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LINUX RED HAT 1

Architecture of Linux :
Linux is the Unix family operating system . It was
developed by Linux trobolt student of Finland University . It was distributed freely
Internet with source code .
Kernel is the inner most layer of Linux operating system , Kernel is used to control
hardware . Kernel operate in low level language . Shell passes Introduction to Kernel.
Shell is command interpreter . Shell take instruction in high level & passes these to
Kernel . The output that is passes by Kernel in low level is converted into high level and
directed to user .

Version of Linux :
Linux 6.0i
Linux 7.0i
Linux 9.0
Linux 2.0
Linux 3.0
Linux 4.0
Linux 4.2
Linux 5.0 (latest)

Moduls of Linux :
1- RH033 [Redhat Enterprise Linux Essential ]
2- RH133 [Redhat Enterprise Linux system Administrative ]
3- RH253 [Redhat Enterprise Linux Server & Security ]
4- RH300 [Redhat Enterprise Rapid Track Cource ]

Certification of Linux :

RHCT : Redhat Certified Tranier

RHCSS : Redhat Certified Security ? Services

Feartures of Linux :
Linux is Network operating system. Linux developed in “C”
programming language . Linux is based on Unix architecture . Linux is having command
user interface administrator & Graphical user interface administrator .

Linux is having two default Desktop

1-KDE : K’ desktop Envoirnment
2-GNOME : GNU network object model envoirnment

Linux is having X-Windows support . Linux can have services

like mail service , print service , DNS service , DHCP service etc .
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Linux is having file level security , password encryption is done having md-5 and shado
password feature
Multiple distributions of Linux are available as , Redhat , Susy ,
Mandrake , Federa .

Showing Hard disk : For PATA Hard disk

Primary Master = hda ( hda1, hda2, hda3, hda4, ……) partition of hard disk
Primary Slave = hdb ( hdb1, hdb2 , hdb3, hdb4, …………...)
Secondary master = hdc ( hdc1, hdc2, hdc3, hdc4, ……………..)
Secondary Slave = hdd ( hdd1, hdd2, hdd3, hdd4, …………….)

For SATA haer Disk

1-sda ( sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4, ………………)
2-sdb ( sdb1, sdb2, sdb3, sdb4, ……………...)
3-sdc ( sdc1, sdc2, sdc3, sdc4, ………………)
4-sdd ( sdd1, sdd2, sdd3, sdd4, ……………...)

For RAID Hard Disk

1- md0
2- md1
3- md2
4- md4

In Linux operating system logical partition always start from had5

File system of Linux :

/ = It is the Parent Directory of Linux.

/Home = It is a home directory of user for Linux.
/Lib = It is having library file for Linux application.
/Proc = It is used for minternal prosses of Linux.
/Bin , Sbin = These are having Linux internal commands.
/Sys = it is having all system files, configuration files.
/Var = It is having all variable files of Linux.
/Dev = It is a device directory. It is having file for all hardware devices.
/Lost + Found = It is recycle bin of Linux.
/Mnt = It si used for mount harddisk partition.
/Tmp = It is having temporary directory.
/Etc = It is having all configuration files of Linux.
/Media = It is used for mount CD ROM, flopopy derive or all removel devices.
/Srv = It is used for all services of Linux like web service, print service, DNS, DHCP,
etc.
/Root = It is home directory for home user.
/Usr = It is having all document file for all user.
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Consol Mode of Linux:

1- Ctrl + Alt +F1

2- Ctrl + Alt + F2
3- Ctrl + Alt + F3
4- Ctrl + Alt + F4
5- Ctrl + Alt + F5
6- Ctrl + Alt + F6
7- Ctrl + Alt + F7
From 1 to 6 are command user interface Mode & 7 is Graphical interface Mode .

NOTE : In Linux Administrator is called as “root” .

Linux have a root user & a root directory denoted by “ / “ . Similarly if we create a
normal user “ash” then Linux create user “ash” & create a home directory for “ash”

Linux is a “case sensitive” operating system, Means mind the alphabets as they are in
Capital or in small
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COMMANDS OF LINUX 4

[root@red1~] # who , To used to show open consols as tty1, tty2, tty3, tty4, tty5, tty6, 0

[root@red1~] # logout or exit ,To used for logoff consol

[root@red1~] # clear or Ctrl + L , To used for clear desk top (screen)

[root@red1~] # pwd , To used to show the location of user

[root@red1~] # whatis specific command , To used for Help

[root@red1~] # info specific command , It is also a help command

[root@red1~] # man specific command , It is a very strong help command

[root@red1~] # q , To used for quit

[root@red1~] # hostname , To show host name

[root@red1~] # ls, To used to show files & folders of a directory

[root@red1~] # ls –l , To show files & folders in list form

[root@red1~] # ls –a , To show hidden files of a directory

[root@red1~] # ls –la , To show hidden files in list form

To Create New Files & Folders

[rooot@red1`] # cat > file name , To creat a new file

[root@red1~] # Ctrl +D , For save the file

[root@red1~] # cat file name , To open{ read } file

[root@red1~] # touch {1,2,3}-{a,b,c} , To creat multiple files without contain

The files are create as :

1-a , 1-b , 1-c
2-a , 2-b , 2-c
3-a , 3-b , 3-c
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[root@red1`] # mkdir name of directory , To creat a New Directory

[root@red1~] # cd dir.name , To open the Directory

[root@red1~] # mkdir qq ww rr bb , To creat multiple directory

[root@red1~] # cd .. , To quit a dir.

