
12.5 13.4 14.3 14.8 15.2 15.7 16.1
19.3 20.8 22.2 22.9 23.6 24.3 25.0
39.2 42.0 44.9 46.3 47.8 49.2 50.6
68.4 73.4 78.4 80.9 93.4 85.8 88.3
108 116 124 128 132 136 140
226 242 259 267 275 284 292
408 438 468 483 498 512 527
636 682 729 752 775 798 821
952 1022 1092 1126 1161 1195 1229

6.3.2 Evaporator Capacity Correction Factors, Cf
te
for Condensing Temperature
(5k subcooling)
Condensing Temperature
(C)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure Loss 0.02 K/m
(Pa/m)
384 472 570 678 802 938
Correction Factor, Cf
te

0.72 0.86 0.99 1.12 1.23 1.30
Notes
1. Pipe selection table methodology based on Chapter 2, System Practices for Halocarbon Refrigerants of 1994 ASHRAE Refrigeration
Handbook.
2. Properties of refrigerants taken from KMKREIS version 3.22.
3. All Pipe internal diameters based on mean values from ASTM B88 Table 3.
4. Discharge line capacities assume compressor efficiency of 65%.
5. To convert table evaporator capacities for the pressure loss indicated, multiply by 0.68.
6. To convert table evaporator capacities for 1 pressure loss indicated, multiply by 1.25.
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 35
Duracool 12a P essure / Tem erature
0
0
130
-10 20 40 60 70 0 90 110 130 140 0 160 1 180
ssure psi
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

F
r p
80
90
100
110
120
7
6
50
40
30
20
10
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0 10 30 50 8 100 120 15 70
Pre g
Duracool 12a R-12 R-134a

