Introduction to basic programming

TOPICS
Basic Character Set Variables Constants Strings Arithmetic Operators Expressions

Hierarchy of Operations Use of Parenthesis Numeric Precision

TOPICS
Statement or Line numbers The LET Statement The READ Statement

The INPUT Statement 4

5 The DATA Statement

The PRINT Statement The LPRINT Statement

TOPICS
The PRINT USING Statement The END Statement The STOP Statement The REM Statement The RESTORE Statement The GOTO Statement The IF-THEN Statement The IF-THEN-ELSE Statement The FOR-TO-STEP Statement

BASIC PROGRAMMING
Basic is an Acronym for Beginners

All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

It was originally developed at

Darmouth College by John Kemeny & Thomas Kurtz in the mid 1960s
It was intended to be an easy-to-

learn programming language that students could use to solve simple problems

SAMPLE PROGRAM

Output:

10 20 30 40

CLS PRINT Hello! ; PRINT My name is ; PRINT Eloisa.

Hello! My name is

SAMPLE PROGRAM
10 CLS 20 PRINT "Hello, world!" 30 PRINT "I'm learning about commands in BASIC." 40 PRINT
command." "This text is being printed via the PRINT

50 PRINT "On the next line, I'll use CLS." 60 CLS 70 PRINT "Finally, on line 80, I'll use END."

CLS
An abbreviation that stands for the words CLear Screen. In the above program, when you used CLS on line 60, all of the words that were printed to the screen were wiped away.

PRINT
Writes to the screen or displays output on the screen. Each new PRINT command will start printing on a new line.

END
It stops the program at that line; that is, anything that's added after that won't show. That's why the PRINT command on line 90 didn't print anything. The END command can be included in control structures to end the program if a condition is met. This will be discussed with control structures.

BASIC COMMANDS The RUN command executes

the lines of the program in internal storage. It starts with the lowest line number and does whatever the lines of the program tell it to do until either the END statement or an error is encountered. Before entering the RUN command,

command clears BASIC's internal memory and prepares it for a new program.
The SAVE

command stores

BASIC COMMANDS
To finish your session in the

BASIC environment, first SAVE your work with the BASIC SAVE command. Then terminate the session with the command EXIT.

have a statement or line number.

STATEMENTS & LINE PRIMARY Functions of Line Numbers NUMBERS A. They are used as labels. The
sequence can be referred to by its statement number.
B. They indicate the order in which the

statements are to be executed by the computer. When the computer executes a program, it starts by following or
. .

executing the statement or instruction with the smallest

Line numbers must be integers (whole

numbers)

STATEMENTS & LINE Between 1 and the largest number NUMBERS specified by the computer system.
Most line number 1 to 9999 are

acceptable in most system.

Must be arranged from smallest to the

largest
They do not need to be in numerical

sequence
There can be unequal intervals

between them

 LINE # LET variable = expression

THE LET STATEMENT

Ex. A) 50 LET A = 2*B/C B) 55 LET PI = 3.1416 C) 60 LET Q$ = HELLO The value of the term on the right of

the equal
sign is assigned to the variable on

the left.
The word LET is optional,

THE INPUT STATEMENT

This statement is used to enter the

data from the keyboard.

The statement causes the computer

to suspend execution of a program and wait until the user has entered the specified number and type of values through the keyboard.
INPUT accepts a numeric or string

variable.
Data must be entered one at a time

or separated by commas.

THE INPUT STATEMENT

General Form:

LINE # INPUT item list LINE # INPUT prompt statement; item list

Ex.

A) 10 INPUT R B) 20 INPUT ENTER ONE VALUE; V

THE READ STATEMENT

This statement instructs the

computer to read in a value from a DATA statement and assign that value to the specified variable.
When Basic comes to a READ

statement containing a list of variables, it looks for a DATA statement containing a list of values. It reads the data values one at a time, in the order listed and

THE READ STATEMENT

This statement instructs the

computer to read in a value from a DATA statements and assign that value to the specified variable.
The list can contain ordinary numeric

and/or string variables.

The variable types in the DATA list

must correspond to the variable types in the READ statement.

THE READ STATEMENT

This statement instructs the

computer to read in a value from a DATA statements and assign that value to the specified variable.
The list can contain ordinary numeric

and/or string variables.

The variable types in the DATA list

must correspond to the variable types in the READ statement.

statement number, the keyword READ followed by a list of INPUT variables separated by commas. The THE READ STATEMENT list can contain ordinary numeric and/or string variables
General Form:

LINE # READ list of variables A) 20 READ X1 B) 30 READ A,B,C,D C) 40 READ K,L,B$

Ex.

