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Understanding Photogrammetry Techniques

This document discusses photogrammetry and the use of aerial photographs for mapping and surveying applications. It covers the basics of aerial cameras used for photogrammetry, including camera geometry and calibration. It describes different types of aerial photographs including vertical, tilted, and oblique. Key concepts covered include image coordinate systems, principal point, exposure station, sidelap and endlap. Methods are presented for determining scale, ground coordinates, relief displacement, and flying height from a single vertical photograph.

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Sudarshan Kamble
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302 views21 pages

Understanding Photogrammetry Techniques

This document discusses photogrammetry and the use of aerial photographs for mapping and surveying applications. It covers the basics of aerial cameras used for photogrammetry, including camera geometry and calibration. It describes different types of aerial photographs including vertical, tilted, and oblique. Key concepts covered include image coordinate systems, principal point, exposure station, sidelap and endlap. Methods are presented for determining scale, ground coordinates, relief displacement, and flying height from a single vertical photograph.

Uploaded by

Sudarshan Kamble
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Photogrammetry

Introduction

Photogrammetry: the science, art, and technology of obtaining reliable information from photographs. Two major areas: metric, and interpretative. Terrestrial and aerial Photogrammetry. Uses of Photogrammetry: topographic mapping, determine precise point coordinates, cross sections, deflection monitoring, and many other applications. Why Photogrammetry?

Aerial Cameras

For precise results, cameras must be geometrically stable, fast, have efficient shutters, sharp lenses Single-lens frame cameras: figure 27-2

most used format size is 9, focal length 6 in components: lens, shutter, diaphragm, filter, focal plane, fiducial marks. shutters can be operated manually or automatically. The camera could be leveled regardless of the plane orientation. Exposure station and principal point. Camera calibration.

Aerial Photographs

True Vertical: if the camera axis is exactly vertical, or near vertical. Tilted Photographs Oblique photographs: high and low Vertical Photos are the most used type for surveying applications

Geometry of Vertical Photographs


Figure 27-6 Define: image coordinate system (right handed), principal point, exposure station. Measurements could be done using negatives or diapositives, same geometry. Strips and Blocks. Sidelap (about 30%), and Endlap (about 60%), why?

Scale of a Vertical Photograph


Figure 28-6 Scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance on a photo to the same distance on the ground. Photographs are not maps, why? Scale of a map and scale of a photograph. Orthphotos f Scale (s) at any point: S= H-h f Average scale of a photograph: Savg = H - h avg

If the f, H, and h are not available, but a map is available then: photo distance X map scale Photo Scale = map distance

Ground Coordinates from a Single Vertical Photograph


Figure 27-8 With image coordinate system defined, we define an arbitrary ground coordinate system. That ground system could be used to compute distances and azimuths. Coordinates can also be transformed to any system In that ground system:
Xa = xa * (photograph scale at a) Y = y * (photograph scale at a)

Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph


Figure 27-9 The shift of an image from its theoretical datum location caused by the objects relief. Two points on a vertical line will appear as one line on a map, but two points, usually, on a photograph. In a vertical photo, the displacement is from the principal point. Relief displacement (d) of a point wrt a point on the datum : rh d= H

where: r is the radial distance on the photo to the high point h : elevation of the high point, and H is flying height above datum Assuming that the datum is at the bottom of vertical object, H is the flying height above ground, the value h will compute the object height.

ra/R = f/H Or: ra *H = R * f ----(1)

rb/R = f/(H-h) Or: rb * (H-h) =R * f ---(2)


Then from (1) and (2); Or ra *H = rb * (H-h) then; D = rb - ra = rb *hb /H

Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph

Flying height can be determined by: Readings on the photos Applying scale equation, if scale could be computed Example: what is the flying height above datum if f=6, average elevation of ground is 900ft, scale is 1:100ft? Is it 1500? Or, if two control points appear in the photograph, solve the equation:
L2 = (XB - XA)2 + (YB - YA)2 then solve the same equation again replacing the ground coordinates with the photo coordinates.

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