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 36
Duracool 1 ubble (Stand 2a: B Point ard)
Temperature Pressure Pressure
(Liquid) (
Density
(L
Density
(V
Enthalpy
(L
Enthalpy
(Va
Entrop
(Li
Entro y
(V Vapour) iquid) apour) iquid) pour)
y
quid)
p
apour)
(F) (psia) (l (l (B (Btu (psia) b/ft^3) b/ft^3) (Btu/lb) tu/lb) /R-lb) (Btu/R-lb)
-40 4 20 10.7 10.7 37.5 0.1 6.7 8.5 0.2 0.5
-35 21 12.0 12.0 37.3 0. 1 49 .3 0 .1 0.2 0. 5
-30 1 1 3 0. 51 21 0. 0. 3.5 3.5 7.1 2 .9 1.6 2 5
-25 1 1 3 0. 54 21 0. 0. 5.2 5.2 6.9 2 .6 3.2 2 5
-20 1 3 0. 57 21 0. 0. 17.0 7.0 6.7 2 .2 4.8 2 5
-15 1 3 0. 59 21 0. 0. 19.0 9.0 6.5 2 .9 6.3 2 5
-10 2 3 0. 62 21 0. 0. 21.1 1.1 6.3 2 .6 7.9 2 5
-5 2 3 0. 65 21 0. 0. 23.5 3.5 6.1 3 .3 9.5 2 5
0 2 3 0. 68 22 0.2 0. 26.0 6.0 5.9 3 .1 1.0 5
5 2 3 0. 70 22 0.2 0. 28.7 8.7 5.7 3 .8 2.6 5
10 3 3 0. 73 22 0. 0. 31.7 1.7 5.5 3 .6 4.2 2 5
15 3 3 0. 76 22 0. 0. 34.8 4.8 5.3 4 .4 5.8 2 5
20 3 3 0. 79 22 0. 0. 38.2 8.2 5.1 4 .2 7.3 2 5
25 4 3 0. 82 22 0. 0. 41.8 1.8 4.9 4 .0 8.9 2 5
30 4 3 0. 84 23 0. 0. 45.7 5.7 4.7 5 .9 0.5 2 5
35 4 3 0. 87 23 0. 0. 49.9 9.9 4.5 5 .8 2.0 2 5
40 5 3 0. 90 23 0. 0. 54.3 4.3 4.3 6 .7 3.6 2 5
45 5 3 0. 93 23 0. 0. 59.0 9.0 4.0 6 .6 5.2 3 5
50 6 3 0. 96 23 0. 0. 64.0 4.0 3.8 7 .5 6.7 3 5
55 6 3 0. 99 23 0. 0. 69.4 9.4 3.6 7 .5 8.3 3 5
60 7 3 0. 10 23 0. 0. 75.0 5.0 3.4 8 2.5 9.8 3 5
65 8 3 0. 10 24 0. 0. 81.0 1.0 3.1 8 5.5 1.4 3 5
70 8 3 0. 10 24 0. 0. 87.3 7.3 2.9 9 8.5 2.9 3 5
75 9 3 1. 11 24 0. 0. 94.0 4.0 2.6 0 1.6 4.5 3 5
80 1 1 3 1. 11 24 0. 0. 01.0 01.0 2.4 0 4.7 6.0 3 5
85 1 1 3 1. 11 24 0. 0. 08.4 08.4 2.2 1 7.8 7.5 3 5
90 1 1 3 1. 12 24 0. 0. 16.2 16.2 1.9 2 0.9 9.0 3 5
95 1 1 3 1. 12 25 0. 0. 24.4 24.4 1.6 3 4.1 0.5 3 5
100 1 3 1. 12 25 0. 0. 133.0 33.0 1.4 3 7.3 2.0 3 5
105 1 3 1. 13 25 0. 0. 142.1 42.1 1.1 4 0.6 3.5 3 5
110 1 3 1. 13 25 0. 0. 151.5 51.5 0.8 5 3.8 4.9 3 5
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 37
Dur l 12a: Point (S rd) acoo Dew tanda
Temperature
Density
(
Enthalpy Enthalpy Entropy Entropy Pressure Pressure
(Liquid) (Vapour)
Density
(Liquid) Vapour) (Liquid) (Vapour) (Liquid) (Vapour)
(F) ( (psia) (psia) (lb/ft^3) (lb/ft^3) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) Btu/R-lb) (Btu/R-lb)
-40 7.0 7.0 35.3 0.1 51.5 222.2 0.2 0.6
-35 8.0 8.0 35.2 0.1 54.2 223.7 0.2 0.6
-30 9.2 9.2 35.1 0.1 57.0 225.3 0.2 0.6
-25 10.4 10.4 34.9 0.1 59.7 226.8 0.2 0.6
-20 11.8 11.8 34.8 0.1 62.4 228.3 0.2 0.6
-15 13.3 13.3 34.6 0.1 65.2 229.8 0.2 0.6
-10 15.0 15.0 34.5 0.2 68.0 231.3 0.2 0.6
-5 16.8 16.8 34.3 0.2 70.8 232.9 0.2 0.6
0 18.8 18.8 34.2 0.2 73.6 234.4 0.2 0.6