[root@red1~] # cd , To quit directly from multiple directory

To Remove Files & Folders

[root@ed1~] # rm filename , To remove file with asking

[root@red1~] # rm –f filename , To remove file without asking

[root@red1~] # rm * , To remove multiple files in a directory with asking

[root@red1~] # rm –f * , To remove multiple files in a dir. Without asking

[root@red1~] # rmdir dirname , To remove directory

[root@red1~] # rm –r dirname , To remove dir. With having files

[root@red1~] # bc , To used calculator of Linux & press Ctrl +d to exit calculator

[root@red1~] # ifconfig , To see the IP address of system

[root@red1~] # ping , To check connectivity & press Ctrl + C to break pinging request

[root@red1~] # netconfig , For chang IP , DNS , Gateway of system

[root@red1~] # ifdown/up eth0 , To disable & enable NIC card respectively

[root@red1~] # ifconfig |more, To show multiple IP

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RUN LEVEL OF LINUX :

Init 0 = Sutdown the system

Init 1 = Administrative mode
Init 3 = Command user interface
Init 4 = Graphical user interface
Init 6 = Restart the system
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Init 2 = Multiple user without Networking

Init 5 = This mode system use itself

[root@red1~] # chkconfig –list |more , to chack run level of services

Copy commands :

[root@red1~] # cp sourcename destination name , To copy a file in same location

[root@red1~] # cp source name /destination path/destination dir.name , To copy a file in

defferent location

[root@red1~] # cp source name /destination path/destination dir.name/new name , To

copy a file with new name

[root@red1~] # mv filename directory name , To move the file in dir.

[root@red1~] # mv filename newname , To rename the file

[root@red1~] # mv dirname newname , To rename the dir.

To be Hidden a file in Linux

[root@red1~] # chattr filename , To be hidden a file

[root@red1~] # lsattr filename , To unhidden a file

Edit Command :

To modify a file

[root@red1~] # vi filename, after this command use following steps

1 - press I to go to insert mode & Do modify the file ,

2 - press ESC to come out insert mode
3 – press :wq for save the file
4 – press q! for don’t save the change in file
5 – press : set nu , To gave no.to the lines in a file
6 – if we want copy some lines in a file then
press y + y , To copy a single line in a file ,[keep the carser to beginning of line which ]
press y + 3 , To copy 3 lines simulteneusly
press p , To paste copied lines
press d , To delete a line [keep the carser on that line]
press d + d , To delete a single line
press d + 2 , To delete 3 lines simoulteneusly [Note : because counting start from 0 ]
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NOTE : Above all edit commands [from 3 to 6 ] are used when we come out from insert
mode

[root@red1~] # eject , to open CDROM device & eject –t use to close CDROM device

[root@red1~] # df –h , To report file system disk speace uses

[root@red1~] # du mnt | more , To estimate file size

[root@red1~] # cd /dev , For check (seeing) hard devices

To Mount & Unmount CDROM

[root@red1~] # mount , To check how many devices are mounted

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/cdrom or writer /media/cdrecorder

To mount cdrom/writer in /media/cdrecorder

NOTE : In Linux 4.2 dir. Cdrecorder is by default created in /media . But In Linux 5.0 we
Create a dir in /media .

[root@red1~] # umount /dev cdrom /media/cdrecorder , To unmount cdrom

NOTE: We con’t mount the blank cdrom & We con’t use the CDROM with out mount

[root@red1~] # cd /mnt/cdrecorder , To go to directory cdrecorder

[root@red1 cdrecorder ] # ls –l , To show the contain of CD

[root@red1 cdrecorder ] # cd folder name , To open the folder in a CD

To Create The Partition On Linux With Fdisk command

[root@red1~] # fdisk –l , To check the partition of hard disk

[root@red1~] # fdisk /dev/sda , To create the partition

Now press P → for print partition

Press N → for new partition
Press L → To create logical partition
Gave the speace for partition in MB → +2000M
Press W → for save the partition
Press Q → To quit without save the partition
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[root@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda2 , To format the partition

where sda2 is the name of partition

[root@red1~] # partprobe , To update the partition with out restart

NOTE : Linux have 3 type of format : ext2 , ext3 , swap

Swap is used for virtual memory ,

To Mount a Directory In /mnt

[root@red1~] # mkdir ash , To create a new dir.