THE DATA STATEMENT The items can be string or numeric

values and the order of values in a DATA statement must match up with the variables types in the READ statement. Double quotes must enclose a string value if the string has leading blanks or embedded commas,

define a list of numeric or string values to be used in the program.

colons/semicolons.

THE DATA STATEMENT

General form:

LINE # DATA list of items

Ex.

A) 100 DATA 15.2,20,-30,18,-

B) 200 DATA BLUE, WHITE,RED,GREEN C) 300 DATA

(mapping) & in type THE DATA STATEMENT to the variables specified by the READ Statement. b) There must at least be as many data elements in the DATA block as there are variables in the READ

d) Elements of the THE DATA STATEMENT

DATA must be numeric or string in nature, not variables or formula. e) Strings containing commas or beginning or ending with blank spaces must be enclosed in quotation

THE DATA STATEMENT

f) DATA statements

should (but do not have to) placed consecutively near the end of the program.

portion of one line. STATEMENT THE ThePRINT item can be any of the following: numeric contants, numeric variables, or expressions
Commas may be used

between the items to tab to the next print zone

Semicolons is used to avoid

spaces between lines

THE PRINT STATEMENT

General form:

LINE # PRINT item list

Ex.

A) 200 PRINT THE ANSWER IS = ; A B) 210 PRINT 10,20,30,400 C) 220 PRINT (A+B),(X-Y) D) 230 PRINT 5*X-2

unless the list presented by PRINT the PRINT statement THE STATEMENT requires more than one line
b. A PRINT statement

containing no data item will produce a blank line

c. Strings must always be

enclosed with quotation marks

THE LPRINT STATEMENT The LPRINT statement is used to print out data onto a line printer or a hard-copy terminal
The LPRINT and PRINT

statements may not be used at the same time in running a program. The programmer must decide

THE LPRINT STATEMENT

General form:

LINE # LPRINT item list

Ex.

A) 200 LPRINT C,D,E,S$ B) 210 LPRINT THE VALUE OF INSURANCE IS;IN C) 220 LPRINT THE ANSWER IS = ; A

THE PRINT TAB STATEMENT The TAB is a special function used in conjunction with the PRINT or LPRINT statement. It permits the programmer to specify the exact positioning of each output item listed in a PRINT or LPRINT statement.

THE PRINT TAB STATEMENT

General form:

LINE # PRINT TAB (Expression)

Ex.

A) 200 PRINT TAB (1) TOTAL SALES B) 210 PRINT TAB (15) AREA C) 220 PRINT TAB (J) NUMBER

THE PRINT USING STATEMENT PRINT USING is used for displaying special formats, primarily currency amounts , accounting values, engineering or scientific data, or any other data which have to be tabulated.

the proper position of each digit in the item list. THE PRINT USING STATEMENT
b) The decimal point, . can

be placed anywhere in the format field established by the #. Rounding off will take place if the digits to the right of the decimal point are suppressed .
c) The comma, , can be

placed at any position

the field will cause all unused positions the left THE PRINT USING to STATEMENT of the decimal point to be filled with asterisks.
e) Two dollar signs, $$,

placed at the beginning of the format field will act as a floating dollar sign.
f) A combination of the **

and $$ will fill empty

THE PRINT USING FORMAT DISPLAY STATEMENT

a.##.##
b. #.## c. **##.## d. $$#.## e. **$###.## f. **$###

42.35
%2.35 **42.35 $42.35 **$42.35 ***$42

THE PRINT USING STATEMENT

General form:

LINE # PRINT USING string, item list

Ex.

A) 200 PRINT USING ##.##;A B) 210 PRINT TAB(10) USING $ $###.##;C C) 220 PRINT USING +##.##;AMT

THE END STATEMENT The END statement is primarily used to cause execution to terminate at some point other than the logical end of the program. END Causes the BASIC interpreter to stop program execution & return to the command mode.

THE END STATEMENT

General form:

LINE # END

Ex.

A) 200 END B) 999 END

BASIC program execution. THE STOP STATEMENT

General form: LINE # STOP Ex.
A) 200 STOP B) 999 STOP

 REM is an abbreviation for

THE REM STATEMENT Remark.

This informs the computer

that the rest of the line only consists of comments, and should be ignored.
Used to document a

program, Program heading, to identify program variables.