Simulation of Electric Drives using the

Machines Library and the

SmartElectricDrives Library

J.V. Gragger, H. Giuliani, H. Kapeller, T. Bäuml

arsenal research, Vienna
04.09.2006

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Contents
• Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives Library - Introduction
• Chapter 2: DC Machines
• Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine
• Chapter 3: AC Circuits
• Chapter 4: Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Induction Machines (PMSM)
• Exercise 2: Example with a Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Induction Machine

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Seite 1
 The SmartElectricDrives Library -
Introduction
Chapter 1

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Overview
• Major components of the SED library
– Asynchronous induction machines, permanent magnet
synchronous induction machines, dc machines
– Field oriented control, brushless dc control
– Converters (ideal, switching), sources (batteries, supercaps, fuel
cells)
• Application examples
– Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), electric vehicles (EVs)
– Starter / generator, electrically operated auxiliaries
– Machine-tools and robotics
– Paper mills, mining
– Construction machinery, assembly lines
– etc.

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Application Specific Drive Design I

Practical Considerations
• Various technologies (e.g. batteries, supercaps, fuel cells etc.)
• Matching the right components based on their specifications
• Maximizing the efficiency of the entire drive system
• Comprehensive analysis of dynamic effects
• Component security (currents, voltages, etc.)
• Controller calibration (dynamic characteristics and static
characteristics)

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Application Specific Drive Design II

Software Requirements
• Hybrid systems
– Simulation of mechanical and electrical components at the same
time
– User friendliness
• High processing effort
– Definition of different layers of abstraction
• Short development cycles
– Automation of development procedures with ‘Ready to use’ -
models

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Components of Electric Drives

• Sources
• Converters
• Electric machines
• Measurement devices
• Control units
• Mechanical loads

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

‘Ready to use’ Models

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

‘Ready to use’ Models

• Models of controlled machines

• Models of drive controllers

• Models of elementary
controllers

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Torque Controlled Induction Machine with

Integrated Converter

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Connectors of the Controlled Machine Models

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Different Levels of Abstraction

Models of Electrical transients and
controlled mechanical transients
machines Quasi stationary models
(only mechanical transients)
Converters Power balance

Ideal switches

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Bus Concept

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Chapter 1: The SmartElectricDrives library - Introduction

Key Advantages of the SED library

• Comprehensive library for electric drive simulation in automotive
applications
• Applicable for hardware in the loop (HIL) and real time simulations
• ‘Ready to use’ models
• Controller parameter estimation functions for easy controller handling
• Models at different layers of abstraction
• SED bus concept for easy coupling with other Dymola libraries
• Many examples, extensive documentation and intelligible SED library
structure

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 DC Machines

Chapter 2

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

Principle
• The stator magnet creates a
homogeneous magnetic field
• Opposite current direction in the
proximity of the poles
• Same torque at all wires in the
armature
• Commutator works as a
mechanical rectifier

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

Torque and Power

• Armature current
• Main flux N
• Induced voltage

• Torque S S

• Mechanical power
N

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

DC Drive Turn-on
• Excitation winding (switch on separate excitation first)

• Maximum turn-on current

• Turn-on current limitation

– Starter resistors
– Variable armature voltage

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

Parameter List of the DCPM – Machine Model

name plate values

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

Parameter List of the DCEE – Machine Model

name plate values

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

Chopper
• DC supply
• Step down converter
–
–

• Electric switches
• Free wheeling diode

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Chapter 2: DC Machines

Chopper Models in the SED Library

• Power balance model
– Low computing effort

• Ideal switching model

– Events
– Iteration
– Computing effort dependent
on switching frequency

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 Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

SED Example – Chopper01

• Given:
– Battery voltage = 100V
– Reference speed:

– Chopper frequency = 1000Hz

• Display:
– Change the integrator gain

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Chopper01: Component Paths

• SmartElectricDrives.Sources.Batteries.BatteryIdeal
• Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground
• SmartElectricDrives.Converters.IdealSwitching.DCDC.Chopper
• Modelica.Blocks.Continuous.Integrator
• Modelica.Blocks.Math.Feedback
• Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Ramp
• Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.Sensors.SpeedSensor
• Modelica.Electrical.Machines.BasicMachines.DCMachines. DC_PermanentMagnet
• Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.Inertia
• Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.QuadraticSpeedDependentTorque
• Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.VoltageSensor
• SmartElectricDrives.Sensors.Mean

