3.

INTEGRATION
UNIT 3.1.1 Basics
 Integration is the reverse of differentiation

1. Since
d 2
dx
 
x  c  2x ,  2x dx  x2  c

d
2. Since 10 x  c   10 ,  10 dx  10 x  c
dx

1. Given
d 3
dx

xc  = 3x2 , find  3x
2
dx . 2. Given
d
dx
 
2 x 5  c  10 x 4 , find  10x 4 dx .

d 
 3x   dx  x  c  
2 3
dx =

= x3 + c
d 1 6  d 2  2 2
 x  c   3x , find  3x dx .   c    2 , find   2 dx .
5 5
3. Given 4. Given
dx  2  dx  x  x x

5. Given
d
dx
 
4 x 3  f ( x) , find  f ( x) dx . 6. Given
d
dx
100 x  c   h( x) , find  h( x) dx .

d  2  d  2x 
7. Given    g ( x) , find
dx  x  3   g ( x) dx . 8. Given    f ( x) , find
dx  x  1   f ( x) dx .

9. Given
d
dx
 
x( x  2)3 dx  w( x) , 10. Given
d
dx
( x  3)( x  2)  p( x) ,
find  w( x) dx . find  p( x) dx .

UNIT 3.1.2 (a) Integration of xn : x n 1

 x dx   c , n  1
n

n 1

x31 x dx  x dx 
5 9
2. 3.
 x dx   c
3
1.
3 1
x4
= c
4
x x  x dx
3 2
4. dx  5. dx  6. 

Integration 1
UNIT 3.1.2 (b) Integration of axn : ax n 1
 ax dx   c , n  1
n

n 1

Note :  m dx  mx  c , m a constant
x31  10x dx   4x dx 
4 3
2. 3.
 6 x dx  6.  c
3
1.
3 1
x4
= 6. c
4
3x 4
=  c
2

4..  10 dx  10x + c 5.
1
 2 dx  6..   3dx 

7.  8 x dx  8.
x11
 c
8.  6x dx  9.  3x dx 
11
x2
= 8. c
2
= 4x 2  c

 12x dx   8x dx   10 x dx 
3 2 5
10. 11. 12.

2 8 12
x  2x x  8x x
3 5
13. 3
dx  dx 14. 5
dx  dx 15. 4
dx 

x 31 =
= 2. c
3  1

x 2
= 2. c
2
1
=  2  c
x

2 2
 0.9x dx 
2

 5x  3 x dx
16. dx  17.  18.
3

Integration 2
UNIT 3.1.3 To Determine Integrals of Algebraic Expressions.
Note : Integrate term by term. Expand & simplify the given expression where necessary.

3x3 4 x 2
 (3x  4 x  5)dx =   5x  c
2
Example :
3 2
= x3 – 2x2 + 5x + c

 (6 x  4 )dx  (12 x  8 x  1)dx  (x  3 x  2)dx

2 3
1. 2. 3.

= = =

4.  x(3x  2 )dx 5.  (2 x  1)(2 x  1)dx 6.  ( x  2)( x  3)dx

= = =

(2 x  1)(2 x  1)
 (3x  2) 6 x2  4
2


7. dx 8.
x2
dx 9.  x 2 dx
=
= =

(3 x  4) 2  (2 x  (2  x) dx
2
11.  x  1)dx 12. 2
10.  x 2 dx
= =
=

1 1 1
 x(3  x) dx
2

 (3  x )(3  x )dx  ( 2 x
13. 14. 2
 3 x  )dx 15.
x2
=
= =

Integration 3
UNIT 3.1.4 To Determine the Constant of Integration (I)
Example Exercise
1 SPM 2003, K2, S3(a) 3 Marks 2 dy
Given = 2x + 3 and y = 4 when x = 1, find y in
dy dx
Given = 2x + 2 and y = 6 when x = – 1,
dx terms of x.
find y in terms of x.
dy
Answer: = 2x + 2
dx
y    2 x  2  dx
2 x2
=  2x  c
2
y = x2 + 2x + c
y = 6, x = 1, 6 = 12 + 2(1) + c
6 = 3+c
c = 3
Hence y = x2 + 2x + 3
y = x2 + 3x
3 dy 4 dy
Given = 4x + 1 and y = 4 when x = -1, Given = 6x – 3 and y = 3 when x = 2, find y in
dx dx
find y in terms of x. terms of x.
dy
Answer : = 4x + 1
dx
y    4 x  1 dx
=

y = 2x2 + x + 3
y = 3x2 – 3x – 3
5 dy 6 dy
Given = 4 – 2x and y = 5 when x = 1, find Given = 3x2 – 2 and y = 4 when x = -1, find y in
dx dx
y in terms of x. terms of x.

y = 4x – x2 +2 y = x3 – 2x + 3
7 dy 8 dy 3
Given = 3(2x – 4) and y = 30 when x = - Given = 2  2 and y = 1 when x = – 1 , find
dx dx x
2, find y in terms of x. y in terms of x.

