Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad Faculty of Technology Department of Electronics & Communication

Assignment 1 (Coding Theory & Compression Techniques) Sem: VII [EC] 1) In an experiment, a coin is tossed until two consecutive heads appear. a) What is the sample space of this experiment? b) If the coin is fair, what is the probability that the experiment will stop after exactly five tosses? c) What is the probability that the experiment will stop before the sixth toss? 2) If A, B and C are three events in a sample space S, write the expressions for the following events in terms of A, B, C using the operators , & ()c (complement). a) All the three events A, B, C occurs. b) At least two of the three occur. c) At least one of the three occurs. d) None of the three occur. e) At most one of the three occurs. f) At most two of the three occur. g) Both A and C occur but B does not occur. 3) Two fair dice are rolled. What is the probability that at least one of the die values is a five? If the two die values are different, what is the probability that one of the die values is a five? 4) For two events E and F, if the occurrence of F makes E more likely, then does the occurrence of E make F more likely? A more likely event has a higher probability of occurring. 5) For two events E and F , given P (F ) = 0.4, what can you say about P (E|F ) a) When E and F are mutually exclusive. b) F E. c) E F. 6) Ram and Shyam go hunting. Both shoot at a target simultaneously. Suppose Ram hits the target with probability 0.7 while Shyam, independently, hits the target with probability 0.4. a) Given that exactly one shot hit the target, what is the probability that it was Shyams shot? b) Given that the target is hit, what is the probability that Shyam hit it? 7) A course has four B.Tech. boys, six B.Tech. girls, and six M.Tech. boys. How many M.Tech. girls need to be there in the course to make gender and program (B.Tech. or M.Tech.) to be independent when a student is selected at random?

8) There are two boxes. Box 1 contains one gold coin and one silver coin. Box 2 contains two gold coins and one silver coin. A box is selected at random and a coin is selected at random from the box? a) What is the probability that the selected coin is gold? b) Given that the selected coin is silver, what is the probability that the first box was selected? 9) Suppose there are ten coins with the property that the ith coin (i = 1, 2, . . . , 10) will show tails with probability i/10 when tossed. One of the coins is chosen at random & tossed resulting in a heads. What is the probability that it is the fourth coin (i = 4)? Smith S. Thavalapill Page 1

10) The 3-repetition code maps 0 to 000 and 1 to 111. It can correct one bit error. The 5-repetition code which maps 0 to 00000 and 1 to 11111 can correct 2 bit errors. a) How many bit errors can a 4-repetition code correct? b) How many bit errors can a n-repetition code correct when n is odd? c) How many bit errors can a n-repetition code correct when n is even? here n is a positive integer in the above two cases. 11) When are two events A and B in a sample space S said to be mutually exclusive? Give an example. 12) When are two events A and B in a sample space S said to be independent? Give an example. 13) Give an example of two events A and B in a sample space S which are mutually exclusive and independent at the same time. 14) Consider a resistor carrousel containing six bins. Each bin contains an assortment of resistors as shown in Table below. Bin Numbers Ohms 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 500 0 200 800 1200 1000 100 300 400 600 200 800 0 1000 200 600 200 600 0 1000 If one of the bins is selected at random (i.e with equal probability) and a single resistor drawn from that bin at random, then find the probabilities: a) a 1000 resistor that is selected came from bin 4. b) a 10 resistor that is selected came from bin 3. 15) A box of unmarked ICs contains 200 hex inverters, 100 dual 4-input AND gates, 50 J-K flip flops, 25 decade counters and 25 4-bit shift registers. a) If an IC is selected at random, what is the probability that it is a J-K flip flop? b) What is the probability that an IC selected at random is not a hex inverter? c) If the first IC selected is found to be a 4-bit shift register, what is the probability that the second IC selected will also be a 4-bit shift registers? 16) In a digital communication system, messages are encoded into the binary symbols 0 and 1. Because of noise in the system, the incorrect symbol is sometimes received. Suppose that the probability of 0 being transmitted is 0.4 and the probability of 1 being transmitted is 0.6. Further suppose that the probability of a transmitted 0 being received as1 is 0.08 and the probability of a transmitted 1 being received as 0 is 0.05. Find: a) The probability that received 0 was transmitted as 0. b) The probability that received 1 was transmitted a 1. c) The probability that any symbol is received in error. 17) If A1 and A2 are mutually exclusive event, then prove that Pr((A1A2)/B) = Pr(A1/B) + Pr(A2/B). 18) In playing an opponent of equal ability, which is more probable: (show calculation) a) To win 4 games out of 7 or to win 5 games out of 9? b) To win at least 4 games out of 7 or to win at least 5 games out of 9?

Smith S. Thavalapill

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