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Electric Distribution Systems Basic Protection Schemes

Ing. Susana Torres, MSc

April-2013

1. Transformer Protection 1.1 Standars

IEEE C37.2. IEEE standard electrical power system device function number. IEEE C37.90. IEEE Standard for relays and relay systems associated with electric power apparatus. IEEE Std C37.91. IEEE Guide for Protecting Power Transformers. IEEE Std 242. Chapter 11 of IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. (Buff Book). IEEE Std C37.108. IEEE Guide for the Protection of Network Transformers

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1.2 Protective Devices and Features

Devices Oil Immersed Transformers: Gas detector relay (63P) - Boucholz relay Sudden gas pressure relay (63SP) Winding overtemperature (49) Oil temperature (23Q) Primary Overcurrent Protection (high voltage side) 50, 51, 51G, 50G, 50N, 51N (in solid grounded systems)

Secondary Overcurrent Protection 50G, 51 (phase overcurrent) 51G1, 51G2 (ground overcurrent) Differential Protection (87)
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

Table 1.1 Typical Settings of Protective Devices for Power Transformers

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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Table 1.1 (Continued)

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

Table 1.1 (Continued)

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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1.3 Transformer protection with primary and secondary breaker

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

1.4 Transformer protection with a primary Fuse

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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1.5 Protection of Low Voltage Unit Substation Transformers

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

1.6 Electrical Code Rules for Transformer Protection

National Electrical Code (NFPA-70) Rules for Transformer Protection

Canadian Electrical Code Rules for Transformer Protection

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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2. Motor Protection 2.1 Standars

IEEE Std C37.96. IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection IEEE Std 242. Chapter 10 of IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. (Buff Book). IEEE 620. IEEE Guide for the Presentation of Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction Machines

2.2 Data required for Relay Selection and Setting

Data from Motor Manufacturer

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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Fig. 2.1 Synchronous-motor performance curves during acceleration (plot generated during motor design)
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

2.2 Data required for Relay Selection and Setting (Continued)

Data from Mechanical Equipment Vendor

Data from Power Utility Company

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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2.3 Recommended Protection

A. Protection against abnormal power supply conditions: Undervoltage, 27 Overvoltage, 59 Voltage or current unbalance, 60 or 46 Underfrequency, 81 B. Protection against Faults in the Motor or Motor Feeder: Ground fault, 50G, 51G, or 87M Short circuit, 50, 51, or 87M C. Protection against abnormal conditions caused by the Driven Load: Locked rotor or fail to accelerate, 51S Overload - thermal protection, 49, 49W Bearing overtemperature 38 Vibration, 39
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

2.3 Recommended Protection (Continued)

D. Protection against Abnormal Conditions Caused Environment: High ambient temperature, 49W Blocked ventilation or cooling, 49W Lightning and switching surge, surge arrestors by

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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2.4 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 2.2 Typical protection features for MV induction motor (1500 hp) controlled by fused starters
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

2.4 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 2.3 Typical protection features for MV induction motor (>1500 hp) controlled by circuit breaker
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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2.4 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 2.4 Typical protection features for MV motor and captive (unit) transformer
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

2.4 Recommended Protection Schemes

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

Fig. 2.5 Medium Voltage V.F.D. Protection

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Table 2.1 Typical Settings of Protective Devices. Motor Protection

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

2.5 Electrical Code Rules for Motor Protection

National Electrical Code (NFPA-70) Rules for Transformer Protection

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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2.5 Electrical Code Rules for Motor Protection (continued)

Canadian Electrical Code CSA C22.1-2002 Rules for Transformer Protection

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

3. Generator Protection 3.1 Standars

IEEE Std C37.102. Guide for AC generator protection. IEEE Std 242. Chapter 12 of IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. (Buff Book). IEEE C37.95, IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnection. IEEE C37.101, IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection IEEE C37.106, IEEE Guide for Abnormal-Frequency Protection for Power Generating Plants

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3.2 Data required for Relay Selection and Setting

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

3.3 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 3.1 Protection scheme for a HR-grounded generator

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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3.3 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 3.2 Protection scheme for a unit-connected generator

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

3.3 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 3.3 Resistance-grounded generator to LV-connected system

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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3.3 Recommended Protection Schemes

Fig. 3.4 Protection scheme for diesel generator (500 kW) connected to a low-voltage bus (600 V)

Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

4. Bus Protection 4.1 Standars

IEEE C37.97, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power System Buses. IEEE Std 242. Chapter 13 of IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. (Buff Book).