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/ash , To mount the dir. Ash in /mnt

The above command make mount the dir. But not permanently

To Mount a Directory Permanently

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/fstab , To permanent mount the directory or partition

Now go to insert mode ( press I )

/dev/sda2 /mnt/ash ext3 defaults 00

press ESC → To come out insert mode

press :wq → for save the file

Create a New User :

[root@red1~] # useradd username , To create a user

[root@red1~] # passwd username , Togive the password to user , or change the password
of user
[root@red1~] # passwd , To change the Administrator password

[root@red1~] # userdel , To delet user ( On Login as Administrator )

[root@red1~] # vi /etc passwd , To see the all users

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To Give & Change The Permission Of File :

Read write Execute

R W X permission
0 0 0 0 ---
1 0 0 1 --X
2 0 1 0 -W-
3 0 1 1 -WX
4 1 0 0 R--
5 1 0 1 R–X
6 1 1 0 RW–
7 1 1 1 RWX

We change the Permission according to above table . for exam.

For ( read & write ) permission → R W –

For this permission use the no. 6
For read → R - - use the no. 4
For (read , write & execute ) → R W X use the no. 7

In Linux the file have permission as

- - - , - - - ,- - - Ashwani (file)
1 2 3

permission 1 → for Administrator

permission 2 → for user (client)
permission 3 → for Others

If we want to give read & write permission to file for every group (Administrator, user,
others) then, we give the no. 666 now the permission of file become

r w -,r w - , r w - ashwani

[root@red1~] # chmod 666 filename , To change the permission of file

To Create Group & Add User In Group :

[root@red1~] # groupadd groupname , To create a group

[root@red1~] # groupdel groupname , To delete the group

[root@red1~] # usermod –G groupname username , To add a user in a group

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Red Hat Package Manager ( RPM )

RPM is used for services of Linux . In RPM ,we query service packages, install services
packages , & uninstall service packages .

To query any sevice Package in Linux

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep (name of service) , To query the service

for exam.
[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep dhcp , To query DHCP package

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep bind , To query DNS package

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep httpd , To query IIS package

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep telnet , To query telnet service

To Remove Any Service in Linux

If we want remove any service then , first we query the service & type the
fullservice package name with ‘rpm ‘ command .

[root@red1~] # rpm –e ( name of full service name) , To remove any service package in
Linux
For exam.

[root@red1~] # rpm –e telnet-0.17-31.el4.3 , To remove telnet service

To Install Any Service In Linux (From CD)

For install service from CD , first mount the CD .Now query the service
in CD .& last we install the service

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrecorder , To mount the CD

[root@red1~] # cd /media/cdreorder , To go to cdrecorder

[root@red1 cdrecorder] # ls –l , To show the contain of CD

CD have a directory ‘Server’ . Go to Server

[root@red1 cdrecorder] # cd Server , To go to directory Server

[root@red1Server] # ls service* , To query the service in CD . for exam.

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[root@red1Server] # ls telnet* , To query telnet servicein CD

[root@red1Server] # rpm –ivh service package , To install any service in Linux from Cd

for exam.

[root@red1Server] # rpm –ivh telnet-0.17-31.el4.3 , To install telnet service

NOTE : After installing any service , we stop & start the service . And another very
important service ‘ xinetd’ is also stop & start from folling commands .

[root@red1~] # service xinetd stop , To stop xinetd service

[root@red1~] # service xinetd start , To start xinetd service

[root@red1~] # service telnet stop , To stop telnet service

[root@red1~] # service telnet start , To start telnet service

TO Install Printer On Linux

[root@red1~] # printconf , For install the printer on Linux

[root@red1~] # lpr filename , To used for printout

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TO CREATE CONFIGURE ‘RAID’ ON LINUX

RAID :
1 – Multiple disks grouped together into “arrays” to provide better performance,
Redundancy
2 – Many RAID levels supported , including RAID 0 , RAID 1 , RAID 5
3 – Spare disks add extra redundancy

NOTE : In Linux RAID disks are named as , md0 , md1 , md2 , …………and so on

RAID 0 : Min.2 , Max. 32 ( Hard disk uses )

If we use 2 hard disk , then

Disk 1 = 2GB
Disk 2 = 2GB
Total speace = 4GB , or
Md0 = 4GB

RAID 1 : Min. 2 , Max. 2 ( hard disk uses )

Disk 1 = 2GB
Disk 2 = 2GB
Total speace = 2GB , OR
Md1 = 2GB
Because RAID 1 create the “Mirror Image” between hard disks

RAID 5 : Min. 3 , Max. 32 ( Hard disk uses )

