VITAMIN

Vitamin C - ascorbic acid - antiscorbutic vitamin

FUNCTIONS
- formation and maintenance of intracellular ******* substance/ "binders" and collagen formation - conversion of folic acid to its active form folinic acid - healing of wounds & bone fractures - prevention of megaloblastic anemia - builds body resistance - production of thyroid and steroid hormones - aids in the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine - aids in iron utilization - brain metabolism - antioxidant - coenzyme in CHO & energy metabolism - nerve functioning related to muscle actions including the GIT

CHARACTERISTICS
- most unstable of all the vitamins (destroyed by air, light and heat) - almost completely absorbed in the small intestines - hardly stored in the cells of the body

DEFICIENCY
- rare but may occur among chronic alcohol & drug abusers & poor dietary intake EARLY S/SX - irritability, gen weakness, anorexia - pallor - lower resistance to infection LATE S/SX SCURVY INFANTILE -bleeding and SCURVY swollen gums - frog legs, - loose teeth delayed - swollen dentition, tender joints retarded - internal & skeletal growth pinpoint hemmorhage EARLY S/SX - retarded growth -gastric atony -poor reflexes numbness of extremity & irritablility -indigestion & severe constipation -weakness & easy fatigability -loss of appetite LATE S/SX INFANTILE BERI BERI -aphonia (absence of speech)

RDA
Male: (59kg) 75mg/day Female: (51kg) 70mg/day min daily req: 10mg

FOOD SOURCES
- guava - dates - cashews - melon - papaya - citrus fruits - red & green peppers - strawberries - tomatoes - potatoes - broccoli

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) other names: - anti beri-beri vitamin (parang edema) - aneurin/ antineuritic factor (tingling sensation)

- stable when dry - CHO increases demand for thiamin - fat & protein spares thiamin - limited storage in the body -concentrated in the liver, kidney, brain, heart, muscles -absorption is facilitated by acid medium -early destroyed by alkali

- o.2mg per 1000 caloric intake Male: (59kg) 1.2mg/day (51kg) 1.1mg/day

- lean pork, whole & enriched grains & flours, seeds & nuts - liver & grandular organs & some shellfish, eggyolk - legumes ( mongo, kadyos, soy bean) - unpolished rice

- whining cry - dyspnea - cyanosis

WET BERI BERI - bipedal edema - cardiomegaly - dyspnea DRY BERI BERI - Wernicle-Korsakoff Syndrome - loss of memory, extreme mental confusion and ataxia - headache, extreme tiredness, irritability - calf muscle tenderness, loss of vibratory sense, muscle atrophy, reduced legs reflexes - affects the peripheral nerves - paresthesias "pins& needles", loss of sensation, ataxia (muscle weakness and poor coordination, paralysis) - effects may causes memory loss, etreme mental confusion, ata....

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

- coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients in every cell in the body - maintains healthy skin, tongue and mouth - needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin - proper growth and development - essential components of coenzymes, flavin mononucleotile (FMN) & flavin adenine dinucleotide

- early destroyed by light, radiation and alkalis - absorbed in the small intestines - limited storage Riboflavin antagonist - atabrin, isoriboflavin & galactoflavin

EARLY S/SX - similar to thiamin deficiency LATE S/SX ARIBOFLAVINOSIS - group of changes occuring on the tissues on the skin, eyes, mouth, nose, tongue - seborrheic dermatitis - glossitis - cheilosis - itchy eyes with burning sensation and corned vascularization photophobia, dimness of vision

- o.4mg per 1000kcal/day (o.7-1.4mg) Male: (59kg) 1.3mg/day Female: (51kg) 1.1mg/day

- Animal sources: dairy products, liver - Plant sources

Vitamin Folic Acid

Description
> spinachfolium (Latin w/c means leaf) > other names: pteroglutamic acid (PGA) folate, folacin, folic acid

Functions
1) coenzyme during metabolism and synthesis of amino acids for DNA and RNA synthesis of hemoglobin, hematopoiesis

Deficiency
>megaloblastic anemia of infancy (large RBCs w/c cant carry oxygen) >macrocytic anemia in pregnant women >neural tube defects (spina bifida, anencephaly) >glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absentmindedness