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4.2 Bus Differential Schemes

Fig. 4.1 Bus-differential circuit for a radial system. Nondirectional Overcurrent Relays
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

4.2 Bus Differential Schemes

Fig. 4.2 Bus-differential scheme using overcurrent and a stabilizing resistor. Nondirectional Overcurrent Relays
Source: Industrial Power Systems. Shoaib Khan. CRC Press, 2008

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REFERENCES - STANDARDS

Transformer Protection IEEE C37.91-2000, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers, 2000. IEEE C37.108-2002, IEEE Guide for the Protection of Network Transformers, 2002. IEEE C57.12.44-2000, IEEE Standard Requirements for Secondary Network Protectors, 2000. IEEE C57.12.59-2001, Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration, 2001. IEEE C57.91-1995, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed Power Transformers, 1995. IEEE C57.92-2000, Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers up to and Including 100 MVA with 55C or 65C Winding Rise, 2000. IEEE C57.96-1999, IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers, 1999. IEEE C57.109-1993, Guide for Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration, 1993. IEEE C57.115-1991, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Rated in Excess of 100 MVA, 1991. IEC 76-5, Power Transformers Ability to Withstand Short Circuit and Amendment No.1.

REFERENCES - STANDARDS
Motor Protection IEEE C37.96-2000, IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection, 2000. IEEE 620-1996, IEEE Guide for Presentation of Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction Machines, 1996. Generator Protection IEEE C37.95-2002, IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnection, 2002. IEEE C37.101-1993, IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection, 1993. IEEE C37.102-1995, IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection, 1995. IEEE C37.106-1987 (R 1992), IEEE Guide for Abnormal-Frequency Protection for Power Generating Plants, 1992. IEEE 122-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Functional and Performance Characteristics of Control Systems for Steam Turbine Generator Units, 1991. IEEE 487-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Protection of Wire-Line Communication Facilities Serving Electric Power Stations, 1992. IEEE 502-1985 (R 1992), IEEE Guide for Protection, Interlocking and Control of FossilFuel Unit Connected Steam Stations, 1992. IEEE 1046-1991, IEEE Guide for Distributed Digital Control and Monitoring for Power Plants, 1991.

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REFERENCES - STANDARDS
Generator Protection IEEE 1129-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring and Instrumentation of Turbine Generators, 1992. IEEE Cat. No. 95 TP 102, IEEE Tutorial on the Protection of Synchronous Generators. ANSI C50.10-1990, American National Standard for General Requirements of Synchronous Machines, 1990. ANSI C50.12-1982, American National Standard Requirement for Salient-Pole Synchronous Generators and Generator/Motors for Hydraulic Turbine Applications, 1982. ANSI C50.13-1989, American National Standard Requirement for Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generators, 1989. ANSI C50.14-1977, American National Standard Requirement for Gas Turbine Driven Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generators, 1977. Bus Protection IEEE C37.97-1997, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power System Buses, 1997.

Transmission Lines IEEE Std C37.113. IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines

Bibliography
NFPA 70. National Electric Code, NEC-2011 Shoaib Khan. Industrial power systems. CRC Press. 2008 James A. Momoh. Electric power distribution, automation, protection, and control. CRC Press. 2008 Turan Gnen. Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition. CRC Press. 2009 Anderson, Paul M. Power system protection. McGraw-Hill, NY, 1999 J. Lewis Blackburn. Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Third Edition. CRC Press. 2006 Bayliss, C. R. Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering. Third Edition. 2007 Russell Mason, C. The Art & Science of Protective Relaying. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NY. (Application Engineer General Electric Co. http://www.gedigitalenergy.com/multilin/notes/artsci/index.htm)

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