Disk 1 = 1GB
Disk 2 = 1GB
Disk 3 = 1GB
Total speace = 2GB , OR
Md2 = 2GB
Because in RAID 5 copy data with pairaty , so 1GB goes into pairaty

To create the RAID 0

{root@red1~] # mdadm –C /dev/md0 –a yes –l 0 –n 2 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 ,

where , l = level = 0 (from RAID0)

n = no. of hard disk uses = 2
md0 = name
sda1 & sdb1 = name of hard disk (SATA)
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To create RAID 1

[root@red1~] # mdadm –C /dev/md1 –a yes –l 1 –n 2 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2

where , l = level = 1 ( from RAID1 )

n = no. of hard disk uses = 2
md1 = Name
sda1 & sda2 = name of Hard disk ( SATA)

To create RAID 5

[root@red1~] # mdadm –C /dev/md2 –a yes –l 5 –n /dev /sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

where , l = level = 5 ( from RAID5 )

n = no. of hard disk uses = 3
md2 = name
sda1 , sdb , & sdc1 = name of hard disks

To Format The RAID

[root@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0 , To format md0

same as we can format md1 & md2

Now create a directory in /mnt for mount the RAID

[root@red1~] # mkdir /mnt/ash-1 , To make a dir . in /mnt

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/ash1 , To mount RAID in ash1 in /mnt

NOTE : same as we can mount md1 & md2 in /mnt , we can’t use RAID without mount .

[root@red1~] # mdadm –detial /dev/md0 , To show the details of RAID

[root@red1~] # mount , To show mount details

[root@red1~] df –TH /dev/md0 , To show RAID

Recovery of RAID

[root@red1~] # mdadm - -fail /dev/md0 /dev/sdb , To fail RAID ( by fail disk2 or sdb1 )

[root@red1~] # mdadm - -remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 , To remove the Hard disk from
system
NOTE : Don’t remove Hard disk from system without remove command
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[root@red1~] # mdadm - -add /dev/md0 /dev/sdb2 , To add a new Hard disk for
Recovery of RAID

NOTE : Before fail the RAID , unmount the RAID ( md0 ) & after adding new hard disk
Again mount RAID ( md0 )
NOTE : Same as we recover RAID0 ,RAID1 & RAID5

NFS → Network File System

NFS is used to share file . Now we create a file ,mount this file into /mnt
in a directory & give share permission to file .

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep nfs , to query of nfs on Linux

If package is not available then install the package from CD

[root@red1~] # cat > pbt , To create a file ( write contain in file & press ctrl + d )

[root@red1~] # mkdir /mnt/Jaiswal , To create a dir in /mnt for mount the file

[root@red1~] # mount /root/pbt /mnt/Jaiswal , To mount the file

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/exports , To given the share permission to file

press I , for go to insert mode , & write following permission

/mnt/Jaiswal *(rw , sync )

If we want share a specific file , then

/mnt/jaiswal filename(rw , sync )

If we want to permit any specific system ( pc1 ) , then

/mnt/Jaiswal/IP of pc1 *(rw , sync )

press ESC → To come out insert mode

press :wq → For save the file

[root@red1~] # service nfs stop , To stop nfs service

[root@red1~] # service nfs start , To start nfs service

Also stop & start xinetd service .

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For accessing the file go another system , create directory in /mnt & mount the file “pbt”
with IP of system “red1”.

[root@red2~] # mkdir /mnt/jet2 , To make a directory in /mnt at another PC “red2”

[root@red2~] # mount 200.200.200.165: /mnt/Jaiswal /mnt/jet2 , To mount the file

where , 200.200.200.165 → IP of system “red1”

NOTE : Here we mount the file “pbt” from dir Jaiswal to dir jet2 at another PC “red2”

[root@red2~] # cd /mnt/jet2 , To go to at jet2

[root@red2 jet2] # ls –l , To show the contain of jet2

[root@red2 jet2] # cat pbt , To open (read ) the file

To modify the file use vi command . ( vi filename )

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Logical Volume Manager ( LVM )

Logical volume
Create logical volume from volume group

Volume group
Create a volume group to combine physical volume

Physical volume
Change partition into physical volume

Linux partition
Create new partitons

Logical volume manager is used to extend the speace of partition . Very first we create
some (3) new partitions ( 100mb , 100mb , 100mb ) . Convert these partitions into
“Physical volume” of 300mb . Now create a “Volume group” from “Physical volume” of
300mb . Finaly create a “Logical volume” of 200mb for extending the partition .

For creating the “LVM” we use following commands .

Pvcreate → To change “Linux partition” into “Physical Volume”

Vgcreate → To change “Physical volume into “Volume Group”

Lvcreate → To change “Volume Group” into “Logical Volume”

NOTE : Let we create 3 new partitions ( sda 4 , sda5 , sda6 ) of 100-100 MB .

