Cell Functions
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CELL STRUCTURE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION
Cell Wall Outer layer Rigid & strong Made of cellulose Support (grow tall) Protection allows H2O, O2, CO2 to diffuse in & out of cell Support Protection Controls movement of materials in/out of cell Barrier between cell and its environment Maintains homeostasis Controls cell activities Contains the hereditary material of the cell
Plant, Fungi, & Bacteria, but not animal cells
Cell Membrane
All cells
Plant - inside cell wall Animal - outer layer; cholesterol Double layer of phospholipids with proteins Selectively permeable
Nucleus All cells except prokaryotes Large, oval May contain 1 or more nucleoli Holds DNA
Nuclear membrane Surrounds nucleus Double membrane Selectively permeable Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus
All cells except prokaryotes
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Cell Functions
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Cytoplasm
All cells
Clear, thick, jellylike material (cytosol) Organelles found inside cell membrane Contains the cytoskeleton fibers Network of tubes or membranes Smooth w/o ribosomes Rough with embedded ribosomes Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane Small bodies free or attached to ER Made of rRNA & protein Peanut shaped Double membrane Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane folded into cristae
Supports and protects cell organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
All cells except prokaryotes
Carries materials through cell Aids in making proteins
Ribosome All cells
Synthesizes proteins
Mitochondrion
All cells except prokaryotes
Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release energy Site of aerobic cellular respiration Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants
Vacuole Plant cells have a single, large vacuole Animal cells have small vacuoles Fluid-filled sacs Largest organelle in plant cells
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Cell Functions
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Lysosome Plant uncommon Animal common Small and round with a single membrane
Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules Digests old cell parts
Chloroplast Plants and algae
Green, oval containing chlorophyll (green pigment) Double membrane with inner membrane modified into sacs called thylakoids Stacks of thylakoids called grana & interconnected Gel like innermost substance called stroma Found inside the cell's nucleus May have more than one Disappear during cell division
Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant Process called photosynthesis Release oxygen
nucleolus All cells except prokaryotes
Make ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
All cells except prokaryotes
Stacks of flattened sacs
Have a cis & trans face Modify proteins made by the cells Package & export proteins
Cilia Animal cells, Protozoans
Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules Short, but numerous
Movement
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Cell Functions
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Flagellum Bacterial cells & Protozoans
Have a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules Long, but few in number Paired structures near the nucleus Made of a cylinder of microtubule pairs
Movement
Centrioles Animal cells
Separate chromosome pairs during mitosis
Cytoskeleton Made of microtubules 7 microfilaments
All cells
Strengthen cell & maintains the shape Moves organelles within the cell
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