5 21.0 21.0 34.0 0.2 76.4 235.9 0.2 0.6
10 23.4 23.4 33.9 0.2 79.2 237.4 0.2 0.6
15 25.9 25.9 33.7 0.3 82.1 239.0 0.2 0.6
20 28.7 28.7 33.5 0.3 84.9 240.5 0.2 0.6
25 31.7 31.7 33.4 0.3 87.8 242.0 0.2 0.6
30 34.9 34.9 33.2 0.4 90.7 243.5 0.3 0.6
35 38.4 38.4 33.0 0.4 93.6 245.0 0.3 0.6
40 42.2 42.2 32.9 0.4 96.5 246.5 0.3 0.6
45 46.2 46.2 32.7 0.5 99.5 248.1 0.3 0.6
50 50.5 50.5 32.5 0.5 102.4 249.6 0.3 0.6
55 55.0 55.0 32.3 0.6 105.4 251.1 0.3 0.6
60 59.9 59.9 32.1 0.6 108.4 252.5 0.3 0.6
65 65.1 65.1 31.9 0.7 111.4 254.0 0.3 0.6
70 70.7 70.7 31.7 0.7 114.5 255.5 0.3 0.6
75 76.5 76.5 31.6 0.8 117.6 257.0 0.3 0.6
80 82 8 6 4 3 6 .8 82.8 31.3 0. 120. 258. 0. 0.
85 89.4 89.4 31.1 0.9 123.7 259.9 0.3 0.6
90 96.4 96.4 30.9 1.0 126.9 261.3 0.3 0.6
95 103.7 103.7 30.7 1.0 130.0 262.7 0.3 0.6
100 111.5 111.5 30.5 1.1 133.2 264.1 0.3 0.6
105 119.8 119.8 30.3 1.2 136.4 265.5 0.3 0.6
110 128.4 128.4 30.1 1.3 139.7 266.9 0.3 0.6
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 38
Duracool 12a: Bubble Point (Metric)
Temperature
Pressure Pressure
(Liquid) (Vapour)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
(C) (kPa) ) (kPa) (kg/m^3) (kg/m^3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/K-kg (kJ/K-kg)
-40 73.40 73.40 600.80 1.96 108.50 484.70 0.64 2.23
-35 91.20 91.20 595.30 2.40 119.50 491.20 0.69 2.23
-30 112.20 112.20 589.70 2.91 130.60 497.70 0.73 2.22
-25 136.70 136.70 584.00 3.49 141.80 504.30 0.78 2.22
-20 165.20 165.20 578.20 4.17 153.10 510.90 0.82 2.21
-15 198.00 198.00 572.40 4.94 164.60 517.50 0.87 2.21
-10 235.60 235.60 566.50 5.81 176.30 524.00 0.91 2.21
-5 278.20 278.20 560.40 6.79 188.10 530.60 0.96 2.21
0 326.50 326.50 554.20 7.90 200.00 537.20 1.00 2.21
5 380.80 380.80 548.00 9.14 212.10 543.70 1.04 2.21
10 441.50 441.50 541.50 10.53 224.40 550.30 1.09 2.21
15 509.20 509.20 535.00 12.08 236.80 556.80 1.13 2.22
20 584.10 584.10 528.20 13.80 249.40 563.20 1.17 2.22
25 666.90 666.90 521.30 15.71 262.30 569.70 1.22 2.22
30 758.00 758.00 514.20 17.83 275.30 576.00 1.26 2.23
35 857.80 857.80 506.80 20.18 288.50 582.30 1.30 2.23
40 966.80 966.80 499.20 22.79 302.00 588.50 1.34 2.24
45 1085.50 1085.50 491.40 25.67 315.70 594.60 1.39 2.24
50 1214.50 1214.50 483.20 28.88 329.70 600.50 1.43 2.24
55 1354.10 1354.10 474.70 32.44 343.90 606.40 1.47 2.25
60 1505.10 1505.10 465.80 36.40 358.50 612.00 1.52 2.25
65 1667.80 1667.80 456.50 40.83 373.40 617.40 1.56 2.26
70 1842.80 1842.80 446.60 45.80 388.60 622.50 1.60 2.26
75 2030.80 2030.80 436.20 51.41 404.30 627.30 1.65 2.27
80 2232.30 2232.30 425.00 57.79 420.40 631.60 1.69 2.27








Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 39
Duracool 12a: Dew Point (Metric)

Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(C) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/m^3) (kg/m^3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/K-kg) (kJ/K-kg)
-40 48.30 48.30 566.00 1.28 119.80 516.50 0.68 2.43
-35 61.50 61.50 562.00 1.61 131.10 522.90 0.73 2.41
-30 77.30 77.30 557.80 1.99 142.60 529.20 0.78 2.40
-25 96.20 96.20 553.60 2.44 154.10 535.60 0.83 2.39
-20 118.50 118.50 549.20 2.96 165.80 542.00 0.87 2.39
-15 144.70 144.70 544.80 3.57 177.50 548.40 0.92 2.38
-10 175.10 175.10 540.20 4.26 189.40 554.70 0.97 2.37
-5 210.10 210.10 535.50 5.06 201.40 561.10 1.01 2.37
0 250.30 250.30 530.60 5.97 213.50 567.50 1.06 2.37
5 296.10 296.10 525.60 7.00 225.70 573.80 1.10 2.36
10 347.90 347.90 520.50 8.17 238.10 580.10 1.15 2.36
15 406.20 406.20 515.20 9.48 250.60 586.30 1.19 2.36
20 471.60 471.60 509.70 10.94 263.30 592.50 1.23 2.36
25 544.50 544.50 504.00 12.59 276.10 598.70 1.28 2.36
30 625.60 625.60 498.20 14.43 289.10 604.70 1.32 2.36
35 715.20 715.20 492.10 16.48 302.30 610.70 1.36 2.36
40 814.10 814.10 485.70 18.77 315.60 616.50 1.40 2.36
45 922.80 922.80 479.10 21.33 329.20 622.20 1.45 2.36
50 1041.90 1041.90 472.20 24.18 342.90 627.80 1.49 2.36
55 1172.00 1172.00 465.00 27.37 356.90 633.20 1.53 2.36
60 1313.90 1313.90 457.30 30.94 371.10 638.30 1.57 2.37
65 1468.30 1468.30 449.30 34.95 385.60 643.20 1.61 2.37
70 1635.90 1635.90 440.70 39.47 400.40 647.70 1.65 2.37
75 1817.70 1817.70 431.60 44.61 415.50 651.90 1.70 2.37
80 2014.60 2014.60 421.80 50.47 431.00 655.50 1.74 2.36







Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 40
Duracool 22a Pressure / Temperature
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
Pressure psi g
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

F
Duracool 22a R-22

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 41
Duracool 22a: Bubble Point (Standard)
Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(F) (psia) (psia) (lb/ft^3) (lb/ft^3) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) (Btu/R-lb) (Btu/R-lb)
-40 18.2 18.2 36.1 0.2 45.3 220.3 0.2 0.6
-35 20.4 20.4 35.9 0.2 48.0 222.0 0.2 0.6
-30 22.8 22.8 35.7 0.2 50.7 223.6 0.2 0.6
-25 25.4 25.4 35.4 0.3 53.5 225.2 0.2 0.6
-20 28.2 28.2 35.2 0.3 56.3 226.9 0.2 0.6
-15 31.3 31.3 35.0 0.3 59.1 228.5 0.2 0.6
-10 34.6 34.6 34.8 0.3 61.9 230.0 0.2 0.6
-5 38.2 38.2 34.6 0.4 64.7 231.6 0.2 0.6
0 42.1 42.1 34.4 0.4 67.5 233.2 0.2 0.6
5 46.2 46.2 34.2 0.4 70.4 234.7 0.2 0.6
10 50.7 50.7 33.9 0.5 73.3 236.3 0.2 0.6
15 55.4 55.4 33.7 0.5 76.2 237.8 0.2 0.6
20 60.5 60.5 33.5 0.6 79.2 239.3 0.2 0.6
25 65.9 65.9 33.3 0.6 82.1 240.8 0.2 0.6
30 71.7 71.7 33.0 0.7 85.1 242.2 0.2 0.6
35 77.9 77.9 32.8 0.7 88.2 243.7 0.2 0.6
40 84.4 84.4 32.5 0.8 91.2 245.1 0.3 0.6
45 91.4 91.4 32.3 0.8 94.3 246.6 0.3 0.6
50 98.7 98.7 32.1 0.9 97.4 248.0 0.3 0.6
55 106.5 106.5 31.8 1.0 100.5 249.3 0.3 0.6
60 114.8 114.8 31.5 1.1 103.7 250.7 0.3 0.6
65 123.4 123.4 31.3 1.1 106.8 252.0 0.3 0.6
70 132.6 132.6 31.0 1.2 110.1 253.3 0.3 0.6
75 142.3 142.3 30.7 1.3 113.3 254.6 0.3 0.6
80 152.4 152.4 30.5 1.4 116.6 255.9 0.3 0.6
85 163.1 163.1 30.2 1.5 120.0 257.1 0.3 0.6
90 174.4 174.4 29.9 1.6 123.3 258.3 0.3 0.6
95 186.1 186.1 29.6 1.7 126.7 259.5 0.3 0.6
100 198.5 198.5 29.3 1.9 130.2 260.6 0.3 0.6
105 211.4 211.4 29.0 2.0 133.7 261.7 0.3 0.6
110 225.0 225.0 28.7 2.1 137.2 262.8 0.3 0.6
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 42
Duracool 22a: Dew Point (Standard)
Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(F) (psia) (psia) (lb/ft^3) (lb/ft^3) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) (Btu/R-lb) (Btu/R-lb)
-40 16.4 16.4 35.9 0.2 45.4 227.3 0.2 0.6
-35 18.5 18.5 35.7 0.2 48.1 228.8 0.2 0.6
-30 20.7 20.7 35.5 0.2 50.9 230.2 0.2 0.6
-25 23.2 23.2 35.3 0.2 53.6 231.6 0.2 0.6
-20 25.9 25.9 35.1 0.3 56.4 233.0 0.2 0.6
-15 28.8 28.8 34.9 0.3 59.2 234.4 0.2 0.6
-10 32.0 32.0 34.7 0.3 62.0 235.8 0.2 0.6
-5 35.4 35.4 34.5 0.3 64.9 237.2 0.2 0.6
0 39.1 39.1 34.3 0.4 67.7 238.6 0.2 0.6
5 43.1 43.1 34.1 0.4 70.6 240.0 0.2 0.6
10 47.4 47.4 33.8 0.4 73.5 241.4 0.2 0.6
15 51.9 51.9 33.6 0.5 76.4 242.7 0.2 0.6
20 56.9 56.9 33.4 0.5 79.4 244.1 0.2 0.6
25 62.1 62.1 33.2 0.6 82.4 245.4 0.2 0.6
30 67.7 67.7 32.9 0.6 85.4 246.8 0.2 0.6
35 73.7 73.7 32.7 0.7 88.4 248.1 0.2 0.6
40 80.1 80.1 32.5 0.7 91.4 249.4 0.3 0.6
45 86.9 86.9 32.2 0.8 94.5 250.7 0.3 0.6
50 94.0 94.0 32.0 0.9 97.6 252.0 0.3 0.6
55 101.6 101.6 31.7 0.9 100.7 253.2 0.3 0.6
60 109.7 109.7 31.5 1.0 103.9 254.5 0.3 0.6
65 118.2 118.2 31.2 1.1 107.1 255.7 0.3 0.6
70 127.2 127.2 30.9 1.2 110.3 256.9 0.3 0.6
75 136.7 136.7 30.7 1.3 113.6 258.1 0.3 0.6
80 146.7 146.7 30.4 1.4 116.9 259.3 0.3 0.6
85 157.2 157.2 30.1 1.5 120.2 260.4 0.3 0.6
90 168.3 168.3 29.8 1.6 123.6 261.5 0.3 0.6
95 179.9 179.9 29.5 1.7 127.0 262.6 0.3 0.6
100 192.1 192.1 29.2 1.8 130.5 263.6 0.3 0.6
105 204.9 204.9 28.9 1.9 133.9 264.6 0.3 0.6
110 218.4 218.4 28.6 2.1 137.5 265.5 0.3 0.6
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 43
Duracool 22a: Bubble Point (Metric)
Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(C) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/K-kg) (kJ/K-kg)
-40 126.0 125.5 578.0 3.0 105.2 512.1 0.6 2.5
-35 154.0 153.8 572.0 3.6 116.6 519.0 0.7 2.4
-30 187.0 186.7 566.0 4.3 128.2 525.8 0.7 2.4
-25 225.0 224.8 560.0 5.1 139.9 532.5 0.8 2.4
-20 269.0 268.6 553.0 6.0 151.7 539.1 0.8 2.4
-15 319.0 318.6 547.0 7.1 163.7 545.6 0.9 2.4
-10 375.0 375.3 541.0 8.3 175.8 552.0 0.9 2.4
-5 439.0 439.3 534.0 9.6 188.2 558.3 1.0 2.4
0 511.0 511.2 527.0 11.1 200.7 564.4 1.0 2.4
5 591.0 591.5 520.0 12.8 213.4 570.5 1.1 2.4
10 681.0 680.8 513.0 14.7 226.3 576.4 1.1 2.4
15 780.0 779.6 506.0 16.8 239.5 582.1 1.2 2.4
20 889.0 888.7 498.0 19.2 252.8 587.7 1.2 2.4
25 1009.0 1009.0 491.0 21.8 266.5 593.1 1.2 2.4
30 1140.0 1140.0 482.0 24.7 280.4 598.2 1.3 2.4
35 1283.0 1283.0 474.0 28.0 294.6 603.2 1.3 2.4
40 1440.0 1440.0 465.0 31.7 309.1 607.8 1.4 2.4
45 1609.0 1609.0 456.0 35.8 324.0 612.1 1.4 2.4
50 1793.0 1793.0 446.0 40.4 339.2 616.1 1.5 2.3
55 1992.0 1992.0 436.0 45.7 354.9 619.6 1.5 2.3
60 2207.0 2207.0 425.0 51.7 371.1 622.5 1.6 2.3
65 2439.0 2439.0 413.0 58.6 387.8 624.8 1.6 2.3
70 2688.0 2688.0 400.0 66.7 405.3 626.2 1.7 2.3
75 2956.0 2956.0 385.0 76.3 423.6 626.5 1.7 2.3
80 3243.0 3243.0 369.0 88.0 443.1 625.2 1.8 2.3
85 3552.0 3552.0 349.0 103.1 464.5 621.5 1.8 2.3
90 3884.0 3884.0 323.0 124.6 489.4 613.1 1.9 2.2
95 4429.0 4429.0 308.0 308.0 509.0 509.0 1.9 1.9



Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 44
Duracool 22a: Dew Point (Metric)
Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(C) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/K-kg) (kJ/K-kg)
-40 113.1 113.1 575.3 2.7 105.5 528.4 0.6 2.5
-35 139.7 139.7 569.5 3.2 116.9 534.4 0.7 2.5
-30 170.9 170.9 563.7 3.9 128.5 540.3 0.7 2.4
-25 207.2 207.2 557.7 4.7 140.2 546.2 0.8 2.4
-20 249.0 249.0 551.6 5.6 152.1 552.0 0.8 2.4
-15 297.0 297.0 545.4 6.6 164.1 557.8 0.9 2.4
-10 351.6 351.6 539.0 7.7 176.3 563.6 0.9 2.4
-5 413.5 413.5 532.5 9.0 188.6 569.3 1.0 2.4
0 483.2 483.2 525.9 10.5 201.2 574.8 1.0 2.4
5 561.3 561.3 519.1 12.1 213.9 580.3 1.1 2.4
10 648.4 648.4 512.1 14.0 226.9 585.7 1.1 2.4
15 745.1 745.1 504.8 16.0 240.0 591.0 1.1 2.4
20 852.0 852.0 497.4 18.3 253.4 596.1 1.2 2.4
25 969.8 969.8 489.6 20.9 267.1 601.0 1.2 2.4
30 1099.0 1099.0 481.6 23.8 281.0 605.8 1.3 2.4
35 1241.0 1241.0 473.3 27.0 295.2 610.3 1.3 2.4
40 1395.0 1395.0 464.5 30.6 309.7 614.5 1.4 2.4
45 1563.0 1563.0 455.4 34.7 324.6 618.5 1.4 2.4
50 1746.0 1746.0 445.7 39.3 339.8 622.0 1.5 2.4
55 1944.0 1944.0 435.5 44.5 355.5 625.2 1.5 2.3
60 2158.0 2158.0 424.5 50.4 371.6 627.7 1.6 2.3
65 2389.0 2389.0 412.8 57.2 388.4 629.6 1.6 2.3
70 2639.0 2639.0 399.9 65.2 405.8 630.7 1.7 2.3
75 2907.0 2907.0 385.7 74.7 424.0 630.6 1.7 2.3
80 3197.0 3197.0 369.4 86.3 443.4 628.9 1.8 2.3
85 3510.0 3510.0 349.9 101.3 464.6 624.8 1.8 2.3
90 3849.0 3849.0 324.0 122.6 489.2 616.0 1.9 2.2
95 4409.0 4409.0 306.1 306.1 509.9 509.9 1.9 1.9