[root@red1~] # fdisk /dev/sda , To create partition

press N → for new ( sda4 )

Give speace → +100M

Press N → for new ( sda5 )

Give speace → +100M

Press N → for new ( sda6 )

Give speace → +100M
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After creating partitions ,

Press T → for given type

Partition ID → 4 ( from sda4 )

Hex code → 8e ( Linux LVM , ID )

Again , press T

Partition ID → 5 (from sda5 )

Hex code → 8e

Again , press T

Partition ID → 6 (from sda6 )

Hex code → 8e

Now press W → For save partitions

[root@red1~] # partprobe , To update partitions without restart .

Now create the physical volume

[root@red1~] # pvcreate /dev/sda{ 4,5,6 } , To create Physical volume

[root@red1~] # vgcreate vg1 /dev/sda{4,5,6 } , To create volume group

where , vg1 → give a name to volume group

[root@red1~] # vgdisplay vg1 , To display volume group

[root@red1~] # lvcreate –n lv1 –l 50 vg1 , To create logical volume

where , 50 → PE No. ( for define speace )

1 PE → 4MB so ,
50PE → 4 × 50 → 200MB

lv1 → give a name to logical volume

[root@red1~] # lvdisplay /dev/vg1/lv1 , To display logical volume

[root@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/lv1 , To format logical volume

NOTE : create a directory in /mnt to mount logical volume

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[root@red1~] # mkdir /mnt/king , To create a dir in /mnt

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/king , To mount logical volume in “king”

To permanent mount the logical volume

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/fstab

/dev/vg1/lv1 /mnt/king ext3 defaults 00

press :wq → for save the file

[root@red1~] # mount –a , To check mount error

To Resize The Partition :

[root@red1~] # lvextand –L +50M /dev/vg1/lv1 , To extand the logical volume

If “Volume group” is full , then we will extand the volume group. To

resize the volume group , create a new partition (sda7) & update the partition with
partprobe command

[root@red1~] # pvcreate /dev/sda7 , ( create physical volume )

[root@red1~ # vgextand /dev/sda7 , Toextand the volume group

To Reduce The Logical Volume :

For reducing logical volume to unmount the volume
& after reducing again mount the volume .

[root@red1~] # umount /mnt/king , To unmount the logical volume

[root@red1~] # lvreduce /dev/vg1/lv1 –L 50M , To reduce the logical volume

[root@red1~] # mount /mnt/king , To mount logical volume again

To Remove The “LVM” :

To remove LVM , first unmount the LVM

[root@red1~] # umount /mnt/king ,

1- Remove physical volume

[root@red1~] # pvmove /dev/sda7

[root@red1~] # pvmove /dev/sda6

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[root@red1~] # pvmove /dev/sda5

[root@red1~] # pvmove /dev/sda4

2- Remove logical volume

[root@red1~] # lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1

3- Remove volume group

[root@red1~] # vgremove vg1

To Create RAID & Extand By LVM

For create RAID we create 6 new partitions ( sda5 , sda6 , sda7 , sda8 , sda9 , sda10 ) &
make 2 RAID ( md0 & md1 ) . Make each partition of 100MB . After creating RAID we
will extand to md0 from md1 .

[root@red1~] # fdisk /dev/sda , To create partition

press P → for print partition

press N → for new ( sda5 )
give speace → +100M

press N → for new

give speace → +100MB (sda6 )

As we create 6 partitions from sda5 to sda10 . after creating partitions

Press W → for save partitions

Press T → for given type

Partition ID → 5 (from sda5 )

Hex code → fd ( Linux RAID ID )

Again , press T

Partition ID → 6 ( from sda6 )

Hex code → fd

Same as add all partition in RAID from sda5 to sda10

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Press W → for saving partition

[root@red1~] # partprobe , To update partition

Now create md0 & md1

[root@red1~] # mdadm –C /dev/md0 –l 5 –n 3 /dev/sda{ 5,6,7 } , To create md0

[root@red1~] # mdadm –C /dev/md1 –l 5 –n 3 /dev/sda{ 8,9,10 } , To create md1

[root@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0 , To format md0

[root@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/md1 , To format md1

[root@red1~] # mdadm - -deaails /dev/md0 , To seeing details

Now convert RAID md0 for Physical volume

[root@red1~] # pvcreate /dev/md0

Create volume group from physical volume

[root@red1~] # vgcreate vg2 /dev/md0 , ( where vg2 → name of volume group )

Create logical volume

[root@red1~] # lvcreate –n lv2 –l 25 vg2

where lv2 → name of logical volume

25 → PE no.