3
y  2x  6
y = 3x2 – 12x – 6 x

Integration 4
UNIT 3.1.4 To Determine the Constant of Integration (II)
Example Exercise
1 dy 2 dy
Given = 6x – 4 and y = 2 when x = – 1, Given = 2x + 5 and y = 1 when x = – 1 , find
dx dx
find the value of y when x = 2. the value of y when x = 3.
dy
Answer: = 6x – 4
dx
y    6 x  4  dx
6 x2
=  4x  c
2
y = 3 x2 – 4x + c
y = 2, x =-1, 2 = 3(-1)2 - 4(-1) + c
2 = 3+4+c
c = -5
y = 3x2 – 4x – 5
2
When x = 2, y = 3(2) – 4(2) – 5 = – 1
29
3 dy 4 dy
Given = 1 – 3x2 and y = 2 when x = -1, Given = 6x – 3 and y = 3 when x = 2, find the
dx dx
find the value of y when x = 2. value of y when x = 1.
dy
Answer: = 1 – 3x2
dx

y   1  3x 2 dx 
=

–4 –3
5 dy 6 dy
Given = 4 – 2x and y = 5 when x = 1 find Given = 3x2 – 2 and y = 4 when x = -1, find the
dx dx
the value of y when x = – 1. value of y when x = 0.

-3 3
7 dy 8 dy 3
Given = 3(2x – 1) and y = 5 when x = -2, Given = 5  2 and y = 1 when x = – 1 , find
dx dx x
find the value of y when x = 1. the value of y when x = 3

-13 25
Integration 5
3.1.5 To Determine the Equation of Curve from Gradient Function
Example Exercise
1 SPM 2004, K2, S5 (3 Marks) 2. The gradient function of a curve which passes
The gradient function of a curve which passes through B(1, 5) is 3x2 + 2 .
2
through A(1, -12) is 3x – 6x . Find the equation of the curve.
Find the equation of the curve. dy
dy Answer: = 3x2 + 2
Answer: 2
= 3x – 6x dx
dx y   3x 
 2 dx
2

y   3x  6 x dx
2
=
3 2
3x 6x
=  c
3 2
y = x3 – 3x2 + c
3
y = -12, x = 1, -12 = 1 – 3(1) + c
- 12 = –2+c
c = – 10
Hence y = x3 – 6x – 10 y = x3 + 2x + 2

3. The gradient function of a curve which passes 4. The gradient function of a curve which passes
through P(1, – 3) is 4x – 6 . through Q( – 1 , 4) is 3x (x – 2) .
Find the equation of the curve. Find the equation of the curve.

Answer: Answer:

y = 2x2 - 6x + 1 y = x3 - 3x2 + 8
5. The gradient function of a curve which passes 6. The gradient function of a curve which passes
through A(1, 6) is 5 – 3x2 . through R(2, 3) is 6x2 – 4 .
Find the equation of the curve. Find the equation of the curve.

y = 5x – x3 + 2 y = x3 - 4x +3
7. The gradient function of a curve which passes 8. The gradient function of a curve which passes
through A(1, 10) is x( 6 – 3x) . through A(-1, 7) is 3x2 + 2x - 1 .
Find the equation of the curve. Find the equation of the curve.

y = 3x2 –x3 + 8 y = x3 + x2 – x +6

Integration 6
  (ax  b) dx, n  1
n
UNIT 3.1.6 Integration of the form

(ax  b) n 1
 (ax  b) dx  a(n  1)  c , n   1
n

E (3x  2) 41 E 12
 (2 x  3)  12(2 x  3)
4
dx 
 (3x  2) dx  c dx
4
X X 4
3(4  1)
A A
= 12(2 x  3) 3
M M c
P (3x  2)5 P 3. (2)
= c
L 15 L
E E =

1.
 (2 x  5) dx  2. 4
3
 ( x  3) 2
dx 

 (2  4 x) dx   ( x  2)
4
3. 5 4. dx 

5. 3 6. 15
 (2 x  1) 2
dx   (3x  5) 6
dx 

 6(2  x) dx   30(4  3x)

3
7. 3 8. dx 

9. 2 10. 15
 3 (1  2 x) dx 
3
 2( x  3) 4
dx 

Integration 7
UNIT 3.2 Definite Integral b
If  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c, then  f ( x)dx 
a
F (b)  F (a )

