Arithmetic & Algebra
Percent Change
% Change = Amount Change 100 Original Repeated Percent-Increase: Final Amount = Original (1 + Rate) number of changes Repeated Percent-Decrease: Final Amount = Original (1 Rate) number of changes
Rates
average speed = total distance total time distance = rate time work done = rate of work time
Direct Variation
In a direct variation, the ratio of the variables is equal to a constant Direct Variation: y = kx, where k is a constant
Inverse Variation
In an inverse variation, the product of the variables is equal to a constant Inverse Variation: y = k/x, where k is a constant
Absolute Value
Definition of Absolute Value: 1. if x 0, then | x | = x 2. if x < 0, then | x | = x (note that x is a positive number) 3. | x | 0 for all values of x Absolute Value Properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |x|=a x=a | x | < a a < x < a | x | > a x > a or x < a a < | x | < b a < x < b or a > x > b |y|=|x| y=|x|
Whenever you multiply both sides of an inequality by a negative, flip the inequality sign When adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing ranges, list the four ways you can combine the endpoints of the two ranges
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Properties: 1. x x = x a ab 2. x = x b x a b ab 3. (x ) = x 0 4. x = 1 a 5. x = 1 a x a a a 6. x y = (xy)
a b a+b
Logarithmic Properties: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. log b (pq) = log b p + log b q log b (p / q) = log b p log b q x log b (p ) = x log b p (x can be a variable or a constant) log b 1 = 0 log b b = 1 log b p = log a p log a b
log p
7. b b = p 8. log e x = ln x Property that relates exponential and logarithmic functions: x log b N = x is equivalent to b = N When no base is indicated for logarithms, any arbitrary base can be used x The graphs of all exponential functions y = b have roughly the same shape and pass through point (0,1) The graphs of all logarithmic functions y = log b x have roughly the same shape and pass through point (1,0)