[root@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg2/lv2 , To format logical volume

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/vg2/lv2 /mnt/Ashwani , To mount logical volume

For permanent mount the logical volume

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/fstab

/dev/vg2/lv2 /mnt/Ashwani ext3 defaults 00

press :wq → for save file

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To be resize the RAID ( from md1 to md0 )

[root@red1~] # pvcreate /dev/md1 , To create physical volume from md1

[root@red1~] # vgextand vg2 /dev/md1 , To extand volume group

[root@red1~] # lvextand –L +50 /dev/vg2/lv2 , To extand logical volume

[root@red1~] # lvdisplay /dev/vg2/lv2 , For seeing details

To reduce theRAID partition

For reducing partition , unmount the logical volume &
again mount after reducing

[root@red1~] # umount /dev/vg2/lv2 /mnt/Ashwani , To unmount logical volume

[root@red1~] # lvreduce /dev/vg2/lv2 –L 40M , To reduce logical volume

NOTE :
In “lvreduce” command , file contains speace which we define & remaining
speace is reduced . For ex. We define speace 40MB then logical volume become 40MB &
remining speace is reduced .

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/vg2/lv2 /mnt/Ashwani , To mount logical volume

§ REMOTE DESKTOP §

Through the Remote service we can access system from Remote position (in Graphically)

Rrquired service packages :

1- tsclient-0.148-6.el5.i386.rpm
2- rdesktop-1.4.1-4.i386.rpm

Search & Install the above package from CD

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep tsc* , To search tsclient on Linux

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep rdesk* , To search krdesktop on Linux

Now go to Graphical mode → run

↓
tsclient
↓
connect
 22

↓
user name & password
↓
OK

§ TELNET SERVICE §

Through Telnet service we can access a system from remote position ( command mode)

Package required : telnet-0.17-31.el4.3 , install the package from CD

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep telnet , To search the package on Linux

[root@red1~] # rpm –ivh telnet-0.17-31.el4.3 , To install the package from CD

If we want access system “pc1” from system “red1” then

[root@red1~] # telnet IPof pc1 username , To access the user

NOTE : Through the above service package weaccess only normal user . we can’t access
the super user , for accessing “root user” we most be install the “ssh” service .

Go to Graphical mode → system

↓
Administrator
↓
security system & firewall
↓
uncheck this option
↓
OK

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep sshd , To search the package on Linux

search & install the package “sshd” from CD & after installing service

[root@red1~] # service sshd stop , To stop the service

[root@red1~] # service sshd start , To start the service

[root@red1~] # chkconfig sshd on , To on the service

Now we will allow the system through telnet that we want to access , Let we want access
the system which have an IP 200.200.200.1 , then
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[root@red1~] # vi /etc/hosts.allow

press I → for go to insert mode & write down

sshd: 200.200.200.1

press ESC → To escape insert mode

press :wq → for save file

[root@red1~] # ssh 200.200.200.1 , To access the root user

USER SWITCHING :

To login the normal user in same consol simulteneusly with root user or other normal
user

[root@red1~] # su username

PASSWORD RECOVERY OF LINUX :

Linux operating have two passwords

1- root password ( Administrator password )
2- Grub password ( Boot password )

To recover root password :

Restart the system & show the boot menu ( Grub )

↓
press E → To login single user mode
↓
nd
select 2 option ( kernel/vmlinuz-2.6.18-8.el5 ro root = LABLE = /rhgb quit
↓
Again press E
↓
write → single , between ro & root ( as , ro single root )
↓
press B ( for boot )
↓
Give the command → passwd
↓
Give new password
↓
Retype password
↓
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exit
To Recover the Grub Password :

1st we set Grub password

[root@red1~] # grub-md5-crpt , To set the Grub password

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/grub.conf , To seeing Grub password

Now boot the system from Linux 1st CD

↓
boot : Linux rescue
↓
Network setup ( NO )
↓
continue
↓
Rescue → OK
↓
chroot /mnt/sysimage

↓
give command → vi /etc/grub.conf
↓
go to insert mode ( press I )
↓
choose option → password –md5 ( encrypt password )
↓
given → # , before above option

( As → # password –md5 )
↓
press → :wq

To Change the Grub Title :

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/grub.conf

Go to insert mode ( Press I )

Now change the title of Grub & come out the insert mode

Press → :wq , for save the file

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To change the default interface mode of Linux :

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/inittab

Go to insert mode ( Press I )

Select → Id : 3 :init default

Replace → 3 with 5 ( as Id : 5 : init default )

Press → ESC

Press → :wq

DOMAIN NAME SERVICE (DNS)

DNS is used for name resolution, DNS resolve to fully qualified domain name in IP
address & IP address to fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

DNS have two zones for resolution

1- Forward lookup zone
2- Reverse lookup zone

Forward lookup zone:

This zone is resolve the FQDN into IP address
Reverse lookup zone:
This zone is resolve the IP address in FQDN

Configure the DNS on Linux:

To configure the DNS on Linux 1st we query the service
bind. (In Linux DNS is called bind)