2 3 2

 2x dx   x 1  4x dx   x  0  6x
2 3
1. 2
2. 3 4
3. 2
dx 
1 0 1
= 2 2 – 12 = =
= 4–1
= 3

[81] [14]
2 4 3

 8x dx  x dx   10 dx 
3
4. 5. 6.
1 2 1
= = =

[12] [60] [20]

2 3 2
2 3
 3x (x  2x
2
7. dx  8. 3
) dx  9. 2
dx 
1 1 1
= =

[3] [8] [3]

2 9 4
3 3 3

 (2  6 x) dx   (4 x  3x ) dx   x(2 x  1) dx 
2
10. 11. 12.
0 1 0

[-10] [22.5]
[-21]
2 3 1

 (2 x  1)(2 x  1) dx  (3x  2) dx  x(3x  2) dx 

2
13. 14. 15.
1 1 0

= =

[ 25 ]
3 [38] [0]

Integration 8
  (ax  b) dx, n  1
n
3.2.1 Definite Integral of the form
E 1 2 2
1
 (3x  2)5  3
0 1 (2 x  1)2 dx  1 3(2 x  1) dx
2
X (3 x  4
2) dx    Y
A  5.3  0 o
M 1
 (3 x  2)5  u
P =  
 15  0 =
L 5 5
T
E = 5 2 r
 =
15 15 y
= 206.2 !

[1]
1. 1 2. 5
10
 (2 x  3) dx 
2
 ( x  3)
4
2
dx 
0

[ 16 1 ]
3 [5]
3. 1 4. 1

 16(2  4 x) dx   6( x  2)
3
3
dx 
0 0

[5]
[1280] 12
5. 2
6 6. 3
24
1 (2 x  1)2 dx   (3x  5)
2
3
dx 

[2] [3.75]

Integration 9
UNIT 3.2.3 Applications of Definite Integral (I)

3 3
Given that 
1
f ( x)dx  4 ,  g ( x)dx 
1
6 . Find the value of .....

1. 1 2. 3


3
f ( x)dx =  2 
1
f ( x ) dx =

-4 8
3. 3 4. 3

 5 f ( x) dx
1
=
  f ( x)  4 dx
1
=

20 -4
5. 6.  3 f ( x)  1 
3 3

 4 f ( x)  2 x  dx
1
=
 
1
2  dx

=

8 5
7. 3 8. 3
 1 
 3 f ( x)  2 g ( x) dx
1
=
 2 g ( x)  2 f ( x)  dx
1
=

0 14
9. 3
6 f ( x)  g ( x) dx 10 3
3 

1
3
= .   2 f ( x)  2 g ( x)  1 dx
1
=

6 16

Integration 10
UNIT 3.2.3 Applications of Definite Integral (II)
1. k 2. k

Given that  (2 x  3)dx  6 , where k > -1, find Given that

 (2 x  1)dx  12 , where k > 0, find the
1 0
the value of k. (SPM 2004, P1, Q 22) value of k.

k=4 4
3. k 4. k
Given that  (3  4 x)dx   20 , where k > 0, find
0
Given that  (6 x  1)dx
0
= 14 , where k > 0, find

the value of k. the value of k.

4 2
5. 6 6 6. 3
Given that
 f ( x)  7 and   2 f ( x)  kx   10 ,
2 2
Given that  f ( x)  5
1
and

find the value of k. [SPM ’05, P1,Q21] 3

  3 f ( x)  kx   23 , find the value of k.

1

¼ 2
5. 5 5 6. 4
Given that  f ( x)  6
2
and
  f ( x)  kx   10 ,
2
Given that  f ( x)  3 and
1
find the value of k. 4

  kf ( x)  6 x   39 , find the value of k.

1
[k=-2]

8
21 -2

Integration 11
Questions based on SPM Format (I)
1. 2
3  x2
2 3

Find the value of 1 x 2 dx . Find the value of  x(4  x) dx .

0

½ 9
3. 2 4 4
5dx 15
Find the value of  (1  2 x)
0
2
. Find the value of  (3x  2)
1
2
dx .

