Lecturer:

Kalamullah Ramli Electrical Engineering Department Universitas Indonesia

Embedded System and Wireless Sensor Networks

Embedded Pervasive System & Networking:

Hierarchy of Challenges (e-persistent)
Fundamental Contributing Fields of Computer Engineering:
Networking Distributed System Real-time Systems Simulations Multimedia

Integration, Scalability and Composability:

Adaptive Scalable Run-time Mobile Software Scalable Distributed Distributed System Next Generation Execution Environments Engineering Real-time Systems Security Network Management

Applications:
Crisis & Catastrophe Management Mobile Asset Assistive Technologies Secure Access & Protection Education Management for the Disabled of Assets

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Pervasive Wireless Communications

EverEver-growing communication capacity needs for broadband wireless and mobile accessing in multimediamultimedia-rich environment, everywhere and anytime There is a worldwide recognition that traditional methods of radio resource usage reach their limit and are no longer optimal New communications frontier need to be explored for future wireless and mobile environments

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Sense-and-respond Systems:
Background
Sentient networks: Computer networks composed of embedded nodes with onboard sensing, computational, and communication capability used for autonomous environmental monitoring Actuators: Responsive services/ devices offering sensor or environmental control Future (next decade) Smart dust Low cost Heterogeneous networks Disposable

Past (80s(80s-90s) Military acoustic networks Air-defense radars DARPA-lead projects [SensIT]

Present (last 5 yrs.) Multi-modal devices Ad hoc comm. Pervasive Small form factor

The Internet! The Embedded Embedded Internet! Ubiquitous

Consumer apps.

Industrial apps.

System size Amount of decentralization Projected revenues!!!

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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SenseSense-andand-respond systems
Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications
Sensor
Temp., light, humidity, chemicals, acoustics, vibration

Computer
4 MHz Atmel ATmega 128L (equiv. to original 82 IBM PC)

S CR

Radio
2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4, <100m TX range

Base station

Features
Offers macroscopic observation for realreal-time environmental/contextual interaction SelfSelf-organizing, selfself-regulating, and selfself-repairing systems MultiMulti-hop or directdirect-connect configurations to base station(s) station(s) Current state extremely applicationapplication-oriented!!!

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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SenseSense-andand-respond systems
Wireless sensor networks and applications
Sensor
Temp., light, humidity, chemicals, acoustics, vibration

Computer
4 MHz Atmel ATmega 128L (equiv. to original 82 IBM PC)

S CR

Radio
2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4, <100m TX range

Base station

Practical applications Enemy intrusion detection Habitat monitoring Structural monitoring Home automation and safety Traffic control Supply chain management (RFID)

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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SenseSense-andand-respond systems
Salient Challenges
Constrained resources
Limited CPU, battery, and storage Premium communication costs

Ad hoc routing
Dynamic topology
Transient wireless links and devices

Collaborative information processing

Faulty sensors produce erroneous data Tradeoffs between performance and resource utilization

Crossbow MICAZ mote

Sensor and actuator interaction

Synchronization between independent and heterogeneous services

Many more (querying, tasking, security, pollution, etc.)

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Communicating Embedded System

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Communicating Embedded System

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Communicating Embedded System

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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ESCORT: Motivation
Wireless communication is a premium cost Transient wireless links threaten application integrity
Experiments show that at least 20% of nodes exhibit at least 10% packet loss, and at least 10% of nodes exhibit more than 30% packet loss Assuming an ARQ protocol is used, transmission cost increases as link quality worsens
Function/ component Transmission (full power) Reception Radio (sleep) Sensor board (full power) Sensor board (sleep) CPU (full power) CPU (sleep) Operating current (mA) mA)

25 8 <1 <1A 5 5A 8 8A

Many proposed routing protocols

A protocol-independent method for enhancing energy-efficiency must be adopted

WSNs are envisioned to be highly redundant

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

MICA2DOT series specs. [Crossbow]

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ESCORT: Overview
Communal node Source Sink

Shared neighbor

Coordinator node Communication border

Blue and orange nodes form communities which act as virtual nodes to the network layer Orange nodes help coordinate community operation Green nodes are shared neighbors of the community Signal quality assessment, a combination of two separate metrics, is used to form clusters of redundant nodes
Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Lecture Hall Algorithm and the local leader election problem

Local leader election describes the problem of finding a node (leader) with the most desired property among a local group of nodes
Example desired properties may include distance-fromdestination, energy, computational load, etc. Can readily be applied to routing (selecting the next hop neighbor)

The traditional approach would require at least n messages and log(n) time We require at most 3 messages in constant time using the selfself-selection algorithm
Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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SSR: Overview

Hop count

Base station

X-dim

Y-dim Base station

Simulated WSN Forwarding tables are not used

Hop count

Simplified SSR example

Packets are forwarded based on a gradient metric hop count

Packets are freely broadcast to all neighbors and selfselfselection is used to determine the forwarding node
Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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The SSR algorithm: Conclusion

Remarks Low overhead for route maintenance and repair Good performance with simulated device failures and transient (and asynchronous) links SelfSelf-selection algorithm is well suited for application tuning Future work Evaluate SSR using real wireless sensor network under various operational conditions Explicitly extend SSR to exhibit energyenergy-efficiency (via radio control)
Interact radio behavior with link behavior or self-selection results Reduce amount of required synchronization
Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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Closure: Embedded System

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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The End

QUESTIONS & COMMENTS ?

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ing. Kalamullah Ramli, Ramli, M.Eng

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