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep bind, To query the bind service

Package Required → Following packages are required for DNS

1- bind-utils-9.3.3-7.el5
2- bind-chroot-9.3.3-7.el5
3- bind-libs-9.3.3-7.el5
4- chacing-nameserver-9.3.3-7.el5.i386.rpm
5- ypbind-1.19-7.el5
6- bind-devel-9.3.3-7.el5.i386.rpm
7- bind-libbind-devel-9.3.3-7.el5.i386.rpm
 26

8- bind-sdb-9.3.3-7.el5.i386.rpm

NOTE → above 1st four services are must for configure DNS

Now create a new file for creating DNS

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/named.conf , To create the file

Go to insert mode & write as following

Zone “redhat.com” IN {
Type master; [NOTE → master = primary]
File “redhat.com.zone”
};

come out insert mode & save the file

[root@red1~] # cd /var/named/chroot/var/named, To open the directory named

copy the file localhost.com [NOTE → It is a sample file]

[root@red1~] # cp localhost.com redhat.com.zone, To copy the file

[root@red1~] # vi localhost.com.zone, To modify the file

Go to insert mode

$TTL 86400
redhat.com. IN SOa red1 root (
42 ; serial(d. adms)
3H ;refresh
15M ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum

IN NS red1
IN A 200.200.200.165 (IP of server)
IN A 200.200.200.165 (start entries)

Where, red1 → name of host

Come out the insert mode & save the file

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/hosts , for entry in hosts

 27

Go to insert mode & give entry

200.200.200.165 red1 red1.redhat.com

save the file

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/resolve.conf (for all systems)

go to insert mode & give entry

nameserver 200.200.200.165 (give DNS’s IP)

Save the file

[root@red1~] # service named stop , To stop service

[root@red1~] # service named start , To start service

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APACHE (WEB) SERVER

Apache server is used to access to web pages. In Linux Apache is the very important
service.
[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep http , To query the web service on Linux

Packages Required:

1- httpd-2.2.3-6.el5.i386.rpm
2- httpd-devel-2.2.3-6.el5.i386.rpm
3- httpd-manual-2.2.3-6.el5.i386.rpm
4- system-config-httpd-1.3.3.1-1.el5.noarch.rpm
5- alchemist-1.0.36-2.el5.i386.rpm
6- alchemist-devel-1.0.36-2.el5.i386.rpm
7- libxslt-python-1.1.17-2.i386.rpm
Install the above packages from CD

Configure APACHE server:

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf , To go to httpd.conf

Press → : set nu , for numbering of lines in file

Press → : /80 , for searching httpd service (note → 80 = httpd port ID)

Press → : / Document , for searching document file

Note the path of DocumentRoot → “/var/www/html

Through the above path we create a web page in /html

Now go to the ends of lines , go to insert mode & create some new lines as following

<VirtualHost 200.200.200.165>
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
DirectoryIndex friend.html
</VirtualHost.

Press → :wq , for save the file

[root@red1~] # vi /var/www/html/friend.html , for making a new web page

[root@red1~] # service httpd stop

 29

[root@red1~] # service httpd start

SAMBA SERVER

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep samba , To query samba services

Packages Required

1- samba-client-3.0.23c-2
2- samba-common-3.0.23c-2
3- samba-3.0.23c-2.i386.rpm

Install the above packages from CD

Configure Samba Server

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/samba/smb.conf , To modify the file smb.conf

Press → :set nu

Press I → To go to insert mode

26 → Workgroup = MYGROUP (by default)

Change as

Workgroup = workgroup

34 → Security = user (by default)

Changes as

Security = share

Now go to ends of lines of the file & create some new lines as following

[samba]
path = /mnt/ash (where, ash = directory)
public = yes
writable = yes

Press → :wq , To save the file

[root@red1~] # service smb stop

[root@red1~] # service smb start

 30

For accessing file , go to Run & give \\ IP of Linux machine

MAIL SERVER (OR) SEND MAIL

Through the mail server we can send or receive mail & massages.

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep sendmail , To query the mail service

Packages required:

1- sendmail-8.13.8-2.el5
2- sendmail-8.13.8-2.el5.i386.rpm
3- sendmail-devel-8.13.8-2.el5.i386.rpm
4- sendmail-cf-8.13.8-2.el5.i386.rpm
5- sendmail-doc-8.13.8-2.el5.i386.rpm

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep cyrus-imapd , To query the imap service

Packages required

1- cyrus-imapd-2.3.7-1.1.el5.i386.rpm
2- cyrus-imapd-devel-2.3.7-1.1.el5.i386.rpm
3- cyrus -imapd-perl-2.3.7-1.1.el5.i386.rpm
4- cyrus-imapd-utils-2.3.7-1.1.el5.i386.rpm

[root@red1~]rpm –qa |grep pop , To query the pop service

Packages required:

