Geografi india India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor Indian
tectonic plate, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate.[113]India's defining geological processes commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinentGondwana, began a north-eastward drift across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million years. [113] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and subduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest mountains, the Himalayas. They abut India in the north and thenorth-east.[113] In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment;[114] it now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[115] To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is cut off by the Aravalli Range.[116] The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India; it extends as far north as the Satpuraand Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateauin Jharkhand in the east.[117] To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats;[118] the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock formations, some of them over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6 44' and 35 30' north latitude [e] and 68 7' and 97 25' east longitude.[119]
The Kedar Range of the Greater Himalayas rises behindKedarnath Temple, which is one of the twelve jyotirlinga shrines.
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.[120]According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[120] Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[121]Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[122]Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal; [123] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.[124] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[125] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's southwestern coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.[126]
The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and wintermonsoons.[127] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[128][129] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[127] Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.[130]
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