DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A Database is a well defined collection of data. A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database in a computer platform or of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency controlled, and restoring database.
DATABASE
well defined collection of data
SELECT UPDATE DELETE INSERT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DBMS
software
In short, DBMS is a SOFTWARE that performs the MANAGEMENT operations (SELECT, DELETE, INSERT and UPDATE) on a well defined collection of data.
EXAPMLE FOR A BATABASE AND THE OPERATIONS Let MANAGEMENTSTUDIES be the database. A database can have any number of files in it. So our MANAGEMENTSTUDIES database has three files namely 1. student 2. teachingstaff 3. nonteachingstaff Let us consider only the student file now. The files in the database are arranged in the form of a table containing row and columns and the data will be arranged in these rows and columns. The student database file will look like this: student Roll. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name Anish Eby Archana Dhanya Chinchu Feby Jain Meenu Arun Robin Age 20 21 20 20 20 23 26 23 23 22 AttendancePercent MarkPercent 70 80 90 78 90 80 50 70 60 90 70 80 90 80 80 70 50 89 68 85
Now let us see how we can perform the Management operations on the above database file: 2
1. Retrieval or Selection from the database file: The selection or retrieval from a database is possible with the help of the SELECT command. Its syntax is as follows: SELECT<fields to be selected> FROM name of the database file WHERE condition
Example:SELECT Roll. No, Name, Age FROM student WHERE MarkPercent>80 Result:
Roll. No 2 3 4 5 8 10
Name Eby Archana Dhanya Chinchu Meenu Robin
Age 21 20 20 20 23 22
2. Inserting a new data into the student database file
The insertion into a database file is possible with the help of the INSERT command. Its syntax is as follows:
INSERT INTO
name of the database file (fields to be inserted)
VALUES (values to be given for the field we are inserting)
Example:INSERT INTO student (Roll. No, Name, Age, AttendancePercent, MarkPercent) VALUES (11, Subin, 23, 79, 60) Result: student Roll. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Name Anish Eby Archana Dhanya Chinchu Feby Jain Meenu Arun Robin Subin Age 20 21 20 20 20 23 26 23 23 22 23 AttendancePercent MarkPercent 70 80 90 78 90 80 50 70 60 90 79 70 80 90 80 80 70 50 89 68 85 60
3. Updating data in the student database file 4
Updating a database is possible with the help of the SELECT command. Its syntax is as follows: UPDATE name of the database file Example:SET write the updation that is to be made on the existing database file UPDATE student WHERE condition
UPDATE student SET AttendancePercent =90 WHERE MarkPercent>80 Result: student Roll. No 2 3 4 5 8 10 Name Eby Archana Dhanya Chinchu Meenu Robin Age 21 20 20 90 20 90 23 90 22 85 4. Deleting data from the student database file The deletion from a database is possible with the help of the DELETE command. Its syntax is DELETE as follows: FROM database file name WHERE condition 5 89 80 AttendancePercent MarkPercent 90 90 90 80 90 80
Example:DELETE FROM student WHERE Roll. No = 5
Result: student Roll. No 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 Name Anish Eby Archana Dhanya Feby Jain Meenu Arun Robin Subin Age 20 21 20 20 23 26 23 23 22 23 6 AttendancePercent MarkPercent 70 80 90 78 80 50 70 60 90 79 70 80 90 80 70 50 89 68 85 60
DDL Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:
o o o
CREATE - to create objects in the database ALTER - alters the structure of the database DROP - delete objects from the database
DML Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples:
o o o o
SELECT - retrieve data from the a database INSERT - insert data into a table UPDATE - updates existing data within a table DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
TCL Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
o o
COMMIT - save work done ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing alphanumeric text, numeric values or formulas. A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each time any cell is updated. Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made. A Sample Spreadsheet