1- poppler-0.5.4-4.el5.i386.rpm
2- poppler-devel-0.5.4-4.el5.i386.rpm
3- poppler-utils-0.5.4-4.el5.i386.rpm
4- popt-1.10.2-37.el5.i386.rpm

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep dov , To query dov service

Packages required:

1- dovecot-1.0-1.2.rcls.el5.i386.rpm

Install the above packages from CD’s

For configure mail server we go to the directory /mail & here we find 2 most imp. Files ,
1- sendmail.cf
2- sendmail.mc
 31

for creating mail server to be change in sendmail.cf but we can’t change in this file
because it is written in code language, so we’ll change in sendmail.mc & convert it into
sendmail.cf with the help of a utility “m4”
Configure Mail Server:

[root@red1~] # cd /etc/mail , To go to the directory /mail

[root@red1 mail] # ls –l , To show the contains of /mail

[root@red1 mail] # vi sendmail.mc , To edit the file “sendmail.mc”

Press → :/127 (loopback address)

Go to line no. 116

DAEMON_OPTION (‘Port = smtp, Addr = 127.0.0.1 Name = MTA’)dnl

Block the above option to use dnl # beginning the line as following

dnl # DEAMON_OPTION (‘Port = smtp, Addr = 127.0.0.1 Name = MTA’)dnl

Press → :wq , To save the file

Now convert the sendmail.mc into sendmail.cf through m4

[root@red1~] # m4 sendmail.mc > sendmail , for convert

[root@red1~] # service sendmail stop

[root@red1~] # service sendmail start

[root@red1~] # chkconfig sendmail on

[root@red1~] # service cyrus-imapd stop

[root@red1~] # service cyrus-imapd start

For sending mail use the “mutt” command

[root@red1~] # mutt , To sending mail

yes
Press m →For send mail
To →
Subject →
Go to insert mode & type your massage
 32

Press → ESC & :wq

Press y → To send massage

QUOTA MANAGEMENT

Create a new partition of speace 1000M & save this partition for applying quota
management. If we want not create a separate partition, then we use /home speace. After
creating partition

[root@red1~] # partprobe , To update the partition

[rot@red1~] # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda8 , To format the partition (sda8 = no. of partition)

create a new directory in /mnt for mount this partition

[root@red1~] # mkdir /mnt/quota

[root@red1~] # mount /dev/sda8 /mnt/quota , To mount the partition

[root@red1~] # vi /etc/fstab , To permanent mount the partition

/dev/sda8 /mnt/quota ext3 defaults,userquota 00

Now create 2 blank files in directory quota for working quota management

[root@red1~] # cd /mnt/quota

[root@red1 quota] # touch aquota.user

[root@red1 quota] # touch aquota.group

Remount the directory quota

[root@red1~] # mount –o remount /mnt/quota , To remount

[root@red1~] # quotaon /mnt/quota , To on the quota management

Now create a new user & apply quota on this user

[root@red1~] # useradd sabu

[root@red1~] # passwd sabu

[root@red1~] # setquota –u sabu 512 1024 0 /mnt/quota , To set quota speace

OR → use an another command for set quota speace

 33

[root@red1~] # edquota sabu

NOTE → Given the speace in above command are in KB & quota are 2 types

1- softquota → for warning

2- hardquota → for block account

For report quota management

[root@red1~] # repquota –v /mnt/quota , To report quota

or
[root@red1~] # su sabu

[root@red1~] # quota

for checking quota management, go to init 1 & give command

[root@red1~] # quotacheck –cu /mnt/quota , To check quota

If an error massage is not come, then quota is created successfully

After checking quota management come back to level init 5

 34

DHCP SERVER

[root@red1~] # rpm –qa |grep dhcp , To query the dhcp package

Package Required:

1- dhcp-3.8.5-3.el5.i386.rpm
2- dhcp-devel-3.0.5.3.el5.i386.rpm
3- dhcpv6-0.10-33.el5.i386.rpm
4- dhcpv6-client-0.10-33.el5.i386.rpm

Install the above packages from CD

[root@red1~] # cd usr/share/doc/dhcp-3.0.5 , Path of sample file

Now create a new file for configure DHCP

[root@red1~] # vi dhcpd.conf.sample

Go to insert mode

ddns-update-style none;
subnet 200.200.200.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
option routers 200.200.200.165; (NOTE: IP of gateway)
option domain-name-server 200.200.200.165; (NOTE: give IP of DNS)
range 200.200.200.50 200.200.200.100;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
}
host red1 {
hardware Ethernet 00:14:2A:5D:69:8A
fixed address 200.200.200.75
}

Press → :wq , for save the file

[root@red1~] # service dhcpd stop

[root@red1~] # service dhcpd start

[root@red1~] # service network restart , To find the IP from DHCP server

35