Excess
excess of folate can mask a B12 deficiency for which older adults are at risk (how can it mask? because it corrects the deficiency in folic acid kaya you have to correct/check both so as not to mask either one) Toxicity UL: 1000mcg

Food Sources
green leafy veggies legumes cereals fruits rich in Vit C

RDA
adults: 400 mcg pregnancy600mcg lactation 500 mcg

Pantothenic Acid

>Pantothen > Important component of coenzyme A which is important in the metabolism of CHO. CHON, fats > synthesis of lipids >synthesis of acetylcholine synthesis of lecithin mobilizes fat and prevents fatty liver UL 3,500 mg/day adults sweating, fishy body odor, vomiting, liver damage

whole grains, cereals, legumes, meat, fish, poultry

5 mg/day

Choline

Biotin

Factors that may affect Biotin status > Avidin, a protein in raw egg white binds biotin >cooking egg white denatures Avidin >antibiotics may reduce biotin producing bacteria >long-term IV feeding increases risk of biotin deficiency

>assist CO2 fixation (transfer of CO2 from one compound to another) > CHO, CHON, fat metabolism >synthesis of purines and pyrimidines

unknown if consuming typical North American diet s/sx scaly red rash, hair loss, appetite loss, depression, glossitis

VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN) OTHERNAMES PRECURSOR FUNCTIONS

VITAMIN B6 (Pyridoxime)
Forms: Pyridoxol, pyridoxamine

VITAMIN B12 (Cobalamin)

Tryptophan Coenzyme for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis Normal growth and healthy skin Protein and amino acid metabolism Synthesis of the heme portion of Hgb Act as a catalyst in: 1. Synthesis of essential fatty acids 2. Conversion of tryptophan to niacin 3. Urea production Promotes proper functioning of the Nervous system Reduced risk of colorectal cancer for women Readily absorbed in the intestines Limited storage All 3 forms are connected to pyridoxal phosphate Contraceptives increases need for it it decreases its absorption Helps in the systhesis of hema prevents Pernicious Anemia Helps in Folate metabolism and synthesis of nucleic acid and thiamine. Promotes normal functioning of the nerves Develops and maintains myelin sheaths Normal functioning of bone marros and GIT Promotes normal growth and development Absorbed in the small intestines with the aid of the extrinsic factor Can be stored in the liver The kidneys, testes, brain, spleen, pancreas, bone marrow and muscles contains cobalamin Has a more active form which is adenylcobamine

CHARACTERISC TICS

Most stable among all the water soluble vitamins Limited storage With antivitamins 1. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) 2. 3-acetylpyridine Can be synthesized from tryptophan = 1mg Niacin = 4 NE (Niacin Equivalent)

ANTAGONIST DEFICIENCY (Early Signs)

Deoxyripyridoxime Methoxypyridoxime Rarely occurs or together with other B vitamin deficiency Seborrheic detmatitis or oily dermatitis Glossitis, conjunctivitis, depressive moods Infants = irritability, poor growth, anemia, convulsions Dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, and microcytic anemia (small RBC, deficient in Hgb)

Pernicious Anemia Megaloblastic Anemia (hyperchromic and miccrocytic RBC) Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, achlorhydia, abdominal pain, weight loss and retarded growth Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, Jaundice Nerve degeneration - Neuropsychiatric symptoms, paresthesias, loss of vibratory sense and difficulty in walking

DEFICIENCY (Late Signs)

RDA FOOD SOURCES TOXICITY

PELLEGRA 4Ds Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia (CNS affectation, confusion, anxiety and insomnia), Death 13-18mg/day Male: 59kg 1.72mg/day Male: 59kg 16mg/day Female: 51kg 1.5mg/day Female: 51kg 14mg/day Meat, poultry, legumes, milk, cheese Whole grains, cereals, legumes, soy beans, nuts, vegetables oils Note: corn is a poor source UL for niacin is 35 mg NE per day When preformed niacin and

2.4mg/day

Animal sources: meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products

UL of Vit B6 id 100mg/day Long-term megadose ataxia (loss of coordination), any

nicotinic acid (but not niacinamide) consumed in excess of UL, vascular system affected, producing a flushing effect throughout body Therapeutic use of megadoses may lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -Pharmacologic dose 3 to 9 g of niacin -Must be medically administered to guard against liver damage and related gout and arthritic reactions

sensory neuropathy