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Chopper01: Parameter Settings

• BatteryIdeal • Integrator
– VCellNominal = 100V – k=5
– ICellMax = 150A • Ramp
– RsCell = 0Ω – height = 149
– ns = 1 – duration = 10s
– np = 1 • DCPM
• Chopper – Nominal values
– f = 1000Hz • Inertia
– IConverterMax = 150A – J = 0.15kgm^2
– VDC = 100V

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Chopper01: Parameter Settings

• QuadraticSpeedDependentTorque
– tau_Nominal = -63.66Nm
– w_Nominal = 149 rad^-1
• Mean
– f = 1000Hz
– yStart = 0
• Simulation time
– t = 15s

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Chopper01: System Analyses

• Integrator gain changed; k = 1,
– Compare: DCPM.w_mechanical, DCPM.ia, dcdc.vRef
– The armature current decreases
– The shaft acceleration is delayed
– The reference voltage raise is delayed
• Ramp duration changed; t = 2s,
– The shaft acceleration increases
– The armature current increases

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

SED Example – DCPMQS01

• DCPM Water pump drive
– Battery voltage = 120V
– Speed controlled
• Display:
– Check current limits
– Check voltage limits
– Check Torque limit

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

DCPMQS01: Component Paths

• SmartElectricDrives.Sources.Batteries.BatteryIdeal
• Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground
• Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Ramp
• Modelica.Blocks.Sources.TimeTable
• SmartElectricDrives.Interfaces.BusAdaptors.WRefIn
• SmartElectricDrives.QuasiStationaryDrives.DCPMSupplyDC
• Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.QuadraticSpeedDependentTorque
• SmartElectricDrives.ProcessControllers.SpeedController
• SmartElectricDrives.AuxiliaryComponents.Functions.
parameterEstimationDCPMControllers

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

DCPMQS01: Parameter Settings

• BatteryIdeal • DCPMQS
– VCellNominal = 1.5V – Jr = 0.15 kgm^2
– ICellMax = 400A – VaNominal = 100V
– RsCell = 0.004Ω – IaNominal = 100A
– ns = 80 – rpmNominal = 1425rpm
– np = 2 – (wNominal = 149s^-1)
– (TauNominal = 63.66Nm)
– Ra = 0.05Ω
– La = 0.0015Ω
– TiConverter = 0.001s
– vMachineMax = 1.1 VaNominal
– iMachineMax = 1.5 IaNominal
– IConverterMax = 2.5 IaNominal

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

DCPMQS01: Parameter Settings

• TimeTable • parameterEstimationDCPMControllers
– table=[0, 0; 0, 0; 0.2, wNominal/2;1, – kdynaCurrent = 5
wNominal/2; 1.2, wNominal; 2, – kdynSpeed = 1
wNominal] • Speed Controller
• QuadraticSpeedDependentTorque – kpSpeed = 29.3
– TiSpeed = 0.024s
– tau_Nominal = -63.66Nm
– TauMax = 1.2 tau_nominal = 76Nm
– w_Nominal = 149 rad^-1
• Simulation time
– t = 2s

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Using the Parameter Estimation Function

• parameterEstimationDCPMControllers

Generate
controller
settings

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

Using the Parameter Estimation Function

• parameterEstimationDCPMControllers(VaNominal, IaNominal, rpmNominal, J, Ra, La,

kdynaCurrent, kdynSpeed) = wNominal, tauNominal, kpaCurrent, TiaCurrent, kpSpeed,
TiSpeed

Retrieve the controller settings

from the simulation tab

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Exercise 1: Examples with a Chopper and a DC Machine

DCPMQS01: System Analyses

• The machine does not reach the desired acceleration close to
w_Nominal.
– Display from dcpmqs.controlBus: vMachine, vMachineMax,
vDC, iMachine, iMachineMax, wMechanical, wRef, TauRef
– Display furthermore: speedController.TauMax
– The torque limit TauMax is too low.
– Increase TauMax