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 45
Duracool 502a Pressure / Temperature
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 40 50 0 80 0 110 12 140 150 0 180 190 220 230 24 260 270 280 300
Pressur
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

F
80
90
100
110
120
130
20 30 60 7 90 10 0 130 160 17 200 210 0 250 290
e psi g
Duracool 502a R-502

Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 46
D uracool 502a: Bubble Point (Standard)
Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(F) (psia) (psia) (lb/ft^3) (lb/ft^3) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) (Btu/R-lb) (Btu/R-lb)
-40 22.8 22.8 35.9 0.2 45.7 210.3 0.2 0.6
-35 25.4 25.4 35.7 0.3 48.4 212.1 0.2 0.6
-30 28.2 28.2 35.5 0.3 51.2 214.0 0.2 0.6
-25 31.2 31.2 35.2 0.3 53.9 215.8 0.2 0.6
-20 34.5 34.5 35.0 0.3 56.7 217.6 0.2 0.6
-15 38.0 38.0 34.8 0.4 59.5 219.4 0.2 0.6
-10 41.8 41.8 34.6 0.4 62.4 221.2 0.2 0.6
-5 45.8 45.8 34.4 0.4 65.2 223.0 0.2 0.6
0 50.2 50.2 34.2 0.5 68.1 224.7 0.2 0.6
5 54.9 54.9 33.9 0.5 71.0 226.4 0.2 0.6
10 59.9 59.9 33.7 0.6 73.9 228.1 0.2 0.6
15 65.2 65.2 33.5 0.6 76.8 229.8 0.2 0.6
20 70.9 70.9 33.3 0.7 79.8 231.5 0.2 0.6
25 76.9 76.9 33.0 0.7 82.8 233.2 0.2 0.6
30 83.3 83.3 32.8 0.8 85.8 234.8 0.2 0.6
35 90.1 90.1 32.6 0.8 88.8 236.4 0.3 0.6
40 97.3 97.3 32.3 0.9 91.9 238.0 0.3 0.6
45 104.9 104.9 32.1 1.0 95.0 239.6 0.3 0.6
50 113.0 113.0 31.8 1.0 98.1 241.1 0.3 0.6
55 121.5 121.5 31.6 1.1 101.3 242.7 0.3 0.6
60 130.4 130.4 31.3 1.2 104.4 244.2 0.3 0.6
65 139.9 139.9 31.0 1.3 107.7 245.7 0.3 0.6
70 149.8 149.8 30.8 1.4 110.9 247.1 0.3 0.6
75 160.3 160.3 30.5 1.5 114.2 248.5 0.3 0.6
80 171.2 171.2 30.2 1.6 117.5 249.9 0.3 0.6
85 182.7 182.7 29.9 1.7 120.9 251.3 0.3 0.6
90 194.8 194.8 29.6 1.8 124.3 252.6 0.3 0.6
95 207.4 207.4 29.3 1.9 127.7 253.9 0.3 0.6
100 220.6 220.6 29.0 2.1 131.2 255.2 0.3 0.6
105 234.4 234.4 28.7 2.2 134.8 256.4 0.3 0.6
110 248.9 248.9 28.3 2.4 138.4 257.5 0.3 0.6
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 47
Du racool 502a: Dew Point (Standard)
Temperature
Pressure
(
Pressure
(V
Density
(Liqu
Density
Vapou
Enthalpy
Liquid
Enthalpy
Vapo
Entropy
(Liq
Entropy
(V Liquid) apour) id) ( r) ( ) ( ur) uid) apour)
(F) (psia) (psia) (lb/ft b/ft^ tu/lb (Btu/lb) (Btu/R-lb) ^3) (l 3) (B ) (Btu/R-lb)
-40 1 17 35 0. 46.0 227. 7.1 .1 .4 2 7 0.2 0.6
-35 19 19 35. 0. 48.8 229. 0. .3 .3 2 2 1 2 0.6
- 2 21 35. 0. 51.6 230. 0. 30 1.7 .7 0 2 6 2 0.6
- 2 24 34. 0. 54.4 232. 0. 25 4.2 .2 8 2 0 2 0.6
- 2 27 34. 0. 57.2 233. 0. 20 7.0 .0 6 3 4 2 0.6
- 3 30 34. 0. 60.0 234. 0. 0 15 0.1 .1 4 3 8 2 .6
- 3 33 34. 0. 62.9 236. 0. 10 3.4 .4 2 3 2 2 0.6
-5 3 36 34. 0. 65.7 237. 0. 6.9 .9 0 4 6 2 0.6
0 4 40 33. 0. 68.6 239. 0. 0.8 .8 8 4 0 2 0.6
5 4 44 33. 0. 71.6 240. 0. 4.9 .9 6 4 3 2 0.6
1 4 49 33. 0. 74.5 241. 0. 0 9.4 .4 4 5 7 2 0.6
15 54 54 33. 0. 77.5 243. 0. .2 .2 2 5 1 2 0.6
2 5 59 33.0 0. 80.4 244. 0. 0 0 9.3 .3 6 4 2 .6
2 6 64 32.7 0. 83.4 245. 0. 0 5 4.8 .8 6 8 2 .6
30 70 70 32. 0. 86.5 247. 0. 6 .7 .7 5 7 1 2 0.
35 76.9 76.9 32.3 0.7 89.5 248.4 0.3 0.6
40 83.5 83.5 32.0 0.8 92.6 249.7 0.3 0.6
45 90.6 90.6 31.8 0.8 95.7 251.0 0.3 0.6
50 98.1 98.1 31.6 0.9 98.9 252.2 0.3 0.6
55 106.0 106.0 31.3 1.0 102.0 253.5 0.3 0.6
60 114.4 114.4 31.1 1.0 105.2 254.7 0.3 0.6
65 123.3 123.3 30.8 1.1 108.5 255.9 0.3 0.6
70 132.7 132.7 30.6 1.2 111.7 257.1 0.3 0.6
75 142.6 142.6 30.3 1.3 115.0 258.3 0.3 0.6
80 153.0 153.0 30.0 1.4 118.4 259.4 0.3 0.6
85 164.0 164.0 29.7 1.5 121.7 260.5 0.3 0.6
90 175.6 175.6 29.5 1.6 125.1 261.6 0.3 0.6
95 187.8 187.8 29.2 1.7 128.6 262.6 0.3 0.6
100 200.5 200.5 28.9 1.9 132.1 263.6 0.3 0.6
105 213.9 213.9 28.6 2.0 135.6 264.6 0.3 0.6
110 227.9 227.9 28.2 2.1 139.2 265.5 0.3 0.6
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 48
Duracool 502a: Bubble Point (Metric)

Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(C) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/K-kg) (kJ/K-kg)
-40 157.3 157.3 574.5 3.666 106.1 488.8 0.6722 2.404
-35 190.3 190.3 568.6 4.373 117.6 496.5 0.7206 2.397
-30 228.4 228.4 562.5 5.18 129.2 504.2 0.7686 2.391
-25 272.1 272.1 556.4 6.099 141 511.7 0.8161 2.385
-20 321.9 321.9 550.1 7.139 152.9 519.1 0.8633 2.38
-15 378.3 378.3 543.7 8.312 164.9 526.3 0.9101 2.376
-10 441.9 441.9 537.2 9.631 177.2 533.5 0.9566 2.372
-5 513.2 513.2 530.5 11.11 189.6 540.4 1.003 2.369
0 592.8 592.8 523.7 12.76 202.2 547.3 1.049 2.366
5 681.2 681.2 516.7 14.61 215 554 1.095 2.364
10 779 779 509.4 16.66 228 560.5 1.14 2.362
15 886.8 886.8 502 18.95 241.3 566.9 1.186 2.36
20 1005 1005 494.3 21.5 254.8 573.1 1.232 2.358
25 1135 1135 486.3 24.33 268.6 579 1.277 2.356
30 1276 1276 478 27.49 282.6 584.7 1.323 2.355
35 1430 1430 469.3 31.01 296.9 590.2 1.369 2.353
40 1597 1597 460.2 34.95 311.6 595.4 1.415 2.351
45 1778 1778 450.7 39.36 326.7 600.2 1.461 2.349
50 1973 1973 440.7 44.34 342.1 604.6 1.508 2.346
55 2183 2183 430 49.97 358 608.5 1.556 2.342
60 2410 2410 418.5 56.41 374.5 611.8 1.604 2.337
65 2653 2653 406.1 63.85 391.5 614.5 1.653 2.33
70 2914 2914 392.5 72.56 409.4 616.2 1.703 2.322
75 3194 3194 377.2 83 428.2 616.6 1.756 2.311
80 3493 3493 359.4 95.96 448.5 615.2 1.811 2.295
85 3812 3812 337.4 113.1 471.1 610.9 1.872 2.272
90 4150 4150 305.4 139.8 499.1 600 1.947 2.231


Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 49
Duracool Refrigerants Inc. 50
Duracool 502a: Dew Point (Metric)


Temperature
Pressure
(Liquid)
Pressure
(Vapour)
Density
(Liquid)
Density
(Vapour)
Enthalpy
(Liquid)
Enthalpy
(Vapour)
Entropy
(Liquid)
Entropy
(Vapour)
(C) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/K-kg) (kJ/K-kg)
-40 118.1 118.1 567.6 2.743 107 529.3 0.6488 2.501
-35 145.9 145.9 562 3.339 118.6 535.3 0.6983 2.488
-30 178.4 178.4 556.2 4.029 130.3 541.2 0.7473 2.475
-25 216.2 216.2 550.3 4.825 142.2 547 0.7958 2.464
-20 259.9 259.9 544.4 5.736 154.2 552.9 0.844 2.455
-15 309.9 309.9 538.3 6.775 166.3 558.7 0.8917 2.446
-10 366.9 366.9 532.1 7.953 178.7 564.4 0.9392 2.438
-5 431.4 431.4 525.7 9.287 191.2 570 0.9863 2.431
0 504.1 504.1 519.1 10.79 203.8 575.6 1.033 2.425
5 585.5 585.5 512.4 12.48 216.7 581 1.08 2.419
10 676.3 676.3 505.5 14.37 229.8 586.3 1.127 2.414
15 777.1 777.1 498.4 16.5 243.1 591.5 1.173 2.409
20 888.7 888.7 491 18.87 256.7 596.6 1.219 2.405
25 1012 1012 483.4 21.53 270.5 601.4 1.266 2.401
30 1147 1147 475.4 24.51 284.5 606.1 1.312 2.396
35 1294 1294 467.1 27.84 298.9 610.5 1.359 2.392
40 1456 1456 458.4 31.58 313.6 614.6 1.406 2.388
45 1632 1632 449.3 35.8 328.6 618.4 1.453 2.384
50 1823 1823 439.7 40.57 344 621.8 1.5 2.378
55 2030 2030 429.4 45.99 359.8 624.7 1.548 2.373
60 2255 2255 418.4 52.2 376.2 627 1.597 2.366
65 2498 2498 406.5 59.39 393.1 628.6 1.646 2.357
70 2761 2761 393.4 67.85 410.7 629.2 1.697 2.347
75 3045 3045 378.8 78 429.3 628.5 1.75 2.334
80 3352 3352 361.7 90.61 449.2 626.1 1.805 2.316
85 3686 3686 340.7 107.3 471.2 620.5 1.866 2.291
90 4052 4052 310.6 132.9 497.9 608.5 1.939 2.25