2 4.5
5. k 6. k

Given that  (2  2 x)dx   16 , where k > 0, Given that

 (4 x  1)dx  6 , where k > 0, find the
0
1
find the value of k. value of k.

k=5 k=2
7. 4 8. 4 4

 f ( x)  15 and 0  2 f ( x)  kx   6 ,   3 f ( x)  kx   0 ,
4
Given that
0
Given that  f ( x)  10
1
and
1
find the value of k. find the value of k.

k =3 k =4

Integration 12
SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS (II)
1. (SPM 06, P1,Q21) 2. 4

 g ( x)dx  10 , find
5
Given that
Given that
 g ( x)dx  8 , find
1
1
1

 2 g ( x)dx,
1
(a) the value of
 g ( x)dx,
5
(a) the value of
4
4

  k  2 g ( x) dx = 50.
5
(b) the value of k if
  kx  g ( x) dx = 10.
1
(b) the value of k if
1

(a) -8 (b) 3
2 (a) -20 (b) k = 10
3. 3 4. 4
Given that
 g ( x)dx  5 , find the value of p if
0
Given that  g ( x)dx  9 , find the value of p if
1
3 4
  2 px  3g ( x) dx =
0
–3.
  kx  3 g ( x) dx = 48.
1

p=2 k = 10
5. dy 6. dy
Given = 4x + 2 and y = 10 when x = – 1, Given = 1 – 2x + 3x2 and y = 3 when x = 1,
dx dx
find y in terms of x. find y in terms of x.

y = 2x2 +2x + 10 y = x – x2 + x3 + 2
7. The gradient function of a curve which passes 8. The gradient function of a curve which passes through
through P(1, 3) is 8x – 3x2. Find the equation of 1
the curve. Q(-1, 4) is 2x  . Find the equation of the curve.
x2

y = 8x – 3x2 1
y  x2  4
x

Integration 13
SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS (III)
1. (SPM 06, P1,Q20) 2. Diagram 9 shows the curve y = f(x) cutting the
Diagram 8 shows the curve y = f(x) cutting the x-axis at x = a and x = b.
x-axis at x = a and x = b.
y
y y = g(x)
y = f(x)
Diagram 9
Diagram 8
x
O a b
O a b x

2
Given that the area of the shaded region is 6 unit2, find
Given that the area of the shaded region is 5 unit , a
b the value of
 3g ( x)dx .
find the value of
 2 f ( x)dx .
a
b

Answer : ...................... Answer : ..........................

3. Diagram 10 shows part of the curve y = f(x). 4. Diagram 11 shows part of the curve y = f(x).
y y
5 6

Diagram 10 y = f(x) Diagram 11

O 4 x O 8 x
y = f(x)
4 Given that the area of the shaded region is 40 unit2,
 f ( x)dx =
2
Given that 15 unit , find the area of 8

0
the shaded region.
find the value of
 f ( x)dx .
0

Answer : ...................... Answer : ......................

5. (SPM 01) Diagram 12 shows the sketch of part of 6. Diagram 13 shows the sketch of part of a curve.
a curve.
y
y 10 Diagram 13
●(4, 8)

Diagram 12 ●(6, 2)
2 x
x O
O (a) Shade, on the given diagram, the region represented
(a) Shade, on the given diagram, the region 10
8 by
 x dy .
represented by
 x dy .
2
2
10
4 8 (b) If
 x dy = p , find , in terms of p, the value of
(b) Find the value of  y dx   x dy
0 2
6
2

 y dx
0
.

Answer : (b) ...................... Answer : (b) ......................

Integration 14
SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS (IV)
1. (SPM’03) 2. 12
Given that 
5
dx = k(1+ x)n + c ,
Given that  (3x  2) 3
dx = k(3x – 2 )n + c , find
(1  x) 4
the value of k and n.
find the value of k and n. [3 marks]

[ k   5 , n  3 ]
3 k = -2 , n = -2
3. dy 4. dy
(SPM 02) Given that 4x  3  6 , express y Given that 8x  2  5 , express y in terms of x.
dx dx
in terms of x.

2 2 5
y  2x  x c y  2 x2  xc
3 2
5. d2y 6. d2y
(SPM 1999) Given that 2
 5x4 1 , Given that  2  6x ,
dx dx 2
dy dy
when x = 1, y = – 3 and = – 2 , find y in when x = – 1 , y = 3 and = – 1 , find y in terms
dx dx
terms of x. of x.

1 6 1 2 1
y x  x  4x 
6 2 3 y  x2  x3  4 x  5

Integration 15
7. (SPM 2002) Given that 8. 1

  3x 
 10kx  4 dx  0 . Find the value
2
1 Given that
 16 x  4
2
 10kx  k 2
dx  . Find the 0
0
3 of k.
possible values of k.

k = -1 , -4
k = -1
9.
d  x  2 10 d  x 
(SPM 01) Given that    g ( x) , find Given that    f ( x) , find the value of
dx  x  1  dx  x  1 
3

  4x  f ( x) dx .
3
the value of   2 x  g ( x) dx .
2
2

. .

9
1
2 13
2
11. d  x 1  12 d  12 
Given that    h( x) , find the value Given that    w( x) , find the value of
dx  x  2  dx  ( x  1)3 
1 1
of   6  4h( x) dx .
0
  6 w( x)  3dx .
0
.

[4] [ – 66]

Integration 16