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AC Circuits

Chapter 3

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Chapter 3: AC Circuits

AC Signal Values
• RMS value

• Rectified mean value

• Mean value • Peak value

– –

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Chapter 3: AC Circuits

Three Phase Star Connection

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Chapter 3: AC Circuits

Three Phase Delta Connection

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Chapter 3: AC Circuits

Name Plate Excerpts

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 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Induction
Machines
Chapter 4

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Chapter 4: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Induction Machines

Principle Assembly
q
• Stator winding
a
– Three phases
– Symmetrical
• Pole wheel N d
– Permanent magnets S
– Approximately sinusoidal
field distribution b c

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Chapter 4: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Induction Machines

Equivalent Circuit
• Magnetically symmetric

• Synchronous d-reactance
–

• Stator stray reactance • Field Oriented Control (FOC)

– –
• Load angle –

–
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Chapter 4: The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Parameter List of the PMSM Model

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Chapter 4: The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Finding the nominal shaft speed

• Example1: PMSM

• Example2: PMSM

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Chapter 4: The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Converter Fed Three Phase Machine

• DC-link voltage limits
– Example:
– 6 pulse diode bridge

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 Example with a PM Synchronous Machine

Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Examples with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

SED Example – SMPMQS01

• PMSM water pump drive
– Three phase supply
– Torque controlled
• Display:

– Check current limits

– Check voltage limits
– Check control quality

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Exercise 2: Examples with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

SMPMQS01: Component Paths

• Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground
• Modelica.Electrical.MultiPhase.Basic.Star
• Modelica.Electrical.MultiPhase.Sources.SineVoltage
• Modelica.Electrical.MultiPhase.Basic.Resistor
• Modelica.Electrical.MultiPhase.Basic.Inductor
• SmartElectricDrives.Converters.IdealSwitching.ACDC.ThreePhaseDiodeBridge
• SmartElectricDrives.Converters.AuxiliaryComponents.BufferingCapacitor
• SmartElectricDrives.QuasiStationaryDrives.SMPMSupplyDC
• Modelica.Blocks.Sources.TimeTable
• SmartElectricDrives.Interfaces.BusAdaptors.TauRefIn
• Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.Inertia
• Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.QuadraticSpeedDependentTorque

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Exercise 2: Examples with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

SMPMQS01: Parameter Settings

• SMPMQS • SMPMQS
– m=3 – Rs = 0.03Ω
– p=2 – Lssigma = 3.1847e-4H
– Jr = 0.29kgm^2 – Lmd = 9.549e-4H
– V0 = 112.3V – Lmq = 9.549e-4H
– INominal = 100A – Lrsigma = 1.5923e-4H
– fNominal = 50Hz – Rr = 0.04Ω
– (wNominal = 157s^-1) – TiConverter = 0.001s
– (tauNominal = 214Nm) – vMachineMax = VNominal
– (VNominal =122V) – iMachineMax = INominal
– IConverterMax = 400A

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Exercise 2: Examples with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

SMPMQS01: Parameter Settings

• AC supply grid • TimeTable
– m=3 – table=[0,0; 0.1,0; 0.3,tauNominal/4;
– V = 110V 0.5,tauNominal/4; 0.6,tauNominal;
0.8,tauNominal]
– frequHz = 50Hz
– R = 1e-5Ω • QuadraticSpeedDependentTorque
– L = 1e-4H – tau_Nominal = -214Nm
– w_Nominal = 157 rad^-1
• Diode bridge
– IConverterMax = 400A • Inertia
– f = 50Hz – J = 0.01kgm^2
– t = 2s
• Buffer
– C = 0.07F
– R = 1e5Ω
– V0 = 3 sqrt(3) 110V / pi

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Exercise 2: Examples with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

SMPMQS01: System Analyses

• The electric torque of the machine follows the desired torque
with satisfactory precision.
– Display from smpmqs.controlBus: vMachine, vMachineMax,
vDC, iMachine, iMachineMax, wMechanical, TauRef
– Display furthermore: smpmqs.tauElectrical, smpmqs.isd,
smpmqs.isq

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 The SmartElectricDrives library
A powerful tool for electric drive simulation

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Thanks for your time

mail: [email protected]
web: www.arsenal.ac.at/modelica
phone: +43-50-550 6282
fax: +43-50-550 6595

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